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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnic groups – Uganda'
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1
Leopold, Mark. "Legacies of Slavery in North-West Uganda: The Story of the ‘one-Elevens’." Africa 76, no. 2 (May 2006): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2006.76.2.180.
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AbstractThis article outlines the history of a people known as ‘Nubi’ or ‘Nubians’, northern Ugandan Muslims who were closely associated with Idi Amin's rule, and a group to which he himself belonged. They were supposed to be the descendants of former slave soldiers from southern Sudan, who in the late 1880s at the time of the Mahdi's Islamic uprising came into what is now Uganda under the command of a German officer named Emin Pasha. In reality, the identity became an elective one, open to Muslim males from the northern Uganda/southern Sudan borderlands, as well as descendants of the original soldiers. These soldiers, taken on by Frederick Lugard of the Imperial British East Africa Company, formed the core of the forces used to carve out much of Britain's East African Empire. From the days of Emin Pasha to those of Idi Amin, some Nubi men were identified by a marking of three vertical lines on the face – the ‘One-Elevens’. Although since Amin's overthrow many Muslims from the north of the country prefer to identify themselves as members of local Ugandan ethnic groups rather than as ‘Nubis’, aspects of Nubi identity live on among Ugandan rebel groups, as well as in cyberspace.
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HABYARIMANA, JAMES, MACARTAN HUMPHREYS, DANIEL N. POSNER, and JEREMY M. WEINSTEIN. "Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?" American Political Science Review 101, no. 4 (November 2007): 709–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070499.
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A large and growing literature links high levels of ethnic diversity to low levels of public goods provision. Yet although the empirical connection between ethnic heterogeneity and the underprovision of public goods is widely accepted, there is little consensus on the specific mechanisms through which this relationship operates. We identify three families of mechanisms that link diversity to public goods provision—what we term “preferences,” “technology,” and “strategy selection” mechanisms—and run a series of experimental games that permit us to compare the explanatory power of distinct mechanisms within each of these three families. Results from games conducted with a random sample of 300 subjects from a slum neighborhood of Kampala, Uganda, suggest that successful public goods provision in homogenous ethnic communities can be attributed to a strategy selection mechanism: in similar settings, co-ethnics play cooperative equilibria, whereas non-co-ethnics do not. In addition, we find evidence for a technology mechanism: co-ethnics are more closely linked on social networks and thus plausibly better able to support cooperation through the threat of social sanction. We find no evidence for prominent preference mechanisms that emphasize the commonality of tastes within ethnic groups or a greater degree of altruism toward co-ethnics, and only weak evidence for technology mechanisms that focus on the impact of shared ethnicity on the productivity of teams.
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Kasibante, Amos. "The Ugandan Diaspora in Britain and Their Quest for Cultural Expression within the Church of England." Journal of Anglican Studies 7, no. 1 (May 2009): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355309000163.
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AbstractThe article examines the Anglican identity of two Ugandan immigrant communities in Britain and the congregations they have formed in order to foster their social, culture, and spiritual well-being. The two communities are the Acholi, who hail from the northern part of Uganda, and the Baganda from the central region. The former have formed the Acholi London Christian Fellowship while the latter have formed two distinct, yet similar, congregations in two separate London parishes. These are Okusinza mu Luganda (Worship in Luganda) and Ekkanisa y’Oluganda (the Luganda Church). The second is an offshoot of the first one. This article illustrates that religion and ethnicity are often inextricably intertwined, and that for the immigrants, Anglicanism does not merely displace or replace their native culture, but gives it a new sense of direction as they also shape it in the light of their aspirations. In this sense, we can speak of religious ethnicity, which refers to cases where an ethnic group is linked to a religious tradition shared by other ethnic groups.
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Bondarenko, Dmitri M. "In Search of the True Faith: the Appearance of Orthodox Old Believers in Uganda and Spiritual Anti-globalism in Contemporary Africa." Exchange 48, no. 2 (May 2, 2019): 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341518.
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Abstract The present article, based on field evidence collected in 2017, deals with a very recent phenomenon — the Orthodox Old Believers in Uganda. This faith originated in Russia, however in Uganda all its adherents belong to African ethnic groups. We describe the short by now history and current state of the Old-Believer communities in Uganda and then concentrate on their members’ motivation for converting to Old Believers vs. knowledge of this religion. We show that what brings them to Old Believers is the search for the true faith associated with the original and hence correct way of performing Christian rites. In this we see an intricate interplay of the features typical for authentic African cultures and acquired by them in the course of interaction with the wider world. Basing on our case study, we discuss how globalist and anti-globalist trends manifest themselves in the religious context in contemporary Africa.
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KHANAKWA, PAMELA. "REINVENTINGIMBALUAND FORCIBLE CIRCUMCISION: GISU POLITICAL IDENTITY AND THE FIGHT FOR MBALE IN LATE COLONIAL UGANDA." Journal of African History 59, no. 3 (November 2018): 357–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853718000798.
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ABSTRACTUgandan colonial authorities carved Bugisu and Bukedi districts out of Mbale district in 1954, isolating Mbale town as a separate entity. With ethnic tensions escalating as independence approached, Gisu and Gwere fought for Mbale's ownership. Empowered by decentralisation, Bugisu District Council pressed the colonial state to declare Mbale part of Bugisu, viewing the town as key to the region's wealth, and providing a symbolic status similar to that enjoyed by Uganda's leading ethnic groups. Gisu activists reinvented tradition as a tool of political advocacy, exerting hyper-masculine power over Mbale's non-circumcising Gwere residents through forcible circumcision. Gisu reformulation of a cultural practice within an urban struggle challenges previous categorisations of the Mbale case as merely another local obstacle to Uganda's peaceful decolonisation. Evidence analysed in this article contributes to a new understanding of East Africa's uneasy transition to self-government, and to the role of ethnic competition within late-colonial mobilisations more broadly.
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Scheibinger, Lena. "Die gewohnheitsrechtliche Praktik der Leviratsehe in Kenia und Uganda." Recht in Afrika 22, no. 2 (2019): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2019-2-175.
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The practice of levirate marriage describes cases where, under the customary conception of marriage, a male relative of the deceased husband ‘inherits’ or ‘takes over’ his widow. Based on the concept of legal pluralism, the paper analyses different notions of marriage in customary law and statutory law. Within this legal framework the collective character of marriage under customary law and the assumption that the alliance entered by two kin groups is not dissolved by the death of one spouse function as central preliminaries for the levirate marriage. Even though the levirate shows a large number of variables, all these arrangements were initially created as a support system for the widow and her children. Furthermore, it allowed the perpetuation of the lineage and the maintenance of the alliance between two families. By referring to case studies from various ethnic groups in Kenya and Uganda the paper discusses current developments of and challenges for this complex practice that constitutes a field of multiple negotiations especially in its legal-pluralistic context.
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Kiyani, Asad G. "Third World Approaches to International Criminal Law." AJIL Unbound 109 (2015): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300001550.
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A pattern of affording impunity to local power brokers throughout Africa pervades the application of international criminal law (ICL) in Africa. The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into Uganda is a notorious but representative example, although similar analyses can be made of the Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Libya. In Uganda, only members of the rebel Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) have been indicted for international crimes, even though the United Nations, international human rights groups, and local NGOs have documented years of abuses perpetrated by government troops and local auxiliary units, often against the same populations victimized by the LRA. The ICC is thereby implicated in the power structures and political arrangements of a repressive state that both combats the LRA and often brutalizes the civilian populations of northern Uganda. Inserting itself into Uganda, the ICC becomes a partisan player in the endgame of a civil war that extends back over a generation, and is itself rooted in ethnic and tribal animosities cultivated through 19th century Euro-colonial benedictions of favor. Here, the ICC and the war it adjudicates become surprising bedfellows, repurposed by local elites for the consolidation of domestic power.
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Müller-Crepon, Carl, and Philipp Hunziker. "New spatial data on ethnicity." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 5 (April 27, 2018): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318764254.
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Research on ethnic politics and political violence has benefited substantially from the growing availability of cross-national, geo-coded data on ethnic settlement patterns. However, because existing datasets represent ethnic homelands using aggregate polygon features, they lack information on ethnic compositions at the local level. Addressing this gap, this article introduces the Spatially Interpolated Data on Ethnicity (SIDE) dataset, a collection of 253 near-continuous maps of local ethno-linguistic, religious and ethno-religious settlement patterns in 47 low- and middle-income countries. We create these data using spatial interpolation and machine learning methods to generalize the ethnicity-related information in the geo-coded Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). For each DHS survey we provide the ethnic, religious and ethno-religious compositions of cells on a raster that covers the respective countries at a resolution of 30 arc-seconds. The resulting data are optimized for use with geographic information systems (GIS) software. Comparisons of SIDE with existing categorical datasets and district-level census data from Uganda and Senegal are used to assess the data’s accuracy. Finally, we use the new data to study the effects of local polarization between politically relevant ethnic groups, finding a positive effect on the risk of local violence such as riots and protests. However, local ethno-political polarization is not statistically associated with violent events pertaining to larger-scale processes such as civil wars.
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Larson, Jennifer M., and Janet I. Lewis. "Rumors, Kinship Networks, and Rebel Group Formation." International Organization 72, no. 4 (2018): 871–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000243.
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AbstractWhile rumors predominate in conflict settings, researchers have not identified whether and why they influence the start of organized armed conflict. In this paper, we advance a new conceptualization of initial rebel group formation that aims to do so. We present a simple game-theoretic network model to show why the structure of trusted communication networks among civilians where rebel groups form—which carry credible rumors about the rebels—can influence whether incipient rebels become viable. We argue further that in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, kinship network structures favorable to nascent rebels often underlie ethnically homogeneous localities, but not heterogeneous ones. In doing so, we advance a new explanation for why ethnicity influences conflict onset, and show why ethnic grievances may not be a necessary condition for the emergence of “ethnic rebellion.” We illustrate our arguments using new evidence from Uganda that provides a rare window into rebel group formation.
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Sorketti, Ehab Ali. "Sudan's national mental health programme and burden of mental illness." International Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (January 2009): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000254.
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Sudan occupies 2 500 000 km2 in East Africa. It has borders with nine countries, two of which are Arab: Egypt, Libya, Kenya, Uganda, Congo, Chad, the Central African Republic, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Sudan is the largest country in Africa. The heart of the country, in terms of population, lies at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The complex of the ‘three towns', comprising the three largest cities, Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman, is situated there and contains almost 20% of the population. The total population of Sudan is about 35.4 million (projected from the 2005 census). The urban population was estimated at 33% of the total. About 2.2 million are still entirely nomadic. Sudan's peoples are as diverse as its geography. There are 19 major ethnic groups and 597 subgroups.
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Cunningham, Jeremy, and Suren Ladd. "The role of school curriculum in sustainable peace-building: The case of Sri Lanka." Research in Comparative and International Education 13, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 570–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499918807027.
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The civil war between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) ended in 2009, with total defeat of the LTTE and many thousands of civilian casualties. The country is now engaged in peace-building. Key elements of the secondary school curriculum – truth-seeking, social cohesion and active citizenship – may contribute to this. Six state secondary schools serving different ethnic and religious groups were selected for qualitative research into how far this is the case. Data was collected on the application of knowledge, skills and values in lessons, extra-curricular programmes and whole school culture. The analysis suggests that truth-seeking is weak, with no teaching about the historical roots of the conflict or contemporary issues. There are efforts to build leadership skills and impart democratic values, but the critical thinking and discussion skills necessary for social cohesion and active citizenship are largely absent. The findings are discussed in relation to evidence from Uganda, Cambodia and Northern Ireland.
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Warf, Benjamin C., Vita Stagno, and John Mugamba. "Encephalocele in Uganda: ethnic distinctions in lesion location, endoscopic management of hydrocephalus, and survival in 110 consecutive children." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 7, no. 1 (January 2011): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.9.peds10326.
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Object This study characterizes the first clinical series of encephalocele (EC) from East or Central Africa, and is the largest reported from the African continent. The authors explored survival, the efficacy of primary endoscopic management of associated hydrocephalus, and ethnic differences in EC location. Methods One hundred ten consecutive children presented to CURE Children's Hospital of Uganda for treatment of EC over a 9-year period. Clinical data, including patient demographic information, birth date, lesion type (sincipital, parietal, or occipital), operative data, and subsequent course had been entered prospectively into a clinical database. Home visits to update the status of those lost to follow-up were done when possible. With appropriate institutional approvals, the database was reviewed for this retrospective study. Two-tailed probability values calculated using the Fisher exact test were used to assess the significance of differences among groups, with p < 0.05 being considered significant. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for analysis of survival and treatment success probabilities. Results There were 53 (48%) occipital, 33 (30%) sincipital, and 24 (22%) parietal lesions. Occipital lesions were significantly more common among children of Bantu origin (p = 0.02). Nilotes demonstrated a roughly equal distribution among sincipital, parietal, and occipital locations. The female/male ratio was 1.2, with no difference between EC types (range 1.0–1.4, p = 0.6–0.8). Of 110 patients, 108 (98%) underwent surgical repair at a median age of 1 month (mean 15.7 months), whereas 2 had treatment for hydrocephalus only. Wound revision was required in 13% of cases. Surgery-related mortality was 3%. One-year and 5-year survival rates were 87% (95% CI 0.79–0.93) and 61% (95% CI 0.51–0.70), respectively. Hydrocephalus required treatment in 32%, and was equally common among the 3 EC types. Thirteen patients were treated with combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy/choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) and 2 with ETV alone, whereas 18 patients received primary shunt placement. Predicted treatment success at 1 year was 79% for ETV or ETV/CPC (95% CI 0.50–0.94) and 47% for shunt placement (95% CI 0.24–0.71). Conclusions Analysis of this first EC series from this region suggests that sincipital lesions are 3 times more common in East than in West Africa. Occipital lesions predominate in patients of Bantu origin, but not among those of Nilotic descent. Hydrocephalus incidence was equally common among different EC types, and endoscopic treatment was more successful (79%) than shunting (47%) at 1 year. The 5-year mortality rate was similar to that for infants with myelomeningocele in Uganda, and more than twice that for their unaffected peers.
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Kobusingye, Doreen Nancy, Mathijs van Leeuwen, and Han van Dijk. "The multifaceted relationship between land and violent conflict: the case of Apaa evictions in Amuru district, northern Uganda." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x17000106.
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ABSTRACTThis paper argues that violent conflict prominently impacts on land governance and so contributes to land conflicts in post-conflict settings. In the natural resources literature, the relationship between land and conflict is often explained in terms of environmental security or political ecology, and many have pointed out that the way land is governed in itself may be a source of conflict. However, less attention has been given to the effects of violent conflict on land and its governance in post-conflict situations. This paper argues that violent conflict affects land governance in many ways and that this in turn might contribute to further violent conflict. The argument builds around an extended case study of the Apaa evictions in Amuru District in Northern Uganda. The case illustrates how conflict around land is not just the result of resource scarcity and competition, but is the outcome of a combination of political, historical and social dynamics. Past policies on land and practices of land governance play a critical role in this. However at the same time, violent conflict has a critical impact on land access, transforms land governance authority and the rules applied. The land conflicts resulting from this, in turn, fuel ethnic tensions between local population groups, and grievances about those in power and the institutions that govern natural resources. The ways in which such problematic conflict-induced changes in land access and governance are dealt with by policymakers is critical for post-conflict stability.
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Pearson, Amber L., Jonathan D. Mayer, and David J. Bradley. "Coping with Household Water Scarcity in the Savannah Today: Implications for Health and Climate Change into the Future." Earth Interactions 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-14-0039.1.
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Abstract Even as millions live without reliable access to water, very little is known about how households cope with scarcity. The aims of this research were to 1) understand aspects of water scarcity in three rural villages in southwestern Uganda, 2) examine differences by demographics and type of source, 3) assess relationships between different factors related to water access, and 4) explore coping strategies used. Health implications and lessons learned that relate to future climate change are discussed. Demographic data, water accessibility, and coping strategies used were recorded using a survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Spearman’s rank correlations were calculated between self-reported level of access, walking minutes to source, ranked ownership of source, and source accessibility during the last two weeks of April (16–30 April). Changes in water source type across seasons and demographic and access measures by coping strategies were examined. Over half of the households relied on seasonal water sources. Of those accessing “permanent” sources, ~30% experienced inaccessibility within the last two weeks of April. Self-reported better access to water was correlated with minutes spent walking to source and to some degree with the source being more public or shared. Those without access to public sources tended to migrate as the primary coping strategy. Water sharing and reciprocity appears crucial between wealthy and poor households; however, those from outside ethnic groups appear to be partially excluded. Middle income households followed by the poorest had the largest reliance on purchasing water to cope. These findings underscore how access to water resources, particularly in times of insecurity, involves social networks.
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Rashid, Naziru, Aisha Nazziwa, Rehema Kantono, Hassan Kasujja, and Swaibu Zziwa. "Assessing Knowledge and Practices of the Community towards Corona Virus Disease 2019 in Mbale Municipality, Uganda: Across Section Study." East African Health Research Journal 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.647.
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Background: The Corona virus disease, first identified in Wuhan city, Hubei province of China, is a respiratory illness caused by Novel Corona Virus also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS Cov.2). The disease is characterised by; dry cough and shortness of breath with difficulty in breathing and at least 2 of the following; fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat and loss of test and smell. Uganda in general and Mbale in particular has people of diverse culture, religion and ethnic background as well as diverse socio economic activities with various practices. This multi-cultural environment creates differences in perception of information and practices. Most cultures encourage socialisation through social functions like attending weddings, funerals, work places and gatherings and Muslims who have to go for congregation prayers in the mosques 5 times a day among others. This puts such communities at risk of spreading the disease very fast and slow in adapting to control measures Aim: In this study, we aimed at assessing knowledge and practices of the community towards COVID 19 in Mbale municipality. Methods and Materials: A cross section study was used; Data was obtained using a Questionnaires to a sample of 355 respondents and an observation tool was also used to observe behaviour patterns and practices of 776 participants towards the control measures of COVID-19. Results: There was a total of 355 respondents with 208 /355 (58.59%) male and 147/355 (41.4%) female. 149/355(42%) possessed good knowledge, 131/355(36.9%) had moderate knowledge and 75/355(21%) had a little knowledge on COVID-19. Participants who were single and aged between 21-30 years were found to be more knowledgeable than other groups (P value=.001 and P value=.003 respectively).The source of COVID 19 information was mainly from television and radios 124/248 (50%) and social media 34/248 (21.8%) and the least source of information being 14/248(5.6%) and 9/248(3.6%) from health workers and Religious leaders respectively. 496/776 (64%) of the respondents observed, washed their hands and only124/776 (16%) of the respondents wore face masks. 98/776 (12.6%) were seen shaking hands and 15/776(2%) were seen hugging. Conclusion: Use of appropriate and well-designed Health education materials on radios, televisions and social media platforms like Facebook and twitter among others can be effective means of communication since they can reach the highest number of people. Ministry of Health should design ways for systematically integrating both political and religious leaders in Health Education Campaigns. Government should provide facemasks and enforce their use. A study to assess the ability of both political and religious leaders in health promotion campaigns should be carried out.
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Isingoma, Bebwa. "Lexical and grammatical features of Ugandan English." English Today 30, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000133.
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English plays an important role in the lives of Ugandans. For example, official government records are written in English, Parliament conducts its business in English, national newspapers are written in English. English is the medium of instruction from elementary to tertiary level. English is a lingua franca among people of different ethnic groups whose mother tongues are mutually unintelligible, especially if they cannot use Luganda or, to some extent, Swahili.
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Baú, Valentina. "Breaking the Conflict Cycle, Building Peaceful Communities: Participatory Photography and Storytelling With African Diasporas in Sydney." Journal of Communication Inquiry 42, no. 4 (June 27, 2018): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859918784972.
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Even after resettling in a new country, the trauma and resentment caused by the conflict experienced in their homeland are passed on from generation to generation among diaspora communities. One of the factors that perpetuate the conflict in their new reality is the ethnic separation that continues to be upheld and reinforced, from parents to children. This article discusses the experience of a participatory photography project that brought together young people from the Congolese, Rwandan, Burundian, and Ugandan communities living in Sydney (Australia), whose lives are still impacted by the legacy of the conflicts that have been ravaging the African Great Lakes region. This initiative, which wanted to provide a space to encourage communication between different groups and enable the promotion of peace between communities starting from the youth, is analyzed here, and reflections are offered on the use of this method with diaspora groups.
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Agarwal, Smisha, Udochisom Anaba, Timothy Abuya, Richard Kintu, Alain Casseus, Sharif Hossain, Melvin Obadha, and Charlotte E. Warren. "Understanding incentive preferences of community health workers using discrete choice experiments: a multicountry protocol for Kenya, Uganda, Bangladesh and Haiti." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e033601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033601.
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IntroductionThere is a renewed global interest in improving community health worker (CHW) programmes. For CHW programmes to be effective, key intervention design factors which contribute to the performance of CHWs need to be identified. The recent WHO guidelines recommends the combination of financial and non-financial incentives to improve CHW performance. However, evidence gaps remain as to what package of incentives will improve their performance in different country contexts. This study aims to evaluate CHW incentive preferences to improve performance and retention which will strengthen CHW programmes and help governments leverage limited resources appropriately.Methods and analysisA discrete choice experiment (DCE) will be conducted with CHWs in Bangladesh, Haiti, Kenya and Uganda with different levels of maturity of CHWs programmes. This will be carried out in two phases. Phase 1 will involve preliminary qualitative research including focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews to develop the DCE design which will include attributes relevant to the CHW country settings. Phase 2 will involve a DCE survey with CHWs, presenting them with a series of job choices with varying attribute levels. An orthogonal design will be used to generate the choice sets for the surveys. The surveys will be administered in locally-appropriate languages to at least 150 CHWs from each of the cadres in each country. Conditional and mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) models will be used for the estimation of stated preferences.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and approved by the Population Council’s Institutional Review Board in New York, and appropriate ethics review boards in Kenya, Uganda, Bangladesh and Haiti. The results of the study will be disseminated through in-country dissemination workshops, meetings with country-level stakeholders and policy working groups, print media, online blogs and peer-reviewed journals.
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Goy, Jennifer, Ruth Namazzi, Heather Ann Hume, Henry Ddungu, Musa K. Waiswa, Rohin Malhotra, Deborah J. Cook, and Mark A. Crowther. "Non-Invasive Hemoglobin Measurements In Anemic Patients." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2970.2970.
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Abstract Background Non-invasive Hemoglobin Measurement (NIHM) devices have recently become available in clinical practice. These point-of-care devices use spectrophotometry to measure hemoglobin (Hb), providing real-time results and do not require blood draws. However, the validity of this technology has not been examined in patients with moderate to severe anemia (Hb< 90g/L). The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and performance of non-invasive hemoglobin measurements (NIHM) among anemic patients in the real world setting. Methods Patients were recruited from two clinical settings that are highly applicable this technology. (i) The intensive care setting, where frequent blood draws contribute to anemia. Patients were recruited from three tertiary care critical care units (ii) A developing country setting. Patients were recruited from the Internal Medicine and Paediatrics wards at Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda. An additional cohort of patients was recruited from an outpatient Hematology clinic which served as a comparator group. All patients were enrolled in a consecutive manner. In the ICU population, patients were recruited through a consecutive, convenience sample in order to maximize patients with hemoglobin values < 90 g/L. The Pronto 7® NIHM device was compared to Coulter Counter Complete Blood Count (CBC) measurements. All CBC were processed at College of American Pathologist or Ontario Laboratory Accreditation approved labs; all CBC determinations were drawn within 4 hours of the Pronto determination in patients with stable hemoglobin values. Basic demographics along with suspected etiology of anemia were also collected. The consistency between CBC and NIHM was assessed by Pearson's Correlation, mean difference and linear regression. The study was reviewed by the Integrated REB at both St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton and Mulago Hospital and Makerere University in Uganda. As a minimal risk study, the requirement for consent was waived at the Hamilton sites by the research ethics board. Consent was obtained from Ugandan participants. Results 188 patients were recruited. a. ICU population. Seventy four patients were recruited with mean age of 61 years (range 16-89). The patients were of a medical (n=44; 69%), surgical (n=17; 23%), trauma (n=7; 18%) mixed population (n=6; 13%). The mean Hb on CBC was 97 g/L. Forty patients (53%) had an Hb less than 90 g/L. The mean absolute difference between the CBC and NIHM was 14.85 (range 0-53g/L). The overall Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.62 and the R2 value was 0.37. b. Ugandan population. Eighty-three patients were recruited (31 pediatric and 52 adult) with a mean age of 27 (range 2-80). The mean Hb value on CBC was 80 g/L and 43% percent of patients had Hb values than 70 g/L. Seventeen percent of patients had sickle cell disease. NIHM were not obtainable in over half (n=55 (65%) of the study population) and in 30 of the 31 pediatric patients. In those who could be tested the mean absolute difference between the CBC and NIHM was 24 g/L (range 0-72) with Pearson coefficient of 0.84 and R2 value of 0.71. c. Outpatient population. Thirty one patients were recruited with mean age of 66. The mean Hb value was 119 g/L with mean absolute difference between the CBC and NIHM of 14.6 g/L (range 1-43 g/L) with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.69 and R2 of 0.47. Figure 1 shows the scatter plot for the three patient groups. In all three groups, the majority of data points fall to the right of the line of equal value between NIHM and CBC measurements, indicating a tendency of the device towards overestimation of the hemoglobin. Discussion This is the first study of NIHM to target the patients with moderate to severe anemia and to include pediatric patients and those with hemoglobinopathy. There is only moderate degree of correlation between the NIHM and CBC measurements with the NIHM demonstrating a consistent positive bias. The positive bias was seen in all patient groups, and both the inpatient and outpatient setting. The device was unable to provide measurements in children though this may have been due the probe size available to the investigators. The discrepancy in values between NIHM and venipuncture CBC values suggests that the non-invasive hemoglobin monitor will be of limited utility in the patient groups evaluated in this study. Disclosures: Crowther: Asahi Kasai: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Baxter: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; CSL Behring: Speakers Bureau; Leo Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Merck: Consultancy; Octapharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi-Aventis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Viropharma: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Hawkins, Maren, Ronald Anguzu, Lance Weinhardt, Rongal Watson, Kelsey Gilman, and Stephen Hawkins. "Women's Health in Uganda." Journal of Global Postcolonial Studies 8, no. 2 (July 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/jgps.2020.1016.
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The landscape surrounding reproductive health in Uganda is underpinned by layered interactions between a host of powerful factors, all of which contribute to grim health outcomes for Ugandan women. Yet, over the last two decades, several key interventions have demonstrated success in improving women’s reproductive health, including the implementation of diagonal approaches to healthcare delivery and grassroots educational programs. This review synthesizes a diverse body of literature and elucidates the relationship between colonialism, neocolonialism, gender inequality, ethnolinguistic fractionalization, andwomen’s health outcomes in Uganda. To clarify several key terms, gender inequality defined as, “allowing people different opportunities due to perceived differences based solely on issues of gender” (Parziale 978). Ethnolinguistic fractionalization involves considering how multiple languages and ethnic groups can create greater perceived distances between groups. Thus, this narrative literature review will explicate the socio-historical framework impacting women’s health and describe several successful interventions in promoting women’s health in Uganda.
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Mwesigwa, Catherine Lutalo, Annet M. Kutesa, Ian G. Munabi, Catherine A. Kabenge, and William Buwembo. "Accuracy of the lower third molar radiographic imaging to estimate age among Ugandan young people." BMC Research Notes 12, no. 1 (October 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4686-1.
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Abstract Objective Dental development is a useful method for age estimation. Although third molar eruption is commonly used to estimate age in Uganda, it is reported to be unreliable because of external influences. The more reliable radiographic techniques have inter-ethnic differences but data from sub-Saharan Africa are limited regarding estimating age in young adults. This study, therefore, aimed at determining the accuracy of Demirjian’s classification of the lower third molar, a common dental age estimation method, in estimating key ages in a Ugandan population using Ugandan references. Dental records of 1021 Ugandans aged 10–22 years were assigned to two groups; reference and test. The reference data was retrieved from a database of a previous bigger research project. Results The overall sample population comprised of 514/1021 (50.3%) males. The mean age was 15.8 (3.6) years. No significant sex differences in dental age were established in the reference sample (520 records). Accuracy values (area under the curve) at the 12-, 14-, 16- and 18-year cut-offs were between 0.83 and 0.90 using the test sample (501 records). The results suggest that Demirjian’s classification of the lower third molars is a useful method for age estimation in the young urban Ugandan population in the 10–22-year age-group.
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Masum, Ahmad. "UGANDA: A Country Profile." Journal of International Studies, January 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jis.8.2012.7931.
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Uganda lies in the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is situated in East Africa and occupies an area of 241,038 sq km (roughly twice the size of the state of Pennsylvania) and its population is about 35,873,253 (CIA World Factbook, 2012). Uganda is bordered by Tanzania and Rwanda to the south, Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, South Sudan to the north, and Kenya to the east. Uganda is a landlocked country and occupies most of the Lake Victoria Basin, which was formed by the geological shifts that created the Rift Valley during the Pleistocene era. Uganda was a British colony and became an independent- sovereign nation in 1962 without a bloody struggle. Several ethnic groups reside in the country i.e. Baganda, Banyankole, Bahima, Bakiga, Bunyoro, Batoro, Basoga, Bagisu, Langi, Acholi, Lugbara, Karamojong and others. English is the official language by virtue of Article 6(1) of the 1995 Constitution and Swahili is also widely spoken especially in the urban areas. Uganda has no State religion. As a country, Uganda has witnessed some positive development in the area of security. The government managed to plant the seeds of peace in the north by defeating the Lord Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony.
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Mekonnen, E., E. Bekele, and C. M. Stein. "Novel polymorphisms in TICAM2 and NOD1 associated with tuberculosis progression phenotypes in Ethiopian populations." Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics 3 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gheg.2017.17.
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BackgroundInfection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a necessary but not sufficient cause for tuberculosis (TB). Although numerous studies suggest human genetic variation may influence TB pathogenesis, there is a conspicuous lack of replication, likely due to imprecise phenotype definition. We aimed to replicate novel findings from a Ugandan cohort in Ethiopian populations.MethodWe ascertained TB cases and household controls (n = 292) from three different ethnic groups. Latent Mtb infection was determined using Quantiferon to develop reliable TB progression phenotypes. We sequenced exonic regions of TICAM2 and NOD1.ResultSignificant novel associations were observed between two variants in NOD1 and TB: rs751770147 [unadjusted p = 7.28 × 10−5] and chr7:30477156(T), a novel variant, [unadjusted p = 1.04 × 10−4]. Two SNPs in TICAM2 were nominally associated with TB, including rs2288384 [unadjusted p = 0.003]. Haplotype-based association tests supported the SNP-based results.ConclusionWe replicated the association of TICAM2 and NOD1 with TB and identified novel genetic associations with TB in Ethiopian populations.