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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethologists'
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1
Beaugrand, Jacques. "International Directory of Ethologists." Behavioural Processes 21, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357(90)90034-d.
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Blehr, Otto. "In defence of "anecdotal data". A case study from a caribou area in West Greenland." Rangifer 17, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.17.1.385.
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The author pleads for a modification of ethological science that allows for the presentation of even tentative hypotheses, based on what is at present disparagingly referred to as "anecdotal data". It is argued that such data are crucial for the neglected study of the habituation of free-ranging large mammals. In such studies of learning, relevant behavioural observations lie outside the ethologist's control, and can only be replicated by further chance encounters. Observations in their anecdotal form should therefore be made available to other ethologists despite their lack of quantifiable data. This would allow for the creation of a pool of more or less unique observations helping to better understand behaviour.
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Charlesworth, William R. "Adolescents, the Ethologists Are Coming!" Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 4 (April 1988): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/025580.
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Harcourt, A. H. "Mutualism between ecologists and ethologists?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 11 (November 1994): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90133-3.
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Gadagkar, Raghavendra. "What Do Ethologists Wish to Know?" Resonance 23, no. 8 (August 2018): 841–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0686-z.
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Richer, John. "A must-read for Human Ethologists." Human Ethology 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22330/he/35/027-031.
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Drummond, Hugh. "Towards a Standard Ethogram: Do Ethologists Really Want One?" Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 68, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00135.x.
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Fernandez, Ana Maria, José Antonio Muñoz-Reyes, and Carlos Rodriguez-Sickert. "Welcome Ethologists to the southern end of the world." Human Ethology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22330/he/34/118-122.
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Poddyakov, A. N. "Tools to Study Behavior and Activity: Psychologists’ Inventions as a Component of Cultural-Historical Process." Cultural-Historical Psychology 19, no. 1 (April 26, 2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2023190104.
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<p>Specially designed cultural tools of psychologists’ and ethologists’ research activity are considered. The tools are objects stimulating a living being (an animal or a human) to unfold its behavior (activity) and, due to it, providing opportunity to study the behavior (activity). They serve as a base for psychological science and are included in systems of relationships between many people. A history of inventions of these objects (from behaviorists’ puzzle boxes, gestalt psychologists’ instruments and experimental objects designed in A.N. Leontiev’s activity approach to the newest objects) is a part of intellectual history of humankind and unfolding of its creative potential towards self-development and self-cognition. Some part of the objects become, in a transformed form, objects of mass culture (e.g. toys). These inventions by psychologists and ethologists are a component of cultural-historical process and modern humankind’s activity structures.</p>
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McLennan, D. A., Daniel R. Brooks, and J. D. McPhail. "The benefits of communication between comparative ethology and phylogenetic systematics: a case study using gasterosteid fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-325.
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Early comparative ethologists stressed both phylogenetic (historical) and environmental (selection) factors when searching for explanations of behavioural evolution. The last two decades have witnessed a narrowing of ethologists' evolutionary perspective to questions concerning environmentally based maintenance of behaviours. This approach, with its reliance on subjective, a priori assumptions concerning the temporal sequence of ethological modifications, dissociates character evolution from underlying phylogenetic relationships. This, in turn, is responsible for the tendency of many researchers to confuse character maintenance (stasis) with character origin and divergence (evolution). The decline of phylogenetically based explanations of behavioural evolution is mirrored by the decline in the utilization of behavioural data in systematic analyses. Yet, since behaviour is closely intertwined with development, physiology, and morphology and thus subject to the same evolutionary processes and constraints, it should change in ways that reflect underlying phylogenetic relationships. Communication between comparative ethologists and systematists is restricted. As an example of the potential benefits of interdisciplinary communication, a phylogenetic systematic analysis of the teleostean family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks) based solely upon behavioural characters is presented. The phylogenetic tree derived from this analysis has a consistency index of 90.3%. In this particular case, the behavioural data provide a less ambiguous picture than the morphological data. The phylogenetic tree, in turn, is a hypothesis of the temporal sequence of behavioural evolution. From this hypothesis, it is possible to trace the origin, divergence, and interrelationships of agonistic, sexual, and parental behaviours in gasterosteids, and to compare this macroevolutionary patterning with predictions of character evolution based on microevolutionary studies. Examination of behavioural evolution within a phylogenetic framework provides a more robust characterization of evolutionary history. By analyzing and comparing structural (biochemical, morphological) and functional (ecological, behavioural) aspects of the phenotype, future phylogenetic studies will enable us to develop a more comprehensive picture of the patterns of biological evolution.
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Goodie, Adam S. "The breadth-depth tradeoff: Gains and losses as the unidirectional shift in Pavlovian conditioning continues." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00312432.
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Domjan et al. continue a consistent trend in Pavlovian conditioning, that of accounting for more behaviors while sacrificing specificity of predictions. Despite the sacrifice, their model provides a valuable framework within which social behavioral research may operate. It may also allow ethologists and evolutionary psychologists to pursue questions about which feed-forward systems should produce which behaviors in social settings.
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Greenberg, Gary. "Comparative Psychology: An Epigenetic Approach." Teaching of Psychology 14, no. 3 (October 1987): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1403_3.
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This article describes a comparative psychology course oriented around the themes of phylogeny and ontogeny. Accordingly, the course emphasizes the evolution and development of behavioral processes. Significant features of the course include discussion of the concept of integrative levels and Schneirla's approach/withdrawal theory. The course evaluates genetic determinism as used by ethologists and sociobiologists and stresses the principle of parsimony.
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Hoffman, Howard S. "Psychologists and Ethologists Find Common Ground in the Study of Development." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 5 (May 1996): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/004462.
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Nurkic, Petar, and Ivan Umeljic. "What does a bee know? A teleosemantic framework for cognitive ethologist." Theoria, Beograd 65, no. 4 (2022): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2204033n.
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Naturalistic epistemology is usually associated with Quine?s turn from an a priori and traditional to a descriptive understanding of knowledge. In this paper, however, we will look at theories developed from Quine?s ideas - Millikan?s teleosemantics and Kornblith?s cognitive ethology. We will answer three questions: (i) Can a bee know?; (ii) What can a bee know?; and (iii) Does the bee know? First, we will answer the question of animal cognitive capacities using Kornblith?s understanding of the epistemic environment and the basic features of cognitive ethology. We will then set up teleosemantics as a framework in which Millikanin attempts to naturalize intentional states and answer the question of the knowledge content in animals. By understanding natural signs and considering the non-propositional content of mental representations in animals, we will answer the third question and show how Kornblith and cognitive ethologists attempt to track the processes of forming reliable true beliefs in different kinds of organisms. We will answer each of the three questions above by drawing on the research of apiologists and cognitive ethologists to provide empirical support for the theses of our work and so that we do not remain only on attempts, possible introductions, and anecdotes of naturalistic conceptions of knowledge, but provide concrete descriptions of the world and the place of knowledge in it.
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Christiansen, Stine Billeschou, and Björn Forkman. "Assessment of animal welfare in a veterinary context—A call for ethologists." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 106, no. 4 (September 2007): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.004.
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Wang, Haibo, Hanna Kurniawati, Surya Singh, and Mandyam Srinivasan. "In-silico Behavior Discovery System: An Application of Planning in Ethology." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 25 (April 8, 2015): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v25i1.13693.
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It is now widely accepted that a variety of interaction strategies in animals achieve optimal or near optimal performance. The challenge is in determining the performance criteria being optimized. A difficulty in overcoming this challenge is the need for a large body of observational data to delineate hypotheses, which can be tedious and time consuming, if not impossible. To alleviate this difficulty, we propose a system — termed ``in-silico behavior discovery" — that will enable ethologists to simultaneously compare and assess various hypotheses with much less observational data. Key to this system is the use of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) to generate an optimal strategy under a given hypothesis. POMDPs enable the system to take into account imperfect information about the animals' dynamics and their operating environment. Given multiple hypotheses and a set of preliminary observational data, our system will compute the optimal strategy under each hypothesis, generate a set of synthesized data for each optimal strategy, and then rank the hypotheses based on the similarity between the set of synthesized data generated under each hypothesis and the provided observational data. In particular, this paper considers the development of this approach for studying mid-air collision-avoidance strategies of honeybees. To perform a feasibility study, we test the system using 100 data sets of close encounters between two honeybees. Preliminary results are promising, indicating that the system independently identifies the same hypothesis (optical flow centering) as discovered by neurobiologists/ethologists.
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Bracegirdle, Hazel. "The Use of Play in Occupational Therapy for Children: What is Play?" British Journal of Occupational Therapy 55, no. 3 (March 1992): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269205500309.
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This article introduces some of the theoretical principles that inform the use of play in the treatment of children with disabilities. A number of competing definitions of play and its functions are briefly discussed. Both educationalists and child psychotherapists make claims for the value of play but tend to offer quite different explanations of why it helps vulnerable children, whilst animal ethologists stress the role of play in promoting survival and adaptation. Some of the key ideas of historically important play theorists, including Freud, Klein, Winnicott, Froebel, Montessori and Piaget, are mentioned.
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Wilde, Grant A., and Robin R. Murphy. "A robotics-oriented taxonomy of how ethologists characterize the traversability of animal environments." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 118 (August 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2019.04.009.
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Tuyttens, Frank A. M., Lisanne Stadig, Jasper L. T. Heerkens, Eva Van laer, Stephanie Buijs, and Bart Ampe. "Opinion of applied ethologists on expectation bias, blinding observers and other debiasing techniques." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 181 (August 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.04.019.
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Prossinger, Hermann, Susanne Schmehl, and Elisabeth Oberzaucher. "Statistical Analysis of Gesture Encoding: How consistently can ethologists encode what they observe?" Human Ethology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22330/he/34/173-193.
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Dasser, Verena, Paul Hoyningen-Huene, and Hans Kummer. "Exploring Primate Social Cognition: Some Critical Remarks1)." Behaviour 112, no. 1-2 (1990): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00699.
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AbstractThe paper expresses the authors' views on the growing interest in primate social cognition, particularly among descriptive primate ethologists. Its characteristics are the hope to extract cognitive interpretations from field anecdotes, the free use of intentional language, and the untested and so far untestable idea that primate intelligence was selected in social contexts. We believe that 1) To understand how the animal itself represents the structure of its group or its habitat is perhaps the most ethological ethology there is and well worth pursuing. The study of social cognition, in particular, has long been neglected. 2) However, it requires of ethologists that they learn from established cognitive science and integrate its categories with their own. This is an interdisciplinary enterprise. 3) A traditional inductive study begins with anecdotes, which then are translated into hypotheses, which in turn are subjected to empirical tests including experiments. Sociobiology began to publish hypotheses without tests; the social cognition move now goes on to publish anecdotes without hypotheses, with a strong penchant for anthropomorphic interpretations in terms of social manipulation. This is little more than applying human prejudice. Phylogenetic and cognitive insights will come from testing alternative levels of organization in an animal's social knowledge about the same behavioral interaction. The experiment is the largely unavoidable method. Examples are given. 4) The speculation of the social origin of primate intelligence is tentatively interpreted in two possible directions. A version based on ROZIN's (1976) view that generalized mammal intelligence evolved from context-specific "Adaptive Specializations" seems the more accessible to ethological thinking and method.
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Moe, Aaron. "Zoopoetics." Humanimalia 3, no. 2 (February 12, 2012): 28–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.10047.
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The premise of zoopoetics is that nonhuman animals possess agency as they dwell imaginatively, rhetorically, and culturally on the earth. These claims are contentious, and therefore they are defined and defended through drawing on the work of rhetoricians, ethologists, poets, and theorists. Though zoopoetics could illuminate the work of many poets, the essay focuses on the works of E. E. Cummings and W. S. Merwin, for they both have written numerous poems that not only explore the agency of nonhuman animals, but also create interspecies borderlands where the animal engages the human just as much as the human engages the animal.
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Fitch, W. Tecumseh, Angela D. Friederici, and Peter Hagoort. "Pattern perception and computational complexity: introduction to the special issue." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1598 (July 19, 2012): 1925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0099.
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Research on pattern perception and rule learning, grounded in formal language theory (FLT) and using artificial grammar learning paradigms, has exploded in the last decade. This approach marries empirical research conducted by neuroscientists, psychologists and ethologists with the theory of computation and FLT, developed by mathematicians, linguists and computer scientists over the last century. Of particular current interest are comparative extensions of this work to non-human animals, and neuroscientific investigations using brain imaging techniques. We provide a short introduction to the history of these fields, and to some of the dominant hypotheses, to help contextualize these ongoing research programmes, and finally briefly introduce the papers in the current issue.
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Manteca, X., and J. M. Deag. "Social Roles in Cattle: A Plea for Interchange of Ideas Between Primatologists and Applied Ethologists." Animal Welfare 2, no. 4 (November 1993): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600016110.
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AbstractSocial role has been defined as a pattern of behaviour characteristic of a class of individuals within a group. The concept was developed by primatologists both to describe individual variation in behaviour in social groups and to be used in addition to hierarchy as a model for primate social organization. Cattle have been shown to express considerable individual variation in behaviour. Furthermore, cattle and primates show some similarities with respect to their social behaviour. This may indicate that the concept of social roles might be useful to those studying cattle behaviour. After a brief literature review it is concluded that the concept may indeed be applicable to cattle. The possible welfare implications of this are first, that it would offer a new approach for the study of individual differences in behaviour - important to the understanding of how animals cope with their environment in captivity. Second, it could help the understanding of social behaviour in domestic species. It is suggested that an interchange of ideas between primatologists and applied ethologists is needed.
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Veissier, Isabelle, and Mara Miele. "Animal welfare: towards transdisciplinarity – the European experience." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14330.
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The premises of animal welfare science can be found in the debate about the moral status of animals in philosophy, the introduction of the concept of stress in physiology, and the description of the behaviour of animals by ethologists. In the 1970s animal welfare became an object of study for applied research with the aim of improving the life of domesticated animals. It was first studied within disciplines, e.g. applied ethologists compared the behaviour of domesticated animals to that of their wild counterparts and identified behavioural needs. Then it became clear that stress is more a psychological concept than a physiological one. The links between stress and behavioural needs and preferences were also established. Similarly the links between animal welfare and health were investigated by looking at malaise behaviour and at stress-immunity relations. More recently, frameworks developed in human psychology were applied to animals to identify the emotions they can experience. This typically requires that researchers from one discipline engage with other disciplines for a cross fertilisation of concepts and frameworks. Animal welfare scientists now use many indicators, covering a wide range of possible disorders from abnormal behaviour, diseases, production failure, and poor emotional states. Animal scientists started to work with social scientists to relate their own perception of animal welfare and that of society at large. This interdisciplinary approach is illustrated by the Welfare Quality project where an overall assessment of animal welfare was built according to scientific evidence of what matters to animals as seen by animal scientists and of what society value as good care to these animals. We feel that animal welfare requires breaking frontiers between disciplines to create a holistic approach. We discuss whether we need to move from an interdisciplinary to a transdisciplinary approach, across and beyond disciplines, whereby not only scientists but also stakeholders and society at large can contribute to the definition of this particular research object: animal welfare.
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Fletcher, T. J. "Farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01094.
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The domestication of plants and animals is recognized as pivotal in mankind’s social evolution. Yet, surprisingly few species have actually been farmed, prompting speculation as to which attributes are needed for successful domestication. Although red deer were the staple source of meat throughout Europe in the mesolithic, they have not been widely domesticated, leading many ethologists to argue that they are behaviourally unsuitable. Recently, the most widely accepted criterion of domestication, the ability of farmers to control the breeding of a species, has been fulfilled in red and other species of deer with the widespread adoption of even the most technologically advanced methods of artificial breeding. Simultaneously and conversely, the population growth of wild deer in many temperate parts of the world has stimulated a search for contraceptive techniques.
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이안나, 정진수, YANG IL HO, and 권용주. "The Study on Research Steps, Thinking Processes, Behavioral Patterns, and Generated Knowledges in Ethologists' Research Activities." BIOLOGY EDUCATION 35, no. 3 (September 2007): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15717/bioedu.2007.35.3.361.
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Millman, Suzanne T., Ian J. H. Duncan, Markus Stauffacher, and Joseph M. Stookey. "The impact of applied ethologists and the International Society for Applied Ethology in improving animal welfare." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 86, no. 3-4 (June 2004): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.02.008.
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Kirk, Robert G. W. "The Silver Spring monkey controversy: changing cultures of care in twentieth-century laboratory animal research." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2019-0012.
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Abstract In September 1981 police raided the Institute for Behavioral Research (Silver Spring, Maryland, USA) seizing a number of macaque monkeys in response to accusations of animal cruelty against the neuroscientist Edward Taub. Over the following decade a volatile battle was fought as Taub, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the nascent animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), contested the claims and decided the monkeys’ fate. In spite of the monkeys having been surgically altered so as to be incapable of feeling pain a loose alliance of veterinarians, ethologists and animal advocates argued that they nonetheless suffered. Whilst this episode is often seen as a polarized confrontation between science and society, this paper argues that the Silver Spring monkey controversy saw two historically distinct cultures of laboratory animal care meet resulting in the development of new approaches to animal welfare in biomedical science.
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Józefów-Czerwińska, Bożena. "W poszukiwaniu początków oraz prób zrozumienia „zachowań symbolicznych”. Zarys problematyki." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 25 (December 15, 2020): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2020.25.05.
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In academic literature there is a whole range of hypotheses relating to the genesis of the symbolic behavior, which are usually also associated with the beginnings of the development of spirituality. In the nineteenth century, the considerations conducted in this area were often influenced by negative stereotypes (relating, among others, to hunter-gatherers), which were later deconstructed. Although the discussion on this subject has been ongoing since the nineteenth century, even in the light of research and achievements of the modern science, the problem of the origins of symbolic behavior has still not been unequivocally resolved. However, it is assumed that they should be attributed primarily to the changes that were initiated in our ancestors from the Homo Sapiens family. In recent years, however, some ethologists and primatologists believe that the genesis of symbolic behavior should be sought in the animal world. I devote my article to this diversified subject matter.
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Clay, Anne, and Younsung Kim. "Peaceful Coexistence in Compassionate Conservation: A Policy Discourse Analysis." Journal of Public Policy and Administration 8, no. 2 (June 14, 2024): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20240802.12.
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The principle of 'peaceful coexistence' in compassionate conservation emphasizes the need to assess and transform conservation practices to resolve conflicts between humans and animals. Zoos and aquariums, intended to foster connections between people and nature, serve as sites of daily interaction among various stakeholders, such as zookeepers, veterinarians, and ethologists. This research aims to examine how South Korea's Aquarium and Zoo Management Act, along with animal welfare, animal rights, and conservation discourse coalitions, critically evaluate and influence the management of captive animals to promote harmonious human-animal coexistence. Using a policy discourse analysis approach, the study investigates how these discourse coalitions frame policy issues and solutions in South Korean zoo management. By analysing semi-structured interviews, media content, and policy documents, this research identifies the need to emphasize a positive welfare state, leverage the influence of animal welfare discourse coalitions, and build networks and regulations that enforce welfare standards for captive animal management, ultimately realizing the principle of peaceful coexistence.
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Konecki, Krzysztof T. "Pets of Konrad Lorenz. Theorizing in the social world of pet owners." Qualitative Sociology Review 3, no. 1 (April 12, 2007): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.3.1.08.
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This article explores the personal account titled Man meets dog ([1949] 2002) by an outstanding ethologist Konrad Lorenz who is one of the key theoreticians of the social world of pet owners. His lines of argumentation and categories of pet perception within this social world may be reconstructed from his personal recollections. The concepts of the social world and arena are the key notions that integrate the current analysis. The arena is also formed in the course of the inner conversation and is often going together with the outer disputes of a social world . It might seem that Konrad Lorenz as a scientist and ethologist should avoid using anthropomorphic categories. However, as he shares the same space (including private space) and communicates with domestic animals, the author tends to anthropomorphise their behaviour, even though formally he opposes or even despises the idea, applying a disdainful term of “sentimental anthropomorphisation” to people who do so. Additionally, the article addresses the biographic context of the ethologist’s life and his writings together with the activities of the Second World War as well as his collaboration with the Nazi government. Konrad Lorenz represents the socalled “cult of nature” approach which, in the opinion of his opponents, has a lot in common with the Nazi doctrine (Sax 1997).
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Gutiérrez Luna, Víctor Hugo, and Juan Reyes Juárez. "¿Hay realmente inteligencia animal? Una revisión filosófica." Sincronía XXV, no. 80 (July 3, 2021): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/sincronia.axxv.n80.11b21.
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In the context of philosophical research on animal intelligence, there are different traditions that deny that nonhuman animals are intelligent. In this article we mention some of these traditions, such as Cartesian mechanism and behaviorism. However, we will focus our attention on the proposals of the analytical philosophers John McDowell and Donald Davidson as representative of this philosophical tradition. His main idea is that by not having a language like that of human beings, the rest of the animals cannot be rational and, therefore, not intelligent either. Our position is that such an analytical tradition flatly ignores the scientific and philosophical evidence against it. We will give some relevant data in favor of animal intelligence. In addition, we will give an account of a trend that is manifested with increasing force among ethologists according to which there is a continuity between animal and human intelligence, considering the latter as the result of an evolutionary process and, therefore, as a result of a series of skills acquired by different species at some point in their formation.
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Shulgina, Galina I. "INHIBITION TRAINING AS ONE OF BASIC FACTORS OF THE COMING INTO BEING OF THE PERSON." Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 4, no. 1 (November 10, 2012): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/12.04.85.
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On the basis of systematization of a number of ideas of philosophers, physiologists, ethologists and the actual material about violation at people of instincts, by origin the general at us with animals, owing to incorrect understanding of freedom as permissivenesses, excessive development of consumption, a hypertrophy of feeling of a property, and also about weakening of will to overcoming of adversity of life, the conclusion about need of training of inhibition in the course of formation of the identity of the person is made. Briefly, referring to the detailed scientific publications, the actual material about neurophysiological ensuring inhibition of behavior during training by means of increase of reactivity of inhibitory systems, local and all-brain, and about positive influence on this process of an agonist of receptors of an inhibitory neuromediator (gamma aminobutiric acids - GABA) – phenibut is stated. It is supposed that these data can be useful to the correct organization of education and for prophylaxis and correction of deviant behavior. Key words: deviant behavior, inhibition training, personality.
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Weisberg, Zipporah. "“The Simple Magic of Life”." Humanimalia 7, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9983.
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This paper explores the important contribution phenomenology can make to animal ethics. The underlying assumption is that animal ethics is as strong as the conception of animal ontology it takes for granted. I contend that Peter Singer’s reductive ontology of animals as suffering beings leads him astray not least because it prevents him from opposing killing animals as a matter of principle. Other leading ethicists such as Martha Nussbaum and Tom Regan offer more nuanced accounts of animal ontology and correspondingly richer theories of justice and rights, but they do not go far enough. Nussbaum even contradicts her own theory of capabilities by also refusing to refuse killing. Marc Bekoff, Jonathan Balcombe, and other ethologists, on the other hand, do a marvellous job of filling in the gaps in our understanding of the complexity of animals’ emotional, social, and moral lives. Not surprisingly, as a result of their insights into animal ontology, they categorically reject killing animals and advocate for the total transformation of their conditions of existence. Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of embodiment, I suggest here offers another crucial inroad into a more meaningful and robust animal ethics by illuminating the complex perceptual dimensions of animal subjectivity.
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Hurd, Peter L., and Magnus Enquist. "Threat display in birds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-062.
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The study of threat displays has long been an area in which theory and empirical work have each spurred the other forward. Communication is currently the focus of great interest and effort on the part of modellers. A great deal that classical ethologists have accurately described about threat displays still lacks adequate explanation. Here we review the empirical literature on the use of threat displays by birds competing for small valued resources, both to refocus theoretical attention upon the key characteristics of threat and to assess the degree to which current theory explains these characteristics. We aim to demonstrate that threat displays communicate information about aggressive motivation, but are not handicaps. Handicap models predict a single graded display, while the vast majority of studies report repertoires of about four to six discrete threats for any given species. These displays vary with motivational and strategic considerations, and may be demonstrated to rank consistently on a scale of willingness to escalate, thus providing information about aggressive motivation. We conclude by identifying those features of avian threat displays that have not been adequately explained, in the hope that this reexamination of empirical data will help focus theoretical attention on these issues.
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Oswald, M., and B. D. Robison. "Strain-specific alteration of zebrafish feeding behavior in response to aversive stimuli." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-085.
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Behavioral management of risk, in which organisms must balance the requirements of obtaining food resources with the risk of predation, has been of considerable interest to ethologists for many years. Although numerous experiments have shown that animals alter their foraging behavior depending on the levels of perceived risk and demand for nutrients, few have considered the role of genetic variation in the trade-off between these variables. We performed a study of four zebrafish ( Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822)) strains to test for genetic variation in foraging behavior and whether this variation affected their response to both aversive stimuli and nutrient restriction. Zebrafish strains differed significantly in their latency to begin foraging from the surface of the water under standard laboratory conditions. Fish fed sooner when nutrients were restricted, although this was only significant in the absence of aversive stimuli. Aversive stimuli caused fish to delay feeding in a strain-specific manner. Strains varied in food intake and specific growth rate, and feeding latency was significantly correlated with food intake. Our results indicate significant genetic variation in foraging behavior and the perception of risk in zebrafish, with a pattern of strain variation consistent with behavioral adaptation to captivity.
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Kelly, Theresa K., Somayeh Ahmadiantehrani, Adam Blattler, and Sarah E. London. "Epigenetic regulation of transcriptional plasticity associated with developmental song learning." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1878 (May 2, 2018): 20180160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0160.
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Ethologists discovered over 100 years ago that some lifelong behavioural patterns were acquired exclusively during restricted developmental phases called critical periods (CPs). Developmental song learning in zebra finches is one of the most striking examples of a CP for complex learned behaviour. After post-hatch day 65, whether or not a juvenile male can memorize the song of a ‘tutor' depends on his experiences in the month prior. If he experienced a tutor, he can no longer learn, but if he has been isolated from hearing a tutor the learning period is extended. We aimed to identify how tutor experience alters the brain and controls the ability to learn. Epigenetic landscapes are modulated by experience and are able to regulate the transcription of sets of genes, thereby affecting cellular function. Thus, we hypothesized that tutor experiences determine the epigenetic landscape in the auditory forebrain, a region required for tutor song memorization. Using ChIPseq, RNAseq and molecular biology, we provide evidence that naturalistic experiences associated with the ability to learn can induce epigenetic changes, and propose transcriptional plasticity as a mediator of CP learning potential.
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Oriel, Elizabeth. "Whom Would Animals Designate as “Persons”?" Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55613/jeet.v24i3.32.
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Humans are animals; humans are machines. The current academic and popular dialogue on extending the personhood boundary to certain non-human animal species and at the same time to machines/robots reflects a dialectic about how “being human” is defined, about how we perceive our species and ourselves in relation to the environment. While both paths have the potential to improve lives, these improvements differ in substance and in consequence. One route has the potential to broaden the anthropocentric focus within the West and honor interdependence with life systems, while the other affords greater currency to a human-purpose-driven worldview–furthering an unchecked Anthropocene. The broadening of legal personhood rights to life systems is underway with a ruling for dolphins in India, for a river in New Zealand and with Laws of the Rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia. Many philosophers, ethicists, and ethologists define personhood within the confines of the dominant anthropocentric paradigm, yet alternate eco-centric paradigms offer an inclusive model that may help dismantle the artificial wall between humans and nature. In this paper, I explore these eco-centric paradigms and the implications of an associated worldview for human perceptions, self-awareness, communication, narrative, and research.
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Pepperberg, Irene M. "Avian cognition and social interaction." Interaction Studies 12, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.12.2.01pep.
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The study of animal behavior, and particularly avian behavior, has advanced significantly in the past 50 years. In the early 1960s, both ethologists and psychologists were likely to see birds as simple automatons, incapable of complex cognitive processing. Indeed, the term “avian cognition” was considered an oxymoron. Avian social interaction was also seen as based on rigid, if sometimes complicated, patterns. The possible effect of social interaction on cognition, or vice versa, was therefore something almost never discussed. Two paradigm shifts—one concerning animal cognition and one concerning social interaction—began to change perceptions in, respectively, the early 1970s and 1980s, but only more recently have researchers actively investigated how these two areas intersect in the study of avian behavior. The fruits of such intersection can be seen in the various papers for this special issue. I provide some brief background material before addressing the striking findings of current projects. In some cases, researchers have adapted early classic methods and in other cases have devised new paradigms, but in all instances have demonstrated avian capacities that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans or at least nonhuman primates. Keywords: avian cognition; avian social learning; avian observational learning; avian communication
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Golani, Ilan. "A mobility gradient in the organization of vertebrate movement: The perception of movement through symbolic language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 1992): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00068539.
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AbstractOrdinary language can prevent us from seeing the organization of whole-animal movement. This may be why the search for behavioral homologies has not been as fruitful as the founders of ethology had hoped. The Eshkol-Wachman (EW) movement notational system can reveal shared movement patterns that are undetectable in the kinds of informal verbal descriptions of the same behaviors that are in current use. Rules of organization that are common to locomotor development, agonistic and exploratory behavior, scent marking, play, and dopaminergic drug-induced stereotypies in a variety of vertebrates suggest that behavior progresses along a “mobility gradient” from immobility to increasing complexity and unpredictability. A progression in the opposite direction, with decreasing spatial complexity and increased stereotypy, occurs under the influence of the nonselective dopaminergic drugs apomorphine and amphetamine and partly also the selective dopamine agonist quinpirole. The behaviors associated with the mobility gradient appear to be mediated by a family of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits and their descending output stations. Because the small number of rules underlying the mobility gradient account for a large variety of behaviors, they may be related to the specific functional demands on these neurological systems. The EW system and the mobility gradient model should prove useful to ethologists and neurobiologists.
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Benson, Etienne S. "Naming the Ethological Subject." Science in Context 29, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988971500040x.
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ArgumentIn recent decades, through the work of Jane Goodall and other ethologists, the practice of giving personal names to nonhuman animals who are the subjects of scientific research has become associated with claims about animal personhood and scientific objectivity. While critics argue that such naming practices predispose the researcher toward anthropomorphism, supporters suggest that it sensitizes the researcher to individual differences and social relations. Both critics and supporters agree that naming tends to be associated with the recognition of individual animal rights. The history of the naming of research animals since the late nineteenth century shows, however, that the practice has served a variety of purposes, most of which have raised few ethical or epistemological concerns. Names have been used to identify research animals who play dual roles as pets, workers, or patients, to enhance their market value, and to facilitate their identification in the field. The multifaceted history of naming suggests both that the use of personal names by Goodall and others is less of a radical break with previous practices than it might first appear to be and that the use of personal names to recognize the individuality, sentience, or rights of nonhuman animals faces inherent limits and contradictions.
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Sanogo, Yibayiri O., Mark Band, Charles Blatti, Saurabh Sinha, and Alison M. Bell. "Transcriptional regulation of brain gene expression in response to a territorial intrusion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (October 24, 2012): 4929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2087.
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Aggressive behaviour associated with territorial defence is widespread and has fitness consequences. However, excess aggression can interfere with other important biological functions such as immunity and energy homeostasis. How the expression of complex behaviours such as aggression is regulated in the brain has long intrigued ethologists, but has only recently become amenable for molecular dissection in non-model organisms. We investigated the transcriptomic response to territorial intrusion in four brain regions in breeding male threespined sticklebacks using expression microarrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Each region of the brain had a distinct genomic response to a territorial challenge. We identified a set of genes that were upregulated in the diencephalon and downregulated in the cerebellum and the brain stem. Cis -regulatory network analysis suggested transcription factors that regulated or co-regulated genes that were consistently regulated in all brain regions and others that regulated gene expression in opposing directions across brain regions. Our results support the hypothesis that territorial animals respond to social challenges via transcriptional regulation of genes in different brain regions. Finally, we found a remarkably close association between gene expression and aggressive behaviour at the individual level. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms in the brain that underlie the response to social challenges.
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Abdrafikov, R. R. "Model of Moral Foundations in Human Nature." Koinon 4, no. 1-2 (2024): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/koinon.2024.04.1.2.002.
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From the standpoint of universalism and the unity of biological and social nature, are considered the value-target structures of human activity. The article depicts an aspect of a general theoretical model of artificial consciousness and psyche, seminal for the development of a computer program. Algorithms for the emergence of human values, phenomena of will, faith, self-esteem, love, discrimination between good/bad, good/evil, etc. are explained. Existential experiences meet their rational explication. The novelty of the research drives from the fact that there are still no computer models that simulate human consciousness, psyche and social interactions. Aim: Starting from the “zero” level of culture, the program itself will reproduce the socio-cultural conditions for the development of human consciousness, morality and ideological systems. Such efforts are highly relevant for modeling social conflicts and studying their causes. The theoretical foundations of the study are: Platonic philosophy, “information aproach”, “interval aproach” by F. V. Lazarev, “social ontology” V. E. Kemerov, “post-non-classical rationality” by V. S. Stepin, the theory of “large-scale harmony of the Universe” by S. I. Sukhonos, “philosophy of process” by A. Whitehead, the theories of T. Nagel, M. Polanyi, the works of contemporary philosophers, psychologists and ethologists.
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Bissonnette, Annie, Susan Perry, Louise Barrett, John C. Mitani, Mark Flinn, Sergey Gavrilets, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Coalitions in theory and reality: a review of pertinent variables and processes." Behaviour 152, no. 1 (2015): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003241.
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Coalitions and alliances are ubiquitous in humans and many other mammals, being part of the fabric of complex social systems. Field biologists and ethologists have accumulated a vast amount of data on coalition and alliance formation, while theoretical biologists have developed modelling approaches. With the accumulation of empirical data and sophisticated theory, we are now potentially able to answer a host of questions about how coalitions emerge and are maintained in a population over time, and how the psychology of this type of cooperation evolved. Progress can only be achieved, however, by effectively bridging the communication gap that currently exists between empiricists and theoreticians. In this paper, we aim to do so by asking three questions: (1) What are the primary questions addressed by theoreticians interested in coalition formation, and what are the main building blocks of their models? (2) Do empirical observations support the assumptions of current models, and if not, how can we improve this situation? (3) Has theoretical work led to a better understanding of coalition formation, and what are the most profitable lines of inquiry for the future? Our overarching goal is to promote the integration of theoretical and field biology by motivating empirical scientists to collect data on aspects of coalition formation that are currently poorly quantified and to encourage theoreticians to develop a comprehensive theory of coalition formation that is testable under real-world conditions.
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Sahni, Dr Geetanjli, and Navdeep Navdeep. "Changes in the Behavior and Population Growth of Rats Providing Favorable Conditions in Limited Space: A Review." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. IV (2023): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.10411.
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During the present study, a review was carried out on changes in the behavior and population growth of rats providing favorable conditions in limited space. Overpopulation suppresses the carrying capacity of a particular geographical area. Overpopulation has become one of the most threatening global issues that impact the world adversely. Every year it grows by 1.2%. Scientists are fascinated about the fate of the human population and the behavioral influence among the population due to limited living space. Many Biologists and Ethologists perform various experiments taking rat population as model and consider it relevant to human population. Rats are social animals and have very similar societies like humans. Scientists can relate many behavioral and social similarities between human and rats. All the favorable conditions like bedding for nest, food and water in unlimited amount was provided to an inbuilt closed enclosure of rats but the only restriction was limited space. Population of rats increased exploitationly due to these conditions and got more catastrophic results throughout the study of over-population in the past years. Results are in the form of their behavioral breakdown which can be seen in the form of parental care and social fabrics. These results can predict the fate of the growing human population. High populated conditions concern Health-related issues and depressingly predict pro-reproductive attitude to have offspring in addition to optimistically predicted anti-reproductive attitudes above the influence of age, gender, and spiritual status.
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Ravan, Aniket, Ruopei Feng, Martin Gruebele, and Yann R. Chemla. "Rapid automated 3-D pose estimation of larval zebrafish using a physical model-trained neural network." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 10 (October 23, 2023): e1011566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011566.
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Quantitative ethology requires an accurate estimation of an organism’s postural dynamics in three dimensions plus time. Technological progress over the last decade has made animal pose estimation in challenging scenarios possible with unprecedented detail. Here, we present (i) a fast automated method to record and track the pose of individual larval zebrafish in a 3-D environment, applicable when accurate human labeling is not possible; (ii) a rich annotated dataset of 3-D larval poses for ethologists and the general zebrafish and machine learning community; and (iii) a technique to generate realistic, annotated larval images in different behavioral contexts. Using a three-camera system calibrated with refraction correction, we record diverse larval swims under free swimming conditions and in response to acoustic and optical stimuli. We then employ a convolutional neural network to estimate 3-D larval poses from video images. The network is trained against a set of synthetic larval images rendered using a 3-D physical model of larvae. This 3-D model samples from a distribution of realistic larval poses that we estimate a priori using a template-based pose estimation of a small number of swim bouts. Our network model, trained without any human annotation, performs larval pose estimation three orders of magnitude faster and with accuracy comparable to the template-based approach, capturing detailed kinematics of 3-D larval swims. It also applies accurately to other datasets collected under different imaging conditions and containing behavioral contexts not included in our training.
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Lestel, Dominique. "The Biosemiotics and Phylogenesis of Culture." Social Science Information 41, no. 1 (March 2002): 35–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041001003.
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The question of animal cultures has once again become a subject of debate in ethology, and is now one of its most active and problematic areas. One surprising feature of this research, however, is the lack of attention paid to the communications that go on in these complex animal societies, with the exception of mechanisms of social learning. This neglect of communications is all the more troubling because many ethologists are unwilling to acknowledge that animals have cultures precisely because they do not possess language, a refusal therefore on semiotic grounds. In the present article, I show that the biosemiotic approach to animal cultures is, on the contrary, essential to their understanding, even if the complexity of animal communications is far from being well enough understood. I consider that some of the consequences of this approach are very important, in particular the question of whether we can talk about subjects in the case of animals. Alternatively, I suggest that the semiotic approach to animal cultures leads to a discussion of some of the most serious limitations of biosemiotics, particularly when it comes to investigating the status of the interlocutors in a social community, or to taking into account interspecific communications and the social dimension of any biosemiotic interaction - which biosemiotics has for the moment failed to do. Finally I call attention to the importance of animals living in human communities and suggest that this be studied so as to better apprehend the capacities for culture in non-human living organisms.
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Lestel, Dominique, and Emmanuelle Grundmann. "Tools, techniques and animals: the role of mediations of actions in the dynamics of social behaviours." Social Science Information 38, no. 3 (September 1999): 367–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901899038003002.
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The definition of tool proposed by Beck (1980) is still the one referred to in ethology when discussing the question of tool-use in animals, and its pertinence is rarely questioned. However, observations on technical behaviours in animals have multiplied over the last 20 years, and these have profoundly altered our earlier representations. In the present article, we show that Beck's definition is insufficient and that it does not, in fact, work. More generally, we replace a theory of tools with a theory of mediations of actions to account for technical behaviours in animals. We show that a culturally overcharged notion such as that of tool hinders our perception of the diversity and the complexity of tool uses. By speaking of mediations of actions and not of tools, we eliminate the problem of first defining the pertinent object (is it a tool or not?) and are free to concentrate on the means by which the animal externalizes its actions and thus procures greater means of acting on these within a group. In so doing, we prepare the ground for a genuine evolutionary understanding of the dynamics of actions within a given animal population. Whereas, with a few exceptions, ethologists have always separated the question of techniques from that of social behaviour, we emphasize the importance of an ecology of mediations of actions for understanding the structure and dynamics of animal societies, in particular by attempting to rethink such notions as “culture” in the perspective of a general analysis of mediations of actions.
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Cavalieri, Paola, and Peter Singer. "The Great Ape Project: Premises and Implications." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (September 1995): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300513.
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Is it consistent to accept ethical constraints on scientific research when humans are involved, and to reject them when it comes to non-humans? Is the current scientific practice of experimenting on sentient animals a “necessary evil” which must simply be tolerated, or is it an indefensible practice stemming from arbitrary discrimination based on species? These are some of the questions we address in this paper, in order to illustrate the implications for scientific experimentation of the first attempt to grant to some non-human beings the basic rights which have so far been limited to members of our own species. Resulting from the recent rethinking on the moral status of animals, this attempt revolves around the collective argument for the enfranchisement of chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans that, together with a distinguished group of scientists and philosophers, we have presented in The Great Ape Project. We draw from this volume some of the evidence that ethologists, language researchers, psychologists and anthropologists have gathered in favour of the attribution to the other great apes of many of the characteristics we traditionally consider to be morally significant when we find them in ourselves. After stressing the relevance of a species-neutral notion of person in the actual philosophical debate, we highlight the overwhelming case for its application, in both the moral and the legal senses, to the other great apes. While, on a general level, this would lead to the inclusion of our closest living relatives in the sphere of equality, as far as the practice of experimentation is concerned, it would result in extending to them those very restrictions which at present apply to scientific research on humans.