Journal articles: 'Etruscan Etruscans Italy'

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Barker, Graeme. "Archaeology and the Etruscan countryside." Antiquity 62, no. 237 (1988): 772–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00075220.

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The Etruscan city states flourished in westcentral Italy from the late 8th century BC until their conquest and absorption by the emergent state ofRome in the 4th century BC. In 1985 Italy celebrated the century or so of work on its oldest civilization with a series of major exhibitions under the slogan, ‘Buongiorno Etruschi’ (‘Good morning, Etruscansi!’). There were eight major exhibitions in Tuscany displaying over 5000 objects from all the major collections in the region, designed to cover most aspects of Etruscan culture – settlement systems, domestic and religious architecture, religion, everyday life, crafts, and artistic achievement. As the sponsors FIAT wrote in their preface to the splendid catalogues produced for the project (e.g. Camporeale 1985; Carandini 1985; Cristofani 1985; Stopponi 1985), the intention of this massive undertaking was to convey to the Italian public that the Etruscans were not just a dead civilization known above all for the way of death of its élite, but ‘a lively culture of ordinary people, merchants, and craftsmen’.

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Pellecchia, Marco, Riccardo Negrini, Licia Colli, et al. "The mystery of Etruscan origins: novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1614 (2007): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0258.

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The Etruscan culture developed in Central Italy (Etruria) in the first millennium BC and for centuries dominated part of the Italian Peninsula, including Rome. The history of the Etruscans is at the roots of Mediterranean culture and civilization, but their origin is still debated: local or Eastern provenance? To shed light on this mystery, bovine and human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) have been investigated, based on the well-recognized strict legacy which links human and livestock populations. In the region corresponding to ancient Etruria (Tuscany, Central Italy), several Bos taurus breeds have been reared since historical times. These breeds have a strikingly high level of mtDNA variation, which is found neither in the rest of Italy nor in Europe. The Tuscan bovines are genetically closer to Near Eastern than to European gene pools and this Eastern genetic signature is paralleled in modern human populations from Tuscany, which are genetically close to Anatolian and Middle Eastern ones. The evidence collected corroborates the hypothesis of a common past migration: both humans and cattle reached Etruria from the Eastern Mediterranean area by sea. Hence, the Eastern origin of Etruscans, first claimed by the classic historians Herodotus and Thucydides, receives strong independent support. As the Latin philosopher Seneca wrote: Asia Etruscos sibi vindicat (Asia claims the Etruscans back).

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Corke-Webster, James. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 65, no. 2 (2018): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000207.

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Identity studies live. This latest batch of publications explores what made not just the Romans but the Italians, Christians, and Etruscans who they were. We begin with both age and beauty, the fruits of a special exhibition at the Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe in the first half of 2018 into the most famous of Roman predecessors, the Etruscans. Most of the exhibits on display come from Italian museums, but the interpretative essays that break up the catalogue – which are also richly illustrated – are by both Italian and German scholars. These are split between five overarching sections covering introductory affairs, the ages of the princes and of the city-states, the Etruscans’ relationship with Rome, and modern reception. The first contains essays treating Etruscan origins, history, identity, and settlement area. The second begins with the early Iron Age Villanova site, before turning to early Etruscan aristocratic culture, including banqueting, burials, language, writing, and seafaring. The third and longest section considers the heyday of Etruscan civilization and covers engineering and infrastructure, crafts and production, munitions, women's roles, daily life, dance, sport, funerary culture, wall painting, religious culture, and art. The fourth section treats both the confrontation between Etruscan and Roman culture and the persistence of the former after ‘conquest’ by the latter. The fifth section contains one essay on the modern inheritance of the Etruscan ‘myth’ and one on the history of scholarship on the Etruscans. Three aspects to this volume deserve particular praise. First, it includes not only a huge range of material artefacts but also individual essays on Etruscan production in gold, ceramic, ivory, terracotta, and bronze. Second, there is a recurring interest in the interconnections between the Etruscans and other cultures, not just Romans but Greeks, Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians, and other Italian peoples. Third, it includes the history of the reception of Etruscan culture. Amid the just-shy-of-200 objects included (almost every one with description and high-quality colour image), the reader can find everything from a mid-seventh-century pitcher made from an Egyptian ostrich egg painted with birds, flowers, and dancers (147), through the well-known third- or second-century bcTabula Cortonensis – a lengthy and only partially deciphered Etruscan inscription that documents either a legal transaction or a funerary ceremony (311) – to the 2017 kit of the Etruschi Livorno American Football team (364). Since we have no extant Etruscan literature, a volume such as this is all the more valuable in trying to get a sense of these people and their culture, and the exceptionally high production value provides quality exposure to material otherwise scattered throughout Italy.

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de Grummond, Nancy T. "Grape Pips from Etruscan and Roman Cetamura del Chianti: On Stratigraphy, Literary Sources and Pruning Hooks." Etruscan Studies 21, no. 1-2 (2018): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2018-0013.

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Abstract Recently an article appeared raising some issues about the interpretation of grape pips that were excavated at Cetamura del Chianti by the present writer (2012-14). This commentary makes suggestions concerning the arguments in that article with reference to 1) stratigraphy at the site; 2) literary sources on Etruscan viticulture; and 3) the use of the pruning hook by the Etruscans. The present article makes a contribution to the study of Etruscan viticulture by assembling an appendix on actual pruning hooks that have been discovered in Italy dating from the Late Bronze Age down to the second century B. C. E., as well as an appendix on representations of a youth holding the pruning hook in Etruscan art, mainly from the fourth and third centuries B. C. E.

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Capasso, Luigi, and Gabriella Di Tota. "Etruscan Teeth and Odontology." Dental Anthropology Journal 8, no. 1 (2018): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v8i1.250.

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The results of a paleopathological examination of the teeth and supporting structures of a 4th through 2nd century BC Etruscan sample of 119 crania from central Italy reveals a relatively low incidence of caries (27.7%) and high frequencies of antemortem tooth loss (49.6%) and alveolar bone infection (27.7%). The mandibular anterior teeth of one individual were partially covered with a gold strip. The function of this strip may have been ornamental or possibly odontoechnical to cover a diastema which resulted from antemortem tooth loss. Previous studies have shown that the Etruscans were renowned for their skill in odontotherapy.

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Jiménez Fernández-Palacios, B., A. Rizzi, and F. Remondino. "Etruscans in 3D - Surveying and 3D modeling for a better access and understanding of heritage -." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 8 (2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4324.

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Archaeological 3D digital documentation of monuments and historical sites should be considered a precious source of information and it can be very useful for preservation, conservation, restoration and reconstruction of Cultural Heritage. This paper reports a work dealing with 3D surveying and modeling of different Etruscan heritage sites, featuring necropolis with underground frescoed tombs dating back to VII-IV century B.C., located in the area corresponding roughly to the actual central Italy. The project “Etruscans in 3D” was born with the aim of digital documentation, study, analyses and preservation of Etruscan heritage monuments and sites, but also to create digital contents for virtual visits, museum exhibitions, virtual and augmented reality, better access and communication of the heritage information.

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Becker, Marshall Joseph. "Etruscan Gold Appliances: Origins and Functions as Indicated by an Example from Orvieto, Italy, in the Danish National Museum." Dental Anthropology Journal 8, no. 3 (2018): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v8i3.243.

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The ancient Etruscans invented the dental bridge over 2,500 years ago. The earliest known example, made from pure gold, was excavated from the ancient site of Satricum in central Italy. it has been dated to ca. 630 BC. At that time this village was within the Etruscan realm. All of the earliest examples of these dental prostheses derive from Etruscan contexts. Study of all of the known dental appliances from this part of the ancient world suggests that their use faded as central Italy came under Roman influence. Among the 19 known prostheses from Etruscan archaeological contexts (Becker, nda) is an outstanding example, believed to be from Orvieto, now in the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen (Figs. 1, 2) (Becker, 1992). A detailed description of the Copenhagen example allows it to be compared with other known pieces. We now have a clear understanding of the various ways in which prostheses were made and used. A significant discovery is that these Etruscan bridges were worn only by females, suggesting that cosmetics and vanity were important dental concerns. The unusal construction technique of the Copenhagen piece and its place within the typology of examples reflects the evolution of this technology over more than 400 years.

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Izzet, Vedia E. "Form and Meaning in Etruscan Ritual Space." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774301000105.

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Monumental sanctuaries in Central Italy, more specifically South Etruria, appear suddenly in the middle of the first millennium bc. Ancient Greek and Roman authors wrote about the Etruscans, and the Etruscans themselves produced a mass of material evidence which they buried in their tombs, and which drew on Classical elements including mythology. As a result of the wealth and breadth of archaeological material, this society provides much, so far unexplored, scope for cognitive investigation. Here my concern is why sanctuaries emerged in the late sixth century, and why the highly codified temple architecture of South Etruria took the form that it did.

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Bersani, Pio, Angelo Canalini, and Walter Dragoni. "First results of a study of the Etruscan tunnel and other hydraulic works on the Ponte Coperto stream (Cerveteri, Rome, Italy)." Water Supply 10, no. 4 (2010): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.109.

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The Etruscan tunnel called Ponte Coperto is located NW of Rome, near the town of Cerveteri. The Ponte Coperto tunnel, mapped for the first time during the present research and dug mainly in volcanic tuff lying below the lava flow, was built to drain a valley of about 8.5 km2, probably between the VII and VI century B.C. Before the tunnel construction, part of the valley was occupied by a swamp, whose reclamation was carried out by digging a long rectilinear canal of about 800 metres to the tunnel opening. Several hundred metres upstream of the tunnel entrance a secondary canal flows into the main one; this tributary canal drains a secondary valley, next to the principal one. Nowadays the Ponte Coperto tunnel, 170 m long, looks much larger than its original shape due to natural erosion that has widened and deepened it: during the dry season its discharge is negligible, but some calculations show that the peak discharge can be in the order of several dozens of cubic metres per second. The efficiency of the Ponte Coperto system is outstanding, as the hydraulic setup of the area is still that left by the Etruscans engineers more than two millennia ago: the tunnel and the canals keep draining both the surface and the ground waters from the more permeable rocks, and the valley is still healthy and cultivated. The Ponte Coperto system is a good example of the fact that Roman water engineering has its roots in Etruscan technology.

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Rasmussen, Tom. "The Etruscans Ellen Macnamara: The Etruscans. Pp. 72; 97 illustrations. London: British Museum Publications, 1990. Paper, £5.95. Larissa Bonfante: Etruscan. (Reading the Past.) Pp. 64; 44 illustrations. London: British Museum Publications, 1990. Paper, £4.95. Nigel Spivey, Simon Stoddart: Etruscan Italy: an Archaeological History. Pp. 168; 100 illustrations. London: Batsford, 1990. £29.95." Classical Review 42, no. 01 (1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x0028270x.

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Nowlin, Jessica. "Etruscan Orientalization." Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, no. 2 (2021): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340008.

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Abstract The terms ‘orientalizing’ and ‘orientalization’ have been employed to describe an art historical style, historical period, and process of cultural interaction between East and West within the early first-millennium BCE Mediterranean. With particular focus on Etruria and Italy, this historiography explores the Orientalist framework at the heart of ‘orientalizing’ terms while outlining how modern political movements and ideologies of nationalism and colonialism have influenced interpretations of ‘orientalizing.’ By showing the political viewpoints underlying the origins of the term and the ways in which these positions have continued to shape modern interpretations of the effects of eastern imported objects, ideas, and practices in Etruria, this work argues that the term ‘orientalizing’ should no longer be used. Instead, the period should be fit into existing chronological periodizations, and the process of cultural change should be interrogated outside of an Orientalist discourse.

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Zagoršek, Tjaša. "A contribution to the knowledge of diet composition of the Barn Owl Tyto alba in the area of Pisa (Italy)." Acrocephalus 39, no. 178-179 (2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acro-2018-0012.

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Abstract We examined the pellets of the Barn Owl Tyto alba, collected in Pisa, Italy, in 2012. Altogether, 219 specimens of small mammals were found in 85 pellets. The Barn Owl diet was composed of ten species of small mammals, representing three different families (Muridae, Cricetidae, Soricidae). The main prey species was the Wood Mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, followed by the House Mouse Mus musculus and the Savi’s Pine Vole Microtus savii. While the smallest of the small mammals from the area, the Etruscan Shrew Suncus etruscus, was well represented in the pellets, some larger species of small mammals were not represented at all. The reason for such result may lie in the upper limit for our Barn Owl’s prey size. Results suggest that optimal prey weight for our Barn Owl may be between 26–75 g of body mass, however, the prey can be occasionally as heavy as almost 100 g, represented by adult Rat Rattus spp. Nevertheless, our results may not reflect the true hunting strategy of the Barn Owl, but the availability of a certain food item at one point in time.

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Simón Cornago, Ignacio. "Adaptations of the Latin alphabet." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 1067–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.387.

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The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of the use of the Latin alphabet to write the so-called fragmentary languages of Italy and Western Europe during Antiquity. The Latin alphabet was created from an Etruscan model to write Latin, but was also used to record texts in other languages: Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, the minor Italic dialects, Faliscan, and Venetic in Italy; Gaulish in the Gauls and other provinces in the north of Europe; and, finally, Iberian, Celtiberian, and Lusitanian in the Iberian Peninsula. The use of the Latin alphabet to write the so-called fragmentary languages represents a step before complete Latinisation. Two models are proposed to explain how the use and/or adaptation of the Latin alphabet to write the local languages came about.

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Renzulli, Alberto, Patrizia Santi, Giovanni Nappi, Mario Luni, and Daniele Vitali. "Provenance and trade of volcanic rock millstones from Etruscan-Celtic and Roman archaeological sites in Central Italy." European Journal of Mineralogy 14, no. 1 (2002): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0175.

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Mullen, Alex, and Coline Ruiz Darasse. "Gaulish." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 749–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.383.

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Gaulish is a language in the Celtic language family, documented in Gaul (France and surrounding territories) from around the 2nd century BC and through the Roman period. This idiom is presented primarily in Greek (Gallo-Greek) and Latin (Gallo-Latin) script, with a small number of Gaulish texts also attested in Etruscan alphabet in Italy (Gallo-Etruscan) and Gaulish names in Iberian script. In this article we detail our knowledge of the linguistic content, context and classification of Gaulish, and consider the epigraphic corpus, naming practices, writing systems and the cultural interactions that shape this material. Finally, we discuss the future challenges for the study of Gaulish and some of the work that is underway which will drive our research in the 21st century.

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Coradeschi, Ginevra, Massimo Beltrame, Simona Rafanelli, Costanza Quaratesi, Laura Sadori, and Cristina Barrocas Dias. "The Wooden Roof Framing Elements, Furniture and Furnishing of the Etruscan Domus of the Dolia of Vetulonia (Southern Tuscany, Italy)." Heritage 4, no. 3 (2021): 1938–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030110.

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The Etruscan Domus of the Dolia remained hidden until 2009, when archaeological excavations began in the Etruscan–Roman district of Vetulonia (Southern Tuscany). Based on the classification of the archaeological materials recovered, the destruction of the Domus and the Etruscan city of Vetulonia was traced back to the 1st century BC. The highly various and precious materials recovered inside the Domus revealed the richness of the building and its inhabitants. With this study, we present the anthracological analyses from the Domus of the Dolia. Wood charcoals were recovered from different house rooms, which had different functions based on the archaeological evidence. The tree species employed for the construction of the roof of the building were deciduous and semi-deciduous oak wood (Quercus sect. robur, Quercus sect. cerris) and silver fir wood (Abies cf. alba). Evergreen oak wood (Quercus sect. suber), boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), beech wood (Fagus cf. sylvatica), maple wood (Acer sp.) and cherry wood (Prunus cf. avium) were adopted for the furniture and furnishings of the house. Moreover, wood charcoal fragments of fruit trees belonging to the family of Rosaceae were identified, documenting a possible garden inside the court of the house. The study shows the use of the local tree species primarily. The silver fir wood and beech wood were likely sourced from the nearby (roughly 60 km) Mount Amiata.

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Meyers, Gretchen E. "Approaching monumental architecture: mechanics and movement in Archaic Etruscan palaces." Papers of the British School at Rome 81 (September 26, 2013): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246213000044.

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This paper reassesses the architectural setting of a group of monumental buildings dating to the sixth centurybcfrom the Etruscan area of central Italy, sometimes referred to as palaces, orpalazzi. Although scholars traditionally have focused on classifying the buildings, the architectural form is here examined through close comparative analysis of spatial mechanics and movement. Focusing on case-studies from Poggio Civitate (Murlo) and Acquarossa, the author reconstructs the architectural processes of movement, particularly between the exterior and interior spaces arranged around a characteristic courtyard, and concludes that the structures are indicative of a unique Etruscan experience rather than that of Mediterranean palaces more generally. The author calls for a shift away from attempts to categorize these monumental structures in favour of a close analysis of spatial experience in order to explore better their architectural impact and function.

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Bonfante, Larissa, Marina Martelli, Alessandro Morandi, et al. "Review Article: Recent Books from Italy on the Etruscans." American Journal of Archaeology 95, no. 1 (1991): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505162.

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Shipley, Lucy. "Leaping to conclusions: archaeology, gender and digital news media." Antiquity 89, no. 344 (2015): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.46.

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In the autumn of 2013, a discovery was made in the Doganaccia necropolis close to the ancient Etruscan city of Tarquinia. A sepulchre was uncovered, mercifully and unusually unlooted. Inside were the remains of two individuals and a range of grave goods, allowing the tomb to be typologically dated to the late seventh or early sixth century BC. One of the individuals had been cremated, while the other was laid out in a supine position. Both were placed on funeral benches similar to those known from Etruscan tombs across the region (Steingräber 2009). This excavation was as unusual as it was spectacular—the equally vigorous efforts of nineteenth-century enthusiasts (Leighton 2004: 12) and twentieth-century tomb robbers (van Velzen 1999: 180) have left little of the Etruscan burial record undisturbed. Unsurprisingly, there was a great deal of media excitement over the burial, as its excavator, distinguished Etruscan scholar Alessandro Mandolesi, spoke with the press of his impressions of the remains and their relationship to the artefacts found in the tomb. Little of his exact words remain in the public sphere, but the impression he provided to the press was clear in the flurry of media reports that followed his statement. The ensuing media interest and archaeological developments present a number of serious issues for the practice of archaeology in an age in which digital media can magnify the impact of any major discovery. In addition, the interpretation put forward exposed the continued androcentrism inherent in many sub-disciplines of archaeology, which, 30 years on from Conkey and Spector's (1984) transformative publication, remain locked in deeply problematic interpretative patterns. This interpretation of the Tarquinia burial is emblematic of a far wider phenomenon, both within and beyond Italy, which has serious implications for future archaeological practice. This article unpicks both the media storm and interpretative paradigms that characterised this case study, and queries archaeological responsibility and visibility in an age of 24-hour news.

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Becker, Marshall Joseph. "An Unusual Etruscan Gold Dental Appliance from Poggio Gaiella, Italy: Fourth in a Series." Dental Anthropology Journal 10, no. 3 (2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v10i3.226.

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Among the 20 known ancient dental prostheses from etruscan archaeological contexts in an unusal example that was recovered for Poggio Gaiella, Italy. The form and construction technique used in making the Poggio Gaiella piece suggests that it was used as a restraining band to hold loose teeth in place within a maxilla. The possibility that these appliances provide evidence for early cases of leprosy rather than tooth evulsion is discussed.

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Klempan, B., K. Helwig, and F. Colivicchi. "Examination and Analysis of Etruscan Wall Paintings at Caere, Italy." Archaeometry 59, no. 6 (2017): 1082–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12304.

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Colombini, M. P., G. Giachi, M. Iozzo, and E. Ribechini. "An Etruscan ointment from Chiusi (Tuscany, Italy): its chemical characterization." Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 7 (2009): 1488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.011.

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Turfa, Jean Macintosh, and Alwin G. Steinmayer. "In Defence of Patroklos: A Plea to Common Sense." Antichthon 27 (November 1993): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400000745.

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Chariots were important weapons in ancient warfare for almost two millennia in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Chariotry in the Bronze Age Aegean was obviously of great significance, but discrepancies between epic descriptions and archaeological evidence have often led to controversy. The Etruscans, Latins and Picene tribes took rapidly to chariotry after its introduction into Italy in the 8th century B.C.—probably by Levantine interests which also persuaded Cyprus and Tartessian Spain to adopt chariots as part of an extensive aristocratic prestige system.

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CERRETTI, PIERFILIPPO, and THOMAS PAPE. "Two new species of European Stevenia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Rhinophoridae) and a key to the Palaearctic species." Zootaxa 1624, no. 1 (2007): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1624.1.3.

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Two new species of Stevenia are described from Europe: Stevenia etrusca sp. nov. (Italian mainland: Toscana) and S. palermitana sp. nov. (Italy: Sicily, Palermo prov.). A key to all known Palaearctic species of the genus is provided.

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Cifani, Gabriele. "Notes on the rural landscape of central Tyrrhenian Italy in the 6th-5th c. b.c. and its social significance." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013933.

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During the last few decades most landscape archaeologists have noted the diffusion and the demographic importance of the rural landscapes of Archaic Etruscan communities and have tried to define their significance within Etruscan society in the same way as others have attempted to evaluate the political significance of the Greek rural landscape. Recent research on Italian landscapes has led to a great increase in the available data regarding the different paths of development for the various communities, allowing them to be outlined and compared.The growing dichotomy between the studies of field archaeologists and historians or art-historians may appear to be a problem. Landscape studies in Italy have been dominated since the 1950s by an Anglocentric tradition of economic and environmental archaeology, with important work focusing on long-term phenomena. Historians and art-historians, on the other hand, have tried to define an interdisciplinary approach involving the use of several sources of evidence (art-historical, epigraphic, literary) and focusing on historical events and medium-or short-term phenomena. Yet field and historical archaeology are simply two sides of the same coin, and should be viewed as complementary rather than incompatible approaches to understanding the comolex evidence of the Dre-Roman cultures.

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Zair, Nicholas. "Vowel weakening in the Sabellic languages as language contact." Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0016.

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Abstract In this article I show that weakening of unstressed vowels in Oscan, Umbrian and Paelignian occurs in different environments and at different points in the relative or absolute chronologies of the individual languages, and produces different results. Consequently, vowel weakening did not take place in Proto- or Common Sabellic as commonly thought, but should instead be seen as the longterm result of the generalisation of an initial stress accent across a number of languages in contact in Ancient Italy, including Latin, the Sabellic languages, and Etruscan.

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Emmitt, Joshua, Andrew McAlister, Neda Bawden, and Jeremy Armstrong. "XRF and 3D Modelling on a Composite Etruscan Helmet." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 8026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178026.

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The presentation of X-ray fluorescence data (XRF) assays is commonly restricted to tables or graphical representations. While the latter may sometimes be in a 3D format, they have yet to incorporate the actual objects they are from. The presentation of multiple XRF assays on a 3D model allows for more accessible presentation of data, particularly for composite objects, and aids in their interpretation. We present a method to display and interpolate assay data on 3D models using the PyVista Python package. This creates a texture of the object that displays the relative differences in elemental composition. A crested helmet from Tomb 1036 from the Casale del Fosso necropolis, Veii, Italy, is used to exemplify this method. The results of the analysis are presented and show variation in composition across the helmet, which also corresponds with macroscopic and decorrelation stretching analyses.

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Trentacoste, Angela. "Etruscan Foodways and Demographic Demands: Contextualizing Protohistoric Livestock Husbandry in Northern Italy." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 2 (2016): 279–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957115y.0000000015.

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Domestic livestock were a crucial part of Mediterranean communities throughout later prehistory. In the first millennium BC, livestock mangement changed, and was changed by, the rise of cities in Italy. Italian prehistory has a rich zooarchaeological tradition, but investigation of the Iron Age has been regionally divided and synthetic works on the Po valley comparatively few. This article presents a pan-regional review of late prehistoric and protohistoric livestock exploitation that considers Northern and Central Italy together for the first time. Zooarchaeological comparison reveals an increase in the use of sheep/goat for secondary products, while cattle and caprines were subject to size changes that distinguish their management from that of pigs. A marked increase in pig husbandry is visible in both regions, but this shift took place earlier and more emphatically in Northern Etruscan centres than in Central Italy. After defining the main changes in animal management during the period under review, this article looks beyond population density to explore the wider environmental, economic, and cultural context of pork consumption and its relation to the development of urbanism in Etruria padana.

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Dan, Roberto. "A Short Note on an Unusual Artefact which May Constitute a Link between Urartu and Etruria." Iran and the Caucasus 20, no. 1 (2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160102.

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Not long ago, during excavation in the domestic area of the Urartian fortress of Ayanis, a cylindrical object made of gold was discovered. Objects of this kind were completely unknown in Urartu before this discovery and it is not possible to compare it with any other items in the Ancient Near East. However, a possible parallel can be found with some golden objects discovered in central Italy in the work of Etruscan metallurgists. These items from Iron Age Italy are made of precious metals, especially gold, and have been interpreted as clasps; they are generally considered to have been used mainly to secure the men’s cloaks on the shoulder. This type of object is generally dated to the 8th-7th century B.C. and comes mainly from a series of archaeological contexts in central Italy.

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Tirillini, B., A. Ricci, G. Pintore, M. Chessa, L. Menghini, and R. Pagiotti. "Essential oil composition of Santolina etrusca from Italy." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 43, no. 1 (2007): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-007-0028-y.

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Ridgway, David. "News and Views of the Etruscans - G. Bagnasco Gianni: Oggetti iscritti di epoca orientalizzante in Etruria. (Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi e Italici: Biblioteca di ‘Studi Etruschi’, 30.) Pp. 506, 52 text-figs. Florence: Olschki, 1996. Paper. ISBN: 88-222-4403-6. - G. Colonna (ed.): L'altorilievo di Pyrgi: dei ed eroi greci in Etruria. Pp. 46, 27 text-figs. Rome: ‘L'Erma’ di Bretschneider, 1996. Paper. ISBN: 88-7062-949-X. - J. F. Hall (ed.): Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era (M. Seth and Maurine D. Horne Center for the Study of Art scholarly series). Pp. xvii + 411, ills. Provo, UT: Museum of Art, Brigham Young University, 1996. ISBN: 0-8425-2334-0." Classical Review 48, no. 1 (1998): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00330827.

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Rubini, M., E. Bonafede, S. Mogliazza, and L. Moreschini. "Etruscan biology: the Tarquinian population, seventh to second centuryBC (Southern Etruria, Italy)." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, no. 3 (1997): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199705)7:3<202::aid-oa345>3.0.co;2-b.

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Caneva, Giulia, Fabiola Benelli, Flavia Bartoli, and Emanuela Cicinelli. "Safeguarding natural and cultural heritage on Etruscan tombs (La Banditaccia, Cerveteri, Italy)." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 29, no. 4 (2018): 891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12210-018-0730-7.

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Angiolini, Claudia, and Vincenzo De Dominicis. "The syntaxonomic position of Santolina etrusca - multivariate analysis." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 68, no. 1 (2014): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1999.008.

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The results of multivariate analysis of the syntaxonomic role of Santolina etrusca (Lacaita) Marchi et D'Amato, a species endemic to Tyrrhenian central Italy, are reported. Classification was performed by polythetic divisive analysis using two-way indicator species (TWINSPAN). Ordination analysis was performed by correspondence analysis (CA). Classification and ordination showed that although Santolina etrusca grows prevalently in communities of Rosmarinetalia Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934, it is ecologically correlated and associated with entities of unstable nitrophilous communities subject to frequent disturbance belonging to an order, Helichryso-Santolinetalia Peinado and Martinez-Parras 1984, with western eumediterranean distribution. However it does not have a well defined sociological role, as it is constant in all community groups.

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Berggren, Kristina. "Spindle Whorls: their Symbolism in the Villanovan Cemetery of Quattro Fontanili, Veii." Current Swedish Archaeology 1, no. 1 (1993): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1993.01.

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The hypothesis presented in this paper is that the apparently insignificant pottery spindle whorl is a symbol of transformation of death into new life by analogy with mankind's oldest abstract image, the circle, and with the important inventions of pottery making and spinning. This funerary symbolism, which earlier was dominated by the feminine principle, in the Villanovan culture receives the male figure. The Villanovan culture, in Central Italy, is a transition between the old, inward-looking, immobile village and the new expanding Etruscan city-state. During this transition the spindle whorl begins, as an abstract image, to symbolize the feminine principle in the hieros gamos, later represented as the intercourse between the goddess and the god.

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Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti. "Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002498.

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In the field of European recent prehistory it is generally agreed that, from the Early Orientalising period, Etruria played a central role in long distance trade, also acting as a link between the Aegean and east Mediterranean and trans-Alpine Europe. A widely acknowledged implication is that this primary status of the Etruscans among the indigenous peoples of Italy was a secondary effect of the Greek and Phoenician colonisation in the central Mediterranean. It is the aim of this paper to show that, as early as the Late Bronze Age, Etruria emerged as a complex territorial, political, and economic entity and was able to participate in an interregional network of trade reaching as far as northern Germany and the Aegean. By the beginnings of the Italian Iron Age, this region was organised as a federation of early states, with important extensions in the southern Po plain, along the Adriatic coast, and in Campania.

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Gandin, A., E. Capezzuoli, and A. Ciacci. "The stone of the inscribed Etruscan stelae from the Valdelsa area (Siena, Italy)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 257, no. 1 (2006): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.257.01.21.

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Arletti, R., L. Rivi, D. Ferrari, and G. Vezzalini. "The Mediterranean Group II: analyses of vessels from Etruscan contexts in northern Italy." Journal of Archaeological Science 38, no. 9 (2011): 2094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.028.

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Sapia, Vincenzo, Valerio Materni, Federico Florindo, et al. "Multi-Parametric Imaging of Etruscan Chamber Tombs: Grotte Di Castro Case Study (Italy)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 7875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177875.

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A multi-parametric approach that involves the use of different geophysical methods coupled with geochemical data allowed us to identify undiscovered archeological burials in a funerary area of the Grotte di Castro Etruscan settlement. In particular, we tested the suitability of the capacitive resistivity method and the presence of Radon in soil for the identification of burials calibrating their outcomes over coincident survey profiles with standard geophysical techniques routinely applied for archaeological prospections. Soil Radon data were acquired both in a grid and along a profile to highlight anomalous gas concentrations, whereas electrical resistivity and ground-penetrating radar measurements were conducted on overlapping profiles to depict the electrical and electromagnetic subsurface distribution. Data integration showed a series of anomalies, suggesting the presence of multiple burials starting from a depth of approximately 1.5 m below the terrain surface. Slight anomalies of Radon in the soil were found to correspond to most of the recovered geophysical ones. Our results pointed out the effectiveness of geophysical method integration in archeological prospecting with the novelty of the joint use of Radon in soil measurements and capacitive resistivity tomography. The latter provided reliable results and can be considered as a standalone technique in archaeological surveys.

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Poponi, Stefano, Gabriella Arcese, Enrico Maria Mosconi, Francesco Pacchera, Olimpia Martucci, and Grazia Chiara Elmo. "Multi-Actor Governance for a Circular Economy in the Agri-Food Sector: Bio-Districts." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094718.

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The transition of the European agri-food sector towards a sustainable production and consumption model is a key element of the Green Deal. The new European “Farm to Fork” strategy aims to make the food system fair, healthy, and environmentally friendly. The consolidation and development of the organic model are two of the main objectives. In Italy, this development can be achieved through the Bio-District model. This model, which was born in the last ten years in Italy, is characterized by innovative multi-actor governance. From an explorative perspective, this study analyses the background literature on Bio-Districts and the context of the development of the Etruscan Roman Bio-District to understand the potential and the factors that allow the application of the principles of the Circular Economy. It focuses on multiple comparative analyses by using a qualitative–quantitative approach. The analysis of the context highlights the potential for expansion linked to an integrated short supply chain through three scenarios.

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Scoppola, Anna, and Claudia Angiolini. "Vegetation of stream-bed garigues in the Antiapennine range of Tuscany and Latium (central Italy), especially the new association Santolino etruscae-Saturejetum montanae." Phytocoenologia 27, no. 1 (1997): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/27/1997/77.

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O'Donoghue, Eóin. "The Mute Statues Speak: The Archaic Period Acroteria from Poggio Civitate (Murlo)." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 2 (2013): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000029.

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Poggio Civitate has made an important contribution to the understanding of domestic architecture in pre-Roman central Italy since excavations commenced in 1966 uncovering two phases of monumental architecture. Interpretations of the site have been varied, with suggestions that it was the seat of a north Etruscan league or the base of a local élite family. This study argues that it was the latter, based upon an analysis of the famous ‘cowboy’ statue acroteria from the Archaic period complex. It is argued that the statues, as ancestral figures of the élite inhabitants, personified their wealth and power. The complex, and acroteria more generally, had a powerful psychological effect on those living within it, but more importantly those living in the surrounding territory. In addition the building is placed within its physical and socio-political landscape of north inland Etruria

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Santisteban, Javier R., S. Siano, and Mark R. Daymond. "Neutron Strain Scanning of Archaeological Bronzes." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.975.

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We report neutron strain scanning experiments on archaeological bronzes, with the aim of identifying the original manufacturing techniques used. The specimens studied were a Picenan necklace from VI BC, and an Etruscan bucket handle from IV BC, exhibited at the Marches Museum of Archaeology, Ancona, Italy. Time-of-flight neutron diffraction and transmission experiments were performed at the ENGIN-X instrument, ISIS, UK. For the necklace, characteristic bending strain profiles and a small degree of preferred orientation indicate that the specimen had been cold worked. For the handle, broad diffraction peaks and highly distorted Bragg edges -typical of a columnar grain microstructure- suggested that this specimen was cast and did not undergo significant thermal or mechanical treatment. The relation between the experimental diffracted and transmitted time-of-flight spectra, and the microstructure of specimens are discussed.

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Sacchetti, Federica. "Funerary practices and sacerdotal rank in pre-Roman northern and central Italy: new data for interpreting the ‘ritual shovel’." Journal of Roman Archaeology 29 (2016): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400072159.

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In Early Iron Age cultures (the Golasecca, Este and Villanovan/Etruscan of the Po valley in the 7th-4th c. B.C.), a characteristic metal object has often been linked to unspecified ritual practices of protohistoric Italic peoples, raising various archaeological, anthropological and religious questions. This object, a ‘ritual shovel’ (Italian: paletta rituale; German: Bronzepalette) was first described by G. Ghirardini, who published two examples, one from Padua and one in Rome's Pigorini Museum. In 1902, he drew up a catalogue of 13 pieces and attempted to establish the first chronological sequence. During the first half of the 19th c., various pieces were published, but no studies addressed the typological, chronological and functional questions relating to the ritual shovel until M. Zuffa focused on it, providing what is still the most recent catalogue and the only discussion (fig. 1).

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Bianchi, Edoardo. "Italy after the Pyrrhic War: the Beginnings of Roman Colonization in Etruria." Klio 100, no. 3 (2018): 765–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2018-0129.

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Summary My paper aims to clarify the subsequent steps of Rome’s encroachment on Etruria in the aftermath of the Pyrrhic War. As is well known, the Latin colony of Cosa was founded in 273 BC on the Tyrrhenian coast to the north of Vulci; moreover, in the years 264–245 BC, four citizen colonies were founded on the Caeretan coast, namely Castrum Novum, Pyrgi, Alsium and Fregenae. Unfortunately, it is not easy to reconstruct precisely what the Roman movements in Etruria were, or how the Etruscans reacted to them. Above all, it is difficult to determine whether (and to what extent) a colonial foundation like Cosa – which was contemporary with the establishment of Paestum in Lucania – was part of a broader and coherent strategy that the Romans had been following in their expansion into the Italian peninsula. By evaluating all the available evidence, I will try to demonstrate that the foundation of Cosa depended more upon particular contingencies than upon any preconceived plan for the conquest of Italy.

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Oláh, S., E. Pacciani, and S. Cencetti. "Anthropological examination of the Etruscan bone material from Magliano in Toscana, Cancellone 1, Grosseto, Italy." International Journal of Anthropology 8, no. 3 (1993): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02446324.

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Baitinger, Holger. "Votive gifts from Sicily and southern Italy in Olympia and other Greek sanctuaries." Archaeological Reports 62 (November 2016): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608416000107.

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Votive gifts from Sicily and southern Italy are most prominent among the objects discovered in Greek sanctuaries, especially Olympia, the most significant location for such material in Greece. Foreign objects from the west were an early focus of archaeologists working on Olympia (for example Karo 1937; Kunze 1951; Kilian 1977a; 1977b; von Hase 1979; 1997; Herrmann 1983; Moustaka 1985; Kyrieleis 1986; Söldner 1994; Strøm 2000; Naso 2000a; 2000b; 2006; 2011; 2012; Baitinger 2013; Aurigny 2016), in particular spectacular pieces with inscriptions, such as two bronze helmets of the central Italian Negau type (Fig. 84) (Egg 1986: 51–61, 198–99, nos 185–86, pls 108, 109a). The inscription confirms the dedication by Hiero I, the tyrant of Syracuse, following his victory over the Etruscans at the naval Battle of Cumae in 474 BC. As we know from Pindar's victory odes and from monuments dedicated at Olympia, the powerful tyrants of Sicily maintained strong links to the sanctuary (for example Philipp 1992; 1994; Giangiulio 1993; Di Vita 2005; Dreher 2013).

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Tobin-Dodd, Fredrik. "Erik Wetter and the genesis of the San Giovenale excavations." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 13 (November 2, 2020): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-13-09.

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The Swedish excavations at San Giovenale (1956–1965) had a major impact in the field of pre-Roman archaeology in Italy, primarily through the discovery of remains of both Etruscan and earlier domestic architecture. This article examines the genesis of the project, and suggests that the early history of the project has sometimes been misrepresented. While the excavations came to serve as a training-ground for young Swedish archaeologists and made very important contributions to the study of ancient domestic architecture, these were not explicit goals at the conception of the project. The article also studies the peculiar role of Admiral Erik Wetter in the San Giovenale excavations. Despite not being an archaeologist himself, Wetter was both the instigator and, in many ways, the driving force behind the project. The result was an unusual and unclear leadership situation, something that in the long run created problems for the project.

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Copenhaver, Brian, and Daniel Stein Kokin. "Egidio da Viterbo’s Book on Hebrew Letters: Christian Kabbalah in Papal Rome*." Renaissance Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2014): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676151.

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AbstractEgidio da Viterbo (1469–1532) wrote his Book on Hebrew Letters (Libellus de litteris hebraicis) in 1517 to persuade Pope Leo X to reform the Roman alphabet. Behind this concrete, if farfetched, proposal was a millenarian theology that Egidio revealed by introducing his Christian readers to Kabbalah, whose first Christian advocate, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, had done his pioneering work only a few decades before. Inspired by Pico and by Johann Reuchlin, Egidio also absorbed the Platonism of Marsilio Ficino, applying it in the Libellus to a Kabbalist analysis of the Aeneid, which he reads as a prophecy of papal victory over the Jews at the end of time, while also seeing Pope Leo as a modern-day Etruscan. But the main source of Egidio’s apocalyptic theology is a medieval Hebrew book, the Sefer ha-Temunah, which in Italy was new to Jews at the time Egidio read it.

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Marrocchino, Elena, Chiara Telloli, Martina Pedrini, and Carmela Vaccaro. "Natural Stones Used in the Orsi-Marconi Palace Façade (Bologna): A Petro-Mineralogical Characterization." Heritage 3, no. 4 (2020): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040062.

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Ancient buildings are important components of the Italian Cultural Heritage and, since the Etruscan Period, Bologna (north-eastern Italy) has always been one of the most flourishing cities both culturally and economically in the Italian and European panorama. The Orsi-Marconi Palace in Bologna presents a monumental façade decorated with many sandstone ornaments of the 16th century. Different samples from different parts of the façade of the building were collected and firstly characterised by macroscopic observations to determine the structural aspect. A petro-mineralogical study on the surfaces of the samples was conducted using a stereomicroscope and Optical Transmitted Light Polarized Microscopy. In addition, X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Powder Diffractometer analyses were carried out to better understand the mineralogical composition of the sandstone materials used and the degradation products from the façades of this historical building. The aim of this work was to better understand how to revalue the sandstone decorations severely affected by deterioration phenomena.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Etruscan Etruscans Italy'

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