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Journal articles on the topic 'Ethylene glycol dehydration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Trifunović, Dragan, Kai Schuchmann, and Volker Müller. "Ethylene Glycol Metabolism in the Acetogen Acetobacterium woodii." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 7 (January 19, 2016): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00942-15.

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ABSTRACTThe acetogenic bacteriumAcetobacterium woodiiis able to grow by the oxidation of diols, such as 1,2-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, or ethylene glycol. Recent analyses demonstrated fundamentally different ways for oxidation of 1,2-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol. Here, we analyzed the metabolism of ethylene glycol. Our data demonstrate that ethylene glycol is dehydrated to acetaldehyde, which is then disproportionated to ethanol and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The latter is further converted to acetate, and this pathway is coupled to ATP formation by substrate-level phosphorylation. Apparently, the product ethanol is in part further oxidized and the reducing equivalents are recycled by reduction of CO2to acetate in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Biochemical data as well as the results of protein synthesis analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that the propane diol dehydratase (PduCDE) and CoA-dependent propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (PduP) proteins, encoded by thepdugene cluster, also catalyze ethylene glycol dehydration to acetaldehyde and its CoA-dependent oxidation to acetyl-CoA. Moreover, genes encoding bacterial microcompartments as part of thepdugene cluster are also expressed during growth on ethylene glycol, arguing for a dual function of the Pdu microcompartment system.IMPORTANCEAcetogenic bacteria are characterized by their ability to use CO2as a terminal electron acceptor by a specific pathway, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, enabling in most acetogens chemolithoautotrophic growth with H2and CO2. However, acetogens are very versatile and can use a wide variety of different substrates for growth. Here we report on the elucidation of the pathway for utilization of ethylene glycol by the model acetogenAcetobacterium woodii. This diol is degraded by dehydration to acetaldehyde followed by a disproportionation to acetate and ethanol. We present evidence that this pathway is catalyzed by the same enzyme system recently described for the utilization of 1,2-propanediol. The enzymes for ethylene glycol utilization seem to be encapsulated in protein compartments, known as bacterial microcompartments.

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2

Hermanns, W., F. Colbatzky, A. Günther, and B. Steiniger. "Ia antigens in plastic-embedded tissues: a post-embedding immunohistochemical study." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 6 (June 1986): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.6.3517152.

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The aim of the present study was to establish a plastic embedding technique that makes possible the immunohistochemical demonstration of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (Ia antigens) in undecalcified joint tissues. Therefore a series of fixatives and dehydrating agents was tested for saving Ia immunoreactivity by post-embedding immunostaining of thin sections (2 microns) of rat tissues that had been embedded in glycol methacrylate (GMA), and by comparing with cryostat sections. An indirect immunoperoxidase and the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) technique were used. Combined with fixation by 4% formaldehyde, dehydration with GMA was found to give the best preservation of Ia antigenicity, followed by dehydration with ethylene glycol. The thinness of tissue sections facilitated the association of Ia antigens with different subcellular compartments in distinct cell populations. These various patterns are described.

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3

Smith, William B. "Ethylene glycol to acetaldehyde-dehydration or a concerted mechanism." Tetrahedron 58, no. 11 (March 2002): 2091–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00103-5.

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4

Yu, Congli, Chao Zhong, Yanmei Liu, Xuehong Gu, Gang Yang, Weihong Xing, and Nanping Xu. "Pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol by NaA zeolite membranes." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 90, no. 9 (September 2012): 1372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2011.12.003.

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5

Farda, Eric. "Dehydration Simulation of Natural Gas by using Tri Ethylene Glycol." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 7, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2018.vol7(1).981.

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Water content in natural gas poses threat to process facilities such as column distillation. Natural gas from reservoirs usually contains water vapor, the presence of water vapor in gas processing causes bad impact to process facilities. Dry Gas composition data was taken from Salamander Energy. Optimization of natural gas dehydration using Tri Ethylene Glycol was carried out using Aspen HYSYS V8.6 with Peng-Robinson fluid package. The natural gas dehydrating plant was designed with operating conditions of 394 bar and 460C and 10 MMSCFD and 6.8 MMSCFD gas flow rate were inputted. Results obtained from HYSYS simulation shows. Three different TEG flowrates were used for this simulation. Results obtained from simulation that . For the purpose of running the plant economically, the minimum flow rate of TEG which will reduce the water content to within the limit of pipeline specification, is very important and the result obtained showed that a minimum of 3 m3/h of TEG is required to reduce the water content of a gas stream of 10MMSCFD to 6.8lb/MMSCFD, which is within the limit of 6-7lb/MMSCFD, this value when compare to gas plant which uses 15m3/h for the gas stream of 10MMSCFD to achieve the same water content specification is far lower. Values below this flow rate (3.5m3/h) may not reduce the water content to the specified limit.

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6

Roger, Robert, and Frank C. Harper. "The dehydration of 1-o-tolyl-2.2-diphenyl ethylene glycol." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 56, no. 2 (September 3, 2010): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19370560216.

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7

Li, Zhenjun, Bruce D. Kay, and Zdenek Dohnálek. "Dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethylene glycol on rutile TiO2(110)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15, no. 29 (2013): 12180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp50687h.

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8

Dabros, Trine Marie Hartmann, Mads Lysgaard Andersen, Simon Brædder Lindahl, Thomas Willum Hansen, Martin Høj, Jostein Gabrielsen, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, and Anker Degn Jensen. "Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Aliphatic Oxygenates and Phenol over NiMo/MgAl2O4: Reactivity, Inhibition, and Catalyst Reactivation." Catalysts 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9060521.

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This study provides new insights into sustainable fuel production by upgrading bio-derived oxygenates by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). HDO of ethylene glycol (EG), cyclohexanol (Cyc), acetic acid (AcOH), and phenol (Phe) was investigated using a Ni-MoS2/MgAl2O4 catalyst. In addition, HDO of a mixture of Phe/EG and Cyc/EG was studied as a first step towards the complex mixture in biomass pyrolysis vapor and bio-oil. Activity tests were performed in a fixed bed reactor at 380–450 °C, 27 bar H2, 550 vol ppm H2S, and up to 220 h on stream. Acetic acid plugged the reactor inlet by carbon deposition within 2 h on stream, underlining the challenges of upgrading highly reactive oxygenates. For ethylene glycol and cyclohexanol, steady state conversion was obtained in the temperature range of 380–415 °C. The HDO macro-kinetics were assessed in terms of consecutive dehydration and hydrogenation reactions. The results indicate that HDO of ethylene glycol and cyclohexanol involve different active sites. There was no significant influence from phenol or cyclohexanol on the rate of ethylene glycol HDO. However, a pronounced inhibiting effect from ethylene glycol on the HDO of cyclohexanol was observed. Catalyst deactivation by carbon deposition could be mitigated by oxidation and re-sulfidation. The results presented here demonstrate the need to address differences in oxygenate reactivity when upgrading vapors or oils derived from pyrolysis of biomass.

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9

Li, Zheng, Jin-Lan Yu, Jing-Ya Yang, Sheng-Yi Shi, and Xi-Cun Wang. "Polymer-supported Dichlorophosphate: A Recoverable New Reagent for Synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles." Journal of Chemical Research 2005, no. 5 (May 2005): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/0308234054323913.

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Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) supported dichlorophosphate was efficiently used as a recoverable new dehydration reagent for rapid synthesis of 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles under microwave irradiation and solvent-free condition by reactions of thiosemicarbazide with aliphatic acids, benzoic acid, aryloxyacetic acids or furan-2-carboxylic acids.

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10

Yang, Jie, Ruo-Nan Zhang, Dong-Jie Liu, Xu Zhou, Tatsuya Shoji, Yasuyuki Tsuboi, and Hu Yan. "Laser trapping/confocal Raman spectroscopic characterization of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles." Soft Matter 14, no. 40 (2018): 8090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01364k.

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We have immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surfaces of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles by two different chemical methods, i.e., SOCl₂ halogenate-alcoholysis and DCC dehydration. The PEG-immobilized PLGA nanoparticles were precisely characterized by the laser trapping/confocal Raman spectroscope.

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11

Cavalcanti, Cláudia, João Queiroz, Luiz Stragevitch, de Rodrigues, and Maria Pimentel. "Multivariate statistical optimization of the ethanol fuel dehydration process using ionic liquids." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq200410035c.

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In this work, the ethanol fuel dehydration process was optimized using the Aspen Plus? simulator and a multivariate statistical technique based on the desirability function. The suitability of the ionic liquids 1-methylimidazolium chloride ([Mim][Cl]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Hmim][Cl]), as extractive distillation entrainers, was also evaluated and compared to the conventional solvents, ethylene glycol and cyclohexane. Among the solvents studied, [Mim][Cl] required the lowest energy consumption, about 8% less energy use when compared to the optimized process using ethylene glycol. The multivariate statistical techniques employed were effective in the optimization of the extractive distillation processes as the process energy consumption could be minimized while achieving ethanol purity in agreement with the current specifications as well as obtaining a high solvent recovery. With the desirability approach it was possible to improve the process performance with little or no modification of existing processing plants.

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12

Haque, Md Emdadul. "Ethylene Glycol Regeneration Plan: A Systematic Approach to Troubleshoot the Common Problems." Journal of Chemical Engineering 27 (July 27, 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15853.

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Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) is used primarily at low-temperature processing plant for extracting natural gas liquids. Typically a physical process plant comprises with gas dehydration system which allows for physical separation of water saturated gas by simple dew point depression and water condensation brought about by chilling from cross exchange with propane refrigerant. The resultant wet gas is prevented from freezing by injection of liquid desiccants to inhibit hydrate formation. The resulting dehydrated gas stream will have a dew point preciously equal to the saturated water volume of the gas at its coolest temperature. Mono Ethylene Glycol has been chosen as hydrate inhibitor because of its low volatility, low toxicity, low flammability, good thermodynamic behavior, and simple proven technology requirement and availability. But it has two common characteristic problems in regeneration plant that is fouling of equipment by iron carbonate, Ca+2/Mg+2 salt deposits and cross contamination of MEG and condensate contamination. MEG in condensate causes condensate specification problems, fouling of condensate stabilization equipment and contamination of wastewater streams. Condensate in MEG causes stripping effect due to condensate vaporization, lower operating temperature, higher MEG purities, and contamination of wastewater streams from MEG Regeneration system and burping of column due to condensate buildup. Another common problem is glycol losses due to carryover with dehydrated gas and which finally accumulates in pipelines and causes corrosion. Other reasons of glycol losses are higher column temperature, foaming, leaks at pump or pipe fittings, operated with excessive gas flow rates and rapid changes in gas flow rates. Column Flooding occurred if feed glycol circulation rate exceeded design limit and it does not allow proper separation of glycol and water separator and much glycol losses through vent line. This paper presents an experimental study of glycol losses. Effort has been made to investigate the causes and the study suggests some mitigation plans. Current study suggests the efficiency of the dehydration process depends on a large extent on the cleanliness of the glycol and the regular monitoring of glycol parameters such as glycol concentration, hydrocarbon content, salt content, solids content, pH stabilization, iron content, foaming tendency etc. Losses due to vaporization from reboiler can be minimized by adjusting operating parameters. By developing monitoring procedure and periodic maintenance about 90% operating problems of Glycol Regeneration Plant can be reduced. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15853 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 21-26

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13

Fukutome, Asuka, and Haruo Kawamoto. "Dehydration Leads to Hydrocarbon Gas Formation in Thermal Degradation of Gas-Phase Polyalcohols." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143726.

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To understand the molecular mechanisms of hydrocarbon gas formation in biomass gasification, gasification of simple polyalcohols (glycerol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol) were studied at 400, 600, and 800 °C (residence times: 0.9–1.4 s) from the viewpoint of dehydration reactions that form aldehydes with various substituents as intermediates to produce hydrocarbon gases. The results were also compared with those of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, which are reported to produce syngas (H2 and CO) selectively. All polyalcohols became reactive at 600 °C to form condensable products in 15.7–24.7% yields (C-based), corresponding to 33.9–38.4% based on the amounts of reacted polyalcohols. These condensable products, mostly aldehydes, act as gas-forming intermediates, because the polyalcohols were completely gasified at 800 °C (hydrocarbon gas contents: 20.3–35.3%, C-based). Yields of the intermediates bearing alkyl groups at 600 °C were proportionally correlated to the yields of hydrocarbon gases at 800 °C, suggesting that the alkyl groups are further converted into hydrocarbon gases via the fragmentation of acyl radicals. Dehydration reactions were suggested to occur in both heterolytic and radical mechanisms by theoretical calculations. Glyceraldehyde tended to fragment directly into CO and H2, instead of forming a dehydration intermediate. These results are informative for controlling the product gas composition in biomass gasification.

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14

Atiqueuzzaman, Khan, Mohd. "Optimizing Effective Absorption during Wet Natural Gas Dehydration by Tri Ethylene Glycol." IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 2, no. 2 (2012): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5736-0220106.

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15

Rostovtseva, Valeriia, Alexandra Pulyalina, Daria Rudakova, Ludmila Vinogradova, and Galina Polotskaya. "Strongly Selective Polymer Membranes Modified with Heteroarm Stars for the Ethylene Glycol Dehydration by Pervaporation." Membranes 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10050086.

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Hybrid membranes based on poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) modified with heteroarm stars (HAS) were developed to separate ethylene glycol/water mixtures by pervaporation. The HAS consist of a small branching center fullerene C 60 and twelve arms of different nature, six arms of nonpolar polystyrene and six arms of polar poly-tert-butyl methacrylate. The changes of structure and physical properties with HAS inclusion were systematically studied using SEM, X-ray diffraction analysis, TGA, and contact angle measurements. Mass transfer of ethylene glycol and water through membranes was studied by sorption and pervaporation tests. It was found that the growth of HAS content up to 5 wt% in the membrane leads to an increase in the total flux and a strong increase in the separation factor. To evaluate intrinsic properties of the penetrant–membrane system, permeability and selectivity were calculated. Overall, utilizing star-shaped macromolecules as a filler can be a promising way to improve the separation performance of diffusion membranes.

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16

GUO, R., C. HU, F. PAN, H. WU, and Z. JIANG. "PVA–GPTMS/TEOS hybrid pervaporation membrane for dehydration of ethylene glycol aqueous solution." Journal of Membrane Science 281, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2006): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.04.015.

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17

Guo, Ruili, Xiaocong Ma, Changlai Hu, and Zhongyi Jiang. "Novel PVA–silica nanocomposite membrane for pervaporative dehydration of ethylene glycol aqueous solution." Polymer 48, no. 10 (May 2007): 2939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.035.

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18

Wang, Yan, Michael Gruender, and Tai Shung Chung. "Pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol through polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membranes. 1. Membrane fabrication." Journal of Membrane Science 363, no. 1-2 (November 2010): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.07.024.

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19

Jafari, Mostafa, Arash Bayat, Toraj Mohammadi, and Mansoor Kazemimoghadam. "Dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation using gamma alumina/NaA zeolite composite membrane." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91, no. 12 (December 2013): 2412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.04.016.

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20

Sowemimo, Oluwakemi, Patrick Knox-Brown, Wade Borcherds, Tobias Rindfleisch, Anja Thalhammer, and Gary Daughdrill. "Conserved Glycines Control Disorder and Function in the Cold-Regulated Protein, COR15A." Biomolecules 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9030084.

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Cold-regulated (COR) 15A is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) from Arabidopsis thaliana important for freezing tolerance. During freezing-induced cellular dehydration, COR15A transitions from a disordered to mostly α-helical structure. We tested whether mutations that increase the helicity of COR15A also increase its protective function. Conserved glycine residues were identified and mutated to alanine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify residue-specific changes in helicity for wildtype (WT) COR15A and the mutants. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to monitor the coil–helix transition in response to increasing concentrations of trifluoroethanol (TFE) and ethylene glycol. The impact of the COR15A mutants on the stability of model membranes during a freeze–thaw cycle was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of these experiments showed the mutants had a higher content of α-helical structure and the increased α-helicity improved membrane stabilization during freezing. Comparison of the TFE- and ethylene glycol-induced coil–helix transitions support our conclusion that increasing the transient helicity of COR15A in aqueous solution increases its ability to stabilize membranes during freezing. Altogether, our results suggest the conserved glycine residues are important for maintaining the disordered structure of COR15A but are also compatible with the formation of α-helical structure during freezing induced dehydration.

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21

Halakoo, Elnaz, and Xianshe Feng. "Self-assembled membranes from polyethylenimine and graphene oxide for pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol." Journal of Membrane Science 616 (December 2020): 118583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118583.

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22

Chen, Mengmeng, Xinmei Wu, Faizal Soyekwo, Qiugen Zhang, Ruixue Lv, Aimei Zhu, and Qinglin Liu. "Toward improved hydrophilicity of polymers of intrinsic microporosity for pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol." Separation and Purification Technology 174 (March 2017): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.024.

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23

Pla-Franco, Jordi, Estela Lladosa, Sonia Loras, and Juan B. Montón. "Approach to the 1-propanol dehydration using an extractive distillation process with ethylene glycol." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 91 (May 2015): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.03.007.

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24

Pelosi, Chiara, Elisa Guazzelli, Matteo Calosi, Luca Bernazzani, Maria Rosaria Tiné, Celia Duce, and Elisa Martinelli. "Investigation of the LCST-Thermoresponsive Behavior of Novel Oligo(Ethylene Glycol)-Modified Pentafluorostyrene Homopolymers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062711.

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Amphiphilic tetrafluorostyrene monomers (EFS8) carrying in the para position an oligoethylene glycol chain containing 8 oxyethylenic units on average were synthesized and used for preparation via activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP) of the corresponding amphiphilic homopolymers (pEFS8-x) with different degrees of polymerization (x = 26 and 46). Combining light transmittance and nano-differential scanning calorimetry (n-DSC) measurements revealed that pEFS8-x homopolymers displayed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) thermoresponsive behavior in water solutions. Moreover, n-DSC measurements revealed the presence in heating scans of a broad endothermic peak ascribable to the dehydration process of the polymer single chains (unimers) and their collapse into aggregates. Consistently, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed below the LCST the presence of small nanostructures with a hydrodynamic diameter size Dh of 6–7 nm, which collapsed into concentration-dependent larger multichain aggregates (Dh = 300–3000 nm) above LCST. Interestingly, n-DSC data showed that the unimer-aggregate transition was reversible up to a specific temperature (Trev) of each homopolymer, which in any case was higher than Tmax. When heating above Trev the transition was no longer reversible, causing the shift of Tonset and Tmax at lower values, thus suggesting an increase in hydrophobicity of the polymer systems associated with a temperature-dependent dehydration process.

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25

Ramalho-Santos, João, Ricardo Negrão, and Maria da Conceição Pedroso de Lima. "Role of hydrophobic interactions in the fusion activity of influenza and sendai viruses towards model membranes." Bioscience Reports 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901634.

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We have studied the role of hydrophobic interactions in the fusion activity of two lipid enveloped viruses, influenza and Sendai. Using the fluorescent probe ANS (1-aminonaphtalene-8-sulfonate) we have shown that low-pH-dependent influenza virus activation involves a marked increase in the viral envelope hydrophobicity. The effect of dehydrating agents on the fusion activity of both viruses towards model lipid membranes was studied using a fluorescence dequenching assay. Dehydrating agents such as dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylsulfone greatly enhanced the initial rate of the fusion process, the effect of dimethylsulfone doubling that of dimethylsulfoxide. The effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the fusion process was found to be dependent on the polymer concentration and molecular weight. In general, similar observations were made for both viruses. These results stress the importance of dehydration and hydrophobic interactions in the fusion activity of influenza and Sendai viruses, and show that these factors may be generally involved in membrane fusion events mediated by many other lipid enveloped viruses.

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26

Marković, Zvjezdana, Philippe Chatelet, Isabelle Sylvestre, Jasminka Kontić, and Florent Engelmann. "Cryopreservation of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in vitro shoot tips." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0223-8.

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AbstractIn this work, we compared the efficiency of encapsulation-dehydration and droplet-vitrification techniques for cryopreserving grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Portan shoot tips. Recovery of cryopreserved samples was achieved with both techniques; however, droplet-vitrification, which was used for the first time with grapevine shoot tips, produced higher regrowth. With encapsulationdehydration, encapsulated shoot tips were precultured in liquid medium with progressively increasing sucrose concentrations over a 2-day period (12 h in medium with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 M sucrose), then dehydrated to 22.28% moisture content (fresh weight). After liquid nitrogen exposure 37.1% regrowth was achieved using 1 mm-long shoot tips and only 16.0% with 2 mm-long shoot tips. With droplet-vitrification, 50% regrowth was obtained following treatment of shoot tips with a loading solution containing 2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose for 20 min, dehydration with half-strength PVS2 vitrification solution (30% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) ethylene glycol, 15% dimethylsulfoxide and 0.4 M sucrose in basal medium) at room temperature, then with full strength PVS2 solution at 0°C for 50 min before direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. No regrowth was achieved after cryopreservation when shoot tips were dehydrated with PVS3 vitrification solution (50% (w/v) glycerol and 50% (w/v) sucrose in basal medium).

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27

Duan, Shuhong, Teruhiko Kai, and Shin-ichi Nakao. "Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase on CO2 Separation Performance of Thin Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer/Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9120167.

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The effect of carbonic anhydrase (CA) on the separation performance of thin poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hybrid membranes was investigated. CA, a type of enzyme, was used to promote CO2 hydration and dehydration reactions and to assess whether these reactions were the rate-limiting step in CO2 permeation through the membrane. The relationship between the membrane thickness and the CO2 permeance was evaluated in CO2/H2 or CO2/He separation using PAMAM/PEG hybrid membranes (thickness: 10–100 μm) with and without CA. Without CA, the CO2 permeance of PAMAM/PEG hybrid membranes was not inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. On the other hand, with CA, the CO2 permeance was inversely proportional to the membrane thickness. It was implied that, without CA, the rate-limiting step of CO2 transport was either the CO2 hydration reaction at the feed side or the CO2 dehydration reaction at the permeate side. On the other hand, with CA addition, the rate-limiting step of CO2 transport was diffusion, and CO2 permeance could be increased without sacrificing the selectivity by reducing membrane thickness. The effect of the position of CA (i.e., on the surface and/or reverse surface) on CO2 separation performance was investigated to evaluate which reaction was the rate-limiting step of CO2 permeation through the membrane. It was suggested that the rate-limiting step of CO2 permeation was CO2 dehydration reaction at the permeate side.

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28

DU, J., A. CHAKMA, and X. FENG. "Dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation using poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)/polysulfone composite membranes." Separation and Purification Technology 64, no. 1 (November 20, 2008): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.08.004.

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29

Burshe, M. C., S. B. Sawant, J. B. Joshi, and V. G. Pangarkar. "Dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation using hydrophilic IPNs of PVA, PAA and PAAM membranes." Separation and Purification Technology 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(97)00061-0.

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30

Ranjbar, Hemat, Hamid Ahmadi, Reza Khalighi Sheshdeh, and Hedyeh Ranjbar. "Application of relative sensitivity function in parametric optimization of a tri-ethylene glycol dehydration plant." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 25 (July 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.028.

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31

Wu, Jia-Kai, Chun-Chun Ye, Wen-Hai Zhang, Nai-Xin Wang, Kueir-Rarn Lee, and Quan-Fu An. "Construction of well-arranged graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles membranes for pervaporation ethylene glycol dehydration." Journal of Membrane Science 577 (May 2019): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.004.

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32

Shahverdi, Mahnaz, Bahareh Baheri, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Elahe Motaee, and Toraj Mohammadi. "Pervaporation study of ethylene glycol dehydration through synthesized (PVA-4A)/polypropylene mixed matrix composite membranes." Polymer Engineering & Science 53, no. 7 (December 10, 2012): 1487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23406.

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33

SUGIYAMA, S. "Catalysts for vapor-phase dehydration of ethylene glycol and their application to pyruvic acid synthesis." Journal of Catalysis 129, no. 1 (May 1991): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(91)90003-m.

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Wu, Dihua, Jeff Martin, Jennifer Du, Yufeng Zhang, Darren Lawless, and Xianshe Feng. "Thin film composite membranes comprising of polyamide and polydopamine for dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation." Journal of Membrane Science 493 (November 2015): 622–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.016.

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Sridhar, S., S. Kalyani, Y. V. L. Ravikumar, and T. S. V. N. Muralikrishna. "Performance of Composite Membranes of Poly(ether–block–amide) for Dehydration of Ethylene Glycol and Ethanol." Separation Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 19, 2010): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496390903409468.

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Dogan, Hacer, and Nilufer Durmaz Hilmioglu. "Chitosan coated zeolite filled regenerated cellulose membrane for dehydration of ethylene glycol/water mixtures by pervaporation." Desalination 258, no. 1-3 (August 2010): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.027.

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Höjer, Jonas. "Severe metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: differential diagnosis and management." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 6 (June 1996): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500604.

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1 A chronic alcoholic with severe metabolic acidosis presents a difficult diagnostic problem. The most common cause is alcoholic ketoacidosis, a syndrome with a typical history but often misleading laboratory findings. This paper will focus on this important and probably underdiagnosed syndrome. 2 The disorder occurs in alcoholics who have had a heavy drinking-bout culminating in severe vomiting, with resulting dehydration, starvation, and then a β- hydroxybutyrate dominated ketoacidosis. 3 Awareness of this syndrome, thorough history-taking, physical examination and routine laboratory analyses will usually lead to a correct diagnosis. 4 The treatment is simply replacement of fluid, glucose, electrolytes and thiamine. Insulin or alkali should be avoided. 5 The most important differential diagnoses are diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis and salicylate, methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, conditions which require quite different treatment. 6 The diagnostic management of unclear cases should always include toxicological tests, urine microscopy for calcium oxalate crystals and calculation of the serum anion and osmolal gaps. 7 It is suggested here, however, that the value of the osmolal gap should be considered against a higher reference limit than has previously been recom mended. An osmolal gap above 25 mosm/kg, in a patient with an increased anion gap acidosis, is a strong indicator of methanol or ethylene glycol intoxication.

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HU, C., B. LI, R. GUO, H. WU, and Z. JIANG. "Pervaporation performance of chitosan–poly(acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte complex membranes for dehydration of ethylene glycol aqueous solution." Separation and Purification Technology 55, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.005.

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Wang, Yan, Tai Shung Chung, Bernard Weijie Neo, and Michael Gruender. "Processing and engineering of pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol via dual-layer polybenzimidazole (PBI)/polyetherimide (PEI) membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 378, no. 1-2 (August 2011): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.05.020.

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Zhang, Weixin, Yunpan Ying, Jing Ma, Xiangyu Guo, Hongliang Huang, Dahuan Liu, and Chongli Zhong. "Mixed matrix membranes incorporated with polydopamine-coated metal-organic framework for dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation." Journal of Membrane Science 527 (April 2017): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.001.

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SUGIYAMA, S., S. FUKUNAGA, K. ITO, S. OHIGASHI, and H. HAYASHI. "ChemInform Abstract: Catalysts for Vapor-Phase Dehydration of Ethylene Glycol and Their Application to Pyruvic Acid Synthesis." ChemInform 22, no. 27 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199127106.

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Jafari, Mostafa, Amir Nouri, Seyed Foad Mousavi, Toraj Mohammadi, and Mansoor Kazemimoghadam. "Optimization of synthesis conditions for preparation of ceramic (A-type zeolite) membranes in dehydration of ethylene glycol." Ceramics International 39, no. 6 (August 2013): 6971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.02.034.

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Yue, Erkui, Huan Cao, and Bohan Liu. "OsmiR535, a Potential Genetic Editing Target for Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance in Oryza sativa." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101337.

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OsmiR535 belongs to the miR156/miR529/miR535 superfamily, a highly conserved miRNA family in plants. OsmiR535 is involved in regulating the cold-stress response, modulating plant development, and determining panicle architecture and grain length. However, the role that OsmiR535 plays in plant responses to drought and salinity are elusive. In the current study, molecular and genetic engineering techniques were used to elucidate the possible role of OsmiR535 in response to NaCl, PEG(Poly ethylene glycol), ABA(Abscisic acid), and dehydration stresses. Our results showed that OsmiR535 is induced under stressed conditions as compared to control. With transgenic and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout system techniques, our results verified that either inhibition or knockout of OsmiR535 in rice could enhance the tolerance of plants to NaCl, ABA, dehydration and PEG stresses. In addition, the overexpression of OsmiR535 significantly reduced the survival rate of rice seedlings during PEG and dehydration post-stress recovery. Our results demonstrated that OsmiR535 negatively regulates the stress response in rice. Moreover, our practical application of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing created a homozygous 5 bp deletion in the coding sequence of OsmiR535, demonstrating that OsmiR535 could be a useful genetic editing target for drought and salinity tolerance and a new marker for molecular breeding of Oryza sativa.

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Ružić, Dj, T. Vujović, and R. Cerović. "Cryopreservation of cherry rootstock Gisela 5 using vitrification procedure." Horticultural Science 41, No. 2 (June 12, 2014): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/234/2013-hortsci.

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In vitro-grown shoot tips of Gisela 5 (Prunus cerasus × Prunus canescens) cherry rootstock were tested for regrowth after cryopreservation using vitrification technique. Explants were precultured in the dark at 23°C, in a liquid MS medium with a progressively increasing sucrose concentration (0.3 M for 15 h, then 0.7 M for 5 h), and subsequently loaded in a solution containing 2 M glycerol and 0.4 M sucrose for 20 minutes. Shoot tips were dehydrated at 0°C using either the original PVS2 or modified PVS2 solution (PVS A3 – 22.5% sucrose, 37.5% glycerol, 15% ethylene glycol and 15% DMSO) for 30, 40 and 50 minutes. The survival and regrowth of the cryopreserved shoot tips dehydrated with the original PVS2 solution ranged between 36–54% and 8–17%, respectively. However, the dehydration with the PVS A3 solution resulted in considerably higher survival rates (81–92%), as well as higher regrowth rates (39–56%) after cryopreservation. These results prove the feasibility of the PVS A3-based vitrification technique for a long-term storage of this genotype.  

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Dave, Haresh K., and Kaushik Nath. "Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Disodium Tetraborate Cross-Linked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes for Pervaporation Dehydration of Ethylene Glycol." Acta Chimica Slovenica 65, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 902–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2018.4581.

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Ong, Yit Thai, and Soon Huat Tan. "Synthesis of the novel symmetric buckypaper supported ionic liquid membrane for the dehydration of ethylene glycol by pervaporation." Separation and Purification Technology 143 (March 2015): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.01.021.

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Hyder, M. N., and P. Chen. "Pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol with chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol) blend membranes: Effect of CS–PVA blending ratios☆." Journal of Membrane Science 340, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2009): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.05.021.

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Kuzmina, Natalia S., Svetlana V. Portnova, and Eugen L. Krasnykh. "ANALYSIS OF POLYESTERS STRUCTURE BASED ON MALIC ACID AND ITS ESTER." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216405.6358.

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Four polyesters based on malic acid and its dibutyl ester were obtained. Ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol were used as comonomers. The reaction of polycondensation was carried out without a catalyst, and the transesterification of glycol esters was carried out in the presence of tetrobutoxytitanium in an amount of 1wt%. The malic acid during polycondensation we melted and dissolved in glycols at a temperature of 100 °C to prevent the reaction of intramolecular dehydration. The reactions were carried out for 3 hours with stirring and gradual heating of the reaction mass. The processes were carried out in a flow of nitrogen to remove the formed low-molecular products. These products were condensed and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The control of the polycondensation reaction was carried out by the molecular weight determined by the viscometric method. The structure of the obtained polyesters was determined using IR and (1H, 13C) NMR spectroscopy. The obtained polymer samples represent a resinous mass from light yellow to light brown with average molecular weights from 2000 to 4000 g/mol. Analysis of IR spectra showed that in the samples obtained by ester transesterification, the intensity of the hydroxyl group band is more than that of acid and diol based polymers. This difference can be explained by the presence of polymer chain branches obtained as result of the reaction of self-condensation. Analysis of (1H, 13C) NMR spectra confirms that in the process of polycondensation of malic acid with diols, a side reaction of self-condensation of the acid occurs with the formation of branched polymer units. In the case of the use of an ester as a monomer, polyester of a linear structure is obtained. In all obtained samples of polyesters, the presence of unsaturated bonds in the structure was also observed. This confirms that a side reaction of internal malic acid dehydration took place under the synthesis conditions. To reduce the unsaturation of polyesters, the polycondensation process must be carried out at a lower temperature.

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Kong, Zong Yang, Xin Jie Melvin Wee, Ahmed Mahmoud, Aimin Yu, Shaomin Liu, and Jaka Sunarso. "Development of a techno-economic framework for natural gas dehydration via absorption using tri-ethylene glycol: A comparative study between DRIZO and other dehydration processes." South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 31 (January 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.001.

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Zhang, Lianzhong, Mingyang Lan, Xuejiao Wu, and Yichi Zhang. "Vapor–Liquid Equilibria for 2-Propanol Dehydration through Extractive Distillation Using Mixed Solvent of Ethylene Glycol and Choline Chloride." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 63, no. 8 (June 18, 2018): 2825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.8b00162.

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