Academic literature on the topic 'Ethnicité – Gaule'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ethnicité – Gaule"
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Kimball, Pam, R. K. Elswick, and Mitchell Shiffman. "Ethnicity and cytokine production gauge response of patients with hepatitis C to interferon-? therapy." Journal of Medical Virology 65, no. 3 (2001): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2065.
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van Deventer, Hendrick E., Jaya A. George, Janice E. Paiker, Piet J. Becker, and Ivor J. Katz. "Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Black South Africans by Use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft-Gault Equations." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.099085.
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Abstract Background: The 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (4-v MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equations are commonly used for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR); however, neither of these equations has been validated in an indigenous African population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the 4-v MDRD and CG equations for estimating GFR in black South Africans against measured GFR and to assess the appropriateness for the local population of the ethnicity factor established for African Americans in the 4-v MDRD equation. Methods: We enrolled 100 patients in the study. The plasma clearance of chromium-51–EDTA (51Cr-EDTA) was used to measure GFR, and serum creatinine was measured using an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) traceable assay. We estimated GFR using both the reexpressed 4-v MDRD and CG equations and compared it to measured GFR using 4 modalities: correlation coefficient, weighted Deming regression analysis, percentage bias, and proportion of estimated GFR within 30% of measured GFR (P30). Results: The Spearman correlation coefficient between measured and estimated GFR for both equations was similar (4-v MDRD R2 = 0.80 and CG R2 = 0.79). Using the 4-v MDRD equation with the ethnicity factor of 1.212 as established for African Americans resulted in a median positive bias of 13.1 (95% CI 5.5 to 18.3) mL/min/1.73 m2. Without the ethnicity factor, median bias was 1.9 (95% CI −0.8 to 4.5) mL/min/1.73 m2. Conclusions: The 4-v MDRD equation, without the ethnicity factor of 1.212, can be used for estimating GFR in black South Africans.
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Castillo, Laura, Ana Milena Castro, Carolina Lerma, Darling Lozada, and Freddy Moreno. "Mesiodistal and bucolingual dental diameters in a group of mixed ethnicity population in Cali, Colombia." Revista Estomatología 20, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/re.v20i1.5745.
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Objective: To obtain the mesiodistal and bucolingual diameters of upper and lower permanent central and lateral incisors, cuspids, first and second premolars and first molars by the analysis of 66 plaster casts (27 women and 39 men) belonging to a group of mestizo Caucasoid in the city of Cali, in order to determine the mean diameters of each teeth class, sexual dimorphism, bilateral symmetry and biological distances of the studied sample.
Materials and methods: quantitative crosssectional descriptive study to characterize the dental dimensions through Moorrees method for meso-distal diameter and Kieser method for the buco-lingual diameter systems, using a gauge of thin tips with 0.1 mm of precision. The Student T test and Mann-Whitney test were used to determine sexual dimorphism and bilateral symmetry, respectively (p <0.05).
Results: According to the mesiodistal and bucolingual diameters, the permanent teeth of the studied population not display sexual dimorphism and they have bilateral symmetry. At the same time, a distance matrix with the respective dendrogram was built from the averages of these measurements, resulting in a grouping of the studied sample with microdontes global populations.
Conclusions: The studied sample has no sexual dimorphism, presents bilateral symmetry and is considered as a microdonte population.
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Zimmermann, Calvin Rashaud, and Grace Kao. "UNEQUAL RETURNS TO CHILDREN’S EFFORTS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x20000016.
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AbstractResearch demonstrates the importance of noncognitive skills for educational achievement and attainment. Scholars argue that gender differences in noncognitive skills contribute to the gender gap in education. However, the intersection of student race/ethnicity and gender remains underexplored. Studies that examine how noncognitive skills affect gender or racial disparities in teachers’ perceptions of academic skills often assume that children’s noncognitive skills have the same benefit for all children. This is questionable given that research suggests that racial biases affect teachers’ perceptions of children’s noncognitive skills. Using national data, our paper examines how first-grade teachers’ ratings of approaches to learning affect their ratings of children’s academic skills. We also test if teachers’ ratings of children’s noncognitive skills have similar benefits across racial/ethnic and gender categories. We use two unidimensional approaches and an intersectional approach to gauge whether an intersectional approach gives us additional leverage that the unidimensional approaches obscure. The two unidimensional approaches reveal important results that suggest that children are differentially penalized by race/ethnicity or gender. Our race/ethnicity findings suggest that, in comparison to White children with identical noncognitive skills and test scores, teachers penalize Black children in math and advantage Asian children in literacy. Findings from our gender analyses suggest that teachers penalize girls in both math and literacy. Our intersectional findings indicate that an intersectional approach gives us additional leverage obscured by both unidimensional approaches. First, we find that Black girls and Black boys are differentially penalized in math. Secondly, for teachers’ ratings of literacy, our results suggest that teachers penalize Asian girls but not Asian boys in comparison to White boys. We discuss the implications of our study for understanding the complex relationship between noncognitive skills and social stratification.
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Mironova, Vera, and Sam Whitt. "Social Norms after Conflict Exposure and Victimization by Violence: Experimental Evidence from Kosovo." British Journal of Political Science 48, no. 3 (April 26, 2016): 749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000028.
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An emerging literature points to the heterogeneous effects of violence on social norms and preferences in conflict-ridden societies. This article considers how responses to violence could be affected by in-group/out-group divisions. The research uses lab-in-the-field experiments to gauge norms for pro-social behavior in the aftermath of ethnic violence in post-war Kosovo. The study finds that one set of treatments (ethnicity) captures a negative legacy of violence on parochialism, while another (local/non-local) shows stronger evidence of pro-sociality and norm recovery. Examining individual variation in conflict exposure, it finds that victims of violence are more biased against ethnic out-groups and less pro-social to others outside of their local community. Balancing and matching on observables helps alleviate concerns that the results are driven by selection bias on victimization. Overall, the results suggest that the effects of violence may be contingent on the salience of in-group/out-group cues and boundaries.
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Stanger-Ross, Jordan. "Citystats and the History of Community and Segregation in Post-Second World War Urban Canada." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, no. 2 (July 23, 2009): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037746ar.
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Abstract This article introduces an open access website—citystats.uvic.ca —designed to facilitate historical scholarship on ethnicity in post-Second World War Canada. Citystats offers access to two sociological measures of urban residential patterns, D and P*, applying the measures to the ethnic origins variables in the Canadian census for all urban areas since 1961. D, the index of dissimilarity, is the most common gauge of urban residential patterns, describing the extent to which ethnic groups are evenly (or unevenly) distributed across the city. P*, a measurement of the exposure of groups to one another, provides historians with a summary of the everyday surroundings of urban residents. The article explains the measures and highlights some puzzling patterns in the history of urban Canada, especially the segregation of Jewish Canadians and the relative integration of Aboriginal people. Just as scholars might be expected to know (at least approximately) the number of people comprising the group that they intend to study, they should also, I argue, be aware of their distribution across urban space and their exposure to other urbanites.
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McAlexander, S. L., S. M. Noble, K. McCance, M. R. Blanchard, and R. A. Venditti. "Measuring undergraduate students’ beliefs about and career interest in bioproducts and bioenergy." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 5679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5679-5693.
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Two survey instruments measuring undergraduate students’ beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy and related careers were developed and validated in this research study. The Beliefs about Bioproducts/Bioenergy (BABB) and Career Interest in Bioproducts/Bioenergy (CIBB) surveys were administered to undergraduate students enrolled in courses in a natural resources college. BABB (N = 168) and CIBB (N = 203) survey results were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Validity and reliability were demonstrated. The BABB has two related scales, Personal (P) and Societal (S), which can be used together or separately. ANOVA and t-test analyses determined that students with majors closely related to bioproducts/bioenergy held significantly more positive personal and societal beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy, as well as related career interests. Differences were identified based on gender, but not by race/ethnicity. Measuring student beliefs about bioproducts/bioenergy and interest in related careers may help to gauge trends and changes in beliefs that influence environmentally-related choices and support efforts to prepare a diverse workforce for the bioeconomy. The authors recommend the use of these surveys to measure the impacts of academic and professional development experiences.
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Zhao, Zhangchen, Stephen Salerno, Xu Shi, Seunggeun Lee, Bhramar Mukherjee, and Lars G. Fritsche. "Understanding the Patterns of Serological Testing for COVID-19 Pre- and Post-Vaccination Rollout in Michigan." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194341.
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Testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is commonly used to determine prior COVID-19 infections and to gauge levels of infection- or vaccine-induced immunity. Michigan Medicine, a primary regional health center, provided an ideal setting to understand serologic testing patterns over time. Between 27 April 2020 and 3 May 2021, characteristics for 10,416 individuals presenting for SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests (10,932 tests in total) were collected. Relative to the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out date, 14 December 2020, the data were split into a pre- (8026 individuals) and post-vaccine launch (2587 individuals) period and contrasted with untested individuals to identify factors associated with tested individuals and seropositivity. Exploratory analysis of vaccine-mediated seropositivity was performed in 347 fully vaccinated individuals. Predictors of tested individuals included age, sex, smoking, neighborhood variables, and pre-existing conditions. Seropositivity in the pre-vaccine launch period was 9.2% and increased to 46.7% in the post-vaccine launch period. In the pre-vaccine launch period, seropositivity was significantly associated with age (10 year; OR = 0.80 (0.73, 0.89)), ever-smoker status (0.49 (0.35, 0.67)), respiratory disease (4.38 (3.13, 6.12)), circulatory disease (2.09 (1.48, 2.96)), liver disease (2.06 (1.11, 3.84)), non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (2.18 (1.33, 3.58)), and population density (1.10 (1.03, 1.18)). Except for the latter two, these associations remained statistically significant in the post-vaccine launch period. The positivity rate of fully vaccinated individual was 296/347(85.3% (81.0%, 88.8%)).
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Brizer, David. "Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity—edited by Keh-Ming Lin, M.D., M.P.H., Russell E. Poland, Ph.D., and Gayle Nakasaki, M.S.W.; Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Press, 1993, 276 pages, $33.50." Psychiatric Services 45, no. 9 (September 1994): 941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.45.9.941.
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Al Jasmi, Sabaa M., Amer H. Khan, Loai M. Saadah, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, and Doaa Kamal Al Khalidi. "Concordance Among Methods for Empiric Renal Drug Dosing: Meropenem as a Role Model for Clinical Superiority of Cockroft–Gault or Modification of Diet in Renal Disease." Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics 10 (January 1, 2018): 1179559X1877776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179559x18777767.
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Objective: The objectives of this study are, first, to measure concordance between 5 different renal function estimates (methods) in terms of recommended drug doses, and, subsequently, to establish the potential for significant clinical differences between Cockroft–Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations in dosing a specific medication, namely, meropenem. Design and setting: This study used a Monte Carlo simulation, and this is a computer–based study with no actual patient data. Patients: A total of 1200 and 8701 simulated cases to study the concordance for the 5 methods and the potential clinical significance of discordance between CG and MDRD, respectively, were chosen for the study. Methods: Simulated factors were age, sex, height, weight, serum creatinine, ethnicity, and albumin. We estimated the renal function using 5 formulas (ie, 10 combinations) including CG, MDRD, and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD–EPI). Next, the team evaluated concordance for each combination in dosing 22 drugs. Finally, our researchers reviewed and simulated data from the literature to show how CG versus MDRD use can result in clinically significant differences for meropenem. Results: Pairwise combinations yielded statistically significant differences ( P < .0001) except for CG and MDRD ( P < .5147). In addition, the highest concordance was for MDRD and CKD–EPI. Average discordance is in the range of 25% to 30% with the lowest being between CG and albumin–based estimates. Both CG and MDRD were largely discordant which can reach up to 40% with a drug like meropenem and may be associated with significant adverse outcomes. Conclusions: Both CG and MDRD in our simulation are statistically comparable. Clinically, nonetheless, they are significantly inconsistent in terms of recommended drug dosing. We encourage practical comparisons of outcomes for individual or groups of medications (eg, meropenem and antibiotics) empirically dosed in renal patients on the basis of equations used in distinct populations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ethnicité – Gaule"
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Champagne, Thomas M. "Acculturation in Transalpine Gaul." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17637.
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Bertaud, Alexandre. "Des guerriers au contact : transferts de technologie et évolutions tactiques en Europe occidentale du IIIème au Ier s. a.C." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30002.
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Durant les derniers siècles avant notre ère, les sociétés protohistoriques d’Europe occidentale sont successivement aux prises avec les grandes puissances méditerranéennes. Cette proximité a pu engendrer des modifications de l’armement qui sont souvent analysées dans une optique bilatérale, entre une population et Rome. Nous proposons une étude des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale qui ne se contente pas d’analyser les échanges entre puissances méditerranéennes et populations protohistoriques mais qui prend en compte l’ensemble des armes échangées et qui essaye d’en déterminer les mécaniques. Après avoir introduit les grands groupes culturels présents dans la zone étudiée et discuté des principaux apports historiographiques, nous proposons de déterminer la place de l’armement dans les sociétés protohistoriques. En nous fondant sur une documentation abondante des contextes de découvertes fiables (environ 900), nous proposons d’analyser les dynamiques socio-culturelles inhérentes à chaque société dans leurs rapports à la guerre. Ce rapport des sociétés au fait guerrier est observé dans le temps : les modifications de ce rapport peuvent être liées à des changements propres aux groupes protohistoriques ou peuvent être mises en lien avec des bouleversements imposés par Rome. En analysant un corpus abondant d’armes (plus de 3500), nous pouvons mettre en évidence des choix particuliers à chaque groupe culturel mais également des emprunts et des adoptions. Les techniques de combats jouent un rôle essentiel dans les choix d’adopter ou non certaines armes. Cette analyse nous pousse à proposer de nouveaux moyens d’appréhender certaines problématiques depuis longtemps débattues comme le cas du glaive romain. Traiter des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale implique d’analyser une grande variabilité de données. Ces analyses permettent de resituer plus précisément la place du fait guerrier dans les sociétés protohistoriques et de comprendre les moteurs des échanges d’armes. Elles permettent également de rendre compte et de relativiser l’impact de Rome dans le rapport des sociétés protohistoriques à la guerre ainsi que des techniques de combats des populations protohistoriques dans le système militaire romainDuring the last centuries BC, late prehistorical societies were struggled against great Mediterranean Powers. With this proximity, some weapon modifications has been seen as a one way exchange: between one people and Rome. We want to study the warfare interactions in Western Europe in a large range of possibility by the analyses of all the warlike artefacts exchanged without focusing on the Mediterranean Powers against the prehistorical peoples. Through this we can understand the warfare interactions mechanisms. Introducing the main cultural groups and discussing the history of weaponry research, we propose to understand the place of the weapon in the late prehistorical societies. Through the trustworthy discovery contexts (around 900), we want to understand the socio-cultural dynamics of each group in relation to warfare behavior. This relation will be seen during the long time to approach the modifications that are strictly from the prehistorical people or that are deliberate conducted by Rome. Through analyses of several weapons (more than 3500), we can highlight the choices of each cultural group and the adoptions. The fighting techniques are essential in the choices to adopt some weapons. This analyses leads us to propose some new ways to think about ancient issues as the roman gladius. We must use several kind of data to apprehend the warfare interaction in Western Europe. These analyses are useful to understand the warlike behavior in the societies and so the mechanics of weapon exchanges. They also permit to realize and relativize the impact of Rome, as in the rapport of the prehistorical societies to warfare, as the fighting techniques in the roman military system
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Buchberger, Erica. "From Romans to Goths and Franks : ethnic identities in sixth- and seventh-century Spain and Gaul." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c70a75a-9556-4642-93ea-220b877155c6.
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Within a few centuries after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, the descendants of Romans who had envisioned the world in terms of moral, civilized Romans and the savage barbarian ‘other’ had come to identify with those very barbarians. This thesis explores this shift from ‘Roman’ to ‘Gothic’ and ‘Frankish’ identities in sixth- and seventh-century Spain and Gaul through an examination of the ways ethnonyms were used in contemporary sources. Within the first section on Visigothic Spain, chapter one discusses the ‘Romans’ of the East—that is, the Byzantines—as portrayed by Isidore of Seville and John of Biclar. Chapter two covers ‘Romans’ of the West—the Hispano-Romans—who appear in John of Biclar’s Chronicle, a hagiographical Life, and civil and canon law. Chapter three discusses the use of ‘Goth’ as an ethnic descriptor, a religious identifier, and a political term. Chapter four begins the Gaul section with an examination of Gregory of Tours’ writings, showing that he wrote with a Roman mindset. Chapter five illustrates that Gregory’s contemporary, Venantius Fortunatus, selected ethnic labels like ‘Roman’ and ‘barbarian’ in his poems as rhetorical tools to allude and flatter. Chapter six shows how Fredegar, in the seventh century, employed ‘Frank’ as a political term more than his predecessors had, suggesting a change in mindset. Chapter seven confirms this change in hagiographical texts across the two centuries. Chapter eight examines the contemporary expectation that separate law codes should be written for each ethnic group and concludes that, while this encouraged ethnic diversity, it did not prevent individuals from identifying with the Franks politically. By distinguishing among different modes of identification these ethnonyms represented, we see that changes in political language facilitated changes in more traditionally ethnic language, and the shift from ‘Roman’ to other ethnic identities.
Books on the topic "Ethnicité – Gaule"
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The Sons of Remus: Identity in Roman Gaul and Spain. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2017.
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Luedtke, Adam. Public Opinion in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.284.
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Ethnicity, nationalism, and migration are popular topics in many academic disciplines, but research on public opinion in these areas has suffered from a lack of good data, disciplinary fragmentation, and a dearth of studies that engage one another. This is evident in the case of public opinion survey research undertaken in the world’s hotspots of ethnic conflict. As a result, ethnic conflict scholars have had to rely on proxy measures or indirect studies to test “opinion” towards ethnicity and nationalism in the developing world. In the developed world, however, there is more to work with in terms of opinion measurements. A prominent example is the European Union’s “Eurobarometer” surveys, which gauge attachment to and identification with “Europe” and the individual nation. Research on national identity and ethnic conflict has often been the starting point for theories of public opinion regarding immigration. A common finding is that there is a weak connection (if any) between opinion and policy on the immigration issue. Several areas need to be addressed as far as research is concerned. For example, the picture of xenophobic hostility in rich countries must be understood in a context of general changes in word migration patterns, with some emerging economies also experiencing high levels of immigration, and concurrent anti-immigrant public opinion. Two shortcomings of the literature also deserve closer attention: a focus on developing-to-developed country migration; and a lack of analyses that combine push and pull factors, to measure their relative causal weight in terms of bilateral immigration flows.
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Mullen, Alex. Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2013.
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Bekker, Simon, and Anne Leilde, eds. Reflections on Identity in Four African Cities. African Minds, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781920051402.
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Identity has become the watchword of our times. In sub-Saharan Africa, this certainly appears to be true and for particular reasons. Africa is urbanising rapidly, cross-border migration streams are swelling and globalising influences sweep across the continent. Africa is also facing up to the challenge of nurturing emergent democracies in which citizens often feel torn between older traditional and newer national loyalties. Accordingly, collective identities are deeply coloured by recent urban as well as international experience and are squarely located within identity politics where reconciliation is required between state nation-building strategies and sub-national affiliations. They are also fundamentally shaped by the growing inequality and the poverty found on this continent. These themes are explored by an international set of scholars in two South African and two Francophone cities. The relative importance to urban residents of race, class and ethnicity but also of work, space and language are compared in these cities. This volume also includes a chapter investigating the emergence of a continental African identity. A recent report of the Office of the South African President claims that a strong national identity is emerging among its citizens, and that race and ethnicity are waning whilst a class identity is in the ascendance. The evidence and analyses within this volume serve to gauge the extent to which such claims ring true, in what everyone knows is a much more complex and shifting terrain of shared meanings than can ever be captured by such generalisations.
Book chapters on the topic "Ethnicité – Gaule"
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Short, Courtney A. "Identifying the Enemy." In Uniquely Okinawan, 21–31. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288380.003.0002.
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Analyzing the complicated relationship between Okinawa and Japan, U.S. Army planners recognized that they had to gauge the reaction of the Okinawan population to a foreign force invading their land. Assessing the civilian temperament correlated directly to the practical military planning considerations of provisions and security, yet also required the planners to interpret the level of allegiance that the Okinawans felt toward Japan. The Americans, therefore, made determinations about the Okinawans’ identity that influenced the construction of military government policy. The U.S. Army planners who devised military government policy and the commanders and soldiers who executed that policy thus carefully considered practical military matters in their decision-making; however, contemplation of the complex ethnic and political situation in Okinawa as a prefecture of Japan stood as a paramount element of policy construction. The U.S. Army concluded that the actions of the Okinawans could not be accurately predicted. The U.S. Army’s consideration of race and ethnicity produced logically reasoned policies instituted to ensure the success of the combat mission.
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Chang, Peter T. "Late Bleb Failure." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0029.
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The goal of filtering surgery is to create a filtering bleb to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). A successful bleb can be characterized by subconjunctival elevation, moderate avascularity, and microcystic appearance of the bleb. Failure of the filtering bleb may occur in the late postoperative period, leading to inadequate control of glaucoma. (Figure 15.1) Prevention and management of late postoperative bleb failure are important in maintaining the success of the trabeculectomy. Bleb failure may occur months to years following an initial filtering surgery. Some risk factors for bleb failure include young age, high preoperative IOP, African or Hispanic ethnicity, multiple prior conjunctival procedures, long-term therapy with topical glaucoma medications, and secondary glaucomas, such as uveitic and neovascular glaucoma. Male gender and aphakia also increase the risk of late bleb failure. Structurally, bleb failure may be due to numerous causes, including obstruction of the internal ostium, episcleral fibrosis, and conjunctival scarring. Evaluation of the etiology of the failure requires careful slit-lamp biomicroscopy and gonioscopy. Although obstruction of the internal ostium typically occurs during the early postoperative period, materials such as blood and fibrin may block the ostium years after the surgery. Therefore, gonioscopy should be performed in all suspected cases of late bleb failure. Retained lens material and ophthalmic viscoelastic devices can occlude the ostium following a cataract surgery in a previously filtered eye. In cases of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, iris or other aberrant tissue may also cause obstruction of the internal ostium, leading to a higher rate of bleb failure. Physical manipulation using a 30-gauge needle, laser contracture (with argon or diode) or obliteration (with Nd:YAG), or topical pharmacological intervention with pilocarpine and phenylephrine may be attempted to dislodge incarcerated iris from the internal ostium. Blood clots or fibrin can be dissolved with intracameral injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (see Chapter 5). Despite the use of adjunctive antimetabolites with filtration surgeries, conjunctival scarring and episcleral fibrosis around the scleral flap remain the primary causes of late bleb failure. Histopathology of a scarred filtration site shows abundant fibroblasts with contractile intracellular proteins and deposition of new collagen fibers.