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Nuti, Milena. "Ethnoscience : examining common sense." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383224/.
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In this thesis I trace ideas about naturalistic inquiry into commonsense understanding through Chomsky's work. I argue that the resulting picture significantly illuminates both the nature of `common sense' and existing interdisciplinary debates surrounding it. Specifically, I claim that progress in investigating the nature of humans' commonsense understanding of psychology (folk psychology) has been hampered by the same kind of methodological dualism which for so long haunted scientific accounts of language. Following Chomsky, I discuss in general how a rationalist inquiry into cognitive domains other than language could proceed by positing `learning theories' for organisms in given domains, LT (0, D), and attempting to characterize their interaction with experience and the resulting knowledge structures. I further consider how the Language Faculty and a Science Forming Faculty might contribute to our introspective awareness of the understanding of the world delivered to us by core commonsense principles. In particular, taking into account methodological insights gained from the study of language, I put forward a view of a Psychology Faculty and I adapt some ideas from Grice (1975) as a first step towards a positive proposal. Evidence from current developmental and ethological research is presented in support of my position. I thus draw out substantial similarities both between the study of language and the study of commonsense psychology, and between the objects of study in each case. By defusing possible philosophical objections to the comparison, I articulate a detailed defence of my claims.
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MWAMBA, MPUTU MUKOLE. "Metamorphose de la technique, civilisation et apocalypse. Archeologie et prospective sur les conditions des sciences et techniques dans une societe responsable." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR20038.
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La technique etait le prolongement de l'homme dans le systeme naturel. Elle le servait en tant qu'instrument pour le liberer des contraintes de la nature. Dans le systeme technicien, la technique commence a asservir l'homme. Elle passe par lui et empiete le domaine naturel qu'elle desacralise finalement pour se sacraliser elle-meme. Des lors, la technoscience commence a regner au sein de la societe comme une deesse a qui on peut rendre un culte reel. Une civilisation se profile dans cette societe devenue technicienne, hedoniste : la civilisation technicienne. L'imminence du danger d'apocalypse semblable aux anciennes catastrophes diluviennes se manifeste. Ce danger s'accroit en parallele avec le progres technique qui est lui-meme indispensable aux exigences socio-economiques. Ce dilemme nous conduit a preconiser des voies et moyens susceptibles de permettre a la societe technicienne de sortir de l'impasse, a savoir : - elle se doit d'abord de repenser sa responsabilite ; - ensuite, qu'elle accepte de renouer ses liens avec la nature, - ou qu'elle en arrive a pratiquer une ethique de la technique ; - qu'elle se donne enfin le besoin de reconstruire des nouvelles disciplines scientifiques gravitant autour de la science ethiqueTechnology was the extension of man in a natural system. It served him as an instrument that freed him the contraints of nature. In the technical system, technology is beginning to enslave man. Through him it has been able to encroach upon the natural sphere which it has finally desacralized in order to sanctify itself. Ever since technoscience has begun to rule from the heart of society like a goddes which is actualy worshipped. The outline of a civilization has appeared in this society which has become technological and hedonistic : the technological civilization. The eminent danger of an apocalypse similair to the ancien diluvian catastrophes are manifesting themselves. This danger is increasing in conjunction with the technical progress which is indispensable to socio-economic demands. This dilemma leads us to recommend ways and means susceptible of allowing this technological society to emerge from this dead-end, to know : - it must first of all rethink its responsiblity ; - then, it must accept the renewal of its ties with nature, - or it must succeed in practising an ethical technology ; - to finally provide itself with the need to reconstruct new scientific disciplines which gravitate around ethical science
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Loggenberg, Ernest Wilfred. "Teaching and learning electrostatics using everyday knowledge, indigenous knowledge and scientific argumentation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008412.
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South African School Curriculum, calls for the integration of IKS within school science (Department of Education, 2006, Department of Basic Education, 2011). Lightning is an area of high interest in the Eastern Cape and is used as the topic in this study which focuses on the integration of indigenous knowledge systems in science education. The study investigated the impact of an intervention strategy framed around the use of scientific argumentation and the integration of everyday knowledge and indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) into the teaching of electrostatics at Grade Ten level. The impact focused on the teachers’ ability to implement the strategy, the electrostatics knowledge gained by learners, the learners’ argumentation ability, and the motivational and confidence levels of both teachers and learners. The sample comprised eight schools (the science teachers and their Grade Ten Physical Science learners) in the Uitenhage District of Education of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Qualitative data were generated via interviews, classroom observations, pre- and post test questionnaires with open-ended questions to evoke meaningful responses that could not be anticipated by the research, and argumentation writing frames for both teachers and learners. Limited quantitative data were generated via the argumentation writing frames and the more close-ended questionnaire questions. The findings of the teacher and learner argumentation frames and the teacher checklists which revealed that the intervention impacted positively on the teachers’ ability to integrate IKS into their teaching practice. The use indigenous knowledge as the context for argumentation appears to have been a more effective way of introducing the concept than doing so within a scientific context (which the learners found difficult). The intervention facilitated an enhanced level of understanding on lightning, and assisted with the creation of the “third space” and border crossing between IKS and western science. The individual interviews disclosed the teachers’ improved ability to integrate IKS, IKS improving the facilitation of the argumentation strategy, and their improved motivation and confidence.
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Monngakgotla, Oabona C. "Policy makers knowledge and practices of intellectual property rights on indigenous knowledge systems in Botswana." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07222008-123004/.
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Kimbugwe, Francis Kambugu. "An investigation of factors which influence integrating indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants into the learning programme for Grade 9 General Science." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003506.
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This study explores knowledge of some medicinal plants amongst the sub-urban community of and around a township in the Eastern Cape province. This qualitative interpretivist case study presents the prior knowledge of medicinal plants possessed by Grade 9 learners, which is used as a springboard toward interviewing traditional healers, herbal practitioners and lecturers at a university in the departments of Botany and Pharmacy. The data obtained from the informants reveals the factors that can influence integration of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants in the learning programme for grade 9 General Science. These factors include: prior knowledge and enthusiasm of Grade 9 learners and teachers, support of the community which include parents, traditional healers, herbal practitioners and professionals who could introduce indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants into formal education, availability of resource materials and complexity of identifying pharmacologically tested plants from other indigenous medicinal plants. The analysis and discussion of the findings, have led me to conclude that the enthusiasm of learners who have a rich background of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants is likely to be hampered by the unenthusiastic teachers as well as the reluctance of herbal practitioners in their communities to part with this knowledge. Hence I recommend that teachers be motivated through workshops and in-service training, conducted by goverr\ment paid herbal practitioners using the prior knowledge of learners as a stepping-stone.
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Alam, Mahbub. "Slaves of water : indigenous knowledge of fisheries on the floodplain of Bangladesh." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1656/.
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Zazu, Cryton. "Exploring opportunities and challenges for achieving the integration of indigenous knowledge systems into environmental education processes : a case study of the Sebakwe Environmental Education programme (SEEP) in Zimbabwe /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1267/.
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Sheehan, Norman. "Indigenous knowledge and higher education : instigating relational education in a neocolonial context /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17681.pdf.
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Netshifhefhe, Shandukani Rudolf. "The compilation of indigenous knowledge regarding insect pests in small-scale farming communities in North Eastern South Africa." Pretoria: [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06302005-113354.
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Cambray, Garth Anton. "African mead biotechnology and indigenous knowledge systems in iQhilika process development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003988.
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While the production of mead, a fermented honey beverage, has declined in popularity around the world in recent centuries, a substantial mead industry continues to exist in Africa with an estimated annual production of 1 to 1.7 billion litres. This is largely an ‘invisible industry’, and has functioned outside the formal economy due to proscription of indigenous beverages during colonial times. The traditional African mead industry is, however, also now under pressure due to the environmental degradation of scarce natural ingredients, urbanisation and loss of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and, with time, the beverage will likely follow the declining trend of mead consumption observed elsewhere. An analysis of early reports of African mead production suggested that the Khoi-San, among the earliest inhabitants of the continent, are the originators of the mead making techniques which use fibrous plant materials derived from specific plant species, to facilitate mead fermentation in some way. The Eastern Cape represents a region with a large body of Khoi-San IKS preserved in their descendants among the Afrikaans and Xhosa populations. A survey to establish a baseline of mead-making technology in the Eastern Cape was undertaken, and involved interviewing traditional mead makers across an area of roughly 100 000 km2, showing that the mead, iQhilika(Xhosa) Kari (Khoi-San/Afrikaans), is produced using a very similar process throughout the region. This involves the roots of a Trichodiadema sp. plant (imoela – Xhosa, karimoer – Afrikaans/Khoi-San), honey, extract of brood and/or pollen and water. Various other fruit sugar sources were also found to be added at times producing seasonal beverages with unique organoleptic properties. A model traditional iQhilika production operation was investigated in order to describe the main features of the process. Biomass immobilised on Trichodiadema root segments was found to be distributed evenly through the profile of the bioreactor resulting in a well mixed fermentation and a productivity of 0.74 g EtOH/l/h. In the initial stages of fermentation, the ethanol yield was highest in the mid-regions of the bioreactor, but with time the regions closer to the surface, which had atmospheric contact had a higher yield. This phenomenon was attributed to aerobic fatty acid synthesis which allowed the yeast close to the surface to function more efficiently despite rising ethanol concentrations. The mead contained 44.25 g/l (7 % volume) ethanol produced in a fermentation time of 43.5 h. Yeast biomass in the traditional process was either immobilised in the form of flocs or attached to the Trichodiadema intonsum support. Electron microscopy revealed that the cells were covered in a layer of extra-cellular polymeric substance apparently assisting the immobilization, and which was populated by a consortium of yeasts and bacteria. Yeasts isolated from iQhilika brewed in two regions separated by 350 km were found to be very closely related Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as determined by molecular genetic analysis. The traditional beverage was found to contain populations of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are known spoilage organisms in other beverages. Spoilage characteristics of these organisms matched descriptions of spoilage provided by the IKS survey. Other possibly beneficial LAB, which may contribute useful flavour compounds, were also found to be present in the system. The basic functional aspects of the traditional process were used to design a continuous bench-scale tower bioreactor and process development was based on the IKS survey. This consisted of a packed bed bioreactor, consisting of 2 mm3 T. intonsum root segments, immobilising a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from a traditional batch of iQhilika. The bioreactor performed well with a yield of close to the theoretical maximum and an ethanol productivity of 3.45 g EtOH/l/h. The parameters of the 5.6 l/d bench-scale bioreactor were used to design a full-scale production bioreactor with a planned maximum output of 330 l/d. This bioreactor had a productivity of 0.19 g EtOH/l/h. The organoleptic properties of the product produced were considered by a taste panel to be better than those of the product of the bench-scale tower bioreactor. This research was based on the development of IKS which imposed a number of constraints and obligations on the project to ensure environmental, and social, in addition to financial viability of the scale-up operation. Makana Meadery was established in partnership with Rhodes University as an empowerment company which, in addition to undertaking the commercialisation of the iQhilika process, would also develop methods for the production of scarce ingredients traditionally unsustainably sourced from fragile ecosystems, provide beekeeping training and the manufacture of beehives.
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Wickham, Trevor Wayne. "Farmers ain't no fools exploring the role of participatory rural appraisal to access indigenous knowledge and enhance sustainable development research and planning : a case study of Dusun Pausan, Bali, Indonesia /." Waterloo, Ont., Canada : University Consortium on the Environment, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37546949.html.
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Ford, Linda Mae, and linda ford@deakin edu au. "Narratives and Landscapes: Their Capacity to Serve Indigenous Knowledge Interests." Deakin University. School of Education, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20070614.105953.
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The thesis is a culmination of my research which drew on tyangi wedi tjan Rak Mak Mak Marranunggu and Marrithiel knowledge systems. These awa mirr spiritual knowledge systems have guided our Pilu for millennium and have powerful spiritual affiliation to the land and our continued presences. The understandings of the spiritual connectedness and our practices of relatedness have drawn on Pulitj, our deep awa mirr spiritual philosophy that nourishes us on our country. This philosophy gave us our voice and our presence to act in our own ways of knowing and being on the landscapes created by the Western bureaucratic systems of higher education in Australia to bring forth our Tyikim knowledge systems to serve our own educational interests.
From this spiritual Puliyana kunun philosophical position the thesis examines colonising constructions of Tyikim peoples, Tyikim knowledge systems in education, Tyikim research and access to higher education for Tyikim students. From the research, it is argued that the paradigm, within which the enclave-derived approach to Indigenous higher education is located, is compatible with the normalising imperialistic ideology of higher education. The analysis of the Mirrwana/Wurrkama participatory action research project, central to the research, supported an argument for the Mirrwana/Wurrkama model of Indigenous higher education. Further analysis identified five key pedagogical principles embedded within this new model as metaphorically equivalent to wilan~bu of the pelangu. The thesis identifies the elements of the spirituality of the narrative exposed in the research-in-action through the Marri kubin mi thit wa!. This is a new paradigm for Tyikim participation in higher education within which the Mirrwana/Wurrkama model is located. Finally, the thesis identifies the scope for Tyikim knowledge use in the construction of contemporary bureaucratic and institutionalised higher education ngun nimbil thit thit teaching and learning experiences of Tyikim for the advancement of Tyikim interests. Here the tyangi yigin tjan spiritual concepts of narrative and landscape are drawn upon both awa mirr metaphorically and in marri kubin mi thit wa Tyikim pedagogical practice.
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Miranda, Maria Josevett Almeida. "Narrativas orais dos ribeirinhos da Comunidade do Cajueiro na ilha do Mosqueiro/Pa : saberes práticos do cotidiano e suas repercussões no ensino fundamental de ciências na escola pública /." Bauru, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192805.
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Orientador: Renato Eugênio da Silva DinizResumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os fundamentos sócio-históricos e culturais dos saberes práticos sociais do homem amazônico, e buscou identificar suas diferentes formas de viver cotidianamente, verificando se esses saberes estão sendo aproveitados no ensino escolar de ciências dessa comunidade e se contribuem para subsidiar uma proposta pedagógica de ensino de ciências na Escola, enraizado na cultura amazônica. O referido estudo teve como “lócus” observacional da pesquisa a Comunidade do Cajueiro, entreposto pesqueiro situado na Ilha do Mosqueiro, uma das trinta e nove (39) ilhas que circundam a cidade de Belém, capital do Estado do Pará. Na realização da pesquisa foi empregado um conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos, por meio dos quais aprofundamos nossos conhecimentos sobre as práticas sociais dos ribeirinhos, bem como dos sujeitos sociais envolvidos no processo educativo escolar da Comunidade, para que, a partir das ações que realizam em seu mundo de vida, pudéssemos analisar as relações dialéticas que as práticas cotidianas dos ribeirinhos estabelecem com o ensino de ciências na escola. Os resultados obtidos com esta investigação demonstraram que as práticas culturais dos ribeirinhos, seu modo de vida, assim como, suas experiências, não estão sendo aproveitadas pela Escola Pública da Comunidade, assinalando, que há um enorme desencontro entre a educação escolar e a educação não-formal dos ribeirinhos-narradores. Portanto, conclui-se que, além de um ensino de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the socio-historical and cultural foundations of the practical social knowledge of the Amazonian man, and sought to identify his different ways of living daily, verifying whether this knowledge is being used in the science school education of this community and whether it contributes to subsidize a pedagogical proposal for science teaching at the School, rooted in Amazonian culture. This study had as observational “locus” of the research the Cajueiro Community, a fishing warehouse located on the Mosqueiro Island, one of the thirty-nine (39) islands that surround the city of Belem, capital of the State of Pará. a set of methodological procedures was used, through which we deepened our knowledge about the social practices of the riverside residents, as well as the social subjects involved in the school's educational process in the Community, so that, based on the actions they carry out in their world of life, we could analyze the dialectical relations that the daily practices of the riverside people establish with science teaching at school. The results obtained with this investigation demonstrated that the cultural practices of the riverside inhabitants, their way of life, as well as their experiences, are not being used by the Public School of the Community, pointing out that there is a huge mismatch between school education and non-formal education. of the riverside narrators. Therefore, it is concluded that, in addition to teaching Science up... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Mandikonza, Caleb. "Relating indigenous knowledge practices and science concepts : an exploratory case study in a secondary school teacher-training programme." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007321.
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This study reports research on how student teachers in Science at Mutare Teachers' College in Zimbabwe worked with indigenous knowledge practices in relation to science concepts in the secondary school syllabus. The study was conducted among first-year science students and involved them in developing science learning activities for a peer-teaching process that was part of their course. The research was undertaken during a review ofthe college syllabus and as a study to inform the Secondary Teacher Training Environmental Education Programme (ST²EEP). The research design involved the researcher in participant observations and interviews with rural people to document indigenous knowledge practices and to develop materials for the students to work with in the lessons design part of the study. The student teachers used the documented practices to generate learning activities and lesson plans to teach the science concepts they had identified. A peer review session and focus group interviews followed the lesson presentations. Findings from the research point to the rural community being a repository of diverse indigenous knowledge practices. Student teachers showed that they had prior knowledge of both indigenous knowledge practices and science concepts when they come to class. Student teachers were able to relate indigenous knowledge practices and science concepts in ways that have the potential to enhance the learning of science in rural school contexts that lack laboratories and science equipment. The scope of the study does not allow for anything beyond tentative conclusions that point to the need for further work to be undertaken with student teachers and for the research to be extended to teaching and learning interactions in schools. Recommendations are also made for further resource-based work to be undertaken within the forthcoming St²eep implementation phase in 2007.
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Daya, Yusuf. "Intellectual property rights and the protection of traditional knowledge in Western Cape agriculture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49992.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system. South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom. Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe. Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte daaraan om patentregte uit te brei. Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel 'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.
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Manyevere, Alen. "An integrated approach for the delineation of arable land and its cropping suitability under variable soil and climatic conditions in the Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019856.
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Arable crop production in Nkonkobe Municipality is low due to abandonment of potentially productive land and low productivity of the cultivated land. Little attention has been given to farmers perspectives with regards to crop production and land abandonment. Understanding the relationships of indigenous knowledge systems, where local approaches to soil classification, appraisal, use and management and land evaluation, and scientific approaches could be important for the effective use of available soil resources while avoiding those resources that are vulnerable to degradation. In addition, the interactions between soil factors and climate could be useful in understanding the erodibility of soils. The intergration of scientific research and indigenous knowledge systems could help in the identification and delineation of high potential land and on crop suitability evaluation. The objectives of the study were: (i) to determine farmers‟ perspectives with regards to land utilisation and abandonment, constraints on crop production and crop preferences, (ii) to integrate and compare indigenous knowledge systems with scientific approaches of soil classification and potential, (iii) to determine the effect of climate and soil factors on erodibilities of soils in the Municipality (iv) to delineate arable land and evaluate its suitability for maize, potato, sorghum and cowpea under rainfed agriculture. Using semi-structured and open-ended interviews, information on limitations to crop production, cropping preferences, indigenous soil classifications, cropping potential ratings and erosion was captured. Descriptive and correlation statistics were used to analyse farmers‟ responses. The information was later used for a pilot participatory mapping and the determination of the agricultural potential of the soils in three selected villages of the Municipality. Field boundaries of soil texture, colour, depth, and slope position were captured using global positioning systems (GPS). The relationship between the degree of erosion and soil and slope factors was analysed by step-wise regression. Crop suitability for rainfed agriculture was done using the FAO guidelines for Land evaluation for rainfed agriculture. The spatially referenced crop suitability classes were produced by applying the Law of Limiting Combinationusing GIS Boolean Logic. The major biophysical factors, affecting crop production and land utilisation were soil degradation and low and erratic rainfall, while other factors included lack of farming equipment and security concerns. Maize, spinach and cabbage were the main crops grown, with maize sorghum and wheat the most abandoned crops. While it was difficult to accurately correlate indigenous classification with international scientific classification, the importance of colour, texture and soil depth for both classification and soil potential, suggests that some form of correlation is possible which enabled communication and other extension information to be conveyed. The shallow and stony soil (urhete) correlated well with the Leptosols in World Reference Base (WRB) or Mispah and shallow Glenrosa soils in the South African system. The red structured clays (umhlaba obomvu) matched the Nitisols in WRB or Shortlands in the South African system. The non-swelling black clayey soils (umhlaba omnyama) matched soils with melanic A horizons in both the WRB and South African soil classification systems. The dongwe and santi soils developed in alluvial sediments belonged to the Dundee, Oakleaf or Augrabies soils in the South African classification system and fluvisols or Cambisols in the WRB system. There was good agreement between farmers assessment of the cropping potential and scientific approaches but scientifically high potential red soils were rated lowly by the farmers due to difficulties in management caused by shortages of farm machinery, especially under dryland farming. Overall, the soil factors affecting erosion were influenced largely by climate, while parent material was also important. Climate had a dominant influence on soil factors most notably fine sand and very fine sand fractions and exchangeable sodium percentage being more important on soil forms occurring in arid and semi-arid climate and less in the sub-humid and humid areas, where clay mineralogy, particularly kaolinite and sesquioxide dominated. Dolerite derived soils were the most stable and should be given the highest priority for cropping development while mudstone and shale derived soils had a lower cropping potential. While slope gradient and length had some effect on soil erosion in arid and semi arid environments its influence was generally overshadowed by soil factors especially in humid zones. Cow pea and sorghum were the most adapted crops in the region while potato and maize were marginally suitable under rainfed agriculture. The study revealed that most adapted crops were not necessarily the most preferred crops by the farmers. A small percentage of the land was delineated as arable and therefore optimisation of this available land should be prioritized.
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Lertzman, David Adam. "Planning between cultural paradigms, traditional knowledge and the transition to ecological sustainability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0024/NQ38927.pdf.
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Mostert, Andre. "Developing a systematic model for the capturing and use of African oral poetry: the Bongani Sitole experience." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002154.
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Oral traditions and oral literature have long contributed to human communication. The advent of arguably the most important technology, the written word, altered human ability to create and develop. However, this development for all its potential and scope created one of the most insidious dichotomies. As the written word developed so too the oral word became devalued and pushed to the fringes of societal development. One of the unfortunate outcomes has been a focus on the nomenclatures associated with orality and oral tradition, which although of importance, has skewed where the focus could and should have been located, namely, how to support and maintain the oral word and its innate value to human society in the face of what has become rampant technological developments. It is now ironic that technology is creating a fecund environment for a rebirth of orality. The study aims to mobilize technauriture as a paradigm in order to further embed orality and oral traditions to coherently embrace this changing technological environment. The central tenet of the study is that in order to enhance the status of orality the innate value embodied in indigenous knowledge systems must be recognized. Using the work of Bongani Sitole, an oral poet, as a backdrop the study will demonstrate a basic model that can act as a foundation for the effective integration of orality into contemporary structures. This is based on work that I published in the Journal of African Contemporary Studies (2009). Given the obvious multi-disciplinary nature of the material the work covers a wide cross section of the debate, from questions of epistemology and knowledge in general in terms of oral traditions, through the consciousness and technical landscapes, via the experience with Sitole’s material to issues of copyright and ownership. This work has also been submitted for publication together with my supervisor as a co-author. The study intends to consolidate the technauriture debate and lay a solid foundation to support further study.
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Okwa-Ondo, Peter Abraham. "Nouvel humanisme et ontologie africaine." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30026.
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A travers les faits et manifestations considérés comme irrationnels par l’entendement scientiste et positiviste, on décèle du point de vue de la philosophie de l’esprit, une rationalité poétique qui est à l’œuvre dans tout esprit humain. Ce super- rationalisme qui intègre en même temps le sensible et le rationnel obéit à une logique du symbolisme qu’on retrouve dans l’Ontologie africaine. L’africanisme ontologique induit une philosophie de l’invisible où la connaissance intuitive libère l’esprit du dogmatisme rationaliste. Il permet d’appréhender l’Être dans sa totalité en examinant la question du rapport à soi, et du rapport à l’autre à travers la figure du sage africain.Aujourd’hui, la rencontre des cultures et des civilisations permet un croisement des rationalités et une pluralité de valeurs qui sont le fondement du nouvel humanisme dont nous nous réclamons. Un humanisme spirituel basé sur le respect et la compréhension de l’autre par la différence de sa pensée et de ses attributs socio-psychologiquesIn facts and manifestations watched as irrationals by the scientist and positivist understanding, one can detect from the point of view of the philosophy of Being, a poetic rationality which is at work in every human spirit. This “super-rationalism” able to integrate at the same time both the perceptible and the rational obeys a logic of symbolism we find in the African Ontology.The ontological Africanism leads into a philosophy of the finiteness where the intuitive knowledge frees the spirit from the rationalist dogmatism. It enables a comprehension of the Being as a whole looking at the question of the relationship to the self, and the relationship to the other through the figure of the African sage.Today, the encounter of cultures and civilizations allows a crossing of rationalities and a plurality of values that are the foundation of the new humanism we claim as ours. An humanism based on the respect and the understanding of the other by accepting the difference of his own thought as well as his socio-psychological attributes
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Thinyane, Mamello P. "A knowledge-oriented, context-sensitive architectural framework for service deployment in marginalized rural communities." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004843.
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The notion of a global knowledge society is somewhat of a misnomer due to the fact that large portions of the global community are not participants in this global knowledge society which is driven, shaped by and socio-technically biased towards a small fraction of the global population. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is culture-sensitive and this is a dynamic that is largely ignored in the majority of ICT for Development (ICT4D) interventions, leading to the technological determinism flaw and ultimately a failure of the undertaken projects. The deployment of ICT solutions, in particular in the context of ICT4D, must be informed by the cultural and socio-technical profile of the deployment environments and solutions themselves must be developed with a focus towards context-sensitivity and ethnocentricity. In this thesis, we investigate the viability of a software architectural framework for the development of ICT solutions that are context-sensitive and ethnocentric1, and so aligned with the cultural and social dynamics within the environment of deployment. The conceptual framework, named PIASK, defines five tiers (presentation, interaction, access, social networking, and knowledge base) which allow for: behavioural completeness of the layer components; a modular and functionally decoupled architecture; and the flexibility to situate and contextualize the developed applications along the dimensions of the User Interface (UI), interaction modalities, usage metaphors, underlying Indigenous Knowledge (IK), and access protocols. We have developed a proof-of-concept service platform, called KnowNet, based on the PIASK architecture. KnowNet is built around the knowledge base layer, which consists of domain ontologies that encapsulate the knowledge in the platform, with an intrinsic flexibility to access secondary knowledge repositories. The domain ontologies constructed (as examples) are for the provisioning of eServices to support societal activities (e.g. commerce, health, agriculture, medicine) within a rural and marginalized area of Dwesa, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The social networking layer allows for situating the platform within the local social systems. Heterogeneity of user profiles and multiplicity of end-user devices are handled through the access and the presentation components, and the service logic is implemented by the interaction components. This services platform validates the PIASK architecture for end-to-end provisioning of multi-modal, heterogeneous, ontology-based services. The development of KnowNet was informed on one hand by the latest trends within service architectures, semantic web technologies and social applications, and on the other hand by the context consideration based on the profile (IK systems dynamics, infrastructure, usability requirements) of the Dwesa community. The realization of the service platform is based on the JADE Multi-Agent System (MAS), and this shows the applicability and adequacy of MAS’s for service deployment in a rural context, at the same time providing key advantages such as platform fault-tolerance, robustness and flexibility. While the context of conceptualization of PIASK and the implementation of KnowNet is that of rurality and of ICT4D, the applicability of the architecture extends to other similarly heterogeneous and context-sensitive domains. KnowNet has been validated for functional and technical adequacy, and we have also undertaken an initial prevalidation for social context sensitivity. We observe that the five tier PIASK architecture provides an adequate framework for developing context-sensitive and ethnocentric software: by functionally separating and making explicit the social networking and access tier components, while still maintaining the traditional separation of presentation, business logic and data components.
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Pauka, Soikava. "The use of traditional knowledge in understanding natural phenomena in the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 2001. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13355.
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This study used qualitative (interviews) and quantitative methods (questionnaires) to investigate and describe (a) Papua New Guinea (PNG) village elders' traditional ideas and beliefs on natural phenomena, (b) PNG secondary school student's traditional science beliefs, (c) the sources of PNG secondary school students' explanations of natural phenomena, (d) the types of explanations PNG secondary school students provide to describe natural phenomena, and the views of science teachers and curriculum officers on the inclusion of traditional knowledge in the science curriculum.. Analysis of data included interviews with eight village elders and completed questionnaires from approximately 200 secondary school students in one rural provincial high school in the Gulf Province. Village elders' beliefs were analysed and categorised into (a) spirits, magic spells and sorcery, (b) Christianity, (c) personal experience, and (d) modern science. Secondary school students' sources of explanations were based on what they have heard at (a) home, (b) in the family and village, (c) in church and (d) from school. Approximately half of the secondary school students strongly hold on to traditional beliefs while learning formal school science and these were related to spirits, magic spells and sorcery that were similar to those of the village elders. Students also used scientific explanations of natural phenomena based on their learning in school and from their own personal experiences and interactions with the physical world.Interviews with science teachers and curriculum officers supported the need to include traditional knowledge in the science curricula. The study identified students holding both traditional and scientific explanations of natural phenomena. There is both a need and value for traditional knowledge being incorporated in science education programs that harmonise with school science. The thesis concludes with six recommendations to bring these ideas to fruition.
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Shava, Soul. "Indigenous knowledges: a genealogy of representations and applications in developing contexts of environmental education and development in southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005920.
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This study was developed around concerns about how indigenous knowledges have been represented and applied in environment and development education. The first phase of the study is a genealogical analysis after Michel Foucault. This probes representations and applications of plant-based indigenous knowledge in selected anthropological, botanical and environmental education texts in southern Africa. The emerging insights were deepened using a Social (Critical) Realism vantage point after Margaret Archer to shed light on agential issues in environmental education and development contexts. Here her morphogenetic/morphostatic analysis of social transformation or reproduction is used to trace changes in indigenous knowledge representations and applications over time (from the pre-colonial into the post-colonial era). The second phase uses the same perspectives and tools to extend the analysis of power/knowledge relationships into the interface of indigenous communities and modern institutions in two case study settings in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. This study reveals colonially-derived hegemonic processes of modern/Western scientific institutional representations/interpretations of the knowledges of indigenous communities. It also tracks a continuing trajectory of their dominating and prescriptive mediating control over local knowledges from the pre-colonial context through into the post-colonial period in southern Africa. The analysis reveals how this hegemony is sustained through the deployment of institutional strategies of representation that transform local knowledges into the disciplinary knowledge discourses of modern scientific institutions. These representational strategies therefore generate/reproduce and validate disciplinary discourses about the other, constructing disciplinary 'regimes of truth'. In this way modern institutions appropriate and displace indigenous/local knowledges, silence the voices of local communities and regulate individual and community agency within a continuing subjugation of indigenous knowledges. This study reveals how working within modern institutions and disciplinary knowledges in participative education and development interactions can serve to implicate indigenous researchers in these institutional hegemonic processes. The study also notes evidence of a continued resistance to hegemonic Western knowledge discourses as indigenous communities have sustained many knowledge practices alongside Western knowledge discourses. There is also evidence of a recent emergence of counter-hegemonic indigenous knowledge discourses in environmental education and development practices in southern Africa. It is noted that these have been contingent upon the changing political terrain in southern Africa as this has opened the way for alternative discourses to the dominant conventional Western knowledges in formal education and development contexts. The counterhegemonic discourses invert power/knowledge relations, decentre hegemonic discourses and reposition indigenous knowledges in formal education and development contexts. This study suggests the need to foreground indigenous knowledges as a process of knowledge decolonisation that gives contextual and epistemic relevance to environmental education and development processes. This calls for a need for new strategies to transform existing institutions by creating enabling spaces for the representational inclusion of indigenous knowledges in formal/conventional knowledge discourses and their application in social contexts. This opens up possibilities for plural knowledge representations and for their integrative and reciprocal co-engagement in situated contexts of environmental education and development in southern Africa.
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Gxasheka, Masibonge. "Euryops floribundus encroachment in Eastern Cape communal rangelands: indigenous and scientific understanding of effects on range." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016203.
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The study was conducted in Eastern Cape Province to 1) investigate local people’s knowledge and perceptions on Euryops floribundus and 2) landscape distribution and effect of Euryops floribundus on herbaceous vegetation and soil. A total of 90 households who own livestock were randomly selected from the three communal areas, namely; Tsengiwe, Upper Mnxe and Manzimdaka for household surveys and group discussions. For landscape study, a total of about 5 ha of land were selected at Upper Mnxe communal area. Selection criteria included the presence of E. floribundus and different landscape gradients. A total of four 50mx50 plots were marked along the landscape gradients: Bottom, Middle, and Upper Slope and upland positions. To study the effect of E. floribundus invasion on the herbaceous vegetation and soil, a total of 4 ha communal land was selected in an accessible area which had a largely flat terrain. The area was selected to have adjacent sites with no invasion (< 5% shrub cover), light (5-15% shrub cover), moderate (>15-35) and heavy invasions (>35% shrub cover) of E. floribundus. The average household size in the study area was 6.8± 0.7. All people in the three communal areas unanimously ranked sheep as the most important species for their livelihood, but the ranking of cattle and goat varied among the communal areas. All elder groups agreed that Europs floribundus decreases both the quantity and quality of herbaceous forage as well as livestock production. Moreover, invaded patches create more bare areas which are responsible for the loss of top fertile soils and the formation of rills and gullies. The result showed that the total density of E. floribundus significantly increased from the topland (2301 plants ha-1) moving to the bottomland (4888 plants ha-1). Canopy cover was significantly lowest in the topland (17.9%), but the remaining gradients had similar cover. Grass dry matter yield was higher in the bottomlands and sloppy gradients than the toplands. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the flat than the sloppy terrain. Soils from higher elevations (toplands and upper sloppy) had significantly higher N than the lower elevations (bottomlands and Middle sloppy). The lowest dry matter was observed at low invasion and non-invaded sites. Soil chemical properties were generally different from all density levels. In conclusion, E. floribundus encroachment was found to be major cause of decline in the peoples’ livelihood because as this reduces the vegetation diversity and livestock production, both of which are the major of their livelihoods.
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Jordaan, Leandra. "Designing and developing a prototype indigenous knowledge database and devising a knowledge management framework." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/121.
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Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009The purpose of the study was to design and develop a prototype Indigenous Knowledge (IK) database that will be productive within a Knowledge Management (KM) framework specifically focused on IK. The need to develop a prototype IK database that can help standardise the work being done in the field of IK within South Africa has been established in the Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) policy, which stated that “common standards would enable the integration of widely scattered and distributed references on IKS in a retrievable form. This would act as a bridge between indigenous and other knowledge systems” (IKS policy, 2004:33). In particular within the indigenous people’s organizations, holders of IK, whether individually or collectively, have a claim that their knowledge should not be exploited for elitist purposes without direct benefit to their empowerment and the improvement of their livelihoods. Establishing guidelines and a modus operandi (KM framework) are important, especially when working with communities. Researchers go into communities to gather their knowledge and never return to the communities with their results. The communities feel enraged and wronged. Creating an IK network can curb such behaviour or at least inform researchers/organisations that this behaviour is damaging. The importance of IK is that IK provides the basis for problem-solving strategies for local communities, especially the poor, which can help reduce poverty. IK is a key element of the “social capital” of the poor; their main asset to invest in the struggle for survival, to produce food, to provide shelter, or to achieve control of their own lives. It is closely intertwined with their livelihoods. Many aspects of KM and IK were discussed and a feasibility study for a KM framework was conducted to determine if any existing KM frameworks can work in an organisation that works with IK. Other factors that can influence IK are: guidelines for implementing a KM framework, information management, quality management, human factors/capital movement, leading role players in the field of IK, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), ethics, guidelines for doing fieldwork, and a best plan for implementation. At this point, the focus changes from KM and IK to the prototype IK database and the technical design thereof. The focus is shifted to a more hands-on development by looking at the different data models and their underlying models. A well-designed database facilitates data management and becomes a valuable generator of information. A poorly designed database is likely to become a breeding ground for redundant data. The conceptual design stage used data modelling to create an abstract database structure that represents real-world objects in the most authentic way possible. The tools used to design the database are platform independent software; therefore the design can be implemented on many different platforms. An elementary prototype graphical user interface was designed in order to illustrate the database’s three main functions: adding new members, adding new IK records, and searching the IK database. The IK database design took cognisance of what is currently prevailing in South Africa and the rest of the world with respect to IK and database development. The development of the database was done in such a way as to establish a standard database design for IK systems in South Africa. The goal was to design and develop a database that can be disseminated to researchers/organisations working in the field of IK so that the use of a template database can assist work in the field. Consequently the work in the field will be collected in the same way and based on the same model. At a later stage, the databases could be interlinked and South Africa can have one large knowledge repository for IK.
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Mapi, Thandeka Priscilla. "Incorporating indigenous knowledge in the teaching of isiXhosa to pharmacy students at Rhodes University." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007469.
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Traditional healing is one of the most trusted methods of healing in South Africa, especially in rural areas, where health-care infrastructure is inadequate. People have depended on this method of healing since time immemorial. That belief has been strengthened by the fact that this method keeps people in touch with their ancestors. Traditional healers are trusted and believed to be the link between people and their ancestors. The Dwesa community is amongst the areas that still have strong belief in traditional healing. Traditional healers have a variety of methods of healing that they use, these methods have been trusted for people of all age groups. These methods are ukugabha, ukufutha and ukucima. Traditional healers prescribe them for both major and minor illnesses. They are believed to play a role in cleansing people from inside and outside. These methods together with other methods that are used in traditional healing are being explored in this study. This exploration is based on the fact that this information will be integrated into the teaching of isiXhosa to Pharmacy students at Rhodes University. This is an initiative to create awareness amongst health-care practitioners about traditional healing methods, so that they can caution and advise their patients about medicine taking behaviours, also to make them approach the subject in a sensitive manner. An isiXhosa course has been taught to Pharmacy students, as a pilot in 2007 and as an elective in 2008 onwards. This course deals with cultural issues in a broad manner, the issue of traditional healing specifically, and these methods of healing are outlined in the course, such that students have an understanding first of what a traditional healer is and their role in providing health-care services.
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Sheya, Elieser. "Indigenous knowledge and environmental education : a case study of selected schools in Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86476.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In some contemporary discourses, a new dimension of knowledge is increasingly being recognised. Sustainable development is no longer the exclusive domain of western science and technology. There is a growing interest in the role that indigenous people and their communities can play in sustainable development. The integration of indigenous knowledge (IK) into formal school curricula, especially environmental education (EE), is seen as a key approach to making education relevant to rural students. This will also promote the intellectual diversity required to manage the scope, complexity and uncertainty of local and global environmental issues.
This study is guided by constructivist approaches and postcolonial perspectives that recognise the differences between IK and western sciences but at the same time concerned with ways in which the two can work together. In particular, this study uses a qualitative case study of selected schools in the Northern part of Namibia to investigate how IK can be used to support EE in rural schools. The National (Namibian) Curriculum for Basic Education and the Life Science curriculum documents have been analysed, focusing specifically on how IK is coupled with EE at school level. The review of the curriculum documents revealed that IK is not only ignored and underutilised in schools, but also systematically undermined as a potential source of knowledge for development. The curriculum continues to reinforce western values at the expense of IK. To gain more insight into existing EE practices in schools and the role that local knowledge can play in school syllabi, six teachers, two advisory teachers and two traditional leaders were carefully selected and interviewed. The basis for this was to possibly challenge and address the needs that learners and their environment have. The participants in this study embraced the inclusion of IK in EE. However, the processes of combining IK with science may be constrained by challenges related to: teachers‟ attitudes, the design of the curriculum, and the way learner-centered education is conceptualised and practiced in schools. The study suggests that, to incorporate IK into EE effectively may require a shift away from the current strong subject-based, content-focused and examination driven EE curriculum. A cross-cultural Science Technology and Society (STS) curricula that includes a broad range of disciplines and provides a context within which all knowledge systems can be equitably compared and contribute to our understanding of the environment is proposed as an alternative curricula framework.
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Mukwambo, Muzwangowenyu. "Understanding trainee teachers' engagement with prior everyday knowledge and experiences in teaching physical science concepts : a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001874.
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The constructivist world view is advocated in the Namibian National Curriculum for Basic Education (NNCBE, 2010) since it encourages teachers to use different knowledge sources. This perspective embraces a multicultural approach to science teaching and learning. Indigenous knowledge (IK) and western science (WS) are some of the knowledge sources that are advocated. Yet, it has been noted that some science textbooks used in school science curricula do not consider IK. It is often diminished and considered of lesser value. The sole use of WS in teaching and learning is often distant from IK sources which can be used as prior knowledge. In this study, I therefore endeavoured to minimize this gap in the science curriculum. Essentially, the study focused on investigating trainee teachers’ engagement with prior everyday knowledge and experiences of natural phenomena in teaching physical science concepts. The rationale behind the study emerged while I was supervising twelve trainee teachers on school based studies (SBS) in the Caprivi Region. Observations revealed that learners frequently asked trainee teachers to relate their IK to WS to contextualize what they were learning. However, most trainee teachers seemed to experience challenges. This pedagogical gap and challenge was investigated using the instruments below. An analysis was done on the Namibian National Curriculum for Basic Education (NNCBE, 2010), extracts of research papers and a chapters on pressure in physical science textbooks. A worksheet was used to orientate trainee teachers with suggestions on how IK could be fused with WS to contextualize teaching and learning. Thereafter, this was followed by the simultaneous use of brainstorming and audio-visual techniques. Base line instruments paved the way for the main data generating techniques; namely, microteaching, audio-visual techniques, critical partners’ observation and focus group interview. There was triangulation of data collection instruments which enhanced validation followed by tabulation and data collation to develop themes. Analysis entailed checking theme repetition, indigenous categories and key words in context techniques. Themes enabled the construction of analytical statements which were discussed with reference to the relevant literature, theory and subsequently aligned to the research questions. Findings from this study include the suggestions that IK can be incorporated into teaching and learning of science concepts through the use of models or practical activities, science language used in the community and some cultural artifacts. The relevance of incorporating such type of knowledge is to contextualize science teaching and learning. The study therefore concluded that the incorporation of IK into teaching and learning of science concepts; (a) broadens the curriculum as it addresses conceptual progression and cohesion; (b) contextualizes concepts taught; (c) empowers teachers to use a practical curriculum and (d) it also creates space for misconceptions that come with IK to be identified and corrected. The study thus recommends that cultural artifacts and the social science jargon used in the community of the trainee teachers can be used to incorporate IK with WS as these types of knowledge are not mutually exclusive but in fact complement one another.
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Souza, Rauny Oliveira de. "Caracterização etnopedológica em um cambissolo eutrófico em diferentes usos agropecuários na Chapada do Apodi." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2014. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/417.
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The integration of popular knowledge and scientific forms as an essential tool in the identification of appropriate practices for soil and agricultural uses for its conservation management. This study aimed to characterize the attributes of soil from agricultural scientific and Ethnopedological the Projeto de Assentamento Terra de Esperança study uses located at Governador Dix-Sept Rosado - RN, located in the middle region of the western Rio Grande do Norte, in microregion of the Chapada do Apodi. The survey was conducted from September 2013 to May 2014, the physical and chemical soil attributes were analyzed in the following locations: Native Forest Area (AMN), Orchard Cajaraneiras (APM), Collective Conventional Cultivation Area (AC) and area of colluvium (ACol). Sample collection at depths of were performed 0,00 0,10; 0,10 0,20; 0,20 0,30 m, benefited the Laboratory of Analysis of Soil Water and Plant - LASAP/DCAT/UFERSA. Particle size, particle density, soil consistency, mechanical resistance to root penetration and chemical attributes: EC, pH, TOC, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H + Al, CEC at pH 7,0 the physical attributes were evaluated, effective CEC, SB and V. Multivariate analyzes were used as the main tool, specifically the Principal Component Analysis, to distinguish the areas surveyed in terms of potential and / or restrictions of the environment. Ethnopedological studies and learning workshop with (the) farmers (as) were performed and built concepts of soil attributes (exposure images of crops, soil color, soil consistency, microbiological activity and infiltration test), the landscape, weather patterns and agricultural production cycles depending on the experience of the group. Description of the soil popular way according to the Brazilian Classification System soil profile was performed in addition to the mineralogical analysis of samples from the profile horizons. It was observed that the first factor generated for the attributes of the areas surveyed explained 48.33% of the total variation of the studied attributes and the highest correlation coefficients (≥ | 70 |) variables were identified: sand, silt, pH, Ca2+, (H + Al), SB, t, T, V in the layer 0.00 - 0.10 m. These attributes were more sensitive to distinguish the areas of agricultural uses, being observed in the projection vectors, where the attributes have become more distant from the axis of factor 1 diagram. There was integration of popular and scientific knowledge in research on the adoption of appropriate practices to local particularities and the construction of essential concepts for the conservation of natural resources. The soil classification was scientifically Eutrophic Cambisol Ta typical and popular classification as dark clay surface and "white clay" or "gravel" in the subsurface
A integração dos saberes popular e científico constitui como uma ferramenta essencial na identificação de práticas adequadas de manejo do solo e dos usos agropecuários para sua conservação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização dos atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos, quanto as suas potencialidades e/ou restrições nas áreas de usos agropecuários, a partir de estudos científicos e etnopedológicos no Projeto de Assentamento Terra de Esperança, situado no município de Governador Dix-sept Rosado - RN, localizado na mesorregião do Oeste Potiguar e na microrregião da Chapada do Apodi. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de setembro de 2013 a maio de 2014, onde foram analisados os atributos físicos e químicos do solo nas seguintes áreas: Mata Nativa (AMN), Pomar de Cajaraneiras (AP), Área de Cultivo Convencional Coletivo (AC) e Área de Colúvio (ACol). Foram realizadas coletas de amostras deformadas nas camadas de 0,00 0,10; 0,10 0,20; 0,20 0,30 m, beneficiadas no Laboratório de Análise de Solo Água e Planta LASAP/DCAT/UFERSA. Foram avaliados os atributos físicos: granulometria, densidade de partículas, resistência mecânica do solo à penetração das raízes, consistência do solo e atributos químicos: CE, pH, COT, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, H+Al, CTC a pH 7,0, CTC efetiva, SB e V. Foram empregadas técnicas de análise multivariada como ferramenta principal, especificamente a Análise de Componentes Principais, para distinção das áreas pesquisadas em função das potencialidades e/ou restrições do ambiente. Foram realizados estudos etnopedológicos e oficina de aprendizagem com os (as) agricultores (as), sendo construídos conceitos dos atributos do solo (exposição de imagens de cultivos agrícolas, cor do solo, consistência do solo, atividade microbiológica e teste de infiltração), da paisagem, do padrão climático e dos ciclos de produção agrícola em função da vivência do grupo. Foi realizada a descrição de perfil de solo de forma popular e de acordo com o Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solo, além da análise mineralógica das amostras dos horizontes do perfil. Observou-se que o Fator 1 gerado para os atributos das áreas pesquisadas explicou 48,33 % da variação total dos atributos estudados e os maiores coeficientes de correlação (≥ |70|) identificados foram as variáveis: areia, silte, pH, Ca2+, (H+Al), SB, t, T, V na camada de 0,00 0,10 m. Esses atributos foram mais sensíveis para distinguir as áreas de usos agropecuários, sendo observado no diagrama de projeção de vetores, onde os atributos apresentam-se mais distantes do eixo do Fator 1. Houve integração do conhecimento popular e científico na pesquisa quanto à adoção de práticas adequadas às particularidades locais e a construção de conceitos essenciais para a conservação dos recursos naturais. A classificação do solo de forma científica foi CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO Ta Eutrófico típico e a classificação popular como barro escuro em superfície e barro branco ou piçarra em subsuperfície
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Cimi, Phumlani Viwe. "An investigation of the indigenous ways of knowing about wild food plants (imifino) : a case study /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1582/.
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Mogale, Moneri Sanah. "The use of indigenous knowledge in beef cattle husbandry in Tshebela Village, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1959.
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Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017There is a gap in the literature about the role and relevance of Indigenous Knowledge and beef cattle welfare in many parts of the Limpopo province. This gap is relevant because many marginalised cattle owners use indigenous knowledge in their day to day management of beef cattle. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of IK methods on beef cattle husbandry in Tshebela village in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo province as a contribution to filling the void identified above. The objectives of the study were as follows: -To investigate the IK methods used in beef cattle husbandry in the area of the study; -To assess if beef farmers use IK to identify medicinal plants to cure beef cattle; -To investigate farmers‘ perceptions and attitudes on the use of IKS on beef cattle husbandry in the area of study. A qualitative methodology that was used was primarily phenomenological in design. A purposive sampling technique was used and twenty seven (27) traditional beef farmers, two (2) local herbalists were recruited as participants. Data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observations. An interpretative phenomenological-based analysis was used to surface the role and relevance of indigenous knowledge in beef cattle husbandry. The findings suggest that indigenous knowledge is used by cattle owners alongside modern knowledge and that communal farming posed some challenges to the farmers.
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Pauka, Soikava. "The use of traditional knowledge in understanding natural phenomena in the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Curtin University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2603.
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This study used qualitative (interviews) and quantitative methods (questionnaires) to investigate and describe (a) Papua New Guinea (PNG) village elders' traditional ideas and beliefs on natural phenomena, (b) PNG secondary school student's traditional science beliefs, (c) the sources of PNG secondary school students' explanations of natural phenomena, (d) the types of explanations PNG secondary school students provide to describe natural phenomena, and the views of science teachers and curriculum officers on the inclusion of traditional knowledge in the science curriculum.. Analysis of data included interviews with eight village elders and completed questionnaires from approximately 200 secondary school students in one rural provincial high school in the Gulf Province. Village elders' beliefs were analysed and categorised into (a) spirits, magic spells and sorcery, (b) Christianity, (c) personal experience, and (d) modern science. Secondary school students' sources of explanations were based on what they have heard at (a) home, (b) in the family and village, (c) in church and (d) from school. Approximately half of the secondary school students strongly hold on to traditional beliefs while learning formal school science and these were related to spirits, magic spells and sorcery that were similar to those of the village elders. Students also used scientific explanations of natural phenomena based on their learning in school and from their own personal experiences and interactions with the physical world.Interviews with science teachers and curriculum officers supported the need to include traditional knowledge in the science curricula. The study identified students holding both traditional and scientific explanations of natural phenomena. There is both a need and value for traditional knowledge being incorporated in science education programs that harmonise with school science. The thesis concludes with six recommendations to bring these ideas to fruition.
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Kota, Lutho Siyabulela. "Local food choices and nutrition : a case study of amarewu in the FET consumer studies curriculum." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003549.
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This case study examines the introduction of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in the Consumer Studies curriculum of Further Education and Training (FET). The research is centred on the use of enquiry methodologies involving learners observing parent demonstrations of the making of ‘amarewu’ and other activities centred on the propositional knowledge dealing with fermentation in the Consumer Studies curriculum. The research involved a review of curriculum documents, participant observation of a demonstration of local food practices related to ‘amarewu’ and learner research activities and interviews to review the developing learning interactions. The learning activities were focused on the learners’ researching the cultural and nutritional value of ‘amarewu’ and included an audit of food consumed in the community. What transpired from this study was that working with IK in the curriculum is possible. The inclusion of IK is not only possible but desirable and has exciting possibilities for relevance in contemporary education. The active involvement in parent demonstration engaged the learners in IK in their mother tongue, therefore indigenous knowledge has relevance. The curriculum concepts also enhanced the engagement by giving rise to more relevant knowledge and a respect for cultural matters. Intergenerational capital and subject concepts also enabled learners to engage with local nutritional problems and to come up with practical solutions. This study demonstrates how IK intergenerational capital in combination in combination with curriculum concepts (subject knowledge capital) can enhance relevance and the learners’ real engagement with local health and nutritional problems. Not only did the learners have culturally valued knowledge, but also knowledge that has a practical grasp of the problem and that they could use to engage relevant issues. These two views of knowledge join in learning and can be used to address health issues. I therefore recommend connection of cultural knowledge and conceptual knowledge to strengthen the revitalisation of cultural heritage, thus equalising it to the modern patterns of life and enhancing meaningful curriculum orientation.
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Idrissa-Souley, Hassane. "La scientificité des connaissances dites irrationnelles : réflexion sur la science des thérapeutes traditionnels du Niger." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010544.
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Randrianarivelo, Mamy Dina. "Proposition d’un cadre conceptuel d’arrimage des savoirs géographiques locaux dans les macro-observatoires : cas de la région DIANA Madagascar." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25275.
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Le recours aux données géographiques issues des macro-observatoires s’impose comme la solution incontournable pour les agences de développement et bailleurs de fonds internationaux en quête de données structurées et facilement accessibles. Ces données sont pourtant conçues selon une vision globalisante qui ne reflète pas ou pas suffisamment les contextes spécifiques locaux sur lesquels ces acteurs doivent intervenir. Dans les pays du Sud en particulier, les savoirs géographiques locaux constituent le plus souvent la seule source de données terrain disponible. Mais leur fiabilité et leur utilité sont souvent questionnées, en comparaison des données statistiques ou cartographiques des macro-observatoires. En effet, ils ne sont que peu ou pas formalisés. Ils nécessitent des processus de collecte de terrain complexes à mettre en œuvre. Leur interprétation est souvent difficile, en particulier pour les acteurs occidentaux. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif la conception d’un cadre d’intégration des savoirs géographiques locaux dans les macro-observatoires. Il repose concrètement sur l’observation, l’analyse et la mise en relief des points communs et des différences des deux types de savoirs géographiques, à partir du cas de la région de DIANA à Madagascar; et plus précisément des savoirs locaux issues d’une démarche de Zonage À Dire d’Acteurs (ZADA) et des données globales de l’observatoire « Harvest Choice » de l’International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Mots-clés : Macro-observatoires, données locales, données globales, infrastructure de données spatiales, intégration des données, connaissances locales, connaissances experts, SIG.
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Snow, Janet P. "Information and communication technology driven teaching and learning opportunities in support of environmental education processes : a case of the eno-environment online programme at Treverton Preparatory School, South Africa /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1623/.
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Frileux, Pauline. "La haie et le bocage pavillonnaires : diversités d'un territoire périurbain, entre nature et artifice." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0017.
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Hanisi, Nosipho. "Nguni fermented foods: working with indigenous knowledge in the Life Sciences: a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008372.
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This study examines learning interactions around indigenous ways of knowing associated with fermented grain foods (the making of umqombothi) and the concept of alcoholic fermentation in the Grade 11 Life Sciences curriculum. As an environmental education study it also investigates the cultural significances of the fermented grain food and how learners might make better lifestyle choices. The inclusion of indigenous ways of knowing in the Life Sciences curriculum (FET band) created spaces and opportunities for the use of both knowledge's in sociocultural context and the structured propositions of the learning area in order to construct knowledge. This stimulated learners' understanding of fermentation and also led to a valuing of social context as well as the cultural capital embedded in the indigenous ways of knowing. The study suggests that parental involvement contributed to this valuing of intergenerational ways of knowing. Learners also deliberated how colonial interpretations of Nguni culture and the religious beliefs of Christians had served to marginalise and foster a widening urban rejection of isiXhosa cultural practices related to fermented foods. In their learning and discussion, learners developed new insights and respect for isiXhosa fermentation practices (ukudidiyela) that bring out the food value and nutrition in the grain. The data illustrates that lesson activity that drew on relevant Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards to integrate Indigenous Knowledge practices in a Life Sciences learning programme, served to enhance learner understanding of alcoholic fermentation. They also document a revaluing of cultural heritage and learners bringing up the problem of alcohol abuse in the community. Curriculum work with Indigenous Knowledge thus not only assisted learners to grasp the science but to use this alongside a valued cultural knowledge capital to deliberate and act on a local concern.
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Zazu, Cryton. "Representation and use of indigenous heritage constructs : implications for the quality and relevance of heritage education in post colonial southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002015.
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This study explores representation and use of indigenous heritage constructs with a view to identifying implications thereof for the quality and relevance of heritage education practices in post colonial southern Africa. Framed within a critical hermeneutic research paradigm under-laboured by critical realist ontology, the study was conducted using a multiple case study research design. The data collection protocol was three-phased, starting with a process of contextual profiling, within which insights were gained into discourses shaping the constitution and orientation of heritage education practices at the Albany Museum in South Africa, the Great Zimbabwe Monument in Zimbabwe and the Supa Ngwao Museum in Botswana. The second phase of data collection entailed modelling workshops in which educators engaged in discussion around the status of heritage education in post apartheid South Africa. This highlighted, through modelled lessons, some of the tensions, challenges and implications for working with notions of social transformation and inclusivity in heritage education. The third phase of data collection involved in-depth interviews. Twelve purposively selected research participants were interviewed between 2010 and 2011. Data generated across the study was processed and subjected to different levels of critical discourse analysis. Besides noting how heritage education in post colonial southern Africa is poorly framed and under-researched, this study revealed that current forms of representing indigenous heritage constructs are influenced more by socio-political discourses than the need to protect and conserve local heritage resources. The study also noted that the observed heritage education practices are oriented more towards addressing issues related to marginalisation and alienation of indigenous cultures and practices, than enhancing learners’ agency to manage and utilise local heritage resources in a more sustainable ways. Based on these findings the study recommends re-positioning heritage education within the framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). ESD acknowledges both issues of social justice and the dialectical interplay between nature and culture; as such, it may allow for representation and use of indigenous heritage constructs in ways that expand current political orientations to include sustainability as an additional objective of heritage education. Given that little research focusing on heritage education has been undertaken within southern Africa, the findings of this study provide a basis upon which future research may emerge.
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Biloso, Moyene Apollinaire. "Valorisation des produits forestiers non ligneux des plateaux de Batéké en périphérie de Kinshasa (RD Congo)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210454.
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La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche d’une meilleure compréhension de l’analyse de la valorisation des PFNL des plateaux Batéké en périphérie de Kinshasa en vue d’envisager un mode d’exploitation qui garantisse la conservation et l’utilisation durable et d’apporter les éléments indispensables à la gestion des PFNL. Les enquêtes par sondages sur une base de 280 ménages ont été renforcées par 22 entretiens par focus group. Des observations directes sur le terrain, des enquêtes socioéconomiques, ethnoécologiques sur les stratégies d’exploitation des PFNL, l’étude de la filière PFNL et les études d’impacts d’activités d’exploitation des PFNL ont été conduites entre juin 2005 et novembre 2006 dans 7 villages de Plateaux de Batéké: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo et 4ème Cité CADIM à plus de 140 km à l’Est de la ville Kinshasa.L’étude de la valorisation des PFNL des Plateaux de Batéké a montré que 169 espèces de PFNL appartenant à 65 familles des plantes sont valorisées. Cinq espèces de PFNL sont les plus exploitées dans la zone d’étude. Il s’agit de Pteridium sp, du vin indigène (de palmier à huile et de raphia), de Dioscorea praehensilis, de Talinum triangulare et du rotin. La détermination des facteurs explicatifs du choix de l’exploitation des PFNL les plus exploités dans la zone a été estimé par la régression multiple modèle Probit. Ce modèle a l’avantage d’inclure dans sa structure mathématique, la dépendance mutuelle et des informations sur la pertinence des variables explicatives présentes dans le modèle final. La consommation du Pteridium sp. par le ménage, son prix de vente, sa disponibilité dans les écosystèmes, la distance à parcourir par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, le statut matrimonial du chef de ménage, la distance par rapport au marché et l’appartenance à une structure locale sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminant dans le choix de l’exploitation du Pteridium sp. Pour l’exploitation du vin indigène, la distance par rapport aux lieux de prélèvement, la taille de ménage, les connaissances endogènes sur le vin indigène, la distance par rapport au marché et le revenu en sont des facteurs explicatifs. Le revenu issu de la vente, les connaissances endogènes, le prix de vente et la consommation sont des facteurs explicatifs déterminants pour l’exploitation de Dioscorea praehensilis. Pour Talinum triangulare, le revenu issu de la vente, la consommation, la distance par rapport au lieu de prélèvement, le prix de vente et les connaissances endogènes en sont les facteurs déterminants. Pour le rotin, la consommation, le prix de vente, les connaissances endogènes et la disponibilité en rotins dans les écosystèmes en sont les déterminants. Les PFNL vendus sur les marchés et points de ventes des Plateaux de Batéké proviennent des jachères forestières, des forêt-galeries et des savanes. Le coût total moyen d’exploitation d’un kg du PFNL est estimé à 0,08 $ US pour le Pteridium sp. 0,05 $ US pour le vin indigène, 0,05 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,05 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et à 0,20 $ US pour le rotin. Un exploitant villageois réalise par journée de travail, un revenu moyen de près de 2 $ US pour le Pteridium sp, 9 $ US pour le vin indigène, 1 $ US pour le Dioscorea praehensilis, 0,26 $ US pour le Talinum triangulare et près de 4 $ US pour le rotin. Hormis la valeur socio-économique que la valorisation des PFNL apporte à l’écosystème, certains méfaits sur la durabilité des écosystèmes sont occasionnés. Enfin, cette étude démontre qu’il y a des interactions entre les paysans enquêtés et leurs milieux. La définition d’une politique raisonnée de valorisation des PFNL intégrée à l’approche interdisciplinaire du développement durable reste incontournable pour la zone d’étude.
The present study aims to improve the understanding of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands situated in the periphery of Kinshasa in order to develop an exploitation mode that guarantees the conservation and a sustainable use and to provide the necessary elements to the management of the NTFP. The investigations by polls on a basis of 280 households have been reinforced by 22 interviews by means of focus groups. Direct observations in situ, socio-economic and ethno-ecological analyses of the exploitation of the NTFP, an analysis of the NTFP processing pathway and an impact study of the exploitation of the NTFP have been carried out between June 2005 and November 2006 in 7 villages of the Batéké Highlands: Mbankana, Dumi, Mampu, Muti-mutiene, Kinzono, Inzolo and 4th City CADIM situated at more than 140 km to the East of Kinshasa. The study of the valorisation of the NTFP of the Batéké Highlands showed that 169 species of NTFP belonging to 65 plant families are valorised. Five species of NTFP are the most exploited in the study area: Pteridium sp, indigenous wine (of palm oil and raffia), Dioscorea praehensilis, Talinum triangulare and rattan. The determination of the factors of the choice of the most exploited NTFP have been estimated by multiple regression and the Probit model. This model has the advantage to include mutual dependence in its mathematical structure as well as information on the relevance of the explanatory variables in the final model. The consumption of Pteridium sp. by household, its selling price, its availability in the ecosystems, the distance to the places of collection, the matrimonial status of the household chief, the distance to the market and the adherence to a local structure are the explanatory factors determining the choice of Pteridium sp. For the exploitation of the indigenous wine, the distance to the places of collection, the size of household, endogenous knowledge on the indigenous wine, the distance to the market and the income are the explanatory factors. The income generated by the sale, endogenous knowledge, the selling price and the consumption rate are the explanatory factors for Dioscorea praehensilis. For Talinum triangulare, the income generated by the sale, the consumption, the distance to the place of collection, the selling price and endogenous knowledge are the determining factors. For rattan, the consumption, the selling price, endogenous knowledge and the availability of rattan in the ecosystems are the determinants of the choice. The NTFP sold on the markets and points of sales of the Batéké Highlands are collected in forest fallow lands, forest-galleries and savannas. The overall average cost of exploitation of one kg of NTFP is estimated at 0.08 $ US for Pteridium sp. at 0.05 $ US for indigenous wine, at 0.05 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, at 0.05 $ US for Talinum triangulare and at 0.20 $ US for rattan. A local collector obtains per working day an average income of about 2 $ US for Pteridium sp, 9 $US for the indigenous wine, 1 $ US for Dioscorea praehensilis, 0.26 $ US for Talinum triangulare and about 4 $ US for rattan. Besides the socioeconomic value that the valorisation of the NTFP brings to the ecosystem, some bad practices for the durability of the ecosystems are observed. Finally, this study demonstrates that there are close interactions between the peasants questioned and their environment. The development of a reasonable policy of valorisation of the NTFP integrated with an interdisciplinary approach of sustainable development remains crucial for our study site.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Marinho, Jefferson Roberto de Oliveira. "A etnopedologia e o olhar transdisciplinar sobre o papel da ciÃncia do solo para o desenvolvimento rural do semiÃrido brasileiro." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11144.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel SuperiorA efetividade das polÃticas de combate à desertificaÃÃo e de convivÃncia com o semiÃrido requer a constante participaÃÃo dos atores sociais envolvidos com a temÃtica (PAE-CE, 2010). Sem a participaÃÃo dos atores sociais afetados direta ou indiretamente pelos efeitos da seca, nÃo hà possibilidade de sucesso das medidas de combate à desertificaÃÃo. Esta participaÃÃo deve se dar em vÃrias esferas, desde a formulaÃÃo das polÃticas atà sua implementaÃÃo. Os projetos construÃdos de modo participativo podem se dar em diversas frentes. O presente trabalho enfatiza o potencial da Etnopedologia como metodologia participativa de levantamento dos solos. Este campo interdisciplinar oferece uma metodologia adequada para mapeamentos dos solos em Ãreas ocupadas por comunidades rurais, ressaltando o refinado conhecimento que os camponeses tÃm sobre as terras das quais dependem para seu sustento. Este trabalho realiza levantamento de solos que parte do diÃlogo entre os saberes cientificamente consolidados pela ciÃncia do solo e aqueles pertencentes aos membros do Assentamento Angicos. Para tanto, recorreu-se- a levantamentos etnogrÃficos, que, atravÃs de entrevistas, observaÃÃo participante, expediÃÃes Ãs Ãreas cultivadas, permitiu a elaboraÃÃo de mapas com a visualizaÃÃo dos solos do Assentamento. O agricultores de Angicos possuem seu prÃprio sistema de classificaÃÃo de terras, que sÃo classificadas da seguinte forma: â Barro Vermelho/CrÃa â Barro branco â Terra Arisca/Areiusco â Massapà Dentre os tipos de terras citados, os mais importantes do ponto de vista agrÃcola sÃo o Areiusco e o barro Vermelho, onde sÃo produzidos, respectivamente, feijÃo e milho. O conhecimento dos solos do Assentamento Angicos pelos agricultores que ali vivem està intimamente ligado à estruturaÃÃo econÃmica desta comunidade, havendo assim, uma co-evoluÃÃo entre os seres humanos e a paisagem, condicionando as formas de organizaÃÃo sÃcio-espaciais, tema central deste relato.
The effectiveness of policies to combat desertification and coexistence with the semiarid requires constant participation of social actors involved in the issue (PAE-CE, 2010). Without the participation of the social actors directly or indirectly affected by the effects of drought, there is no possibility of success of measures to combat desertification. This participation should occur at various levels, from policy formulation to implementation. Projects constructed in a participatory manner can give on several fronts. This study emphasizes the potential of participatory methodology ethnopedology as lifting soil. This interdisciplinary field provides an appropriate methodology for mapping of soils in areas occupied by rural communities, highlighting the refined knowledge that farmers have on the land on which they depend for their livelihood. This paper conducts soil surveys that part of the dialogue between the scientific knowledge consolidated by soil science and those belonging to members of the Settlement Angicos. Therefore, we used it to ethnographic surveys, which, through interviews, participant observation, expeditions to cultivated areas, allowed the elaboration of maps with visualization of soil settlement. The farmers Angicos have their own system of land classification, which are classified as follows: â Barro vermelho / Croa â Barro Branco â Areiusco â Massapà Among the types of land mentioned, the most important agricultural point of view are Areiusco and red clay, where they are produced, respectively, beans and corn. Knowledge of soils Angicos settlement by farmers who live there are closely linked to economic structuring this community, so there is a co-evolution between humans and the landscape, affecting forms of socio-spatial organization, the central theme of this report.
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Veltri, Ana Luiza Azank [UNESP]. "Estudo de etnociências nas boas práticas agrícolas de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares do município de Botucatu, SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150062.
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O uso das plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares pela humanidade desde os tempos mais remotos revela também a associação existente entre conhecimento empírico e conhecimento científico, bem como sua importância para diferentes setores da sociedade. Devido à crescente abrangência e demanda do mercado em relação a este grupo de plantas, tornam-se maiores as necessidades de investimentos para a produção contínua da matéria-prima, a fim de atender às diferentes áreas de interesse. Detentores de conhecimentos vivenciados na prática, os agricultores representam um elo essencial desta complexa cadeia produtiva. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa buscou nas Etnociências, métodos para desenvolver um registro agronômico acerca das Boas Práticas Agrícolas de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares no município de Botucatu, SP, a partir do conhecimento empírico de oito famílias de agricultores produtores destas plantas. Pela importância deste grupo, um levantamento socioeconômico foi realizado para caracterizar os atores sociais envolvidos nesta produção agronômica e compreender o contexto em que estão inseridos. Os processos metodológicos realizados partem de pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas. Para a investigação do tema, foi feita análise documental, complementada pelas entrevistas semiestruturadas para a coleta de informações, registradas em caderno de campo e recursos audiovisuais, via gravações de voz e fotografias. A observação participante possibilitou a compreensão mais profunda do contexto do grupo humano estudado. Durante o levantamento de dados, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório a partir das necessidades encontradas pelos agricultores em relação às Boas Práticas Agrícolas estudadas aqui. A análise quantitativa, por sua vez, foi realizada por métodos de estatística descritiva, com sínteses apresentadas em forma de gráficos e tabelas. Diante da ocorrência da espécie medicinal Passiflora incarnata L. na produção agronômica de todos os participantes, seu sistema de cultivo é analisado e discutido. Os dados analisados revelam não só o potencial produtivo dos agricultores, mas também as fragilidades encontradas por eles, no campo, e também, nos âmbitos socioeconômicos. A complexidade das relações humanas entre diferentes atores sociais que surge nos relatos reflete na cadeia produtiva do grupo de plantas estudado. A integração entre os conhecimentos, empírico e científico, que sustenta esta pesquisa, busca validá-los e reconhecê-los em diversos setores da sociedade envolvidos no complexo agroindustrial de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares.
The use of medicinal plants by humanity reveals the association between empirical and scientific knowledge, and also their significance for different sectors of society. Given the increasing demand for medicinal plants, additional investment in its production is needed in order to meet this demand. The small family farmers represent an essential bond in this production chain due to their experience and local knowledge. In order to validate their empirical knowledge of good agricultural practices, this study is supported by an Ethnosciences review. The sample group of this research is comprised by eight family farmers that produce medicinal plants in the city of Botucatu, SP. A socioeconomic data survey was also performed in order to characterize them and understand their social context. Methodological processes of this study are based in both quantitative and qualitative researches. A literature review and semi structured interviews were also conducted to collect information, which were recorded in a field journal and audio-visual resources. Participant observations enabled a deeper understanding of the family farmers’ social context. During the data survey, two Laboratory experiments were conducted in the University with the intention to meet some family farmers’ needs from agronomic production. The quantitative analyses are supported by statistical data. All participants mentioned the agronomic production of Passiflora incarnata L. at least once in their production processes. Consequently, the good agricultural practices of this medicinal species are analysed and discussed. As a result, this study shows the productive potential of the family farmers and the issues faced by them in the field and in the socioeconomic environment. The integration between empirical and scientific knowledge that consolidate this research, aims to validate them in the different social sectors involved in the medicinal plant production chain.
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Mndela, Mthunzi. "Evaluation of range condition, soil properties, seed banks and farmer's perceptions in Peddie communal rangeland of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013153.
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South African rangelands in combination with their surrounding homesteads occupy 13% of the entire land surface in South Africa. These rangelands are a source of forage for communal livestock. The rangelands in communal tenure system are degraded due to high human population and livestock numbers. The rangeland of Peddie was never evaluated since the introduction of Nguni Cattle Empowerment Project. Therefore, socio-ecological evaluation was conducted in order to interlink farmer‟s perceptions and scientific data to recommend appropriate rangeland management and restoration programme. Two structured questionnaires consisting of close and open ended questions were used to investigate farmer‟s perceptions on rangeland condition, dynamics, and their causes. Sixty households were randomly selected on the bases of livestock ownership and the membership in Nguni Cattle Project. In each household, any respondent of 20 years or greater, and a key informant of age greater than 40 years were selected. For scientific assessment of range condition, three homogenous vegetation units namely grassland, scattered and dense bushland were demarcated into four 100m x 50m replicates. In each replicate, two 100m transects were laid parallel to each other with 30m equidistant apart. The step point and harvesting method along each transect were employed for herbaceous species composition and biomass production. The point-to-tuft distance was also determined as a proxy for basal cover. Woody density, species composition and tree equivalents were determined in 200m2 belt transects in each HVU replicates. The germination method for soil seed bank evaluation was also employed to find plant species composition and density. The soil nutrients (OC, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn) and pH were analysed through solution preparation and observation under photospectrometer to determine functional capacity of the soil of Peddie rangeland. The farmer‟s perceptions comprised of 63% females and 37% males (n = 120) with a mean household of 8 people, 5 adults and 3 children. It was perceived by 93.3% respondents that the rangeland of Peddie have undergone changes over two decades. These changes were perceived by 83% respondents to be accompanied by decline in livestock numbers. Woody encroachment and overgrazing were perceived to be the major attributes of these vegetation changes. The scientific rangeland condition assessment confirmed that these changes were more pronounced as bush density increases. Dense bushland had a significantly high (p<0.05) encroached condition with 6650 trees ha-1 and 4909.5 TE ha-1 beyond the recommended thresholds of 2400 trees ha-1 and 2500 TE ha-1 respectively. Scattered bushland had a fair condition of 1950 trees ha-1 and 1198.1TE ha-1. Themeda triandra as a key species was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland (31.1%) than scattered (15.6%) and dense bushland (6.1%). There was a declining trend in biomass production from grassland to dense bushland. The summer biomass production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland than scattered and dense bushland but winter biomass was not significantly different (p>0.05) from all homogenous vegetation units of Peddie rangeland. However, the soil fertility increased with an increase in bush density except organic carbon (OC) which was 1.61% in grassland, 1.46% in scattered and 1.53% in dense bushland respectively. Soil N, K, P, Mg2+ Na+, Ca2+, Cu, Zn, Mn and pH were significantly higher (p<0.05) in dense bushland than grassland and scattered bushland. High soil fertility in dense bushland may be attributed to by abscission of woody plants and litter decomposition. In the soil seed bank, the abundances of forbs were significantly higher than sedges (χ2 = 12, df = 1, p = 0.001) and grasses (χ2 = 8.333, df = 1, p = 0.004) in all homogenous vegetation units while sedges were not significantly different (χ2 = 3, df = 1, p = 0.083) from grasses. The Sorensen‟s index indicated that soil seed bank and extant vegetation were significantly different (p<0.05). Annual and biennial forbs and sedges had high abundances while perennial grasses formed a bulk in above ground vegetation. This provided an insight that a reliance on soil seed bank for restoration of Peddie rangeland would not be advisable because it can result in retrogression. The communal rangeland assessment provided clear qualitative and quantitative data when the combination of indigenous knowledge and scientific assessments was done. The rationale is that conclusions and recommendations of range assessment are relient on the farmer‟s perceptions pertinent to their livestock production systems and their rangeland management objectives. This study has shown that inclusion of communal farmers in policy making can provide better insight because those are the people experiencing the consequences of range degradation.
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Jolly, Rachel. "Co-engaged learning : Xhosa women's narratives on traditional foods." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003331.
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This interpretive case study examines Grahamstown East Xhosa women's narratives on the nutritional value of traditional foods. It reviews reflexive learning interactions apparent in the co-engaged narratives of food preparation practices. The research design incorporates methods of reflective co-engagement through which a small team of women were approached as 'co-researchers' in order to work together on shared, local knowledge capital and nutrition concerns. It draws on findings generated using a combination of semi-structured interviews, cooking demonstrations, videography, photographs and field observations as methods of data collection. Data were member-checked and reviewed in a rural context before the emerging evidence was analyzed using Bassey's (1999) analytical statements. Contextual factors influencing the study are high poverty, unemployment and HIV/AIDS prevalence where nutrition levels have been found to be low. The women making up the study have spent the majority of their lives in the peri-urban area of Grahamstown and in some cases, are more than one generation removed from rural living and its associated knowledge. The accompanying shift to modernization was found to influence the interplay between their narratives and practice. Indigenous Knowledge is often characterized by being situated in practice with the knowledge-holders often not 'knowing that they know.' This study concludes that it is not possible to assume that knowledge can always be consciously expressed, especially when that knowledge is embedded in practice. Related to this, co-engagement and diversity among the group gave rise to greater disequilibrium as well as making the knowledge more explicit and hence, available for reflection. The study suggests that through the process of co-engagement and deliberation around indigenous ways of knowing, agency and cultural identity appears to be enabled and strengthened.
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Guiral, Clarisse. "Diversité des jardins et stratégies paysannes le long d'un gradient altitudinal en Ethiopie Centrale." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0047.
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C’est en Éthiopie Centrale que nous avons cherché à cerner les réalités plurielles et évolutives du jardin. Le district d’Ankobär a été choisi pour son ancrage historique et sa situation aux bords du Rift, montrant une mosaïque culturelle et des contrastes écologiques forts. Ce travail a pour but de comprendre, à travers le jardin, les relations dynamiques entre les communautés paysannes vivant le long de la pente et leur environnement. Une approche ethnobiologique a été adoptée. Pour saisir l’historicité et la variété des jardins, nous avons éprouvé plusieurs critères définissant classiquement le jardin, par opposition au champ, tels le soin individuel des plantes, la proximité de la maison, l’accès limité. Les jardins en Éthiopie Centrale ne sont réductibles ni à la définition classique des jardins ni aux jardins d’ensète ni à la catégorie amharique gwaro. Les critères de définition du jardin évoluent avec la pente, illustrant les multiples réalités de la catégorie locale jardinIt is in Central Ethiopia that we attempted to define the plural and progressive realities of the garden. The district of Ankobär was chosen for its historical anchoring and its situation at the edge of the Rift Valley showing a cultural mosaic and great environmental contrasts. This work aims to understand, through the garden, the dynamic relations between the peasant communities settled along the slope and their environment. An ethnobiological approach was adopted. To grasp the historicity and the variety of the gardens, we put to the test different criteria defining traditionally the garden, in contrast with the field, as the individual care given to the plants, the proximity to the home, the limited access. The gardens of Central Ethiopia can not be reduced neither to the classical definition of gardens nor to the enset gardens nor to the amharic category gwaro. Their criteria of definition change with the slope, illustrating the numerous realities of the local category garden
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Martin, Clémence. "Construire sa compétence en taille de pierre : processus corporels et sociaux d'acquisition et de transmission du savoir." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0036.
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Notre étude s’intéresse au fonctionnement des processus corporels et sociaux engagés dans le contexte didactique d’apprentissage de la taille de pierre. Car comment définir un savoir qui ne s'acquiert que dans un douloureux face à face avec la matière? Et comment transmettre une connaissance issue d’une expérience corporelle intime par essence? Là réside un véritable enjeu pédagogique, scientifique et économique, puisque c’est bien sur la maîtrise sensorielle et gestuelle devenue experte que se fonde la compétence technique. Or, l’étude de cette « expertise sensorielle » pose un évident problème : le savoir reste avant tout contenu dans le corps. L’acquisition de ce savoir incorporé passe donc essentiellement par la mise en place d’un système auto-pédagogique où l’apprenti va devoir découvrir par lui-même la manière dont les propriétés corps/outil/matière doivent être utilisés. L’acte de transmission, quant à lui, est fortement ponctué par le formateur qui compense le caractère non verbalisable du savoir technique par des représentations gestuelles. Peu à peu, les habiletés posturo-motrices, cognitives et comportementales de l’apprenti émergent pour enfin devenir une compétence. Celle-ci est malheureusement menacée par un système pédagogique en alternance où, pour des raisons historiques et statutaires, la conception de l’apprentissage de l’Entreprise et du Compagnonnage s’affrontent. Les réformes engagées par l’Etat, loin d’avoir contribuées à apaiser ces tensions, semblent au contraire avoir ébranlé un peu plus un système d’enseignement à la fois riche et fragile de ses différencesOur study is interested in the functioning of the physical and social processes engaged in the didactic context of learning of the stone cutting. How to define a knowledge which acquires itself only in a painful confrontation with the material? And how pass on a knowledge stemming from an intimate physical experiment? There lie a real educational, scientific and economic stake, because it is indeed on the sensory and gestural control become expert that bases itself the technical skill. However, the study of this " sensory expertise " raises a problem: knowledge remains above all contained in the body. The acquisition of this incorporated knowledge essentially passes by implementation of an auto-educational system where the apprentice is going to have to discover by himself the way the properties body / tool / material must be used. Transmission, as for him, is strongly punctuated by the trainer who compensates for the character not verbalisable of the technical knowledge with gestural representations. Little by little, the posturo-driving, cognitive and behavioral skills of the emergent apprentice to become finally a skill. This one is regrettably threatened by an educational system in alternation where, for historic and statutory reasons, the conception of the learning of Compagnonnage and Trade guilds are in confrontation. The reforms engaged by the State, far from having contributed to calm these tensions, seem on the contrary to have shaken a little more a system of at the same moment rich and fragile education of its differences
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Druguet, Aurélie. "De l'invention des paysages à la construction des territoires : les terrasses des Ifugaos (Philippines) et des Cévenoles (France)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0012.
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Lescureux, Nicolas. "Maintenir la réciprocité pour mieux coéxister ? : ethnographie du récit kirghiz des relations dynamiques entre les hommes et les loups." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00368933.
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Confronté aux difficultés inhérentes aux différentes disciplines à dégager les éventuelles propriétés interactives et co-évolutives des relations entre les hommes et les loups, j’ai pris le parti dans cette thèse d’interroger les Kirghiz sur leurs relations et la façon dont ils les envisagent dans la synchronie et dans la diachronie. J’ai adopté pour cela une démarche ethno-éthologique, qui souhaite intégrer le comportement de l’animal et la manière dont il est perçu par la société afin de déterminer les influences qu’il peut avoir sur les savoirs et les pratiques de cette société. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse de l’ontologie et de la cosmologie des Kirghiz montre que ceux-ci considèrent la plupart des animaux comme des acteurs/actants de leur monde. Parmi les animaux, le loup fait à n’en point douter figure d’exception. Intelligent, doué d’intentionnalité et de capacités réflexives, il se voit attribuer une intériorité similaire à celle de l’homme. L’investigation plus profonde des savoirs éco-éthologiques des Kirghiz permet par la suite de montrer que le mode de vie du loup les conduit à s’identifier à cet animal qui apparaît ainsi comme leur alter ego, à la fois ennemi rancunier qu’il faut contrôler et animal sanitaire dont la prédation est nécessaire au fonctionnement du monde. En tenant compte des comportements du loup et en conduisant également à des modifications de ceux-ci, les pratiques d’élevage et de chasse des Kirghiz viennent confirmer leur conception du monde tout autant qu’elles participent à l’émergence de celle-ci. Ces activités constituent également le terrain d’expérimentation interactive où les comportements des loups vis-à-vis des humains s’élaborent et se révèlent. Il apparaît ainsi que les Kirghiz ne construisent pas unilatéralement une relation avec les loups mais se trouvent engagés dans une interrelation fondée sur des interactions réciproques. Enfin, le récit que les Kirghiz nous donnent des évènements qui ont suivi la chute de l’URSS, de leur impact sur les pratiques humaines et des changements de comportement des loups qui en découlent nous permet de faire ressortir le caractère dynamique des interrelations mises en évidence et nous conduit à considérer la relation entre les Kirghiz et les loups comme une co-évolution. Le fait que les bouleversement des interactions soit susceptible de remettre en cause la place du loup dans la cosmologie kirghize voire les propriétés ontologiques qui lui sont attribuées permet de proposer une nouvelle approche des conflits existant entre les hommes et les loups. Par ailleurs il apparaît au terme de ce travail que l’expérience et le savoir de ceux qui sont engagés dans des relations avec les animaux sont indispensables à la compréhension des processus qui les sous-tendent et que l’étude de ces mêmes processus est nécessaire pour appréhender dans toute leur complexité les comportements des hommes comme ceux des animauxConsidering the difficulties of disciplinary approaches to grasp the interactive and co-evolutive properties of human-wolf relationships, I decided to question the Kyrgyz on their relationships and the way they perceive them in synchrony and diachrony. I adopted an ethno-ethological approach which integrate the animal’s behaviour and the way it is perceived in order to determine their influences on society’s knowledge and practices. The analysis of Kyrgyz’s ontology and cosmology shows they perceive most of animals as actors on their world. Among other animals, wolf appears as exceptional. Intelligent, endowed with intentionality and reflectivity, Kyrgyz credit him with the same interiority as human one. A deeper analysis of Kyrgyz’s eco-ethological knowledge allows to show that the wolf’s way of life drive them to identify themselves with this animal who thus appears as an alter ego, at the same time a vengeful enemy who needs to be controled and a sanitary animal whom predation is necessary to the well functionning of the world. Kyrgyz’s livestock breeding and hunting practices take into account wolf’s behaviour and drive also to some changes in these behaviours. This fact bears out their conception of the world and also takes part in its emergence. These activities also form the interactive experimentation’s field in which the behaviours of wolves towards humans are formed and revealed. Thus, it appears that the Kyrgyz do not build unilateraly their relationships with wolves but are engaged with them in an inter-relation founded on reciprocal interactions. Finaly, the narrative that Kyrgyz give about the events following the fall of USSR and their consequences on human practices and thus on wolves behaviour allows us to bring to light the dynamic property of Kyrgyz-wolves relationship and drives us to consider it as a co-evolution. The fact that the interactions’ upheaval could undermine the place of the wolf in Kyrgyz’ cosmology or even his ontological properties drives us to suggest a new approach of the existing conflicts between humans and wolves. Moreover, it appears that experience and knowledge of people engaged in relationships with animals are essential to understand the processes which underlie these relationships. The study of these processes is necessary to comprehend the behaviour of humans and animals in their complexity
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Mogomba, Guy Serge. "Ethnoécologie des Mitsogho du Gabon : Ethnobotanique et Ethnozoologie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0309/document.
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Notre étude a porté sur les utilisations socioculturelles de la faune et de la flore chez les Mitsogho du Gabon. Autrement dit, elle met l'homme en relation avec son environnement. Il s'est agi de la mise en évidence de la façon dont les Mitsogho du Gabon conçoivent, conceptualisent et activent leur relation avec le monde non humain visible et invisible, notamment végétal et animal. Nous avons ainsi vu apparaître deux approches contrastées par rapport à une hypothétique relation homme/nature : la première, celle des Sociétés dites « traditionnelles », considère, conformément aux « théories indigènes » (Claude Lévi-Strauss) et à la démonstration d'un Philippe Descola, que l'ensemble des créateurs font partie d'un continuum dont les éléments différenciés se doivent d'entretenir des relations de conciliation et d'échange équitable, où l'être humain particulièrement est défini comme partie intégrante des biotopes et des écosystèmes, la seconde, celle des sociétés industrialisées, repose sur un antagonisme explicite dans les textes fondateurs (la Genèse dans la tradition chrétienne), des religions dites « révélées » qui positionnent les êtres humains comme « maîtres » et « régisseurs » de la création. Une telle attitude est le moteur de toutes politiques dites « de développement » durable ou non. La perspective est diachronique et elle vise à montrer ce qui se passe lorsque deux modes d'être, de penser et d'agir (MEPA) contraires entrent en collision, dans un contexte que nous définissons globalement comme « colonial »Our study focused on the sociocultural use of fauna and flora amongst the Mitsogho of Gabon. In other terms, it puts the man in relationship with his environment. It was about demonstrating the way of which the Mitsogho of Gabon conceive, conceptualize and activate their relationship with the visible and invisible world, notably plant and animal. The study showed the emerging of two approaches contrasted in relation to an hypothetical relationship between man and nature : the first approach being the so call "traditional", consider according to the "indigenous" theories (Claude Lévi-Strauss) and to the demonstration of Philippe Descola, that all creatures are part of a continuum of which the differentiated elements must maintain relations of conciliation and equitable exchange, where the human being is particularly defined as integral part of the biotopes and the ecosystems ; the second, the one of the industrialized societies, based on an explicit antagonism in the founding texts (the Genesis in the Christian tradition), of the so call "revealed" religion that positions the human beings as "masters" and "managers" of the creation. Such an attitude is the motor of all policies so call "sustainable development" or not. The perspective is diachronic and it aims to show what happens when two opposite ways of being, of thinking and of acting (MEPA) come into collision, in a context that we define globally as "colonial"
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Baya, Chatti Chedli. "Innovation et transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs professionnels dans les entreprises artisanales de métiers ancestraux en Tunisie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28871/28871.pdf.
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Rojas, Zolezzi Enrique Carlos. "Mythes de la création du monde, représentations du gibier et des plantes cultivées et définition de l'ordre social traditionnel chez les Campa Ashaninka de l'orient péruvien." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0181.
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Dans ce texte, nous réalisons une étude des conceptions concernant la relation entre les horticulteurs-chasseurs-pêcheurs ashaninka (Amazonie péruvienne) et les êtres non humains (plantes et animaux) de leur environnement, dans la mesure où les représentations socialement produites participent de la définition des modèles d'action des acteurs sociaux. Ainsi, dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous effectuons une approche de la manière dont les Ashaninka organisent leurs relations avec les ^etres non humains de l'environnement où ils habitent, à travers l'étude de la mythologie et des taxonomies de la faune et de la flore du piémont oriental des Andes centrales. On part de la critique de l'ethnoscience pour montrer que le groupe ashaninka de l'Amazonie centrale péruvienne a développé divers niveaux de classification des animaux de la forêt. Loin d'assumer une position statique de la relation de la société ashaninka avec les non humains, nous essayons de montrer le devenir de cette société à partir des changements dans le modèle d'occupation de l'espace. C'est un aspect de l'organisation de la société qui reste en relation avec la gestion des plantes et des animaux. Les changements dans le modèle d'alliance matrimoniale, conséquence de ce procès, sont ainsi analysés, en tant que partie de l'ensemble de la dynamique de reproduction socialeIn this thesis, we study the conceptions that constitute schemes of social action that provides the Ashaninka hoticulturalist-hunter-fisher-gatherer with models of interaction in the domain of the daily relations woth plants and animals of their environment. From a critical position of ethno science approach, our emphasis is given on the analysis of myths related to the origin of plants and animals and their relation with taxonomies. Evidence on the coexistence of different systems of classification in ashaninka language is presented. Far from a static approach to this subject, we stuy the actual praxis of the ashaninka social actors a the result of the process of becoming a sedentary populztion and the introduction of foreign species. Changes and continuities in marriage system, result of this process, are also studied as part of the transformations in the dynamic of social reproduction