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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ethnic groups in literature

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnic groups in literature'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Houle, Christian, and Cristina Bodea. "Ethnic inequality and coups in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 3 (May 2017): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316685140.

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Does ethnic inequality breed coups? The recent literature on civil war shows both that inequality between ethnic groups induces war and, importantly, that civil wars and coups, although fundamentally different, are related. The literature on coups d’état, however, has yet to theorize and test the effect of ethnic inequality on coups. The link is plausible because many coups are ‘ethnic coups’, which depend on the capacity of plotters to mobilize their co-ethnics. We argue that large income and wealth disparities between ethnic groups accompanied by within-group homogeneity increase the salience of ethnicity and solidify within-group preferences vis-à-vis the preferences of other ethnic groups, increasing the appeal and feasibility of a coup. We use group-level data for 32 sub-Saharan African countries and 141 ethnic groups between 1960 and 2005 and provide the first large-N test to date of the effect of ethnic inequality on coups. Between- and within-group inequality measures are constructed based on survey data from the Afrobarometer and the Demographic and Health Surveys. We find strong support for our hypothesis: between-ethnic-group inequality (BGI) increases the likelihood that an ethnic group stages a coup only when within-ethnic-group inequality (WGI) is low. Coups remain frequent in sub-Saharan Africa and coups are the main threat to democracy in the region, by harming democratic consolidation and economic development, and by provoking further political instability. Our work provides a novel rationale to be concerned about ethnic inequality, showing that when ethnic and income cleavages overlap, destabilizing coups d’état are more likely.

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Lina Farsia. "LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE ETHNIC GROUP AFFILIATION AND L2 PROFICIENCY LINK: EMPERICAL EVIDENCE." Jurnal Penelitian Progresif 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2022): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.61992/jpp.v1i1.66.

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There are many factors affecting in a second language (L2) Proficicency. In this literarure review, one of the factors that was examined is the ethic group affiliation. Ethnic group affiliation and L2 proficiency" refers to the relationship between a person's ethnicity and their proficiency in L2. Research has shown that ethnic group affiliation can have an impact on language learning and proficiency, with some ethnic groups performing better or worse than others in learning a second language. Research in this area has important implications for language education policies and programs, as well as for understanding the complex ways in which ethnicity, culture, and language learning intersect.

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Bidiarti, Risna, Nurainas Nurainas, and Syamsuardi Syamsuardi. "Systematic Literature Review: Study Ethnobotany of Family Zingiberaceae in Several Ethnic Groups in Sumatra." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 38, no. 1 (April 8, 2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v38.1.5198.

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Ethnobotany reveals that the relationship between human life and plants is one that cannot be separated, One of the plant families that is most widely used in everyday life is Zingiberaceae, also known as the ginger tribe. Many local ethnic groups in Indonesia use the family Zingiberaceae as ingredients for medicines (ethnomedicin), ethno-economics, ethno-ecology, traditional or ritual processions, and ethnopharmacology. Local people from various ethnicities in the world take advantage of this family because of the large amount available in nature and its distinctive aroma and taste that are different from other families. Several ethnic groups have used the family Zingiberaceae as raw materials for traditional medicine, food ingredients, and cultural traditions for generations, namely the Lingga Malay ethnic group in the Riau Islands, the local Rupat Island community in Riau, the Toba Batak ethnic community in North Sumatra, and the Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra.

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S.V, Selvam. "Ceremonies Showing in Classical Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 3 (July 27, 2022): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22333.

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In primitive times, humans who wandered independently in their habitats without worrying about shelters needed to adapt their lifestyles to protect themselves from other life forms and to obtain the factors they needed to survive. People who had been living separately came together and started living in ethnic groups. The ceremony was a tool for the man who was destined to live like this out of fear of survival and to associate himself with his ethnic groups. And this festival was a factor in the evolution of this ethnic group into a society. Used as a tool in the early stages, the festival later evolved into a part of depicting the traditions and culture of a human-based society headed by a distinct ethnic group. In the course of time, this festival has become a reflection of the living arrangements of the people of that time and the materials used, customs and social systems depending on their environment. This article describes the events that took place from the beginning to the end of the festivals celebrated in Classical Literature.

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Sensua, Durlabh, and Gyanshree Dutta. "REFERENCES TO THE BODO MOVEMENT IN ETHNIC SELF-ESTABLISHMENT IN ASSAM." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 03 (March 31, 2023): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16501.

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Assam one of the North-Eastern state of India, is inhabited by people of different ethnic groups. Most of the ethnic groups of Assam have in its own language, literature and cultural elements. They have been taking various steps to preserve national existence at different times. In this case, as different ethnic groups descend into the struggle for existence, there have been situation like ethnic conflict in Assam at different times. Different ethnic groups in Assam have also developed a movement demanding separate states at different times in the interest of self-establishment and as a result Assam has also seen terror at different times. The discussion References to the Bodo Movement in Ethic Self-Establishment in Assam discusses the historical context of the Bodo movement built by the Bodo people of Assam in the interest of existence, the relevance of the movement, its impact on the national life of Assam.

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Hite, Dwight M., Joshua J. Daspit, and Xueni Dong. "Examining the influence of transculturation on work ethic in the United States." Cross Cultural Management 22, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm-12-2013-0190.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of cultural assimilation – termed “transculturation” – on work ethic perceptions, thus this study examines trends in work ethic across ethnic and generational groups within the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Following a literature review on work ethic, ethnicity, and transculturation, an analysis of variance based on 873 survey responses is presented. The sample includes undergraduate and graduate students at several public universities within the USA. Findings – An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that the variation of work ethic perceptions within the Millennial generation is significantly less than the variation among older generations. The authors find no significant difference in general work ethic perceptions among Millennial ethnic groups. Research limitations/implications – While the study is conducted using a convenience sample, the demographics are closely representative of the USA labor force. The results suggest that Millennials, while a more diverse ethnic population, exhibit less variation among work ethic perceptions than earlier generational groups. Practical implications – Understanding differences in work ethic perceptions across various ethnic groups is valuable for managers interested in designing jobs that appropriately exploit the full value of a multi-generational workforce. Originality/value – The findings of this study offer new insights into how more recent generations, while more ethnically diverse, exhibit a convergence in perceptions of work ethic.

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Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min. "Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis." World Politics 62, no. 1 (December 18, 2009): 87–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887109990219.

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Much of the quantitative literature on civil wars and ethnic conflict ignores the role of the state or treats it as a mere arena for political competition among ethnic groups. Other studies analyze how the state grants or withholds minority rights and faces ethnic protest and rebellion accordingly, while largely overlooking the ethnic power configurations at the state's center. Drawing on a new data set on Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) that identifies all politically relevant ethnic groups and their access to central state power around the world from 1946 through 2005, the authors analyze outbreaks of armed conflict as the result of competing ethnonationalist claims to state power. The findings indicate that representatives of ethnic groups are more likely to initiate conflict with the government (1) the more excluded from state power they are, especially if they have recently lost power, (2) the higher their mobilizational capacity, and (3) the more they have experienced conflict in the past.

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Wang, Yi-ting, and Kiril Kolev. "Ethnic Group Inequality, Partisan Networks, and Political Clientelism." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918789283.

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How do ethnic group divisions affect parties’ linkage strategies? The provision of private or local club goods favoring co-ethnics by politicians has been well documented in the literature. However, whether clientelism tends to be more widespread in ethnically highly fragmented societies has not been systematically examined. Utilizing a dataset that includes information on more than 450 parties in eighty competitive party systems, we show that the mere presence of multiple ethnic groups does not lead to more clientelistic exchange. Nevertheless, in countries characterized by high levels of economic inequality between politically relevant ethnic groups, parties are more likely to rely on clientelistic strategies to attract votes. In addition, this positive relationship between ethnic income inequality and clientelism is contingent on parties’ ties to ethnic social networks. Specifically, in ethnically unequal societies, parties that can rely on existing ethnic organizations particularly engage in clientelistic modes of electoral mobilization.

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Crowe, Chris. "Young Adult Literature: Finding Common Ground: Multicultural YA Literature." English Journal 88, no. 2 (November 1, 1998): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej1998382.

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Argues that multicultural young adult literature can help to break down prejudices and broaden narrow minds. Notes that good books about people from various ethnic groups engage readers in the compounded conflicts of adolescence while helping teenagers discover that they have much in common with their fellow human beings. Notes briefly nine young adult books worth reading.

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Bormann, Nils-Christian, Yannick I. Pengl, Lars-Erik Cederman, and Nils B. Weidmann. "Globalization, Institutions, and Ethnic Inequality." International Organization 75, no. 3 (2021): 665–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818321000096.

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AbstractRecent research has shown that inequality between ethnic groups is strongly driven by politics, where powerful groups and elites channel the state's resources toward their constituencies. Most of the existing literature assumes that these politically induced inequalities are static and rarely change over time. We challenge this claim and argue that economic globalization and domestic institutions interact in shaping inequality between groups. In weakly institutionalized states, gains from trade primarily accrue to political insiders and their co-ethnics. By contrast, politically excluded groups gain ground where a capable and meritocratic state apparatus governs trade liberalization. Using nighttime luminosity data from 1992 to 2012 and a global sample of ethnic groups, we show that the gap between politically marginalized groups and their included counterparts has narrowed over time while economic globalization progressed at a steady pace. Our quantitative analysis and four qualitative case narratives show, however, that increasing trade openness is associated with economic gains accruing to excluded groups in only institutionally strong states, as predicted by our theoretical argument. In contrast, the economic gap between ethnopolitical insiders and outsiders remains constant or even widens in weakly institutionalized countries.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Emery, Meaghan Elizabeth. "Writing the fine line : rearticulating French National Identity in the divides. A cultural study of contemporary French narrative by Jewish, Beur, and Antillean authors /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1382548822.

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Saffar, Perez Amir Andre. "The Distorted World: Solomon Kane, Hajji Baba, the Mad Arab and She." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1594669087426632.

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Sloboda, Nicholas Neil. "Crossing boundaries : self identity and social expression in "emergent" American literature." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37711.

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Currently, in the fields of multi-ethnic literary and cultural studies in American, many critics and theoreticians concentrate on exposing forces of social and economic oppression against ethnic minorities and practices of cultural hegemony by the dominant culture. In the process, they often read characters in multi-ethnic American literatures as agents of resistance and counter-discourse. While it is valuable to recognize the subversive potential in these writings, it is equally important to expose their distinct, individual attributes. Accordingly, this dissertation explores the neglected double nature and "bi-cultural" presence of the subject in a branch of contemporary American literature that I designate as "emergent." Through its "re-accentuation" (Bakhtin) of sign systems, writers of emergent fiction strive not to simply reintonate already established cultural paradigms from either recent or ancient homelands but, instead, to engage an active and ongoing cultural exchange in the context of America as (new) homeland. Presenting the individual and social subject as hybrid, emergent writers examine its dynamic involvement in both private and public spheres. My close readings of this literature focus on the representation of self-other interrelationships.
I introduce and situate my analysis with a theoretical overview of the subject in cross-cultural or "liminal" zones (Bhabha). I also consider the significance of "dialogism" (Bakhtin) in the multi-ethnic, often female, subject's experience of "estrangement" (Felski). My choice of both established and lesser-known of new writers, born (or raised) in the United States but of diverse ethnic backgrounds, includes Cristina Garcia (Hispanic), Louise Erdrich (Native), Julia Shigekuni (Japanese), Sandra Cisneros (Chicana), Askold Melnyczuk (Ukrainian), Charlotte Sherman (African), and Amy Tan (Chinese). Situating the individual and social subject at various crossroads---both physical and psychological---emergent writers examine the changing nature of self identity and social expression. Through their "border pedagogy" (Giroux), they traverse axiologic discourses and socio-cultural boundaries and attend to ensuing dialectical tensions between inner and outer worlds, and among peoples, cultures, and social hierarchies.

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Anderson, Tiffany Miranda. "Power to the People: Self-determined Identity in Black Pride and Chicano Movement Literature." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343826432.

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Angawi, Halla F. "Parental native language proficiency: Implications for ethnic identity in biculturals." Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2758.

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This study focuses on the impact of parental native language proficiency on the ethnic identities of 30 biculturals. By completing a questionnaire, the individual's father's and mother's native language proficiencies are measured, as well as the salience of both of the individual's ethnicities. Approximately 43% of the participants are more proficient in the parental native language that corresponds to their salient ethnic identity, 23% identify with the ethnicity that corresponds to the less proficient native language, and 33% identify equally with both their parents' ethnicities, are equally proficient in their native languages, or both. The main implication of the study is, that language is an important but not sufficient ethnic identity marker. The results suggest that the salient ethnic identity is likely to be that of the more proficient parental native language. Other factors such as the father-figure effect, country of residence, multilingualism, and age are also determined influential.

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Bidmead, Pat. "Differences in presentation of white, black, Asian and oriental ethnic groups in British comic and magazine publications for children." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4218/.

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My interest in comics began at about ten years of age. Reading difficulties and a dismissal as stupid by one of my primary school teachers left me believing that reading was beyond my capabilities. One morning when walking reluctantly to school I saw a comic lying in the gutter. Attracted by the bright colours I picked it up, I could not read the title 'Dandy' but the picture stories meant for the first time I could follow a narrative. Quickly I realised that the pictorial content gave me clues to the dialogue presented in the 'bubbles'. Reading for me was a possibility and I soon became addicted to a diet of comics. Unfortunately the racist nature of British society was reflected in those comic strips. Brought up in an environment where there were no visible black faces most of my racial education was from the society around me and the comics I read. I did not realise how deeply ingrained the racial conceptions were until I attempted to draw my own comic strip to amuse two small children for whom I had frequent care. Without thinking I automatically reproduced the same kind of stereotypes to be found in the comics I had read. Soon racial inequalities were to become a central concern in my life. I became conscious of the pervasiveness of racism in society and this consciousness increased as I embarked on a mixed race marriage generally disapproved of in the white dominated society of the early 1950s. My experience as a mother of mixed race children led me to join various anti-racist groups and thus become interested in all aspects of racial injustice. A combination of factors encouraged the undertaking of this research amongst them being, a teacher first, of young children and later of adolescents. A further influence came from the literature I read which encouraged me to write articles on the subject for such magazines as Roots and Youth in society. As a consequence of my past experiences and these articles this research project took shape and I make no apology for the fact that feelings and experiences have entered into the research process. The pre-occupying concern of this research is to investigate the degree of equality in presentations of white, black, Asian and Oriental groups in comics and magazines for children. The central aim is to locate any unjustifiable differences in the presentations. Each of the Chapters in this study attempts to deal with a specific area, related to racism and collectively they attempt to supply evidence to support an argument that presentation of black group characters is mostly concerned with negative portrayals. The opening chapter commences with a declaration of aims and objectives and proceeds with a discussion of the nature of racism followed by theoretical approaches and the general methodology available for analysing comic texts. A standard content analysis is adopted in order to extract the necessary figures involved in the distribution of imagery across the ethnic groups presented in the comic literature. Without this preliminary exercise another important objective of the study would be impossible, that is, to interpret the figures in a more refined, qualitative manner in the hope that some of the subtle details of stereotyping will emerge. Chapter Two reviews the historical development of comics and magazines and the influence of this development on racial imagery. Chapter Three concentrates on the construction of appropriate headings under which to place ethnic groups appearing in the comics in order that they might be analysed by the use of checklists which draw on the common usage of stereotypes, present established checklists, and other literature for children. Chapters Four, Five, Six and Seven focus on the analysis of a number of specific aspects commencing with areas where black Asian and Oriental characters are included and excluded. Chapter Five takes issue with the presentation of principal characters, while chapter Six investigates the reality or otherwise of a number of racial myths. Chapter Seven concerns itself with the distribution and nature of verbal and non-verbal contacts between ethnic groups and Chapter Eight consists of a number of case studies using the original visual comic material in an attempt to illustrate the nature of the racism within the comic sample. The final chapter is a review of the findings from the comics and magazines brought together and conclusions drawn from the data to see if there are a significant number of unfair differences in the presentations of white, black, Asian and Oriental groups. After a brief summary of the major findings the final chapter discusses some of the conclusions and tries to interpret these conclusions within a wide theoretical framework.

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Harding, Warren. "Dubbin' the Literary Canon: Writin' and Soundin' A Transnational Caribbean Experience." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1370484912.

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Woodrow, Ross Daniel. "Darwinism and images of race in the Australian popular press (c.1860-1900)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1994. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26912.

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This thesis began as an examination of the influence of Darwinism on images of racial types in the Australian illustrated popular press. Taking a broad scope, encompassing depictions of the Irish, Chinese, Aborigine and South Sea Islander, I soon discovered that a single focus on social Darwinist influence was perhaps more restrictive than revealing. Consequently, although I maintain Darwinian evolutionary theory is at the hub of influences on the iconography of racial types, I have allowed my analysis to range outside the Darwinian influence to encircle a more complex ideological construction of these racial images. Nevertheless, I have kept the core of the study as a demonstration of the significant impact of Darwinian evolutionary theory on the iconography of racial groups. I argue that the influence of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species on racial representations was mainly on the modification of existing iconographic stereotypes, but I also claim that the evolutionary impact did produce new images or types. The principal focus is the Australian popular illustrated and comic press. However, to investigate the derivation of particular iconographic types, selected English and American sources are also examined.

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Bloom, Elizabeth A. Bloom Elizabeth A. "Down in the scrub club exploring the possibilities in ethnographic fiction /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Padilla, Perez Carol Isabel. "Navigating Borders: Identity Formation and Latina Representation in Young Adult Literature." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499859833963717.

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Books on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Obadina, Elizabeth. Ethnic groups in Africa. Philadelphia: Mason Crest, 2014.

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Waiters, Doris G. Ethnic groups and the development of Maryland. [College Park, Md: Kinko's, 1987.

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Levinson, David. Ethnic groups worldwide: A ready reference handbook. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1998.

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Holte, James Craig. The ethnic I: A sourcebook for ethnic-American autobiography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

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Uganda, Cross-Cultural Foundation of. Speaking out: Creative writing by Uganda's ethnic minority groups. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2015.

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Valeros-, Gruenberg Estrellita, ed. The De La Salle University reader: Writings from the different regions of the Philipines. Manila, Philippines: De La Salle University Press, 2000.

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Irons-Georges, Tracy, and David R. Peck. American ethnic writers. Edited by NetLibrary Inc. Pasadena, Calif: Salem Press, 2000.

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Helena, Grice, ed. Beginning ethnic American literatures. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.

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Corkhill, Annette Robyn. Australian writing: Ethnic writers, 1945-1991. Melbourne: Academia Press, 1994.

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Manzanas Calvo, Ana Ma. (Ana María) and Simal González Begoña, eds. Uncertain mirrors: Magical realisms in US ethnic literatures. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Marino, Simone. "Previous Literature About Italian Immigrant Groups and Ethnic Identity." In Intergenerational Ethnic Identity Construction and Transmission among Italian-Australians, 31–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48145-2_2.

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Jeyasingham, Dharman, and Julie Morton. "How is ‘racism’ understood in literature about black and minority ethnic social work students in Britain? A conceptual review." In Social Work with Minority Groups, 6–18. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003152576-2.

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Piper, Brenda. "Ethnic groups." In Diet and Nutrition, 263–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7244-6_14.

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Smooha, Sammy. "Ethnic Groups." In Social Problems and Mental Health, 65–70. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261919-18.

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Venter, Gary. "A Mortality Model for Pandemics and Other Contagion Events." In Springer Actuarial, 75–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78334-1_5.

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AbstractThe crisis caused by COVID-19 has had various impacts on the mortality of different sexes, age groups, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds and requires improved mortality models. Here a very simple model extension is proposed: add a proportional jump to mortality rates that is a constant percent increase across the ages and cohorts but which varies by year. Thus all groups are affected, but the higher-mortality groups get the biggest increases in number dying. Every year gets a jump factor, but these can be vanishingly small for the normal years. Statistical analysis reveals that even before considering pandemic effects, mortality models are often missing systemic risk elements which could capture unusual or even extreme population events. Adding a provision for annual jumps, stochastically dispersed enough to include both tiny and pandemic risks, improves the results and incorporates the systemic risk in projection distributions. Here the mortality curves across the age, cohort, and time parameters are fitted using regularised smoothing splines, and cross-validation criteria are used for fit quality. In this way, we get more parsimonious models with better predictive properties. Performance of the proposed model is compared to standard mortality models existing in the literature.

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Crowell, Amber R., and Mark A. Fossett. "Introduction." In Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation Across the United States, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38371-7_1.

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AbstractThe purpose of this book is to describe and analyze patterns and trends in racial and ethnic residential segregation across the United States over time and across communities. With new methods to expand our scope of analysis beyond what has been done before, we cover recent decades in a variety of settings including metropolitan and micropolitan areas and rural communities (i.e., noncore counties). We direct our primary focus to residential segregation between major panethnic racial groups – Non-Hispanic White, Black, Latino, and Asian households in 2010 – and to broad changes in segregation from 1990 through 2010. But we also give attention to several more detailed aspects of trends and patterns in residential segregation. While the literature in sociology, demography, urban planning, and geography is rich with studies of residential segregation patterns, we believe this book establishes an important baseline for placing recent segregation research in a new context and for informing segregation research going forward. The basis for this is that we apply new methods for measuring and analyzing segregation that can at times drastically alter results obtained using more traditional approaches. In particular, we argue that these new methods of measurement and analysis address and overcome important methodological problems that have limited past research and, as a result, allow us to expand the scope of segregation studies and the quality of measurement to obtain improved findings that more accurately capture and reflect the demographic reality we are seeking to document.

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Weber, Max. "Ethnic Groups (1922)." In Theories of Ethnicity, 52–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24984-8_6.

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Milhorn, H. Thomas. "Ethnic Minority Groups." In Chemical Dependence, 302–6. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3418-0_22.

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Pires, Guilherme D., and John Stanton. "Ethnicity, Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Identity." In Ethnic Marketing, 27–45. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in marketing: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315454894-2.

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Bender, Mark. "Ethnic Minority Literature." In A Companion to Modern Chinese Literature, 261–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118451588.ch16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Унгурьянова, Елена. "MARGINALS IN MODERN RUSSIAN LITERATURE (BY THE MATERIAL OF N.M. KONONOV’S STORIES)." In Slavic ethnic groups, languages and cultures in the modern world. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/seyaikvsm-2021-09-23.46.

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Ахметова, Гузель. "ANALYTICAL TASKS AT THE ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN LITERATURE: HOLISTIC TEXT ANALYSIS." In Slavic ethnic groups, languages and cultures in the modern world. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/seyaikvsm-2021-09-23.38.

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Volkova, Olga, Oksana Besschetnova, and Alla Ostavnaja. "DISTANCE EDUCATION AS A WAY OF SAVING ETHNIC AND CULTURAL IDENTITY OF MIGRANT CHILDREN." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-038.

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The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that the number of people involved in the international migration process is increasing annually. On the one hand, it is important to integrate migrant children into the social and cultural system of the host country. On the other hand, it should be taken into account the issue of preserving of their ethnic and cultural identity. In this regard, preserving ethnic and cultural identity of children who migrate with their parents is an important issue. The purpose of this article is to show the opportunity of using distance education methods in preserving migrant children’s ethnical and cultural identity. The research was carried out in 2016-2017 and on the territory of six European countries and in Belgorod region (Russia), and was based on the use of in-depth interviews as well as focus groups with migrants. The results showed the following. First, migrants have difficulties to maintain their ethnic and cultural identity in the host country, it is especially truly for migrant children who much faster than adults can integrate into the host community and lose their ethnic and cultural identity. Secondly, the Internet provides to children an access to wide range of educational resources regardless of the area of their residence. Most of these trainings are conducted in native language, in the traditional ethno-cultural context. Third, the content of distance learning can be individual, depending on age, previous education, personal interests, etc. Fourth, distance education can be used by migrant children as well as the whole migrant community. Fifth, distance education can include a range of disciplines and activities specific to particular ethno-cultural groups of migrants (linguistics, religious studies, history, literature, cooking, crafts, etc.).

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Thanh Luong, Hai. "Ethnic Factor in Cannabis Cultivation Network: A Literature Review from Vietnamese Drug Groups in Overseas." In Annual International Conference on Forensic Sciences & Criminalistics Research. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5642_fscr13.25.

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Raileanu, Viorica. "Nicknames Attributed to Ethnic Communities Reflected in Surnames." In Conferință științifică internațională "Filologia modernă: realizări şi perspective în context european". “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/filomod.2022.16.10.

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In the popular, informal system of personal denomination, nicknames constitute a valuable inventory. Theoretically, all the words of the Romanian language can become nicknames. Practically, however, the mechanism of forming nicknames involves a more complicated path. We distinguish the personal nicknames, assigned to individuals, and generic nicknames, attributed to some collectives. Therefore, over time, the Moldovan people had contact with various ethnic groups that passed or settled in these lands. The nicknames registered for ethnic communities tended to show the religion differences, language, customs, etc., to highlight the oppositions Christian vs. pagan, autochthonous vs. foreigner, etc., mocking certain traits, defects, vices, social conditions, etc. In the study is made a selection of the most representative nicknames attributed to some ethnic groups, attested in historical documents, literature and which, transmitted, became surnames and can be found in the current onomastic nomenclature.

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Honorato, Pedro Fechine, Anna Vitória Paz Moreira, Anaylle Vieira Lacerda de Oliveira, Dhiego Alves de Lacerda, Isabelle Lima Lustosa, Renata Silva Cezar, and Jalles Dantas de Lucena. "Anatomy and clinical implications of the sternalis muscle: A literature review." In IV SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenivmulti2023-143.

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The sternalis muscle (SM) is an inconsistent and highly uncommon structure among the muscles of the anterior chest wall (POVEDA et al., 2013). It lies between the superficial fascia and the pectoral fascia, found in about 8% of the population (SNOSEK et al., 2014). The frequency of its occurrence varies significantly among different ethnic groups, being more prevalent in the Chinese population at 23.5% and less prevalent in the Taiwanese population at 1% (RAIKOS et al., 2011; VISHAL et al., 2013), while its incidence is 4.4% in the European population and 8.4% in the African population (LOUKAS et al., 2004).

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Uddin, Inayah, Caitlin Spooner, Henry Llewellyn, Anthony Kyriakides-Yeldham, and Bella Vivat. "36 End-of life care provisions for minority ethnic groups living in the UK: a literature review." In Marie Curie Research Conference 2023, Monday 6 February – Friday 10 February 2023. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2023-mcrc.35.

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Ronsumbre, Adolof. "Identity Construction of Emeyode Ethnic Group (The Relationship of Sago and Emeyode Ethnic Group in South Sorong Regency, West Papua Province)." In Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Languare, Literature, Culture and Education, ISLLCE, 15-16 November 2019, Kendari, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.15-11-2019.2296237.

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Cao, Thi Hao. "Research on Tay Ethnic Minority Literature in Vietnam Under Cultural View." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-3.

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The Tay people are an ethnic minority of Vietnam. Tay literature has many unique facets with relevance to cultural identity. It plays an important part in the diversity and richness of Vietnamese literature. In this study, Tay literature in Vietnam is analyzed through a cultural perspective, by placing Tay literature in its development from its birth to the present, together with the formation of the ethnic group, and historical and cultural conditions, focusing on the typical customs of the Tay people in Vietnam. The researcher examines Tay literature through poems of Nôm Tày, through the works of some prominent authors, such as Vi Hong, Cao Duy Son, in the Cao Bang province of Vietnam. Cao Bang is home to many Tay ethnic people and many typical Tay authors. The research also locates individual contributions of those authors and their works in terms of artistic language use and cultural symbolic features of the Tay people. In terms of art language, the article isolates the unique use of Nôm Tay characters to compose stories which affect the traditional Tay luon, sli, and so forth, and hence the use of language that influences poetry and proverbs of Tay people in the story of Vi Hong, Cao Duy Son. Assuming a symbolic framework, the article examines the symbols of birds and flowers in Nôm Tay poetry and the composition of Vi Hong, Cao Duy Son, so to point out the uniqueness of the Tay identity. The above research issue is necessary to help us better appreciate the cultural values preserved in Tay literature, thereby, affirming the unique cultural identity of the Tay people and planning to preserve and develop these unique cultural features from which emerges the risk of falling into oblivion in modern social life in Vietnam. In addition, this is also a research direction that can be extended to Thai, Mong, Dao, etc, ethnic minorities in Vietnam.

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Nguyen Thi, Dung. "The World Miraculous Characters in Vietnamese Fairy Tales Aspect of Languages – Ethnic in Scene South East Asia Region." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.13-1.

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Like other genres of folk literature, fairy tales of Vietnamese ethnicity with miraculous character systems become strongly influenced by Southeast Asia’s historical-cultural region. Apart from being influenced by farming, Buddhism, Confucianism, urbanism, Vietnamese fairy tales are deeply influenced by ethno-linguistic elements. Consequently, fairy tales do not preserve their root identities, but shift and emerge over time. The study investigates and classifies the miraculous tales of peoples of Vietnam with strange characters (fairies, gods, Buddha, devils) in linguistic and ethnographic groups, and in high-to-low ratios. Here the study expands on, evaluates, correlates, and differentiates global miraculous characters, and describes influences of creation of miraculous characters in these fairy tales. The author affirms the value of this character system within the fairy tales, and develops conceptions of global aesthetic views. To conduct the research, the author applies statistical methods, documentary surveys, type comparison methods, systematic approaches, synthetic analysis methods, and interdisciplinary methods (cultural studies, ethnography, psychoanalysis). The author conducted a reading of and referring to the miraculous fairy tales of the peoples of Vietnam with strange characters. 250 fairy tales were selected from 32 ethnic groups of Vietnam, which have the most types of miraculous characters, classifying these according to respective language groups, through an ethnography. The author compares sources to determine characteristics of each miraculous character, and employs system methods to understand the components of characters. The author analyzes and evaluates the results based on the results of the survey and classification. Within the framework of the article, the author focuses on the following two issues; some general features of the geographical conditions and history of Vietnam in the context of Southeast Asia’s ancient and medieval periods were observed; a survey was conducted of results of virtual characters in the fairy tales of Vietnam from the perspective of language, yet accomplished through an ethnography. The results of the study indicate a calculation and quantification of magical characters in the fairy tales of Vietnamese. This study contributes to the field of Linguistic Anthropology in that it presents the first work to address the system of virtual characters in the fairy tales of Vietnam in terms of language, while it surveys different types of material, origins formed, and so forth.

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Reports on the topic "Ethnic groups in literature"

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Lamina, Toyin, Hamdi I. Abdi, Kathryn Behrens, Kathleen Call, Amy M. Claussen, Janette Dill, Stuart W. Grande, et al. Strategies To Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare: An Evidence Map. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb46.

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Background. Racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare continue to endure in the United States despite efforts in research, practice, and policy. Interventions targeted at patients, clinicians, and/or health systems may offer ways to address disparities and improve health outcomes in prevention/treatment of chronic conditions in adults. Purpose. This evidence map identifies existing interventions to be considered for implementation by healthcare system leaders and policymakers, and to inform researchers and funding agencies on gaps in knowledge and research needs. Methods. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus from January 2017 through April 2023 for U.S.-based studies from the peer-reviewed published literature. We incorporated supplementary information from systematic reviews. We supplemented this with the gray literature, when available, from pertinent organizations, foundations, and institutes. We held discussions with Key Informants who represented stakeholders in healthcare disparities. Findings. A vast and varied literature addresses healthcare system interventions to reduce racial and ethnic health and healthcare disparities. We identified 163 unique studies from 174 reports, and 12 intervention types not mutually exclusive in their descriptions. The most studied intervention type was self-management support, followed by prevention/lifestyle support, then patient navigation, care coordination, and system level quality improvement (QI). Most of the interventions specifically targeted patient behaviors. Few studies (5) used a comparator, which made it difficult to determine whether disparities between groups were reduced or eliminated. Most of the studies (45%) included multiple race/ethnic groups (i.e., enrolled participants from more than one racially/ethnically minoritized group or enrolled racially minoritized people and non-minoritized groups). We found few studies that exclusively enrolled Asians (6%) and American Indians/Alaska Natives (1%). Cancer was the most studied chronic condition. Randomized controlled trials were common; but less rigorous study designs were often used for system level quality improvement (QI) and collaborative care model interventions. Few studies reported patient experience as primary outcomes. Studies did not report on harms or adverse events and nor did they report on factors necessary for determining applicability or sustainability of the interventions. A number of studies reported on cultural adaptation or community involvement (either partnership or collaboration). Future studies should seek to standardize the terms in which they describe interventions and aim to specifically address whether disparities between groups are reduced or eliminated. Nonetheless, this evidence map provides a resource for health systems to identify intervention approaches that have been examined elsewhere and that might be imported or adapted to new situations and environments.

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Heckman, Stuart. Understanding insurance decisions: A review of risk management decision making, risk literacy, and racial/ethnic differences. Center for Insurance Policy and Research, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/26712.2024.

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The racial/ethnic wealth gap is a stunning feature of U.S. household finances. Although the causes of the gap are complex, it is important that researchers investigate disparities between racial/ethnic groups in household financial management areas. We posit that first understanding insurance decisions as a critical component of overall household financial management is an important avenue for further understanding factors that may perpetuate or reduce the racial wealth gap. Moreover, risk management, including the purchase and use of insurance products, is a key yet challenging area for household financial management. Therefore, this literature review focuses on research relevant to three main questions: 1) How do consumers make risk management decisions? 2) What key skills are required to make risk management decisions (with a focus on literacy and numeracy skills)? 3) Do these skills vary between racial/ethnic groups? Regarding the first question, we find that consumers are prone to errors when making decisions involving risk, but research shows that decisions can be improved. Skilled Decision Theory (SDT) highlights that cognitive ability plays less of a central role in decision-making and that decision-making is more of an acquired skill. Consequently, learning comprehension and confidence play a crucial role in the decision-making process. In terms of the second question and the skills needed to make appropriate risk management decisions, the literature suggests that insurance literacy, not necessarily financial literacy, as well as numeracy skills are likely to be critical prerequisites to good insurance choices. In particular, the importance of statistical numeracy in decision-making cannot be overstated. Finally for our third question, our review indicates that there is a relatively limited number of available studies focusing on racial/ethnic differences in risk management decisions and skills. While some studies find differences between racial/ethnic groups in various measures of financial literacy, the findings are overall mixed and, therefore, inconclusive. Researchers should verify if there are, in fact, differences or if the differences are due to other factors that vary by racial/ethnic category.

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Carter, Becky, and Luke Kelly. Social Inequalities and Famine and Severe Food Insecurity Risk. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.097.

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This rapid review summarises the evidence on the ways in which social inequalities and discrimination affect the risk of famine or severe food insecurity. Looking at the risk at the national and sub-national level, gender and other horizontal inequities can affect a society’s risk of violent conflict and therefore food insecurity, while fragile livelihoods associated with ethnic marginalisation can impact regional food security. At the individual and household level, there is a lack of disaggregated data on people’s social characteristics and famines. There is a broader literature on the impact of systemic discrimination (based on gender, age, disability, sexuality, and ethnic identity) on individuals’ and households’ livelihoods and assets, thereby increasing their vulnerability to food insecurity. A key finding from the literature is the gender gap, with women more at risk of being food insecure than men. Also, some ethnic groups are highly vulnerable particularly in conflict-related famines; starvation is used as a warfare tactic in political and ethnic conflicts. There is evidence of how social inequalities heighten individuals’ risks during food crises and famines, including through exposure to protection threats, while limiting their access to essential services and humanitarian assistance. A broad range of measures seeks to address the multi-dimensional ways in which social inequalities affect vulnerability and resilience to food insecurity.

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Donnelly, Phoebe, and Boglarka Bozsogi. Agitators and Pacifiers: Women in Community-based Armed Groups in Kenya. RESOLVE Network, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags2022.4.

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This research report is a case study of women’s participation in community-based armed groups (CBAGs) in Kenya. It examines: the diversity of women’s motivations to participate in community-based armed groups in Kenya; women’s roles and agency within community-based armed groups, communal conflicts, as well as community security and peacebuilding structures; and gender dynamics in conflict ecosystems, including social perceptions about women’s engagement in conflict. This case study contributes to the literature on women and CBAGs by examining the variations in their engagement across a single country, based on diverse local contexts. Data collection sites for the study included 1) the capital city, Nairobi; 2) Isiolo County; 3) Marsabit County; 4) Mombasa County; and 5) Bungoma County. Together, these sites provide insight into local conflict dynamics in rural and urban areas; on country borders and on the coast; and in communities with ethnic polarization, land conflicts, criminal gangs, and histories of violent extremism and secessionist movements. The Kenyan research team employed a qualitative approach to data collection through key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and the use of secondary source data. The findings show that there is no single template for understanding women’s engagement with CBAGs; instead, women’s motivations and roles within these groups are varied and highly contextual, just as with the motivations and roles of men. This study demonstrates the utility of context-specific analyses at the sub-national level to capture the range of women’s participation in and engagement with CBAGs and their greater contributions to the local security landscape.

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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.

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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.

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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.

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Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.

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Kelly, Luke. Definitions, Characteristics and Monitoring of Conflict Economies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.024.

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The idea of conflict economies is a broad concept encompassing several research angles. Definitions differ according to these focuses. Some of the main uses of the concept are to understand: • economic analysis of the motives for and likelihood of war • financing of state and non-state belligerents • how the continuation of conflicts can be explained by rational motives including economic ones • how conflict affects economic activity, and how conflict parties and citizens adapt Some distinctive characteristics of war economies are (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005, p. 12): • They involve the destruction or circumvention of the formal economy and the growth of informal and black markets, • Pillage, predation, extortion, and deliberate violence against civilians is used by combatants to acquire control over lucrative assets, capture trade networks and diaspora remittances, and exploit labour; • War economies are highly decentralised and privatised, both in the means of coercion and in the means of production and exchange; • Combatants increasingly rely on the licit or illicit exploitation of / trade in lucrative natural resources • They thrive on cross-border trading networks, regional kin and ethnic groups, arms traffickers, and mercenaries, as well as legally operating commercial entities, each of which may have a vested interest in the continuation of conflict and instability. The first section of this rapid review outlines the evolution of the term and key definitions. Most of this discussion occurs in the academic literature around the early 2000s. The second looks at key characteristics of conflict economies identified in the literature, with examples where possible from both academic and grey literature. The third section briefly identifies methodologies used to measure and monitor conflict economies, as well as some current research and programmes on conflict economies, from academic literature as well as NGOs and other sources. The findings have been derived via a literature search and advice from experts in the field. Given time constraints, the report is not comprehensive. The review is gender- and disability blind.

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Acosta-Ordoñez, Karina Dianeth, and Adolfo Meisel-Roca. Ethnic groups and anthropometric differences in Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.731.

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Tucker, Dylan. A Literature Review of Determining Ethnic Identity. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-48.

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Lally, Clare. Impact of COVID-19 on different ethnic minority groups. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr06.

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During the first 6 months of the pandemic, people from ethnic minority groups were more likely to have COVID-19 disease and also more likely to experience severe outcomes from infection, including death. Lockdown measures have also disproportionately affected some communities more than others. What is driving this increased prevalence and death rates in ethnic minority groups? To what extent is it due to biology or pre-existing health? Or does it represent a continuation and exacerbation of social inequalities?

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