Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ettringite. Béton Ciment'
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Brunetaud, Xavier. "Etude de l'influence de différents paramètres et de leurs interactions sur la cinétique et l'amplitude de la réaction sulfatique interne au béton /." Paris : Ecole Centrale des arts et manufactures, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41458732t.
Full textKuryatnyk, Tetyana Pera Jean Derevianko Viktor. "Insensibilisation à l'eau des mélanges à base de sulfate de calcium par ajout de clinker sulfo-alumineux." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?&id=kuryatnyk.
Full textKuryatnyk, Tetyana. "Insensibilisation à l'eau des mélanges à base de sulfate de calcium par ajout de clinker sulfo-alumineux." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0062/these.pdf.
Full textBinders based on calcium sulfate are cheap but vulnerable in water due to their high solubility. The capacity of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker to stabilize calcium sulfate based binders as well as the influence of the nature of calcium sulfate on the mechanical properties and microstructure of such materials were investigated. Waterproofing of gypsum based binders was carried out by addition of 30, 50 and 70 % of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker. The present study compares the bihaviour of pastes containing respectively natural gypsum, recristallized gypsum, and β hemi-hydrate. The study of the hydration of calcium sulfate based binders containing 30, 50 and 70 % of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker has been carried out by means of XRD, DTA, and IR spectrometry. It was pointed out that ettringite and gibbsite are the main hydrates that formed regardless of the calcium sulfate to calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker ratio or the nature of calcium sulfate. The main factors determining the microstructure and thus the physical properties and the durability of material were the following : W / C ratio, conditions of curing (water or in air), percentage of added calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker, and nature of calcium sulfate. From this study, it became possible to determine the minimal quantity (30 %) of calcium sulfo-aluminate clinker ensuring the stability in water of the different mixtures
Peysson, Sandrine Pera Jean Ambroise Jean. "Contribution à l'étude de la Stabilisation de Déchets par du Ciment Sulfo-alumineux." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=peysson.
Full textPeysson, Sandrine. "Contribution à l'étude de la Stabilisation de Déchets par du Ciment Sulfo-alumineux." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0008/these.pdf.
Full textCalcium sulfoaluminate cement is mainly composed of yeelimite known to be a precursor of ettringite formation. Ettringite is able to incorporate several heavy metals by isomorphous substitutions without altering its crystalline structure. The design of a binder required for immobilising heavy metals was undertaken. The hydration study of clinker, and cement containing 4 amounts of gypsum has been carried out by means of XRD, DTA and IR spectrometry. It was pointed out that the addition of gypsum enhances hydration. Two binders were selected : 80/20 and 70/30. The immobilisation of 7 pollutants was very successfull. Nevertheless, damages appeared with the binder 70/30 containing sodium chromate and dichromate : sodium caused activation of yeelimite reactivity and important dissolution of gypsum leading to important ettringite production. With a great amount of gypsum (30 %), dissolution led to secondary ettringite formation which damaged the hardened paste. Adding polyol enhances the retention of sodium chromate. On the other hand, the immobilisation of two types of weakly radioactive wastes supplied by CEA has been made. Results obtained in terms of setting time, compressive strength and leaching were excellent
Serclerat, Ivan. "Les métaux traces dans le clinker de ciment Portland : rétention dans les mortiers et fixation dans les hydrates." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0140.
Full textThis work aimed to assess the retention in the mortars of the heavy metals fed in a cement kiln with natural raw material, fossil fuels or waste derived fuels. Industrial cement has been studied, along with laboratory samples enriched during clinkering in lead, zinc and chromium. The relevant mortars were tested for metal release through leaching studies in various chemical contexts. Zinc appeared to be insoluble in the pH range 7-13. Lead is released only in alcaline medium above pH 12. 5. Hexavalent chromium whose salts are usually very soluble, is though retained in a hydrated phase that is stable in the chemical environment ensured by the cement matrix. Lead and chromium released are linked to the metal levels in the mortars. The solubility of the solid phases, in the chemical context of the pore fluid at the solid/liquid interface, appeared to be controlling the leaching rate of the metallic compounds. Fixation mechanisms of the heavy metals in the cement hydrates has been explored through the monitoring of the metal concentration in the liquid phase during cement hydration Chromate was found to substitute for sulfate in the ettringite crystal. The solubility studies of a chromate+sulfate ettringite revealed that chromium release is linked to its proportion in the crystal. A selective dissolution of the chromium part of ettringite has been pointed out. This Ieads to a lowering of the chromium level in such a solid contacted with water. These results improved the understanding of the release mechanisms of chromium by the mortar blocks
Chloup-Bondant, Myriam. "Etude des mécanismes réactionnels dans l'hydratation des silicates et aluminates tricalciques en présence d'un filler calcaire." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0003_CHLOUP_BONDANT.pdf.
Full textThis study shows how limestone reacts in the hydration of tricalcium aluminate and silicate, main constituents of Portland cement. The effect of limestone is characterized for different hydration times with different analytical techniques: XRD, SEM, DSC, TGA, 29Si NMR and IR Portland cement hydration gives a pH equal to 12 to 13, so in the first part of this study, limestone solubility in basic solutions is investigated. In the second part, we show the incorporation of coexistence of these phases, the formation of solid solutions CxSyCuHz-CH occurs. Third, C3A hydration with or without limestone agrees with litterature. Endly, we study the hydration of a simple cement (C3S + C3A) with or without calcium carbonate and CaSO4. Formation of CxSyAtCuHz ,ettringite, C4ACH11 and portlandite are noted. The cohabitation of these phases entail the existence of chemical complexes and substitued ettringite. The effect of different atmospheres on the samples is also studied
Macé, Nathalie. "Influence de la température sur la rétention du sélénite par une pâte de ciment altérée et par ses phases pures constitutives." Paris 11, 2006. https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01697604.
Full textIn the French design of a deep repository for radioactive waste, cementitious materials are considered as container or buffer and backfill materials in the engineered barrier system. The temperature would temporally increase from ambient to a maximum value of 70°C, due to cement hydration exothermic reactions and to the heat generation of radioactive waste. Such temperature changes could affect the cement paste mineralogy and could therefore impact radionuclides retention properties. Selenium has been chosen for the retention study, since the radioisotope 79Se (T1/2 = 6. 5 105 years) contributes to the long term hazard of radioactive waste disposal. The main objective is to study the effect of temperature on selenite sorption with thermally altered cement pastes (CEM I) and relative individual cement phases (portlandite, C-S-H, ettringite and hydrogarnet). Results show that increasing of temperature affects: 1) the mineralogical composition of thermally altered cement pastes and the ionic activity products of pure cement phases. This effect has been predicted with a thermodynamic calculation 2) the sorption properties of selenite affinity. Decreasing Rd values with temperature can not be explained only by mineralogical modification, but also by the modification of equilibrium solution composition (particularly with calcium and sulphate concentrations). The construction of a predictive and mechanistic model to describe Se(IV) sorption onto cementitious phases as a function of temperature was not possible because of a lack of sufficient data, but the present work can be considered as a step in this direction
Barbarulo, Rémi. "Comportement des matériaux cimentaires : actions des sulfates et de la température." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0014.
Full textAyrinhac, Fabien. "Valorisation des cendres volantes de chaudière à lit fluidisé circulant dans la filière du génie civil." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00277222.
Full textNguyen, Ngoc Lam. "Étude de la microstructure des liants ettringitiques influence sur les propriétés macroscopiques : Résistance et variation dimensionnelle." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0006/document.
Full textThe ettringite binder whose composition is mainly formed by the calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulfate, are widely used in mortars for technical applications such as patching mortars, the self -leveling screeds, repair mortars etc… thanks to their fast hardening ability and high early strength. However, depending on the amount and types of raw materials used in the composition, the properties of these types of binder have different behaviors at early age and at long-term. And in particular in this work, the influence of the nature and dosage of calcium sulfate on the consequences of ettringite mortars hydration as the beginning of setting time, the change from the liquid state to the solid state, dimensional change, the resistance, porosity, the progress of hydration and ageing until 330 days at different conservation conditions were determined. These characteristics were assessed by different experimental techniques such as rheology, chemical shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, isothermal calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis
Gu, Yushan. "Experimental pore scale analysis and mechanical modeling of cement-based materials submitted to delayed ettringite formation and external sulfate attacks." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2075/document.
Full textThis work aims to study cement-based materials subjected to sulfate attacks in three different conditions: External Sulfate Attack (ESA), Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) and the Coupling effect of both, and to propose the same damage mechanism for all of them. Based on the proposed mechanism, a poromechanical model is established to simulate the expansion induced by expansive crystals during the degradation. The study includes the following three parts. In the first part, the degradation of cement paste specimens with two kinds of cement type (CEM I and CEM III) and two dimensions (2 2 12 cm3 and 11 11 22 cm3) exposed to three sulfate attack conditions (ESA, DEF, and Coupling effect) are studied and compared, including the length variation, mass variations, and observations. The specimens exposed to the coupling effect show the fastest kinetics and the most serious degree of degradation compared to the other cases. Then, the pore structure of cement pastes before and after sulfate attacks is characterized via different techniques: MIP, DVS, water accessible tests and heat-based dissolution tests. By comparing the variation of pore size distribution of cement pastes exposed to different conditions, the generated crystals are found to be precipitated both in capillary and gel pores. In addition to the evolution of pore size distribution during DEF, a damage mechanism is proposed: the generated crystals (ettringite) precipitate in the big pores without inducing an obvious expansion, and then penetrate into capillary and gel pores, which leads to a swelling. Moreover, the pore volume occupied by DEF induced products is released after heat-based dissolutiontests, which further confirms the formation of expansive products in that porerange. Finally, based on the experimental conclusion that ettringite forms through the large to small pores in all cases, a poromechanical model is proposed to simulate the expansion of cement-based materials submitted to sulfate attacks. The model is based on the surface-controlled growth and physicochemical properties both for ESA and DEF, despite the different source of sulfate ions. Two independent constants, ai and ap, are proposed to represent the kinetics of crystal invasion and deformation. Moreover, the model could be coupled with any mechanical theories, e.g. elasticity, plasticity, damage theory or any other. The model well illustrates the crystallization process and well predicts the corresponding expansion both in ESA and DEF
Maach, Nicolas. "Modélisation cinétique de l'hydratation en systèmes dilués des aluminates de calcium : Des mécanismes chimiques aux modélisations par les Population Balance Equations." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI127.
Full textThis work focuses on the kinetic modeling of calcium aluminate cements (CAC) to improve the knowledge and the control of these chemical systems. The kinetic aspect of this modeling is essential since their hydration goes through several metastable states (e.g. CAC conversion). Kinetic models integrated over a volume of mortar paste already exist yet they require appropriate kinetic laws. Unfortunately, these laws are poorly identified for CACs and this is what motivates the creation of a model for mineral suspensions. The simulation of suspension allows the evaluation of these kinetic laws without the interference of granular stacking or porous network assumptions. The created model is a thermo-chemical model where the molar quantities are driven by differential-algebraic equations. The particle size information is borne by Population Balance Equations allowing to manage each physic-chemical phenomenon (e.g. Nucleation, Dissolution, Growth, Agglomeration...) independently and in a flexible way. The evaluation of this model highlighted the key role of aluminium hydroxide formation in CAC hydration. This reaction converts the excess of aluminate ions into the deficient hydroxide ion which are required by most of the hydrates. This work demonstrated that aluminium hydroxide formation is complex to explain experimentally and to model. Nevertheless, the use of prehydroxylated precursors allows a partial modeling of this reaction
Nguyen, Tien Dung. "Apport des aluminates de calcium vis-à-vis de la résistance à l'eau des sulfates de calcium hydratés." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0002.
Full textCalcium sulphate materials are economical and ecological. But their use in the construction is quite limited because of their sensibility to water. The capacity of aluminate cement (CAC) to decrease the water sensibility of calcium sulphate and the mechanisms of insensibilisation were investigated. Waterproofing of gypsum base materials was carried out by addition of small amounts of aluminate cement (≤ 30%). Different nature of calcium sulphates : gypsum, hemihydrate α and β, synthetic anhydrite was studied. The study of mechanisms of insensibilisation to water of calcium sulphate by adding cement Fondu, with different analysis of microstructure : IR, DRX, ATD-TG, MEB, revealed two approaches : formation of ettringite insoluble and formation of gel AH3 that stick soluble grains of calcium sulphate. The nature of phases of aluminate cement has influences on the mechanical properties, sensibility to water and durability of mixtures [calcium sulphate / CAC]. The studies of mixtures [synthetic anhydrite / slag / CAC] offer interesting perspectives for the development of binders with low imprint CO2
Poupelloz, Estelle. "Etude des processus de germination-croissance de l'ettringite, seule ou dans un système aluminate tricalcique/sulfate de calcium." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK055.
Full textEttringite Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.26H2O is one of the main hydration products of cements but despite the importance of this compound for cement chemistry, laws governing its precipitation processes have been poorly studied. This PhD thesis was entirely focused on the study of ettringite and on its nucleation-growth mechanisms.Ettringite precipitation was first studied alone from supersaturated ionic solutions. Experiments were designed in order to study separately processes of nucleation and growth. The Classical Theory of Nucleation was applied and allowed the determination of the interfacial energy of ettringite. A global description of ettringite precipitation process has been suggested. It appeared that ettringite is an easily formed hydrate, because of its low interfacial energy, presenting a high precipitation rate as soon as its constitituve ions are present in solution. After primary homogeneous nucleation, when the quantity of already formed crystals is still low, precipitation rate of ettringite mainly depends on the supersaturation degree of the solution. When the crystalline surface gets significative, it provokes an increase of precipitation rate and processes of secondary nucleation and growth have been identified.Then, formation of ettringite during the hydration of a C$_3$A/calcium sulfate system, chosen to get closer to chemical reactions happening in a Portland cement, was studied. Conducted experiments helped prove that a growing concentration of sulfate ions (and of calcium ions) in solution was speeding up ettringite precipitation. Obtained results about the ease and speed of ettringite precipitation alone from supersaturated solutions seem also valid in the case of ettringite formation during the hydration of a C$_3$A/CaSO$_4$ system
Prince, Agbodjan William. "Etude de la reactivite de materiaux naturels actives par voie thermique ou mecanique en vue de leur utilisation comme liant." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30077.
Full textCABANE, Nicolas. "Sols traités à la chaux et aux liants hydrauliques : Contribution à l'identification et à l'analyse des élèments perturbateurs de la stabilisation." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010521.
Full textentreprises utilisatrices des sols traités et productrices des agents de traitement se sont associées pour lancer des travaux de recherches destinés à comprendre les causes des défaillances.
Cette étude a tout d'abord établi un modèle de l'enchaînement des mécanismes qui conduisent à une stabilisation des sols :
- la chaux permet la floculation des argiles d'où la formation de grumeaux lors du malaxage. Ce grumeau constitue l'entité caractéristique du sol.
- le ciment forme une coque enrobant les grumeaux. Le compactage permet la coalescence de ces pâtes en formant un réseau continu. Le durcissement du ciment permet l'acquisition des caractéristiques mécaniques.
- l'excès de chaux en milieu basique conduit à la formation d'une seconde génération d'hydrates calciques (C-S-H) par réaction pouzzolanique aux dépens des argiles. Le développement des hydrates permet la rigidification du coeur du grumeau et l'augmentation correspondante des résistances mécaniques sur plusieurs années.
Les perturbations rencontrées lors des chantiers peuvent s'interpréter comme des écarts à ce modèle:
- écarts d'ordre microstructural ; dans les sols micacés, le comportement mécanique de ces matériaux est contrôlé par la présence de paillettes de micas dans la coque et de
fragments aplatis de roche au sein des grumeaux.
- écarts d'ordre physico-chimique ; des composés solubles interfèrent avec les liants :
- le soufre favorise le développement d'ettringite selon des faciès qui dépendent de la spéciation du soufre et de la perméabilité du grumeau.
- les matières organiques ralentissent l'hydratation du ciment et piègent les ions calcium et hydroxyle et sont ainsi responsables des résistances mécaniques insuffisantes
Ayant identifié et analysé les mécanismes des perturbations, nous nous sommes attachés à proposer des essais simples et fiables de caractérisation démontrant rapidement la présence de
ces agents perturbateurs au sein des sols :
- par la caractérisation de la morphologie des particules
- par le retard de début de prise de pâtes pures de ciment gâchées avec des jus extraits de sols pour les matières organiques.
Nguyen, Hai Trung. "Transfert hydrique dans le milieu poreux réactif : Application à l’étude de séchage d’une pâte pure ettringitique au jeune âge." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI124/document.
Full textSelf-leveling flooring compounds (SLC) are often composed of calcium aluminate cements (CAC) and calcium sulfate to ensure rapid setting. The mineral composition of calcium aluminate cements is usually designed around monocalcium aluminate (CA). Recently, a new cement with the main compound of mayenite (C12A7) has been designed to optimize the application of SLC by increasing the amount of ettringite in the hydration product. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to early-age hydration (during the first 24 hours) of this type of product. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the interaction between early-age hydration and natural drying through a coupling model. This model is applied to the study of an ettringite binder composed of cement rich in C12A7 and plaster First, a kinetic model of hydration, initially developed in a diluted system, has been proposed to study the hydration of an ettringite paste under endogenous conditions. It allows to describe the evolution as a function of time of the porosity, the water content, and the quantities of phases (reactants and hydrates). A model of pore size distribution has also been proposed. This model allows us to obtain the capillary pressure curve at early-age, which is necessary for the modeling of moisture transport. Then, a complete modeling of water transfers was presented. It has shown that the assumption of constant gas pressure leads to an overestimation of mass loss for weakly permeable materials. However, for the case of CAC, this hypothesis can be retained to simplify the coupling with the kinetic model of hydration. Finally, a modeling of the coupling between hydration and desiccation has been developed. The originality of this model concerns the integration of the isothermal curve resulting from the pore size distribution model in the modeling of water transfers via a Matlab function. The model was able to reproduce the kinetics of mass loss of a sample of ettringite binder subjected to early drying. The role of temperature was also elucidated. In addition, the model predicted an early stop of hydration on the drying surface after 10 hours of hydration. The effect of desiccation reaches a depth of 5 mm on a sample with a thickness of 3 cm
Moudilou, Emmanuel. "CINETIQUES ET MECANISMES DE RELARGAGE DES METAUX LOURDS PRESENTS EN TRACES DANS LES MATRICES CIMENTAIRES." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002509.
Full textLe développement du test de lixiviation dynamique CTG-LEACHCRETE (utilisé à pH=5, 20°C) permettant d'accéder aux cinétiques de relargage des métaux lourds traces est présenté dans une première partie. Ensuite, des techniques d'analyse du solide (ICP-MS-LA, DRX locale et en incidence rasante (GIXD)), novatrices quant à leur application aux matrices cimentaires, ont été employées pour caractériser les zones dégradées générées lors de la lixiviation. Ces techniques permettent de suivre les transformations minéralogiques et la répartition des métaux lourds traces dans ces zones. La confrontation de ces deux approches, cinétique et analyse du solide, couplée à l'exploitation approfondie des modélisations existantes a alors permis de proposer les mécanismes de relargage des métaux lourds traces étudiés.
Dans toutes les pâtes de ciments de l'étude (CPA-CEM I, CPJ-CEM II/A et CLC-CEM V/A), on a démontré que le chrome est piégé dans l'ettringite par substitution SO42-ÛCrO42- et que son relargage est régi par la dissolution de cet hydrate. Le comportement du cuivre, du nickel et du zinc dans les phases solides et dans les lixiviats, est corrélé à celui de la silice des CSH, ce qui suppose que ces métaux s'y trouvent localisés. Enfin, le plomb n'est jamais détecté en phase liquide. Son comportement est également corrélé à la silice dans les zones dégradées.
Martin, Isabelle. "Développement d'une matrice à base d'aluminate de calcium pour la cimentation de boues issues de la décontamination d'effluents actifs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30186/document.
Full textNuclear industry generated waste including radioactive wastes, which have different forms and origins. The wastes produced by reprocessing of nuclear fuel are characterized by important water content, by high pH and temperature sensitivity. The cementation in ettringite systems might be a promising solution to solidify radioactive wastes. Mixtures of Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC) and calcium sulfate are planned to be used, instead of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), to form a significant amount of ettringite able to catch water molecules when forming. Moreover, due to the low pH of CAC-based matrices, the latter have a good compatibility with the compounds used to stabilize active elements. Initially, the stability of the sorbent of cesium used in this study was tested in different pH environments (2 to 14) and temperature. Chemical analysis and different microstructural characterizations like X-ray diffraction, FTIR and SEM-EDS have allowed to set stability limits of ettringite systems. Then microstructural study on binary systems composed by mixture of CAC/calcium sulfate (hemihydrate and/or anhydrite) was realized to characterize ettringite stability during the time of hydration. Low pH properties were checked by chemical pore solutions analysis. However, the heat generated by hydration and the possible formation of expansive systems require an increase of e/s ratio and additional components like Ground Granulated Furnace Slag (GGBS). These two parameters were studied subsequently. Microstructural study of GGBS reactivity and the modification of ettringite assemblage were showed that GGBS act as filler at early time of hydration. To promote the GGBS reactivity at long term of hydration by alkaline and sulfate activation, different nature of calcium sulfate was used. Then the microstructural characteristic of this ternary system in presence of different e/s ratio was studied. Finally, different information on the effect of formulation parameters obtained led to the development of tests on formulations containing an inert simulated waste and enriched in chlorides. Systematic tests of fluidity, mechanical strength and for some expansion and heat generation should identify a series of mixtures adapted to test prototype to industrial scale for cementing wastes
El, Khessaimi Yassine. "Synthesis and hydration of ye’elimite." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0090/document.
Full textA Synthesis and hydration of ye’elimite Ye’elimite-rich cements or calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are commercialized to prepare shrinkage compensation and self-stressing concretes. Moreover, CSA cements show environmentally friendly characteristics associated to their production, which include reduced CO2 footprint. The expansive behavior of CSA cements is mainly controlled by ettringite amount, produced upon hydration of the key-phase, ye’elimite [Ca4(Al6O12)SO4]. This work presents, on one hand, the optimal conditions for the synthesis highly pure ye’elimite by solid state reactions, and on the other hand, it shows a fundamental description of ye’elimite formation mechanisms. Another aspect of the study encompasses the influence of fineness and citric acid addition on ye’elimite phase dissolution, then on hydrates composition of lab made ye’elimite-rich cement. For the fineness effect study, a highly fine and pure ye’elimite was originally synthetized by sol-gel methods. Various experimental techniques were performed to conduct the different aspects of the present study, namely XRD-Quantitative Rietveld analysis, Thermal analysis (TGA, DTG, DTA and Dilatometry), SEM (BSE imaging and EDS mapping), BET analysis, PSD by laser diffraction, and Image analysis (2D porosity and 2D PSD)
Li, Guanshu. "Etude du phénomène de l'expansion sulfatique dans les bétons : comportement des enrobés de déchets radioactifs sulfatés." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523043.
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