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Heunecke, Otto. "Der Bezugssystemwechsel im amtlichen Vermessungswesen und seine Folgen bei der Nutzung von Lage- und Höhenkoordinaten für Bauvorhaben/The reference system change in German ordnance surveying and its consequences using plane and height co-ordinates in construction projects." Bauingenieur 92, no. 09 (2017): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0005-6650-2017-09-54.
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Die CAD- sowie BIM-gestützte Planung von Bauwerken und Infrastrukturvorhaben erfolgt regelmäßig in kartesischen Koordinaten mit der Meterdefinition als einheitlichem Maßstab. Demgegenüber liegen die amtlichen Geodaten in Deutschland zukünftig hinsichtlich der Lage in dem Koordinatenreferenzsystem ETRS89/UTM und bezüglich der Gebrauchshöhen als Normalhöhen im DHHN2016 vor. Bei dem Einbezug von Geobasisdaten in die Planung von Bauvorhaben sowie der Umsetzung einer Planung in die Örtlichkeit müssen die sich ergebenden Konsequenzen beachtet und anhand der dargelegten Zusammenhänge berücksichtigt werden.
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Poláček, Jiří. "State borders in ETRS89 coordinates – reality or fiction ?" Geoinformatics FCE CTU 14, no. 2 (December 8, 2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.14.2.1.
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<p>Common unique ETRS89 coordinates of the state boundaries are crucial for cross-border data harmonization for international projects. In the frame of European Location Framework (ELF) project Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK) cooperates with Poland on egde-matching on the state border. During the preliminary phase of the project was some difficulty identified. If the state boundary is measured and administered in the national coordinate system, the accuracy of the transformation into the ETRS89 is influenced by discrepancies of the local trigonometric network, which results in two slightly different state boundaries. Final solution for Europe – international treaties on the state borders based on the ETRS89 coordinates – is necessary, but it will take years.</p>
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Banko, Antonio, Tedi Banković, Marko Pavasović, and Almin Đapo. "An All-in-One Application for Temporal Coordinate Transformation in Geodesy and Geoinformatics." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050323.
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Over the years, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been established in the geosciences as a tool that determines the positions of discrete points (stations) on the Earth’s surface, on global to local spatial scales in a very simple and economical manner. Coordinates obtained by space geodetic measurements ought to be processed, adjusted, and propagated in a given reference frame. As points on the Earth’s surface do not have a fixed position, but rather, are moving with associated velocities, it is inevitable to include those velocities in the coordinate transformation procedure. Station velocities can be obtained from kinematic models of tectonic plate motions. The development and realization of an all-in-one standalone desktop application is presented in this paper. The application unifies coordinate transformation between different realizations (reference frames) of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) following European Reference Frame Technical Note (EUREF TN) recommendations with temporal shifts of discrete points on the Earth’s surface caused by plate tectonics by integrating no-net rotation (NNR) kinematic models of the Eurasian tectonic plate.
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Staňková, Hana, Pavel Černota, and Miroslav Novosad. "An analysis of the possibility of intersystem transformations for purposes of geo-referencing old mine workings." GeoScience Engineering 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10205-011-0016-0.
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Abstract The paper is dedicated to the issues of both planar and spatial transformations with respect to the territory affected by mining activities. The planar transformations have been applied among the planar Otto mine coordinate system, St. Stephen Datum of Cadastre Coordinates, and the Datum of Uniform Trigonometric Cadastral Network (hereinafter referred to as JTSK). Here basic transformation characteristics among the above systems are defined. The spatial transformation is performed through a point coordinate conversion between the JTSK and the European Terrestrial Reference System (hereinafter referred to as ETRS89) where conventional relations as well as other conversion possibilities were described. Part of the article is the execution of an experiment of a direct transformation between the St. Stephen Datum of Cadastre Coordinates and the ETRS98 system for the territory of Brno, which was not affected by mining activities. For the above transformation, 8 trigonometric points were used, for which the identity analysis had been done initially. Furthermore, the Interpolation and One Step Transformations were tested, which solve the conversion as divided tasks for both position and heights. The Interpolation Transformation showed better values for residues. The results of the above experiment will be applied for purposes of surveying old mine workings using the GNSS technology.
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Rudnicki, Mark, and Thomas H. Meyer. "Methods to Convert Local Sampling Coordinates into Geographic Information System/Global Positioning Systems (GIS/GPS)–Compatible Coordinate Systems." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/24.3.233.
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Abstract Laying out a sampling transect in the field is a common task when researching natural systems and resources. With widespread availability of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as the US global positioning system (GPS), it is becoming more common to resurvey legacy transects to establish them in globally referenced coordinate systems such as geodetic latitude/longitude or planimetric systems such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or the State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS). Transforming local coordinates into a globally referenced coordinate system allows (1) disparate legacy surveys to be combined into a common geographic information system (GIS) database, (2) new GPS measurements to be incorporated into that same database, and (3) GPS-based navigation to be used for plot establishment and resampling. This article presents the mathematics necessary to determine the globally referenced planimetric coordinates of established linear, rectangular, or nominally rectangular transects (such as a rhombus) using formulas that are easily implemented on a spreadsheet. In addition, methods are given to determine the planimetric coordinates of new transects.
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Morgaś, Wacław, and Zdzisław Kopacz. "Conversion of geodetic coordinates into flat (2-dimensinal) coordinates PL-UTM for the purposes of navigation." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/0860889x.1237622.
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This paper presents mathematical interdependences in converting geodetic coordinates into flat rectangular coordinates and inverse transformation recommended in the Ordinance by Prime Minister on the State System of Spatial References. It especially presents formulas contained in works by M. Hooijberg (1997) Practical Geodesy and R. Kadaj (2001) Projection Formulas and Parameters of Coordinate Systems. G-1.10.In order to illustrate uses of the presented formulas relevant calculation examples based on the reference ellipsoids WGS 84 and GRS 80 are included.
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Aziz, Khafidh Nur, Yosaphat Sumardi, Denny Darmawan, and Nugroho Budi Wibowo. "Interpretasi Struktur Bawah Tanah pada Sistem Sungai Bribin dengan Metode Geo." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 6, no. 01 (September 14, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v6i01.1796.
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This research was aimed to determine the distribution pattern of magnetic field anomaly and to identify the lithology of underground structure in Bribin Karst using geomagnetic method. Research location was Semanu Sub-district, Gunungkidul Regency at UTM coordinate of 464061 mT-464929 mT and 9111097 mU-9111970 mU. The data were taken using G-5 Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM) by looping method. The result showed that the distribution pattern of the magnetic field anomaly in Karst Bribin has value of 330 nT - 530 nT and anomaly values reflecting the system of Bribin River has value of 400 nT-460 nT. The lithology of underground structure in Karst Bribin has susceptibility value of -0.069 (in SI) - 0.0661 (in SI) with depth 200 m associated with limestone, tuff, gypsum, rock salt, and minerals calcite and anhydrite and the lithology associated with the system of Bribin River has susceptibility value -0.069 (in SI) associated with gypsum, rock salt, and minerals anhydrite.
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Redweik, Paula, José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco, Manuel Sánchez-Fernández, Alan D. Atkinson, and Luís Francisco Martínez Corrales. "Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082355.
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The Tower of Belém, an early 16th century defense tower located at the mouth of the Tagus river, is the iconic symbol of Lisbon. It belongs to the Belém complex, classified since 1983 as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and it is the second most visited monument in Portugal. On November 1st, 1755, there was a heavy earthquake in Lisbon followed by a tsunami, causing between 60,000 and 100,000 deaths. There is a possibility of a repetition of such a catastrophe, which could bring about the collapse of the structure. This was the reasoning behind the decision to evaluate the Tower of Belém by means of surveys using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and photogrammetry. Until now, there was no high-resolution 3D model of the interior and exterior of the tower. A complete 3D documentation of the state of the Tower was achieved with a cloud of more than 6,200 million 3D points in the ETRS89 PT-TM06 coordinate system. Additionally, measurements were made using a hyperspectral camera and a spectroradiometer to characterize the stone material used in the Tower. The result is a digital 3D representation of the Tower of Belém, and the identification of the quarries that may have been used to extract its stone. The work carried out combines geometrical and material analysis. The methods used may constitute a guide when documenting and intervening in similar heritage elements. Finally, the information contained therein will allow an eventual reconstruction of the Tower in the case of another catastrophe.
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M. Mohammed Saied, Fathi. "Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Quick Estimation of the URBAN Growth in the North Region of Khartoum State." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2006): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v2i1.88.
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Satellite imagery acquired by IKONOS imaging system in 2003 and the analog map of the study area at scale 1:25000 (1984) have been used to estimate the urban growth taken place in the study area during the period 1984-2003. Remote sensing, digital image processing and GIS techniques were used to map this growth. Different procedures have been applied to the test data to achieve the objectives of this study. Image restoration as well as map projection and rectification operations were adopted to bring the test data at a common geo-reference coordinate system (UTM). Image enhancement and spatial topology processes have been applied and constructed to achieve the virtual representation of the real world. Analysis and overlay process were applied to the test data to model the urban growth in the study area between the year 1984 and the year 2003. The estimated amount of the urban growth was found to be approximately 3.249 Km2. The experimental test, carried throughout this study, proved that integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques have great impact on detecting environmental changes and man-made features variations through time.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "The Datums Transformation for GPS Navigation Measurements Correction." Baghdad Science Journal 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.5.2.253-260.
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The GPS navigation measurements become more widely used in many civilian and scientific application. All GPS navigation data holds many errors, the main error sources arise from the geodetic Datum variation when user apply the GPS measurements with the map. Geodetic datums define the size and shape of the earth and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the earth surface. In this paper, the Datum transformation was evaluated in two mathematical methods to overcome the errors due to the difference between the WGS-84 and our country Datum Clarck-1880. The results was evaluated and investigated using Carmin GPS device for GCPs comparison, topographic map for Hilla city, mid Iraq 1:100000 scale, and two georefrencing ETM+ & TM satellite images. The spatial transformation error was less than 10 meter for UTM projection & less than 1 sec for (?, ?) projection, which can considered as suitable results in transformation calculation All results were overcome using two written program for each method with the help of Matlab facility. GPS: Global Positioning System, GCPs: Ground Control Points
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Kattan, Raad A., and Farsat H. Abdulrahman. "Accuracy Assessment of Duhok City Land use Official Maps." Polytechnic Journal 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v9n2y2019.pp178-185.
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In this study, the geometric accuracy of four different maps for three sectors of Duhok city was assessed. The maps were produced in different periods and different techniques. One set of maps was paper plotted maps, which had to be geo-referenced. The other three maps were digitally plotted with reference to the global coordinate system UTM/WGS-84/Zone 38 N projection. A total of 51 points were identified on one reference map, which is the master plan of Duhok city prepared by the general directorate of urban planning/Kurdistan region/Iraq with the collaboration of the German company Ingenieurburo Vossing Company. The reference map, which is the master plan of Duhok governorate, is an official map that is certified and checked by the ministry of planning of the Kurdistan region to have a positional accuracy of ±1.5 cm. These points were searched for and identified on the other three maps. Discrepancies in Easting and Northings of these points were calculated, which resulted in the mean discrepancy of 2.29 m with a maximum value of 8.5 m in one event. The maximum standard deviation in dE and dN was 3.8 m. These values are reasonably accepted, considering that the maps were prepared using different techniques and a variable accuracy standard.
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Savchyn, І., and Ye Shylo. "Monitoring of the ice caps area changes on Galindez, Winter and Skua Islands (Argentine Islands, West Antarctica)." Ukrainian Antarctic Journal, no. 2 (December 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.651.
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Due to global warming, the glaciers and ice systems of Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula have been significantly changing in shape and size in recent decades. Therefore, to control, forecast and prevent such processes, it is necessary to constantly monitor and analyse changes in the basic parameters of glaciers and ice systems. This paper proposes a study of changes in the area of ice caps located on the Galindez, Winter and Skua islands (Argentine Islands, West Antarctica). The study is based on the integration of different spatio-temporal datasets into a single system for retrospective geographical monitoring of changes in the area of Galindez, Winter and Skua islands ice caps. The system for integrating space-time datasets is the UTM coordinate system (zone 20, South). Using transformed archival cartographic materials, as well as recently obtained orthophotos, the boundaries of the glaciers in different periods of research were digitized. Based on the identified boundaries, the significance of changes in the area of island glaciers, as well as the rate of their change during 1935–2019, were determined. Based on the integration of different spatio-temporal datasets into a single system, retrospective-geographical monitoring of changes in icecaps area during 1935–2019 was performed. The ice caps were found to be experiencing systematic decrease in area with average linear rate of decrease from –0.30%/year to –0.37%/year. A detailed analysis of all integrated spatio-temporal data sets including determination of the cause of changes in the area of the Galindez, Winter and Skua islands' ice caps is a promising topic for further research.
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Ulziisaikhan, Ganbold, and Dash Oyuntsetseg. "UAV and terrestrial laser scanner data processing for large scale topographic mapping." Mongolian Geoscientist 50 (June 2, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v50i0.1329.
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Integrating spatial data from different sources results in visualization, which is the last step in the process of digital basic topographic map creation. Digital elevation model and visualization will used for geomorphological mapping, geospatial database, urban planning and etc. Large scale topographic mapping in the world countries is really a prominent challenge in geospatial industries today. The purpose of this work is to integrate laser scanner data with the ones generated by aerial photogrammetry from UAV, to produce detailed maps that can used by geodetic engineers to optimize their analysis. In addition, terrestrial - based LiDAR scans and UAV photogrammetric data were collected in Sharga hill in the north zone of Mongolia. In this paper, different measurement technology and processing software systems combined for topographic mapping in the data processing scheme. UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) projected coordinate system calculated in WGS84 reference ellipsoid. Feature compilation involving terrestrial laser scanner data and UAV data will integrated to offer Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as the main interest of the topographic mapping activity. Used UAV generate high-resolution orthomosaics and detailed 3D models of areas where no data, are available. That result issued to create topographic maps with a scale of 1:1000 of geodetic measurements. Preliminary results indicate that discontinuity data collection from UAV closely matches the data collected using laser scanner.
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Mat Adnan, A., N. Darwin, M. F. M. Ariff, Z. Majid, and K. M. Idris. "INTEGRATION BETWEEN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER IN PRODUCING 3D MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-391-2019.
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Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) frequently used for obtaining 2D or 3D data acquisition. Meanwhile, Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) are used for obtaining only 3D data acquisition. However if both are integrated, they were able to produce a more accurate data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible integration of point clouds obtained by TLS with UAV images at T06 FBES building through the aerial survey where the roof is scanned and ground survey which scans the facades‟ building. Topcon GLS 2000 and DJI Inspire 1 UAV were used to acquire the data at the field. The aerial data and ground data were processed using Pix4D and Scanmaster respectively. The data integration process is done by converting both point clouds into the same coordinate system and then by aligning the same points of both points clouds in Cloud Compare. For verification purposes, dimensional survey was done and there are several distances were taken from the study area to validate the accuracy assessment. The result of residuals between the dimension survey and integration is 0.183 m which is below 1 meter. The result of this study is a 3D model of UTM T06 FBES building based on the point cloud accuracy in cm level. To conclude, the integration between these two methods can be implemented to produce an accurate 3D model.
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Downar-Zapolska, Laura, and Tadeusz Głowacki. "Map of the terminal moraine of the Werenskioldbreen glacier (South-West Spitsbergen) from 2015." E3S Web of Conferences 29 (2018): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182900029.
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The first direct field measurement of the entire terminal moraine of the Werenskioldbreen glacier on Spitsbergen took place at the end of July and the beginning of August 2015. The results of the measurements were the basis for the development of the large-scale terminal moraine map. The article presents the stages of map creation and editing based on measurement points established by the GNSS method. The map editing required knowledge of the morphologically complex terrain. Key documentation was field notes and documentary photographs, enabling the cartographic interpretation of the varied topographic features of the terrain's surface. Based on the documentation, the water bodies on the moraine were located, the outline of the structure and the boundary points were executed and the latter were excluded from the triangulation process. The glacial river was also excluded from triangulation, which allowed a DTM to be developed. An important step in point cloud mapping was to generate a topologically correct digital elevation model of satisfactory accuracy. On the basis of the DTM, contour lines were generated showing the topographic features of the terrain's surface. The printable resultant map's scale is 1: 5000; it is in the UTM coordinate system, in the 33X zone. Complementing the content of the map, a grid of geographic coordinates, a kilometer grid, and map key descriptions were added.
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Ugbelase Vincent Nwacholundu, Igbokwe Joel Izuchukwu, Emengini Josephine Ebele, Ejikeme Joseph Onyedika, and Igbokwe Esomchukwu Chinagorom. "Generating and analyzing Terrain characteristics from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), DEM." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.3.0272.
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Terrain analysis is the quantitative analysis of topographic surfaces. The purpose of a digital terrain system is to provide the digital representation of terrain so that environmental problem like soil erosion may be approached accurately and efficiently through automated means. Traditionally this was (and still is!) being done manually by using topographic/contour maps. With the availability of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and GIS tools, watershed properties can be extracted by using automated procedures. Remote Sensing and Digital elevation models (DEMs) are known to be very useful data sources for the automated delineation of flow paths, sub watersheds and flow networks for hydrologic modelling and watershed characterization. The digital terrain model was extracted from a 90m resolution Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) of the study area. The SRTM data was corrected by removing voids, striping, tree offsets and random noise. The SRTM DEM data was projected from geographic coordinate WGS 84 to UTM zone 32 of the study area. The 3-D analysis tool of the ArcGIS 10.1 was used for this process. The DEM was processed to obtain the Slope, Contour, Flow direction, Flow accumulation, Flow length, Stream power Index of the study area. The study proved that SRTM elevation dataset has the ability to obviate the lack of terrain data for hydrologic modelling using ArcGIS where appropriate data for terrain modelling and simulation of hydrological processes is unavailable.
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Budzhak, Vasyl, and Olena Miskova. "Grid map of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.02.245.
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Modern approaches to the use of grid mapping in studies of biodiversity at the level of distinct countries and local territories are described. Information on the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park as a significant element of the National Ecological Network, the Emerald Network in Ukraine and the regional ecological network, and on its functional zoning is given. The cartographic basis of the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park is created via MapInfo program. When designing the grid map of the park, the experience of developing grid maps for Cheremosh National Nature Park, Vyzhnytsky National Nature Park, Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, Khotynsky National Natural Park was used. It is based on application of a grid of 1×1-km squares, which is consistent with the accepted in Atlas Florae Europaeae grid, following the UTM coordinate system. Operational layer of the generated map comprises 1193 squares, fully (876) or partially (317) covering the study area. Each square is assigned an individual number (ID), consisting of alphanumeric notation that allows to easily find information and operate it. For each of the plant species, there is created a separate layer, stored in an electronic database and containing information about the location of the species in a certain square. Synthesis of information using the algorithm of creating thematic maps will help to identify the locations of concentration of floristic diversity in the study area, and its combination with zoning maps will provide an opportunity to correct functional zoning of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park. The information collected and organized in this way will clearly display the dynamics of the number of individual species, which is especially relevant for rare species and alien flora fraction of the park. Cartographic material will be the basis for further monitoring studies within the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park.
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Jedlička, Karel. "Third dimension of a map." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-145-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A communication of information from its producer to a user can be done in many ways which differs in their effectivity. Although a map is a native communication channel for presenting of spatial data, a presentation of spatial data in 3D environment is a growing alternative in recent years. Therefore this chapter describes basic principles of dealing with third dimension in a map.</p><p>Note that this contribution focuses on matters related purely to GIS. The contribution is <i>not going to describe advanced 3D scene visualization techniques</i> such as shadow modelling, ray-tracing, etc. (as they belong to computer graphics).</p><p>Also a type of display in not addressed in detail. Just to mention in general, having a 3D scene, it can be displayed on:</p><ol><li>Monitor &ndash; then it is perspective visualization. A perception of depth emerges by moving the virtual observer position or line of sight.</li><li>Monitor using passive or active glasses / 3D monitor &ndash; a full stereo perception emerges.</li><li>3D print / hologram &ndash; physical/virtual three-dimensional scene emerges.</li></ol><p>Coming to GIS related issues. First of all, there exists solutions displaying 2.5 dimensional data and they are commonly called 3D GIS as well even if they do not support full 3D objects.</p><p>Next, there are two different types of coordinate systems used: a <i>Cartesian coordinate system</i>, speaking geographically &ndash; a projected coordinate system, e.g. an UTM Zone. Then all coordinates are in the same units (usually meters). More challenging is the other type &ndash; a <i>geographic coordinate system using latitude and longitude</i> locating both objects and phenomena on Earth globe, but <i>metric units</i> for (ellipsoidal or orthometric) <i>height</i> &ndash; then different types of units (angular and metrical) are used for different axes. Such a situation is typical for virtual globes.</p><p>Talking about cartography, there are two main approaches to visualize a 3D scene, photorealistic versus symbolized). Photorealistic approach tends to use real world textures and create an impression as close to real world as possible. The other approach, consisting of applying a cartographic symbols on the scene, challenges contemporary cartography, as not all cartographic techniques can be transferred from 2D to 3D. There can be distinguished among techniques able to apply without a change, techniques need to be adapted and inapplicable techniques.</p><p>And last but not least major issue is that 3D GIS has to deal with large data in a different way than in 2D. Two dimensional GIS deals with large amount of data by a concept of scale dependent rendering (also called a scale dependent map) and using pyramiding and generalization techniques. But important thing is that always the whole thematic layer (or even a map) is represented at one level of detail in one view. When zoom in or out, an appropriate level of pyramid is depicted. A different approach is needed in 3D &ndash; instead of using one zoom level as a threshold for what and how to visualize, the observer position and line of sight have to be taken into account. Then, objects closer to observer have to be presented in more detailed way than objects away, no matter if they are from the same layer or different layers.</p>
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Hofmann, S., and C. Brenner. "ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF MOBILE MAPPING POINT CLOUDS USING THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT AS TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-601-2016.
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Mobile mapping data is widely used in various applications, what makes it especially important for data users to get a statistically verified quality statement on the geometric accuracy of the acquired point clouds or its processed products. The accuracy of point clouds can be divided into an absolute and a relative quality, where the absolute quality describes the position of the point cloud in a world coordinate system such as WGS84 or UTM, whereas the relative accuracy describes the accuracy within the point cloud itself. Furthermore, the quality of processed products such as segmented features depends on the global accuracy of the point cloud but mainly on the quality of the processing steps. Several data sources with different characteristics and quality can be thought of as potential reference data, such as cadastral maps, orthophoto, artificial control objects or terrestrial surveys using a total station. In this work a test field in a selected residential area was acquired as reference data in a terrestrial survey using a total station. In order to reach high accuracy the stationing of the total station was based on a newly made geodetic network with a local accuracy of less than 3 mm. The global position of the network was determined using a long time GNSS survey reaching an accuracy of 8 mm. Based on this geodetic network a 3D test field with facades and street profiles was measured with a total station, each point with a two-dimensional position and altitude. In addition, the surface of poles of street lights, traffic signs and trees was acquired using the scanning mode of the total station. <br><br> Comparing this reference data to the acquired mobile mapping point clouds of several measurement campaigns a detailed quality statement on the accuracy of the point cloud data is made. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the described reference data source concerning availability, cost, accuracy and applicability are discussed.
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Hofmann, S., and C. Brenner. "ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF MOBILE MAPPING POINT CLOUDS USING THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT AS TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-601-2016.
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Mobile mapping data is widely used in various applications, what makes it especially important for data users to get a statistically verified quality statement on the geometric accuracy of the acquired point clouds or its processed products. The accuracy of point clouds can be divided into an absolute and a relative quality, where the absolute quality describes the position of the point cloud in a world coordinate system such as WGS84 or UTM, whereas the relative accuracy describes the accuracy within the point cloud itself. Furthermore, the quality of processed products such as segmented features depends on the global accuracy of the point cloud but mainly on the quality of the processing steps. Several data sources with different characteristics and quality can be thought of as potential reference data, such as cadastral maps, orthophoto, artificial control objects or terrestrial surveys using a total station. In this work a test field in a selected residential area was acquired as reference data in a terrestrial survey using a total station. In order to reach high accuracy the stationing of the total station was based on a newly made geodetic network with a local accuracy of less than 3 mm. The global position of the network was determined using a long time GNSS survey reaching an accuracy of 8 mm. Based on this geodetic network a 3D test field with facades and street profiles was measured with a total station, each point with a two-dimensional position and altitude. In addition, the surface of poles of street lights, traffic signs and trees was acquired using the scanning mode of the total station. <br><br> Comparing this reference data to the acquired mobile mapping point clouds of several measurement campaigns a detailed quality statement on the accuracy of the point cloud data is made. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the described reference data source concerning availability, cost, accuracy and applicability are discussed.
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Moravcik, Filip, and Eva Micietova. "Interactive classification and spatial modeling of land cover changes in the Slovak Republic in the period 1990 to 2018." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-20-2020.
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Abstract. The current country is the result of changes from the original country, mainly due to human influence. The external appearance of the landscape is represented by landscape cover. Within the EU, the Copernicus program, coordinated by the European Environment Agency (EEA), is dedicated to Earth and environmental monitoring. The outputs of the program are information services based on satellite observations of the Earth and ground-based collection of spatial data - implemented in cooperation with individual Member States of the EU. The Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) and the collection of geographical information about land cover and land cover changes, land use, vegetation status, water cycles and the energy of the Earth's surface are provided.The Slovak Republic has been involved in the program since 1990. Corine Land Cover (CLC) data are freely available for 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018. The CLC legend is a mutual combination of land cover and land use, the highest - third hierarchical level of the CLC classification identifies 44 classes. Data are available in the form of vectors and rasters, with a scale of 1 : 100 000, coordinate system: ETRS89, minimum mapping unit of 25 ha was selected.In this paper, we focus on the identification of the condition and spatial modeling of landscape changes with emphasis on forests. Forests as important carbon sinks are an environmental factor that influences the impact of emissions on the development of greenhouse gases and climate change. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), member countries report changes in land cover categories according to the AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use) classification. For the purposes of estimating greenhouse gas emissions, the AFOLU methodology distinguishes six categories: forest land; cropland; grassland; wetlands; settlements; other areas.The main goal of the paper is the development and presentation of an integrated geographical database of land cover data of the Slovak Republic from CLC datasets (in the period 1990 to 2018), a tool for reclassification of the third hierarchical level CLC and creation of data structures of land use categories according to AFOLU.The specific goal is the development and presentation of an interactive tool - a web application for retrospective assessment of land cover changes from the integrated geographical database according to the CLC classification and interactive assessment of land cover changes according to the AFOLU classification. The outputs of the interactive evaluation of land cover changes will focus on the forest land cover category, evaluation of changes according to adjustable time intervals in CLC and AFOLU and the statistical evaluation of changes.The output is a freely available web application with interactive functionality for datasets, database modeling of land cover changes, statistical evaluation of changes and creation of map outputs. A case study of data processing for the area of the Bratislava region (205 270 ha) in the years 1990 to 2018 (five CLC datasets) is presented. The datasets are suitable for continuously identifying the state of land cover, modeling its changes over time and interpreting land cover change processes over time.