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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethnical discrimination'
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Lejla, Music. "Theme: Teaching Gender, Class and Race in the Classroom." Frontiers in Education Technology 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/fet.v2n1p44.
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<p><em>Race and ethnicity represent the constructs that are political and used in order to make distinctions in between the human into ethnic groups (Turner, 2006</em><em>, p.</em><em> 490). According to Turner (2006</em><em>, p. </em><em>490) there is difference in between the race and ethnicity. Race represents: “genetically transmitted characteristics popularly associated with different human groups, such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, and body type”. Ethnicity distinguishes groups through the language, nationality and religion as distinctive characteristics. Racial and ethnical relations are interactions in between the humans to which different racial and ethnical differences are ascribed at their birth. This paper analyses gender dimension of racial and national emotions. Empirical part of the paper focuses onto the analyses of racial emotions and behaviors, in order to examine the emotions towards the gender dimension of race in the group of students. The emotions towards the races and ethnicities are complex and represent one of the greatest problems of the contemporary since they produce racial and ethnical violence. Gender dimension of these emotions involve the marginalization, and discrimination against women giving the notion into the real position of the women in society as a group, and their vulnerability to racial and ethnical violence. In order to analyze the way in which, the race can be thought in the classroom, it is necessary to examine the opinion of the students, on the race. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the fight against racial and gender discrimination can unite all persons regardless of gender or color of their skin. Postcolonial and multicultural feminisms unite all the women and feminist in order to stop discrimination on the basis of the race, class, ethnicity, gender. Key terms: race, ethnicity, violence, women’s movement. </em><em></em></p>
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Stefan, Matthias, Felix Holzmeister, Alexander Müllauer, and Michael Kirchler. "Ethnical discrimination in Europe: Field evidence from the finance industry." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): e0191959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191959.
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Wagner, Izabela. "Between double absence and transnational professional – the unrevealed side of scientific mobility." Comunicação e Sociedade 28 (December 28, 2015): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.28(2015).2288.
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The paper concerns the situation of the majority of mobile scientists working in the international prestigious research laboratories in 21st century. I point out the lag between official communication about open access and democratic and fair selections which occur in scientific careers all the time and unspoken issues related with ethnical and national discrimination in the workplaces. The problem of ethnical discrimination is omitted in the sociological literature issue however, the ethnographic data provided from scientific laboratories indicates that the ethnicity and origin (as well as the nationality of scientist) play an important role. I employ in this paper the Abdelmalek Sayad’s concept of “double absence”, showing that the situation of “foreigner” scientists (majority of the PhD students and post-docs working abroad) is similar to other categories of migrants.
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Frinaldi, Aldri, and Muhamad Ali Embi. "Pengaruh Budaya Kerja Etnik Terhadap Budaya Kerja Keadilan dan Keterbukaan Pns dalam Membangun Masyarakat Madani dan Demokrasi (Studi pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Pasaman Barat)." Humanus 10, no. 1 (July 30, 2012): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jh.v10i1.486.
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Justice and openness are among the values of working culture needed to support the development of civil society and democracy. Justice means that the works done by civil servants should be free from discrimination in any aspects, while openness means everyone who deals with the government offices should get transparent informations about things they deal with. This research aims to analyse the effects of the ethnical working culture to justice and openness in working culture of the civil servants in the Pasaman Barat Administrations. The research finds that ethnical culture tend to influence the civil servants in working justly and openly. To solve the problem, civil servants’ working culture in the government offices needs to change, which can be done by integrating the working culture set by the government with the positive ethnical culture and religious teachings in order to build democratic civil society. Kata kunci : budaya kerja etnik, Pegawai Negeri Sipil, masyarakat madani, demokrasi
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Dokmanovic, Mirjana. "Hate crimes recording: Recommendations of the international bodies and their significance to Serbia." Temida 18, no. 2 (2015): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1502059d.
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Data recording and keeping the official unique database on hate crimes contributes to increasing visibility of this type of crimes, as well as to formulating effective policies of preventing discrimination, racism and non-tolerance. At the end of 2012, the Republic of Serbia introduced the aggravating circumstance in sentencing crimes motivated by hatred on the basis of race, religion belief, national or ethnical belonging, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity. The Action Plan of the Implementation of the Strategy of Prevention and Protection against Discrimination (2014) foresees introducing the unique database on hate crimes by the end of 2016. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the importance of establishing this type of database from the perspective of acknowledging victims? rights. The relevant activities and the recommendations of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) and the OSCE to the member states, with respect to efficient recording data on hate crimes, have been also introduced. The aim of the paper is to contribute developing of the methodology of data recording of hate crimes in the Republic of Serbia in line with the given recommendations of the FRA and the OSCE.
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Mendes, Maria Manuela. "Representations About Discrimination Practices in the Education System Built by Gypsies (Ciganos) in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal)." SAGE Open 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 215824401244100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244012441005.
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In Portugal, Gypsies (Ciganos) are categorized as ethnical and minority group, and they are particularly vulnerable to poverty and social exclusion. There is no doubt that they are one of the groups that rise more antipathy among the other Portuguese. In what concerns the “social images” built by the dominant society, there is a negative evaluation of the Gypsies and this image has persisted and resisted so far. Therefore, Gypsy identity and culture are considered marginal. However, the historical discrimination against Gypsies and the existence of a scarce interaction with the non-Gypsy society are some interesting results coming out from a qualitative study finished in 2006 about social representations and emotions that emerged in discriminatory contexts related with the educational system. One of the main objectives of this article is to find how Gypsies represent the school, the formal education, and the social agents that intervene in this educational context, like teachers, other school workers, and other students (non-Gypsies). It is possible to notice some discourses that revealed negative perceptions and rejection feelings incorporated by some Gypsies. They feel that they are treated like “inferior” persons and not recognized by the whole society.
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Irimia, Ana Irina. "The European Union and Minorities." Scientific Bulletin 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2015-0021.
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Abstract We are currently in the process of making a Europe where the elements of national sovereignty will be narrowed through the sharing of sovereignty and for collective security. Another trend in the field was that of regionalization of the importance and implications of this issue, explicitly or implicitly considered as belonging to Central and Eastern Europe. Such an assessment neglects the significance of a number of factors pertaining to the historical and political developments has on the matter, particularly regarding economic development of Central and Eastern Europe areas, and that the conflictual degeneration of perceiving ethnical, cultural and regional otherness is not a phenomenon which affects this space alone, but also the West. In contradiction with this point of view, some foreign experts in the field say it is a social reality that discrimination and intolerance connected to religion and ethnicity can be found in all meetings of the world and in countries with different economic development phases.
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Sharma, Manju, and Sandeep Kumar. "Geographical Appraisal of Gender Disparity and Progress in Literacy of Haryana, India." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 2 (August 24, 2020): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.50231.
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The present research relates to the northern state of Haryana in India and to find out the objective of advancement and the existing gender gap in literacy with identification of responsible factors, the study uses the secondary data obtained from different censuses of India, National Crime Record Bureau and various other related sources. The disparity index is calculated to examine the gender gap in literacy whereas the correlation coefficient is used to ascertain its relationship with major determinants. Though the country and the state have achieved a reputed position with the literacy rate of 74.04 and 75.55 per cent respectively in 2011 yet inequality in the learning of male-female is a matter of concern for both entities. The figure for the district Mewat (which also lies at bottom in overall literacy as per ongoing census data) shows more discrimination in male-female learning, as here the male literacy rate is approximate to the double (69.97 per cent versus 36.60 per cent) of the females. To some extent, in areas like Mewat, Palwal and Fatehabad this discrimination is an outcome of societal stances, religion, fiscal or ethnical determinants and cultural stereotype as these factors of the environs have a direct or indirect association with literacy. So to ensure the equality and quality in education in basic or compulsory education, there is a need for massive investment on resources with communal awareness regarding significance as well as claptrap obstacles in the way of the learning.
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Tiutiuhin, Volodymyr I., Anton O. Baida, and Viktoriia V. Bazeliuk. "LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON MEDICAL INTERVENTION DURING OPERATION ON FEMALE GENITALIA FOR NON-MEDICAL PURPOSES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 12 (2020): 2909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202012234.
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The aim: To identify problems associated with non-medical genital surgery and establish the limits of acceptable medical intervention in such operations. Materials and methods: The study is based on a theoretical basis, which includes reviews of legislation, reports from non-governmental organizations, and is based on empirical data: decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, international regulations, statistics of the World Health Organization. Systemic and structural, comparative legal and functional methods, systematization, analysis and synthesis were decisive in the research process. Conclusions: “Female genital mutilation” or “female circumcision” is essentially a separate type of bodily injury that is caused intentionally in accordance with various social domestic and religious traditions and beliefs of certain emigrant ethnical religious communities. Such actions are a form of discrimination and violation of women's rights on the basis of gender, as well as a form of child abuse, as the vast majority of such operations are carried out on girls under 12 years of age. Medical intervention in case of operations on female genitalia, including for non-therapeutic purposes, can be considered legitimate only with the informed consent of the patient and on conditions that the level of danger to human health from such intervention corresponds to the concept of personal autonomy, that is, it does not require direct state intervention for the reasons of urgent social necessity.
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Furxhi, Gentisa, Sonela Stillo, and Enslemvera Zake (Furxhi. "Job Discrimination and Ethics in the Workplace." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p138-145.
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Every society wants to have an ethical community. Although, that every citizen wants to be treated as equal, studies show that discrimination and gender inequality in employment relationships are present in every society, at any time. Discrimination is: treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc . Job discrimination is when institutional decisions, policies, or procedures are at least partially based on illegitimate forms of discrimination that benefit or harm certain groups of people. Developed societies have a lower rate of job discrimination than developing societies have. Although, it is unclear why in these societies with economic civilization and culture development, job discrimination still exists, when the right of employment is sanctioned and guaranteed by Labor Code and by specific laws. The most common forms of job discriminations are discriminations based on gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, age. New forms are based on disability, sexual orientation, genetics and lifestyle. Not all discrimination is intentional or conscious. Sometimes people favor some groups of people over others as a matter of personal preference, or unconsciously accept stereotypes. Whatever, job discrimination is intentional or it is conscious, it is always immoral. Job discriminations violates utilitarian, rights and justice principles of ethics. Our study is focused to see how much job discriminations is widespread in Albanian society. We will analyze forms of discriminations to have a clear view which are the most common job discriminations types in Albania. Also, we will figure out if employees who have been discriminated in the workplace, have reported this unethical behavior to their supervisor or at the relevant state bodies. At the end, we will see if there has been any punishment to those who use discrimination to the employees.
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Chung, Yunhyung, Stanley M. Gully, and Kathi J. Lovelace. "Predicting Readiness for Diversity Training." Journal of Personnel Psychology 16, no. 1 (January 2017): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000170.
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Abstract. Using data collected from 160 employed professionals in the US, we performed multivariate and univariate multiple regression analyses to examine the joint effect of perceived ethnic discrimination and ethnic dyadic dissimilarity on trainee readiness for diversity training (pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, intention to use, and perceived utility). A significant interaction effect showed that individuals displayed stronger pre-training motivation to learn, intention to use, and perceived utility when they perceived discrimination based on ethnic background and when they were ethnically dissimilar to their supervisor. However, perceived ethnic discrimination was not associated with these three readiness variables when subordinate-supervisor ethnic backgrounds were the same. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Fox, Jonathan, and Shmuel Sandler. "Regime Types and Discrimination against Ethnoreligious Minorities: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Autocracy-Democracy Continuum." Political Studies 51, no. 3 (October 2003): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00436.
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Although many assume that the relationship between the autocracy-democracy continuum and discrimination is linear, with autocracies discriminating the most and democracies discriminating the least, the assumption is not universal. This study uses the Minorities at Risk dataset to test this relationship with regard to government treatment of religiously differentiated ethnic minorities (ethnoreligious minorities) as well as ethnic minorities that are not religiously differentiated. The results show that the pattern of treatment of ethnoreligious minorities differs from that of other ethnic minorities. The extent to which a state is democratic has no clear influence on the level of discrimination against non-religiously differentiated ethnic minorities, but it has a clear influence on the level of discrimination against ethnoreligious minorities. Autocracies discriminate more than democracies against ethnoreligious minorities, but semi-democracies, those governments that are situated between democracies and autocracies, discriminate even less. This result is consistent on all 11 measures used here and is statistically significant for seven of them, and it remains strong when controlling for other factors, including separatism. This phenomenon increases in strength from the beginning to the end of the 1990s. Also, democracies discriminate against ethnoreligious minorities more than they do against other minorities. The nature of liberal democracy may provide an explanation for this phenomenon.
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MAGEE, WILLIAM, ERIC FONG, and RIMA WILKES. "Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2007): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001481.
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We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a group, and are more likely to report exposure to ethnically motivated verbal assault, than are Chinese immigrants living elsewhere. Our results are consistent with studies of other populations. However, we argue that theory and policy related to ethnic concentration and discrimination should recognise that effects of ethnic concentration on discrimination are likely to vary with the ecological setting under investigation (for example, neighbourhoods versus larger areas), as well as by size of locale (city, region, or country), and the ethnic groups involved.
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Meyer, Ruth, and Huw Vasey. "Immigration, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Ethnic Segmentation in a Low-Skill Labor Market." Social Science Computer Review 38, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439318815636.
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Postwar migration to “western” countries has gone hand in hand with the development of ethnically segmented labor markets, particularly in low-skill roles where entry requirements are minimal. While numerous theories have been forwarded as to why such situations occur, it has remained difficult to empirically test the relative impact of the many interacting processes that produce segmentation in the labor market. In this article, we investigate the processes of ethnic segmentation in low-skilled labor markets, where referral hiring is the norm, with particular reference to the role of ethnically homogeneous social networks and forms of discrimination. We employ an agent-based modeling approach, adapting key elements from Waldinger and Lichter’s widely cited networked explanation of ethnic labor market segmentation. This approach allows us to provide a different lens on theories of ethnic labor market segmentation, investigating the relative impacts of different causal processes that are difficult to investigate in this way using other social science approaches. The overall results from our model indicate that ethnically homogeneous social networks have the effect of increasing the level of ethnic segmentation within a referral-based labor market, but that these networks also help immigrant populations grow and protect them from the negative impacts of employer discrimination. Furthermore, these networks have a greater impact on labor market segmentation than discrimination alone. In conclusion, this sociologically informed agent-based model provides important insights into the manner and extent in which changes in social conditions may affect population-level phenomena.
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Wiesbrock, Anja, and Anna Gajda. "Maintaining Ethnic Ties in the Process of EU Enlargement: The Relationship between Kin-Minority Laws, EU Anti-Discrimination Law and the Schengen Acquis." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 19, no. 4 (2012): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-01904003.
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Within the course of the 1990s, several European Union (EU) Member States have adopted so-called “kin-minority laws”, granting preferential entry and residence rights to their co-ethnics abroad. This paper investigates the relationship between such kin-minority legislation and the Union acquis, in particular the prohibition of nationality discrimination and the Schengen rules. It provides for a comprehensive overview of kin-minority laws in Europe, comparing their scope of application, eligibility requirements and benefits granted. We argue that in the absence of Union competence in the area of minority protection, kin-minority laws provide crucial instruments in protecting ethnic minorities. At the same time, legislation granting favourable treatment to co-ethnics may be at odds with the strict Schengen regime and the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality and/or ethnic origin. Even though EU law allows for positive discrimination under certain circumstances, a strict proportionality test applies. We argue that kin-minority provisions enacted by several Member States are questionable from an EU law perspective, illustrating the challenge to allow for the protection of ethnic minorities on the basis of national law whilst ensuring the coherency of the EU legal order.
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Kwok Wai Wong, Johnny, and Autumn H.Q. Lin. "Construction workplace discrimination." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 21, no. 4 (July 15, 2014): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-09-2013-0082.
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Purpose – The construction industry has been criticized for cultural intolerance and its poor industrial image. The ethnically diverse construction workplace in Hong Kong (HK) is frequently noted as a place in which racial harassment and discrimination occurs. The purpose of this paper is to explore the discriminatory experiences and working conditions experienced by ethnic minority (EM) construction operatives in HK. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-method approach was adopted, including a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. The survey identified the thoughts of EM construction workers about racial discrimination and harassment in the workplace. The focus group discussions were aimed at further exploring the discriminatory practices on HK construction sites and possible discrimination-coping strategies. Findings – Questionnaire data from 100 EM site operatives and labourers mainly from Nepal and Pakistan, but some few from other Asian countries as well as, plus two focus group discussions suggested that indirect and subtle forms of racial harassment do exist on HK construction sites. The operatives sampled reported the existence of inequality of treatment in their working life. Communication difficulties caused by language barriers affect work relationships between different cultural groups on construction sites. EM site operatives tend to interact with workers of similar cultural and ethnic groups. On the corporate/company level, language support and translations of safety procedures notices and policies, should be established to bring staff together and promote a more inclusive and harmonious workplace. Originality/value – The paper offers insights into the racial discrimination problems in the construction sector in an Asian context, which has been less explored. It aims to provide insight into the EM construction worker's situation in HK as well as the need for developing workplace-specific policies that protect against discrimination and protect the rights of EM workers.
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Hjort, Jonas. "Ethnic Divisions and Production in Firms *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 1899–946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju028.
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Abstract A body of literature suggests that ethnic heterogeneity limits economic growth. This article provides microeconometric evidence on the direct effect of ethnic divisions on productivity. In team production at a plant in Kenya, an upstream worker supplies and distributes flowers to two downstream workers, who assemble them into bunches. The plant uses an essentially random rotation process to assign workers to positions, leading to three types of teams: (i) ethnically homogeneous teams, and teams in which (ii) one or (iii) both downstream workers belong to a tribe in rivalry with the upstream worker’s tribe. I find strong evidence that upstream workers undersupply non-coethnic downstream workers (vertical discrimination) and shift flowers from non-coethnic to coethnic downstream workers (horizontal discrimination), at the cost of lower own pay and total output. A period of ethnic conflict following Kenya’s 2007 election led to a sharp increase in discrimination. In response, the plant began paying the two downstream workers for their combined output (team pay). This led to a modest output reduction in (i) and (iii) teams—as predicted by standard incentive models—but an increase in output in (ii) teams, and overall. Workers’ behavior before conflict, during conflict, and under team pay is predicted by a model of taste-based discrimination. My findings suggest that interethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency in the private sector, that the economic costs of ethnic diversity vary with the political environment, and that in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt “second best” policies to limit discrimination distortions.
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Ziebertz, Hans-Georg, and Alexander Unser. "The Prohibition of Discrimination and Unequal Treatment of Women and Homosexuals in the Spheres of Work and in Public Life." Journal of Empirical Theology 33, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 245–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15709256-12341412.
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Abstract Differences in race, ethnic origin, gender, belief and worldview, disability and chronic disease, age, and sexual orientation must not be a reason for discriminating against people. Non-discrimination is enshrined as a fundamental right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in numerous subsequent documents and in the constitutions of democratic states. Also the major religions are hostile to discriminatory distinctions. Among the groups that repeatedly experience discrimination are, on the one hand, women, who have to put up with disadvantages even in countries that advocate equality. Secondly, they include people with a homosexual orientation, who sometimes have to endure open rejection. This research uses a sample of N=5363 from 10 countries to examine the attitudes of young people about non-discrimination. Specifically, it asks whether religious belonging and the country of origin show any impact on this attitude, and whether the religiosity of respondents moderates the influence of religion and country. The empirical findings show that discrimination against women is rejected, but with differences between religious groups and countries. Homosexuality is seen more controversially and there is no uniform rejection of discrimination against homosexuals. However, depending on religious affiliation and national context, individual religiosity can have positive and negative effects on the rejection of discrimination.
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Chavez, Laura J., India J. Ornelas, Courtney R. Lyles, and Emily C. Williams. "Racial/Ethnic Workplace Discrimination." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.013.
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Verkuyten, Maykel. "Accounting for Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 2005): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x04273037.
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Gaddis, S. Michael. "Understanding the “How” and “Why” Aspects of Racial-Ethnic Discrimination: A Multimethod Approach to Audit Studies." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219870183.
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Researchers have used audit studies to provide causal evidence of racial discrimination for nearly 60 years. Although audits are an excellent methodological tool to investigate the “what,” “where,” and “when” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination, audits are less appropriate, by themselves, to investigate the “how” and “why” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination. In this article, I review why audit studies are necessary to study racial-ethnic discrimination, the evidence from audit studies, and their limitations. I then argue that scholars should adopt a multimethod approach to audit studies to move from documenting the existence of racial-ethnic discrimination to examining how and why racial-ethnic discrimination occurs. Adoption of this multimethod approach will result in a deeper understanding of racial-ethnic discrimination with the potential to shape both opinions and policy surrounding discrimination.
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Grigor’eva, Kseniya. "Is Ethnic Discrimination a Matter of Common Sense in the Fight against Crime and Terrorism?" Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 18, no. 1 (March 2019): 107–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2019-1-107-139.
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Despite the prohibition of racial discrimination by Russian and international legislation, it remains in Russia and abroad. This problem has become especially acute in the context of the fight against terrorism. Since September 11, 2001, the popular view is that ethnically-selective control is illegal but effective, and therefore an indispensable means of countering the terrorist threat and other global security challenges. The member States of the Council of Europe (including Russia) as well as the United States have issued orders on the ethnically-selective control over citizens and related practices. This article is devoted to the analysis of such practices and orders in different regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, the article discusses similar international experiences in the fight against crime and terrorism. The empirical bases of the research are documentary sources: orders and programs of regional authorities and reports on the progress of their implementation; reports of police officers; materials of interdepartmental meetings, and other open-access documents that are posted on official websites of state institutions. It is concluded that ethnically-selective control is ineffective and leads to a number of negative consequences such as a decrease in public safety, a distrust of the police, the stigmatization of ethnic and national groups, and an increase of inter-ethnic tension in society. The use of alternative methods of combating terrorism and other types of crime can both improve efficiency and avoid discrimination.
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Halim, May Ling, Keith H. Moy, and Hirokazu Yoshikawa. "Perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination and Latina immigrant women’s health." Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315595121.
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Perceiving ethnic discrimination can have aversive consequences for health. However, little is known about whether perceiving language-based (how one speaks a second language) discrimination poses the same risks. This study examined whether perceptions of language-based and ethnic discrimination are associated with mental and physical health. Among 132 Mexican and Dominican immigrant women, perceiving ethnic and language-based discrimination each predicted psychological distress and poorer physical health. When examined together, only ethnic discrimination remained a significant predictor. These results emphasize the importance of understanding how perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination play an integral role in the health of Latina immigrant women.
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Shariff-Marco, Salma, Nancy Breen, Hope Landrine, Bryce B. Reeve, Nancy Krieger, Gilbert C. Gee, David R. Williams, et al. "MEASURING EVERYDAY RACIAL/ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH SURVEYS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 1 (2011): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000129.
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AbstractWhile it is clear that self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination is related to illness, there are challenges in measuring self-reported discrimination or unfair treatment. In the present study, we evaluate the psychometric properties of a self-reported instrument across racial/ethnic groups in a population-based sample, and we test and interpret findings from applying two different widely-used approaches to asking about discrimination and unfair treatment. Even though we found that the subset of items we tested tap into a single underlying concept, we also found that different groups are more likely to report on different aspects of discrimination. Whether race is mentioned in the survey question affects both frequency and mean scores of reports of racial/ethnic discrimination. Our findings suggest caution to researchers when comparing studies that have used different approaches to measure racial/ethnic discrimination and allow us to suggest practical empirical guidelines for measuring and analyzing racial/ethnic discrimination. No less important, we have developed a self-reported measure of recent racial/ethnic discrimination that functions well in a range of different racial/ethnic groups and makes it possible to compare how racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with health disparities among multiple racial/ethnic groups.
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Manuela, Sam. "Ethnic Identity Buffers the Effect of Discrimination on Family, Life, and Health Satisfaction for Pacific Peoples in New Zealand." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.113.
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Introduction: The effect of discrimination on health and wellbeing varies. Mixed findings show that greater ethnic identity can make one more susceptible to the harmful effects of discrimination, or that ethnic identity can protect one against discrimination. This study tests how ethnic identity moderates the relationship between ethnic discrimination and a range of wellbeing measures for Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Methods: Two independent studies, The Pacific Identity and Wellbeing Study (N = 752) and the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 472), surveyed Pacific peoples in New Zealand across measures of ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, family satisfaction, life satisfaction, and health satisfaction.
Findings: Moderated regression analyses for both studies showed a significant identity x discrimination interaction. Across all analyses, for those with lower ethnic identity scores, there was a significant negative relationship between discrimination and the health and wellbeing measures. For those with higher ethnic identity scores, there was no significant relationship between discrimination and wellbeing measures.
Conclusions: These results suggest that higher scores of Pacific ethnic identity buffer the negative effects of discrimination on satisfaction with family, life, and health. These findings offer support for the protective properties of Pacific ethnic identities. As such, initiatives that seek to bolster Pacific ethnic identities and culture will support a multifaceted approach for enhancing Pacific health and psychological wellbeing.
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Ma, Ting-Lan, Mark Vincent B. Yu, Stephanie Soto-Lara, and Sandra D. Simpkins. "Latinx Adolescents’ Peer Ethnic Discrimination in After-School Activities and Activity Experiences." Journal of Youth Development 15, no. 6 (December 15, 2020): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.938.
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Grounded in ecological frameworks, this study examines (a) the extent to which Latinx adolescents’ perceptions of peer ethnic discrimination were associated with their participation in organized after-school activities, activity type, and ethnic composition; (b) different patterns of perceived peer ethnic discrimination; and (c) associations between discrimination patterns with key activity experiences including psychological engagement, perceived peer support, perceived leader support, and positive feelings in the activities. Using a pattern-centered approach, we applied latent profile analysis to analyze the data from 204 Latinx adolescents (53% female, M age = 12.40) in Southwest United States. Latinx adolescents who did not participate in organized after-school activities perceived higher peer ethnic discrimination than Latinx adolescents who participated. Latinx adolescents who were the numerical ethnic majority in activities reported lower discrimination than those who were the numerical minority. Among those who participated, 4 patterns of peer ethnic discrimination Latinx adolescents experienced in activities were identified. These profiles included moderate discrimination (4%), minimal discrimination (21%), no discrimination (64%), and somewhat negative beliefs (11%), which were differentially related to adolescents’ activity outcomes. Adolescents in the no discrimination group reported the most positive activity outcomes and those in the moderate discrimination group reported the most negative activity experiences. Adolescents who experienced little discrimination but felt other peers held negative beliefs about their ethnicity reported significantly lower psychological engagement and peer support than the no discrimination group. These findings highlight the importance of examining adolescents’ varying patterns of perceived ethnic discrimination in activities and provides ways that activity practitioners can optimize organized activity settings for Latinx adolescents.
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Urzúa, Alfonso, Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Diego Henríquez, Marcos Domic, Daniel Acevedo, Sebastian Ralph, Gonzalo Reyes, and Diego Tang. "Ethnic Identity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being in South—South Migrant Populations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052359.
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There is abundant evidence about the negative impact of discrimination on well-being, but less research on factors that can reduce this negative effect, mainly focused on North American samples and with incipient development on South–South migration. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of ethnic identity on the relationship between the experience of racial and ethnic discrimination and psychological well-being in Colombian immigrants living in Chile. A total of 962 immigrants over the age of 18 from three cities in Chile participated. Of these, 50.7% were women. The average age was 35 years (SD = 10.23). Participants were evaluated using Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales, Phinney’s adapted version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Scale, and Krieger’s Discrimination Experience Scale. After the analysis of the measurement models, a mediation model was analyzed using structural equations. The results provide evidence that ethnic and racial discrimination have negative effects on psychological well-being, with the effect of racial discrimination being greater. Likewise, ethnic identity has positive effects on psychological well-being and partially and completely mediates the effects of ethnic and racial discrimination on psychological well-being. The full effect of discrimination on psychological well-being, mediated by ethnic identity, is exercised only by racial discrimination and not by ethnic discrimination.
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Gong, Fang, Jun Xu, and David T. Takeuchi. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Everyday Discrimination." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2016): 506–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216681587.
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This study examines differences in perceptions of discrimination across multiple racial and ethnic minority groups. We focus on structural factors such as race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) and psychosocial factors such as racial/ethnic identities as predictors of perceived everyday discrimination. Data come from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), and analyses reveal several important patterns. First, perceived everyday discrimination is highly prevalent among racial/ethnic minorities in the United States and these perceptions largely reflect existing racial/ethnic hierarchies: African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans report the highest level of discrimination, whereas most Asian and Latino groups report less. Second, education, income, and immigration-related factors such as duration of residence and English language proficiency are positively associated with perceived discrimination. Third, the effects of racial/ethnic identity on perceived discrimination vary across ethnic groups, showing stronger associations among Afro-Caribbeans than among other racial and ethnic minorities. Findings from this study help to advance our theoretical understanding and empirical knowledge of racial/ethnic stratification and perceived discrimination in the United States.
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Grigor’eva, Kseniya S. "Problem of Selective Control as a Means of Countering Terrorism (On the example of Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria)." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6809.
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The use of ethnic discrimination in anti-terrorism activities is often preceded by terrorist attacks. The need for increased control over certain groups of citizens on the basis of their ethnic and / or national origin, as a rule, is justified by the extraordinary situation. However, ethnically selective control also exists where terrorist risks are low. The article discusses the relevant experience of Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria – countries where a low level of terrorist threat is officially declared. In all three countries, the main subject of ethnically selective control are people from the so-called “high-risk” countries. Discrimination against the citizens of these countries is carried out with the approval of the central authorities. The concept of “high-risk countries” is associated with the concept of “high-risk third countries” having strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing regimes”, introduced by the European Commission, as well as with the concept of “target countries” used in the United States. The inclusion of Palestine and the Caucasian republics of the Russian Federation in the list of high-risk countries suggests that in Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria Russian and Israeli methods of countering terrorism are also taken into account. Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria use similar approaches to the fight against terrorism, they are located close to each other and they have a common recent historical past. This makes it very likely either a direct exchange of experience in the implementation of ethnically selective control between them, or the incorporation of relevant experience in developing their own counter-terrorism measures.
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Levin, Shana, Stacey Sinclair, Rosemary C. Veniegas, and Pamela L. Taylor. "Perceived Discrimination in the Context of Multiple Group Memberships." Psychological Science 13, no. 6 (November 2002): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00498.
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This study examined the joint impact of gender and ethnicity on expectations of general discrimination against oneself and one's group. According to the double-jeopardy hypothesis, women of color will expect to experience more general discrimination than men of color, White women, and White men because they belong to both a low-status ethnic group and a low-status gender group. Alternatively, the ethnic-prominence hypothesis predicts that ethnic-minority women will not differ from ethnic-minority men in their expectations of general discrimination because these expectations will be influenced more by perceptions of ethnic discrimination, which they share with men of color, than by perceptions of gender discrimination. All results were consistent with the ethnic-prominence hypothesis rather than the double-jeopardy hypothesis.
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Atari, Rawan, and Suejung Han. "Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Well-Being Among Arab Americans." Counseling Psychologist 46, no. 7 (October 2018): 899–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000018809889.
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In this study, we examined associations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity dimensions (exploration, resolution, affirmation), and psychological well-being (self-esteem, life satisfaction, flourishing) among 156 Arab Americans. Multiple moderated regression analyses revealed that perceived discrimination was negatively associated, and ethnic identity resolution and affirmation were positively associated, with psychological well-being. Ethnic identity affirmation moderated the association between perceived discrimination and flourishing by buffering the negative effect of perceived discrimination. Ethnic identity resolution and exploration did not moderate the associations between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. Affirmation both promoted and protected well-being, resolution promoted well-being, and exploration was not associated with promoting or protecting well-being. We discuss implications to help Arab American clients develop and capitalize on their ethnic identity, promote their well-being, and buffer against perceived discrimination.
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Derous, Eva, Alexander Buijsrogge, and Ann Marie Ryan. "Maybe Too Little But Not Too Late: Four Challenges for Employment Discrimination Research in I–O." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12011.
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In their focal article “Gone fishing,” Ruggs et al. (2013) suggest that members of marginalized groups, such as ethnic/racial minorities other than Blacks, receive too little attention in top-tier industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology journals. Although we acknowledge the particularities each stigmatized group must face in the workplace and society, our commentary pleads for a better understanding of (a) general, underlying processes of discrimination across stigmatized groups while taking (b) complexity of discrimination into consideration. Whereas we concur with the authors regarding the need for more research, relevant studies on employment discrimination—even on the marginalized groups mentioned in the focal article—have been published, albeit many of them outside the focal I–O psychology journals mentioned and even outside the I–O psychology field. We believe that employment discrimination research might further benefit from (c) triangulation and (d) cross-cultural validation to advance insights, two other aspects that the focal article only slightly touched upon. We will illustrate these four challenges for future research on employment discrimination in I–O psychology with findings on hiring discrimination of Arab ethnics, one of the marginalized groups in the focal article, and one to which we have devoted considerable research effort.
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Reitz, Anne K., Jens B. Asendorpf, and Frosso Motti-Stefanidi. "When do immigrant adolescents feel personally discriminated against? Longitudinal effects of peer preference." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 3 (February 16, 2015): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414567008.
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Despite research showing that immigrant adolescents differ in the degree to which they feel personally discriminated against, little is known about individual predictors of their perceived personal discrimination. We studied the role of a major developmental task in adolescence that is highly relevant for discrimination experiences: being liked by peers. We followed N = 532 13-year old immigrant students ( n = 294 boys) in Greek high schools over 2 years to examine longitudinal links between personal ethnic discrimination and social preference among host-national and immigrant classmates. We applied a sociometric method to asses peer preference and we assessed self-perceived preference. Cross-lagged models revealed that preference among host-national peers but not by immigrant peers predicted low personal ethnic discrimination beyond self-perceptions of preference and group ethnic discrimination. Group ethnic discrimination moderated the effect of preference among host-national peers on low personal ethnic discrimination. Peer preference, in turn, did not feed back on personal ethnic discrimination. Findings highlight the importance of being liked by host-national classmates for immigrant adolescents: it can prevent feelings of being personally discriminated against, even if they perceive their group to be discriminated against.
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Camacho, Gabriel, Aerielle M. Allen, and Diane M. Quinn. "Neighborhood Ethnic Composition and Perceived Discrimination Among Young Adult Latina/os: The Mediating Role of Ethnic Centrality." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 41, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986319851248.
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This study examines whether neighborhood ethnic composition (i.e., percentage of Latina/os residing in a given residential community) predicts greater perceived experiences of ethnic discrimination and whether this direct effect is mediated by ethnic centrality (i.e., perceived importance of ethnicity for one’s identity). In a cross-sectional study, 237 self-identified young adult Latina/os reported their five-digit zip codes and sociodemographic information and completed measures of ethnic centrality and perceived ethnic discrimination. A mediation analysis revealed that neighborhood ethnic composition indirectly predicted perceived ethnic discrimination through its effect on ethnic centrality even when accounting for known sociodemographic predictors of perceived discrimination, b = 0.28, SE = .18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.03, 0.71]. These results provide initial evidence that where young adult Latina/os live and grow up impacts the extent to which they find their ethnicity to be an essential part of their identity and, consequently, their perceived frequency of experiencing ethnic discrimination.
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Bellemore, Fred A. "Racial and Ethnic Employment Discrimination." Journal of Sports Economics 2, no. 4 (November 2001): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152700250100200404.
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Wu, Jawjeong. "Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815628026.
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Verkuyten, Maykel, Barbara Kinket, and Charlotte van der Wielen. "Preadolescents' Understanding of Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Genetic Psychology 158, no. 1 (March 1997): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596655.
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Mobius, Markus, Tanya Rosenblat, and Qiqi Wang. "Ethnic discrimination: Evidence from China." European Economic Review 90 (November 2016): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.04.004.
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Sladek, Michael R., Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor, Grace Oh, Mary Beth Spang, Liliana M. Uribe Tirado, Luz M. Tilano Vega, Elana R. McDermott, and Kristia A. Wantchekon. "Ethnic-racial discrimination experiences and ethnic-racial identity predict adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment: Evidence for a compensatory risk-resilience model." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 5 (March 19, 2020): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025420912013.
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Theory and empirical evidence indicate that ethnic-racial discrimination serves as a risk factor for adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment, whereas ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development promotes positive youth adjustment and can mitigate the negative outcomes of discrimination-related risk. In Colombia, the legacies of an ethnic-racial hierarchy, mestizaje ideology (i.e., the assumption that everyone is racially mixed), and contemporary multiculturalism education reforms create a unique context for understanding adolescents’ experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination, ERI development, and their implications for psychosocial adjustment. In this study of Colombian adolescents ( N = 462; Mage = 15.90 years; 47.3% female), almost 40% of participants reported experiencing ethnic-racial-based discrimination. Experiencing more frequent ethnic-racial discrimination was associated with lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms, whereas higher ERI resolution (i.e., gaining sense of clarity about ethnic-racial group membership) and affirmation (i.e., feeling positively about ethnic-racial group membership) were associated with higher self-esteem and lower depressive symptoms. ERI exploration (i.e., learning history and gaining knowledge about ethnic-racial group membership) was also associated with higher self-esteem and moderated the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms, such that this association was stronger at higher compared to lower levels of ERI exploration. Findings provide novel evidence for ethnic-racial-related risk and resilience processes among Colombian youth.
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Gabric-Molnar, Iren. "Vital characteristics, educational structure and perspective of the Hungarians in Vojvodina." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 121 (2006): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621359g.
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One segment of the perspective of human resources in a specific region is its demographic development (adequate vital indicators), as well as a proper educational structure of the active population. Among other things, the essence of the development of Vojvodina is the improvement of its human potential as a whole and the desire that no community, neither ethnical nor national minorities, should lag behind in it. In the 1990s, the impoverishment and loss of perspective in our country accelerated emigra tion of the population, as well as the tendency for a relative and absolute decrease in the number of the Hungarians in our region. In 2002, the number of Hungarians was 290.207, which means that in ten years it decreased for 49.284 persons. This is a result of a low birthrate, assimilation, and mostly emigration abroad, usually of young experts with their families. The loss of a significant part of intellectuals, valuable workers, means a great handicap for our human resource in the country, bat also for the national community of the Hungarians. Progress and survival of all nations and nationalities in Serbia depends on their ability to get included in the developmental economic, cultural trends, their capability at the job market. One of the guarantees that we would catch up with the world is the progress in the school system, professional education of the population and the stability of the economic system. In order to view the position of the Hungarians in the school system in Vojvodina, we analyze their share at the educational levels the share of Hungarians at different educational levels is not adequate, when we take into account their percentage share in the total population of Vojvodina (14,28%). At the elementary level, the share of the Hungarians in the total number of elementary-school pupils is only 12,31%, at the secondary-school level it is about 11%, but at the high-school level it is barely above 8%. The share of the Hungarians at the university studies is too small (below 6% of the total number of students). Further decrease in the number of students, classes at schools and staff carrying out lecturing in that mother tongue, for the Hungarian community would mean fast degradation. The Hungarians feel threatened, suppressed, and that creates lack of confidence in the dominant nation. For these reasons, the positive discrimination is necessary, special attention towards the threatened communities, to enable the national minorities to preserve their identity and culture, to maintain a stable multiethnic atmosphere in the Vojvodina region.
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Mueller, Collin, and Heather Farmer. "RACIAL-ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTHCARE SATISFACTION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3021.
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Abstract This paper explores how perceptions of unfair treatment shape healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity. We investigate the overall impact of life course exposure to healthcare discrimination on current healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity among a sample of midlife and older Black, Latinx, and White Americans age 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study. We then test whether everyday healthcare discrimination mediates the impact of major medical discrimination on healthcare satisfaction, controlling for sociodemographic factors, mental and physical health characteristics, functional status, life course stress exposure, and lifetime and everyday discrimination in contexts beyond healthcare settings. Black Americans had poorer healthcare satisfaction than White Americans. Everyday discrimination in healthcare settings mediated a modest amount of the relationship between lifetime healthcare discrimination and healthcare satisfaction, and this association varied in strength across White, Black, and Latinx Americans. Results underscore the need for future work identifying and addressing mechanisms shaping healthcare satisfaction.
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Turney, Kristin, Hedwig Lee, and Megan Comfort. "Discrimination and Psychological Distress Among Recently Released Male Prisoners." American Journal of Men's Health 7, no. 6 (April 2, 2013): 482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988313484056.
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Though theoretical perspectives suggest experiences of stigma and discrimination after release may be one pathway through which incarceration leads to poor mental health, little research considers the relationship between discrimination and mental health among former inmates. In this article, data from a sample of men recently released from prison to Oakland or San Francisco, California ( N = 172), are used to consider how criminal record discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination are independently and cumulatively associated with psychological distress. Results indicate that (a) the frequency of criminal record discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination are similar; (b) both forms of discrimination are independently, negatively associated with psychological distress; and (c) the level of racial/ethnic discrimination does not alter the association between criminal record discrimination and psychological distress. The results highlight that criminal record discrimination is an important social stressor with negative implications for the mental health of previously incarcerated individuals.
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Rácz, Krisztina. "Fortress under Siege: Narratives of Ethnic Conflict and Discrimination among Hungarian Youth in Vojvodina." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 13, no. 1 (February 24, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v13i1.7.
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This paper analyzes narratives of ethnic conflict among Hungarian and Serbian youth in Vojvodina. These experiences are narrated by Hungarian young people from Mali Iđoš in the Central Bačka region in the interviews with the author of the paper, and the excerpts of the transcripts are analyzed according to the Labovian socio-linguistic scheme. It argues that narrative structure varies according to the interlocutor’s gender; however, all narratives demonstrate similarity in terms of positioning the protagonists of such events as committing subjects and suffering objects. In addition, the narratives are highly script-like, which suggests a lack of diversity in the available discursive frames for narrating the experience of conflicts perceived as ethnically motivated. The most common script, which the interlocutors of this research use as well, constructs and justifies ethnic groups as simultaneously in confrontation with and isolated from each other, linguistically, culturally and geographically, and articulates interethnic experiences as a threat.
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Urzúa, Alfonso, Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Diego Henríquez, and David R. Williams. "Discrimination and Health: The Mediating Effect of Acculturative Stress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105312.
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There is not much evidence on the effects of south–south migration and its consequences on physical and mental health. Our objective was to examine the mediating role of Acculturative Stress in the association between ethnic discrimination and racial discrimination with physical and mental health. This research is a non-experimental, analytical, cross-sectional study. A total of 976 adult Colombian migrants living in Chile were interviewed. We used the Everyday Discrimination Scale, the acculturative stress scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-12) for health status; we found that racial and ethnic discrimination had a negative effect on physical and mental health. In the simultaneous presence of both types of discrimination, racial discrimination was completely absorbed by ethnic discrimination, the latter becoming a total mediator of the effect of racial discrimination on mental and physical health. Our findings are consistent with the literature, which suggests that there are various types of discrimination which, individually or in their intersectionality, can have negative effects on health.
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Abrajano, Marisa A., Christopher S. Elmendorf, and Kevin M. Quinn. "Labels vs. Pictures: Treatment-Mode Effects in Experiments About Discrimination." Political Analysis 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2017.36.
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Does treatment mode matter in studies of the effects of candidate race or ethnicity on voting decisions? The assumption implicit in most such work is that such treatment mode differences are either small and/or theoretically well understood, so that the choice of how to signal the race of a candidate is largely one of convenience. But this assumption remains untested. Using a nationally representative sample of white voting-age citizens and a modified conjoint design, we evaluate whether signaling candidate ethnicity with ethnic labels and names results in different effects than signaling candidate ethnicity with ethnically identifiable photos and names. Our results provide strong evidence that treatment-mode effects are substantively large and statistically significant. Further, these treatment-mode effects are not consistent with extant theoretical accounts. These results highlight the need for additional theoretical and empirical work on race/ethnicity treatment-mode effects.
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Bunel, Mathieu, Samuel Gorohouna, Yannick L’Horty, Pascale Petit, and Catherine Ris. "Ethnic Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market: An Experiment in New Caledonia." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017617739065.
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This study focuses on the links between ethnic discrimination, housing discrimination, and the ethnic composition of neighborhoods at a specific spatial level, that of the city quarter. Our goal is to determine whether discrimination exacerbates residential segregation. We measure discrimination and access to housing in Greater Nouméa, the capital of New Caledonia, by ethnic background, distinguishing between the people of Kanak (the indigenous people) and those of European descent. Between October 2015 and February 2016, four applicants individually responded to 342 real-estate rental ads, made a total of 1,368 responses. Two of the applicants made their Kanak origin known through their surnames, while two others similarly made their European origin known. In each pairing, an applicant signaled financial and professional stability by explicitly indicating that he was a civil servant. A particularity of the study was to analyze these data statistically by crossing it with the ethnic distribution of neighborhoods. Severe discrimination regarding access to private rental housing for Kanak applicants in all neighborhoods was found. Signaling stability strongly reduced discrimination against Kanak applicants. This discrimination is linked to the behavior of landlords and, to a lesser extent, to the actions of real-estate agencies. The difficulties accessing housing are solely due to discrimination linked to the social precariousness of Kanaks in neighborhoods where Kanaks are most represented. They are also linked to ethnic discrimination against Kanaks in neighborhoods dominated by Europeans. Housing providers thus play an active role in residential segregation.
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Sun, Christina J., Alice Ma, Amanda E. Tanner, Lilli Mann, Beth A. Reboussin, Manuel Garcia, Jorge Alonzo, and Scott D. Rhodes. "Depressive Symptoms among Latino Sexual Minority Men and Latina Transgender Women in a New Settlement State: The Role of Perceived Discrimination." Depression Research and Treatment 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4972854.
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Background.Little is known about the role of discrimination on depression among Latino sexual and gender identity minorities. This manuscript examined the relationship between ethnic/racial discrimination and sexual discrimination on clinically significant depressive symptoms among Latino sexual minority men (i.e., gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men) and Latina transgender women.Methods.A community-based participatory research partnership recruited participants (N= 186; 80.6% cisgender men) in North Carolina to a social network-based HIV intervention. Using baseline data, we quantified the amount of perceived discrimination and conducted mixed-effects logistic regression analyses to examine correlates of clinically significant depressive symptoms.Results.A high percentage of participants reported ethnic/racial discrimination (73.7%) and sexual discrimination (53.8%). In the multivariable models, ethnic/racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, masculinity, fatalism, and social support were significantly associated with clinically significant depressive symptoms.Discussion.Improving mental health requires multilevel interventions that address pertinent individual, interpersonal, and system level factors.
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Louber, Ismael. "Racial Discrimination and TESOL." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2017070103.
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While the field of TESOL/TEFL claims to be inclusive given that it is composed of a myriad of sociocultural backgrounds and environments, racial discrimination is a common phenomenon, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, this issue has not been given enough attention by researchers, in that particular region at least. This article reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia drawing upon the experiences of six non-Saudi male English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lecturers. Open-ended questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data to explore the relationship between teachers' construction of their ethnic and racial identities and issues of discrimination within their professional environment. The study explored the participants' construction of their ethnic and cultural identity and its possible relation to discriminatory practices in their professional environment. The research showed how certain discriminatory practices affected how the participants projected their ethnic and cultural identity in their professional context.
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De Kock, Charlotte, and Tom Decorte. "Exploring problem use, discrimination, ethnic identity and social networks." Drugs and Alcohol Today 17, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dat-07-2017-0030.
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Purpose Possessing a strong ethnic identity and ethnic network are described in some epidemiological literature as moderating factors in the relation between perceived discrimination and varying types of substance use in people with a migration background (PMB). The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively explore problem use, discrimination, ethnic identity and social networks in a small purposive sample of users with a Turkish and Eastern European migration background in Ghent, Belgium. Design/methodology/approach The authors present data retrieved within the framework of a qualitative community-based participatory research study that primarily aims to understand the nature of substance use in PMB. In the secondary analysis, the authors focus on a sub-study examining substance use by people with a Turkish (n=55) and Eastern European (n=62) migration background and explore how individuals perceive discrimination, ethnic identity and (ethnic) social networks in 117 qualitative interviews. Findings Almost all the respondents in this study reported perceived (inter-)ethnic discrimination. The authors establish that problem users in this study have a complex but albeit weak sense of ethnic identity nor do they have a strong ethnic network. This, in combination with perceived discrimination, is a risk factor for continued problem substance use and may hamper recovery related to problem use. Originality/value This article intends to lay the groundwork for future research that should focus more on longitudinally studying the intertwined relation between problem use, discrimination, ethnic identity and especially social instead of solely ethnic networks, their complex nature as well as their relation to recovery processes among persons with a migration background.
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Horr, Andreas, Christian Hunkler, and Clemens Kroneberg. "Ethnic Discrimination in the German Housing Market." Zeitschrift für Soziologie 47, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1009.
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AbstractEthnic discrimination in the housing market has long been seen as a cause of residential segregation and social inequality. While research has investigated the existence and extent of discrimination with regard to written applications for housing, little is known about personal inquiries via telephone. This study reports on findings from a telephone audit study that has allowed us to estimate the impact of (ethnic) accents and to distinguish between taste-based and statistical discrimination. We find no significant discrimination against callers with Turkish names. However, callers with both a Turkish name and accent were invited to view apartments significantly less often. Information about steady employment compensated for this disadvantage to a large extent. We conclude that statistical discrimination plays a major role in explaining why persons of Turkish origin receive fewer invitations to view apartments.