Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Étude de vieillissement'
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Ltifi, Mounir. "Étude expérimentale du vieillissement d'un sol argileux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL103N.
Full textJacquot, Charlotte. "Vieillissement des bio-polymères : étude structurale et fonctionnelle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0293/document.
Full textToday's increased environmental concerns and the growing questions about disposal management are contributing to growth in biopolymer industry. These materials are used in various fields such as pharmaceutic, bioengineering or tissue engineering as cell support, food formulation or packaging. In spite of a positive perception of biopolymers to improve environmental issues, biopolymers properties remain unknown, even though their biodegradability is well documented. Here we consider the influence of aging in climatic chamber on different biopolymers (HPMC, Chitosan and PLA) and in to what extent it could modify their structure and properties. Moreover, considering the opportunity for theses materials to be used as food packaging, influence of microwave heating was also tested on chitosan films. The food consumption trends tend, indeed, to the development of ready-to-eat meal that is why it is crucial to investigate theses biopolymers behavior when used in microwave oven in food contact. The aim of this study is to bring new knowledge of theses materials and to guarantee an optimal and safe use as a food contact packaging. The results showed several deep modifications in the biopolymers structure such as chain scissions or crystallization. These modifications involved a decrease in the polymer's properties. Chitosan films, exposed to increasing microwave heating times, showed gradually increasing yellowing. Maillard neoformed compounds are responsible for this color change and could be deleterious for consumer safety because of the possibility of migration in case of food contact
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin." Thesis, Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354/document.
Full textPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Marchalot, Julien. "Étude du vieillissement d’une mousse bidimensionnelle dans un système microfluidique." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DENS0017.
Full textArnaud, Laurence. "Vieillissement normal et pathologique : étude des variations stratégiques en arithmétique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10091.
Full textHoarau, Martine. "Apprentissage implicite et vieillissement : étude de l'acquisition incidente de règles." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30003.
Full textIn this study, we compared old and young subjects performance in implicit and explicit learning conditions. We presented tasks which differ in the nature of the material (verbal vs visuo-spatial) and the level of processing (associative vs inferential) required to perform the tasks. First, the hypothesis of the reduction of attentional resources with age suggest that the elderly subjects (i) would perform better in implicit than in explicit learning condition and (ii) would perform better the associative than the inferential tasks. Second, the hypothesis of a decline of visuospatial abilities and a preservation of verbal abilities with age suggest that the elderly would perform better the verbal than the visuospatial tasks. The results indicate the effects of the nature of the material and of the level of processing, but no effect of the learning condition. Theses results suggest that aging leads both to the deficit of global resources and to the decline of specific type of processing
Safari, Mohammadhosein. "Vieillissement des batteries à ions lithium : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0106.
Full textThe focus of this dissertation is on aging and life prediction of lithium-ion batteries under different modes of operation. To this end, two different approaches are demonstrated in this thesis: the application of an empirical methodology derived from concepts used in mechanical fatigue and analysis of experimental aging data assisted by physics-based simulation. In a physics-based model, the behavior of the cell is described using a set of relevant governing equations. The cell performance can readily be simulated under different modes of operation and moreover, the explicit inclusion of aging phenomena in the set of governing equations might be used to simulate the performance fade of the cell. An originality of our work is to evaluate the prediction capability of the empirical approach using such a physics-based model of a graphite/LiCoO2 cell experiencing a single source of aging [i. E. , the growth of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the graphite electrode] as a dummy battery. We show that the empirical Palmgren-Miner rule (PM), well-known in the field of mechanical fatigue, is a valid and accurate damage-accumulation law for our case study. Additionally, we propose and validate another relationship for the loss accumulation over time. We demonstrate that the two developed methodologies can successfully predict the life of the cell under a given complex current profile with slightly better prediction ability for the case of the PM rule. The power of simulation-based analysis in aging study of Li-ion batteries is demonstrated for analyzing experimental aging data of a commercial graphite/LiFePO4 cell. Performance decay of this cell during either open-circuit-potential storage or under cycling conditions at 25 and 45°C during one year is monitored by non-destructive electrochemical techniques and is analyzed with the aid of post-mortem analyses and simulations of the cell performance over the course of aging. Data analysis reveals that the aging manifests itself more in terms of capacity loss rather than in terms of impedance increase, regardless of cycling or storage conditions and of temperature. The capacity fade is larger at 45 than at 25°C, regardless of cycling or storage conditions, and at a same temperature, cycling conditions are always more detrimental to capacity fade than storage conditions. An in-depth understanding of capacity-loss mechanism under both storage and cycling conditions is gained by refining some parameters of a mathematical model of the cell at different extents of aging. To do so, first, a simple while accurate model of the cell (without aging) is developed and validated that is able to properly account for the experimental charge/discharge (from C/10 to 1C) and path-dependence effects of the cell. In this model, the LiFePO4 electrode is treated based on a resistive-reactant concept with multiple particles whereas a single-particle approach is used to model the graphite electrode. The simulation-based analysis of the aging data reveals that the capacity fade during cell storage only results from the loss of cyclable lithium because of side reactions whereas the loss of graphite active material is an additional source of aging for the cells under cycling conditions. A simple kinetic analysis of electrode/electrolyte interactions is provided for the cells under storage conditions. Moreover, the growth of SEI at the graphite electrode under storage conditions is simulated in order to refine the solvent-reduction kinetic parameters and solvent diffusion coefficient in the SEI layer. From the analysis, it is shown that the SEI growth during storage is under mixed kinetic/diffusion control
Morissette-Thomas, Vincent. "Étude du vieillissement et des systèmes biologiques: une approche multidimensionnelle." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8179.
Full textRoy-Bellavance, Catherine. "Génétique du vieillissement : étude du rôle du gène R148.3 dans le processus de vieillissement chez l'organisme modèle Caenorhabditis elegans." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31688.
Full textWe are currently witnessing the global aging of the population. In almost every country, the age group of 60 and over is growing faster than any other group. The WHO estimates that by 2050, more than 1 in 5 people will be 60 years or older. Aging is characterized by a gradual loss of function of many physiological processes. This biological process affects each species and each individual independently. Many factors, both individual (behavior, genetics, disease) and environmental (geographical location, socio-economic, pollution) will influence aging. Aging is also an important risk factor for the development of many diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. It has already been reported in the literature that modulation of a single gene can influence, both positively and negatively, the aging process of an individual. Genes with effects on this process are usually genes that play an important role in a signalling pathway, and therefore are often conserved across evolution. The work described in this thesis shows the involvement of the R148.3 gene in the aging process of the nematode C. elegans. This gene appears to be involved in various metabolic pathways that may impact on long-term health of nematodes. R148.3 appears to regulate lipid metabolism and fat depots, as well as the resistance to stress. Inactivation of this gene causes adverse effects that lead to rapid degradation of several metabolic functions and the premature death of worms. The results obtained in this study confirm the link between R148.3 and healthy aging control in C. elegans. The next steps in this research would be to demonstrate these functions in mammals.
Beauguitte, Dimitri. "Étude du vieillissement électrique du polyéthylène téréphtalate pour applications haute tension." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20189.
Full textIn most high voltage gas insulated switchgears (GIS), electrical conductors are maintained by insulating materials based on epoxy resin. Due to economical and environmental problems (difficulties to recycle), these materials are subject to be replaced by thermoplastic polymers. This study focuses on the analysis of dielectric properties and behaviour of polyethylene terephtalate, intended to be used in GIS and other high voltage applications. Several properties of thick PET layers at initial state (breakdown strength, resistivity, dielectric constant, loss factor, resistance to partial discharges, conduction properties) are studied at different temperatures. An accelerated electrothermal ageing study undertaken under ac field (50 Hz) is presented in order to approach the limits of use of the materials and to evaluate its long term behaviour
Salpin, Frédérique. "Laine et colorants : fixation, quantification et vieillissement : étude par spectrométrie Raman." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066090.
Full textPelzer, Quentin. "Étude du vieillissement des isolants synthétiques des câbles moyenne tension "HTA"." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI033.
Full textDue to its outstanding thermal and dielectric properties, XLPE (Chemically Crosslinked Polyethylene) is commonly used as a base material for manufacturing the electrical insulating jacket of MV cables. With a view to improve the reliability of these cables, aging studies have been carried out under different stress conditions (temperature, humidity, tension) on the different constituting layers, and in particular on the XLPE insulating one.First of all, we have identified several chemical and physical markers that can provide information on the aging degree of the XLPE insulation from MV cables. These different markers are representative of a degradation at different scales (molecular, microscopic and macroscopic) and they can be used to establish a diagnosis on an electrical cable, and thus evaluate its general state of degradation. Among these markers, the existence of a polar species’ migration phenomenon from semiconductors to the insulating layer had particularly attracted our attention. Additional analyzes were thus conducted to gain more insight on this phenomenon.Then, we have determined the impact of simultaneous thermal and electrical stresses on physico-chemical and dielectric properties of the XLPE insulating material. The physico-chemical analyzes have demonstrated that the addition of an important tension did not affect the oxidation and diffusion phenomena previously identified. Aging under high stress allowed us to identify a special signal in dielectric spectroscopy. The identification of such a signal could be used to anticipate cable breakdowns on the power grid. In addition, we were successful in establishing a clear link between some chemical markers and the degradation of the insulator dielectric properties in the case of extreme ageing conditions
Vörös, Eva. "Étude quantitative des altérations microanatomiques de la peau au cours du vieillissement : rapport avec les pathologies du vieillissement : influence de certains principes actifs dermopharmacologiques." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120027.
Full textPiec, Isabelle. "Étude protéomique du vieillissement du muscle squelettique chez le rat LOU/c/jall." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CLF1MM02.
Full textGhuysen-Itard, Anne-Frédérique. "Étude fonctionnelle du récepteur des peptides d'élastine : évolution au cours du vieillissement." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120068.
Full textChalendar-Baudoux, Blandine de. "Étude des mécanismes d'adhésion et de vieillissement d'assemblages collés par mastic silicone." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112226.
Full textDorot, Delphine. "Vieillissement cognitif et accès au lexique : étude des processus d’activation et d’inhibition." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21739/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to evaluate word access performances of young (M = 22.1 years) and older (M = 68.7 years) adults, and to specify possible changes in lexical activation and inhibition processes with aging. In the field of written word processing, six studies were conducted in which the participant vocabulary level was controlled. When using objective and subjective lexical measures appropriated to young and older adults (Experiment 1a), an age-related decreased was found for the objective frequency effect (Experiments 1b-2) and for the orthographic neighborhood frequency effect (Experiment 4) in the lexical decision task. Other data from this task indicated that the age-related change in the neighborhood frequency effect was sensitive to word familiarity ratings (Experiments 5-6) collected from young and older adults (Experiment 3). In field of the oral language production, two studies were run with a paradigm for inducing tip of the tongue (TOT) states. The results indicated that the number of TOT increased with aging (Experiment 7), which was not due to the vocabulary level. In addition, processing a word phonologically related to the target facilitated its recovery in young and older adults while processing a word semantically related to the target hindered its recovery, more for the older that for the young adults (Experiment 8). Overall, the combined hypothesis of activation and inhibition deficits, associated with linguistic characteristics of populations, can account for lexical performance changes with aging
Rabii, Hajer. "Étude du vieillissement de composites renforcés par des fibres naturelles : application bâtiment." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1147/document.
Full textThe use of bio-based composites in outdoor applications for civil engineering raises the issue of their sustainability in service. This is mainly due to the highly hydrophilic character of natural fibers. Indeed, the behavior of these composites in a wet environment or under thermal and biological constraints is not well known. The main objective of this study is to get a better understanding of the reversibility of bio-based composites properties. Therefore, wetting/ drying cycles were performed on polyethylene/short flax fibre composites under hydro and hygrothermal ageing at 30 and 80°C. The influence of the fiber content and the interface quality on the mechanical properties was monitored. Moreover, a 6 months study of a microbial growth impact on these composites was carried out. A characterization of the non-aged materials was conducted first. Then, the kinetic parameters such as the water diffusion coefficient and the weight changes due to ageing were determined. Two competing mechanisms seem to affect the diffusion coefficient. The mechanical characterization of these composites during aging has enabled the identification of the aging mechanisms. Changes in the mechanical modulus at 30°C were mostly reversible after a drying cycle and were associated with a plasticizing effect of the water molecules on the cellulose microfibrils. The property losses increase and become irreversible at 80°C, which indicates a higher degradation of the composites. Finally, the biological degradation of these materials has been studied. It was verified that selective consumption of flax fiber components by microorganisms occurs, and that their growth is favored by the fiber content in the composite
Redondo, Iglesias Eduardo. "Étude du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans les applications "véhicule électrique" : combinaison des effets de vieillissement calendaire et de cyclage." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1203/document.
Full textStudying the ageing of batteries is necessary because the degradation of their features largely determines the cost, the performances and the environmental impact of electric vehicles, particularly of full electric vehicles. The chosen method in this thesis is divided in two distinct phases, namely characterisation and modelling. The first phase is based on accelerated ageing testing of battery cells. Despite being accelerated, ageing test campaigns are expensive in terms of workforce and equipments: an a priori knowledge of ageing factors is necessary, either by the means of bibliographic studies or by performing preliminary test campaigns. These initial studies lead to an experimental design setup including a certain number of ageing tests. The obtained results may reveal the influence of use conditions on the degradation of batteries. In the second phase, the battery ageing is modelled applying the knowledge acquired in the first phase. Here, the ageing laws are generalised to predict the performance degradation of a battery subjected to variable use conditions. The resulting ageing model can be used to optimally design and use the battery in a vehicle by minimising both energy and natural resources consumption. Given that battery degradation occurs in a different way if the battery is in rest condition or if a current flows through, a major challenge is to determine how calendar and cycling ageing effects combine together. In electric vehicle applications, batteries are not used (in rest condition) most of the time and current levels are relatively low when they are used. The results from accelerated ageing tests which have been carried out during this thesis confirm the non-linearity of the combination of calendar and cycling ageing when usage profiles are applied to the batteries. The usage profiles are similar to the considered application: the electric vehicle. In the last chapter of this manuscript a simple but effective ageing model is proposed. It lies in a low number of equations (2) and parameters (6) and enables to simulate the capacity fade of a battery cell subjected to ageing conditions combining cycling and rest periods. The application examples prove the usefulness of this model for the development of battery use strategies for the purpose of extending their lifespan
Sore, Gabrielle. "Étude du réseau micro dépressionnaire par une technique d'analyse d'images : mise au point d'une méthode pour mesurer le vieillissement cutané." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA114817.
Full textAvenel, Coralie. "Durabilité des miroirs pour l'énergie solaire à concentration : étude des modes de vieillissement." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC035/document.
Full textDurability of solar mirrors is a key point for the development of concentrating solar power plants, because of the large investment, the goal of 30 years lifetime and of the implantations areas with hostile climates. This research work concerns the study of degradation modes and of monolithic or laminated glass solar mirrors durability. This thesis allows to successfully apply to CSP a lifetime prediction method already developed in more mature fields. Correlations between accelerated ageing tests and natural outdoor exposures performed on three sites evidence the predominant role of water and irradiance in protection paints of monolithic mirrors degradation. Damp heat tests were evaluated too aggressive for mirrors, considering thus the climatic conditions of potential application sites. Experimental results of accelerated ageing tests lead to the determination of kinetic parameters included in mathematical relationships modelling the main stress factors previously identified. Acceleration factors were then calculated for standard tests compared to sites with operational CSP plants. This work finally allows to estimate lifetimes of mirrors on specific sites, assuming that only the studied stress factors take part in degradation
Angelie, Emmanuelle. "Étude méthodologique de l'imagerie spectroscopique RMN proton : analyse métabolique du vieillissement cérébral normal." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T116.
Full textNicouleau-Bourles, Éric. "Étude expérimentale et numérique du vieillissement d'un alliage d'aluminium : application aux culasses automobiles." ENSMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0920.
Full textEl, Ghossein Nagham. "Étude et modélisation du fonctionnement et du vieillissement des « Lithium-Ion Capacitors » (LiC)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1258/document.
Full textLithium-Ion Capacitors (LiCs) are the new emerging technology of hybrid supercapacitors that combines the advantages of conventional supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. They provide intermediate energy and power densities due to their hybrid composition based on a positive electrode made of activated carbon similar to that of supercapacitors and a negative electrode made of pre-lithiated carbon similar to that of lithium-ion batteries. The aim of this thesis is to study the aging of commercial LiCs using two accelerated aging procedures: calendar aging and cycle aging. One of their main particularities concerns the nonlinear capacitance evolution with respect to their voltage (C(V) curve). The first accelerated aging test is related to the calendar life of LiCs that represents their behavior independently of their usage. The degradation of their parameters due to aging is mainly affected by the voltage and the temperature only. These tests were applied to several cells at three different voltage values and two temperatures. The evolution of their impedances were followed during the whole aging period in order to identify an electrical model that can accurately describe the progress of aging and that possesses electrochemically meaningful parameters. The best voltage value that ensures the extension of the lifetime of LiCs was identified using the results of these tests. In addition, aging mechanisms that extremely depend on the applied voltage value were identified. They highlight the particularity of the functioning of LiCs. These results were confirmed using post-mortem analyses. The second accelerated aging test is the cycle aging that assesses the impact of the current on the life cycle of LiCs. The choice of current profiles was based on the electrochemical operating principle of LiCs. The evolution of the impedances and the C(V) curves of LiCs were compared and analyzed. Aging mechanisms produced during cycle aging were also evaluated. They depend on the voltage range in which the LiC operates. The optimal voltage window that guarantees a long lifetime of LiCs was highlighted
Laville, Vincent. "Analyses génomiques de données sur le vieillissement cutané." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM1006/document.
Full textThe skin is an excellent model to study general ageing. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors play a key role in skin ageing mechanisms. During my PhD, I have had access to a unique cohort of 502 Caucasian women very-well characterized regarding their facial features to perform two genome-wide association studies. The first one pointed to the role of the immune system, and especially the HLA‑C gene, in the severity of facial lentigines. The second one identified an association between the H2AFY2 gene and the severity of superior eyelid drooping. I also looked for associations between biological pathways and several skin ageing indicators which underlined the role of the melanogenesis and several mechanisms of DNA repair.Overall, these results lead to new insights in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying skin and global ageing
Graffan, Rodolphe. "Anomalie d'Axenfeld-Rieger : étude génétique d'une famille sur quatre générations." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR23007.
Full textMaillot, Pauline. "Les bienfaits de l’entrainement en exergames sur le vieillissement cognitif : étude du transfert d’apprentissage." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA113002.
Full textFor years, research literature has underlined that, notwithstanding the cognitive deficits related to advancing age, individuals may continue to benefit from their prior experiences in the optimization of their behavior, aided by the maintenance of a certain level of cognitive plasticity (i.e., concept of enrichment effects). The present research aims to understand the extent of seniors’ behavioral plasticity and establish how exergames may assist them in countering the deleterious effects of normal cognitive aging. This research consists of two studies which aim to identify the potential for cognitive and motor acquisitions via the use of virtual training devices. The first study highlights that a three month exergame training program improved both executive functions and the speed of processing in sedentary seniors. These results suggest that such cognitive improvements may be explained by (1) physical solicitation resulting in improved cardiorespiratory endurance, and (2) by the game-related cognitive stimulation (due to the variety of tasks and interactions) further transferring to neuropsychological tests. The second study is designed to identify the occurrence of a virtual-real transfer through context similarity between our two experimental tasks, both based on a golf-putting task. Compared performances between the two age groups, having trained in one of two learning conditions (real versus virtual) underlined that young adults were able to reinvest the acquired skills from the virtual to the real context, in contrast to older adults. Even though the latter acquired actual motor skills in virtual context, they failed to optimally re-engage prior acquisitions. This doctoral research attests that exergames, through both physical and cognitive stimulation, may be an effective means to counter the deleterious effects related to advancing age
Freund, Ludovic. "Étude du vieillissement hygrothermique des composites renforcés de fibres naturelles : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0086/document.
Full textToday, when high performance is required, composite materials are a common solution. Glass fibers or carbon fibers reinforced polymers are mostly used in aeronautic, automotive and sport industries where specific properties are needed. Recently, natural fibers have been considered as a reinforcement for polymers in order to conciliate performance and ecology. However, the production of structural parts with natural fibers face a major drawback: their fast aging caused by a high water sensitivity. In this thesis, we tried to estimate their lifetime through the characterization of the composite water damaging and the modeling of the moisture absorption. Among all the natural fibers available, flax was chosen to reinforce an acrylic matrix from the range Elium®. This new generation acrylic is a thermoplastic whose polymerization can be carried out at room temperature by adding a catalyst, like thermoset polymer are commonly produced. It allows a good fiber impregnation and avoid any thermal damage of the flax fibers during the process. The effect of the hydrothermal aging of the composite on its mechanical properties has been studied by exposing the material to moisture cycles. This protocol allowed us to distinguish two several aging effects: the composite yielding induced by the presence of water molecules into the polymer network and the structure’s damage by weakening the fiber/matrix interface and oxidizing the cellulose. The first effect is reversible by drying the composite, while the second one cause permanent decrease of mechanical properties. An hydromechanical model has been determined from these experiments and has been used with a finite element model of diffusion in order to determine the long-term evolution of the composite’s mechanical properties submitted to a reel environment. The model predicts more than 50% decrease of the composite’s stiffness, and more than 60% decrease of its strength after only one year of use. Therefore, without a proper treatment of the flax fiber for purpose of limiting its water damage, the flax/acrylic composite cannot be used as a structural part
Arabi, Faical. "Étude de vieillissement et caractérisation d’assemblage de module de puissance 40 kW pour l’aéronautique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0603/document.
Full textThis work is part of “GENOME” project which focuses on high-temperature packaging solutions for electronic power modules. Its mission is to study the reliability of power modules, in particular, the die attach layer. Due to the physical properties of silver and gold-tin, they were selected as die bonds to assess the evolution of their reliability during ageing. In order to achieve this, an appropriate methodology of the power modules reliability has been defined in order to guarantee the results exploitability. Destructive and non-destructive analyzes were carried out on samples aged by different profiles of thermal cycling. These analyzes allowed us to compare the influence of each cycling profile on the reliability of samples. A study of the thermomechanical behavior of power assemblies was carried out using finite element modeling (FEM). A methodology for evaluating the reliability of assemblies during accelerated ageing is developed. A second axis allows us a better understanding of the failure modes and their effects. It also highlights the limitations of severe accelerated ageing. Consequently, the choice of temperature profile is questioned and a limitation of the temperature profile severity must be considered, in order to avoid producing degradations that are not actually found in mission profile
Lemaître, Hervé. "Marqueurs et facteurs de risque du vieillissement neuroanatomique : étude de la cohorte EVA-IRM." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2006.
Full textMario, Olivier. "Étude du vieillissement des assemblages structuraux acier/aluminium : influence de l’environnement sur le dimensionnement." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1512.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the behaviour of a filled structural epoxy adhesive, in both its bulk state and as used to form a bonded assembly realised between two metallic substrates. This behaviour has to be characterised in the initial state but also after hydrothermal ageing, in order to dimension a bonded structure. Microscopic analyses underline the dominating role played by the microstructure. The fillers (of talc especially) are composed of layers with weak, cohesive, inter-layer energy. After crosslinking at high temperature, and during cooling, stresses are induced around these fillers and lead to local damage, responsible for the reduction of the elastic properties of the joint. Under strain, the talc layers exfoliate and create a microscopic crack network in the joint. The final crack leading to failure passes preferentially through these fillers. The first consequence is that the maximum stress is directly linked to the fractional filler content. Water diffusion into the polymer matrix follows non-Fickian kinetics. Water is present in a first phase, linked to the polar sites of the polymer, and in a second phase, without interaction with the matrix. The mechanical and physicochemical properties measured on the bulk adhesive vary proportionally with the water concentration within the adhesive. This model, transposed to the adhesive bonded joints, also allows us to describe the evolution of mechanical properties according with ageing. All these results gathered together in a numerical model allow us to know the state of a structure after ageing and allow us to dimension the desired industrial structure
Sili, Elyse. "Étude et caractérisation des décharges partielles et du vieillissement du polyimide en environnement aéronautique." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1922/.
Full textThe anxiety maintained on one hand by the exceptional increase in the consumption of fossil fuels and on the other hand by the concern for environmental protection has motivated the scientists who work in the transportation domain to find alternative solutions. So the aircraft industry is increasingly shifting towards more electrical technologies. Hence electrical systems with higher powers are required. However, the increase in electrical power demand to supply these alternative electrical systems requires higher voltages. Or increasing the supply voltage combined with the constraints imposed by the avionics environment (pressure drop due to the altitude, temperature cycles and variation of moisture) would introduce others, namely an increased probability of electrical discharge. Unwanted partial discharge (PD) in electrical systems can lead to the deterioration of solid insulation and consequently failure of whole components. The need therefore exists to understand the effect of environmental parameters on the PD characteristics and on the insulation lifetime which is the aim of this work. In the first part, we have been investigating the effect of low pressure combined with high temperature on the partial discharge characteristics as the ignition voltage and the dissipated energy. Results show two different behaviours related to temperature at the left of the Paschen minimum. In an attempt to explain these results, it appears that this effect is related to the presence of two different breakdown phenomena. Then the domain of validity of two corrective expressions on the Paschen's law found in the literature, in case of changing the air environment was investigated. Results show that these corrections are valid under atmospheric pressure. However, for combined variation of temperature and pressure a new empirical expression has been added and validated for temperatures higher than 35°C. In a second part, the aeronautic environment effects on the partial discharge properties were investigated. The obtained noticeable changes in the PD characteristics with temperature, pressure and humidity variations were presented and mainly explained on the basis of electron mean free path. Finally, after having investigated the effect of temperature, pressure, and moisture on discharge characteristics, we focused on the effect of these environmental parameters on the behaviour of the energy dissipated by the discharges and on polyimide film endurance during aging under partial discharge. The energy measurements were carried out in real time during aging tests and the relationship between the energies involved and the polyimide lifetime was investigated for different environmental conditions. Accordingly to these results, it seems difficult to establish a direct relationship between the energy dissipated and the material lifetime, even if it still valid in various conditions. This is mainly due to the interaction between the discharge by-products and the environment that affects the film endurance. A more effective relationship between lifetime and the discharge intensity has been found. It has been shown that the lifetime and the discharge intensity are inversely proportional regardless of the applied conditions
German, Ronan Louis. "Étude du vieillissement calendaire des supercondensateurs et impact des ondulations de courant haute fréquence." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10285/document.
Full textThose research works are about double layer supercapacitors ageing placed in an onboard power network subject to high frequency current ripple (in a hybrid vehicle for instance). Studied SC are commercial components, representative of the most used technology (i.e. Acetonitrile / Active carbon) in transports domain. SC floating ageing results (constant temperature and constant voltage) are presented. SC health monitoring is achieved by using SC impedance evolution through ageing test. Classic impedance models (CPE and single pore model) are presented as well as a newer model (called multipore model). Model parameters are systematically linked to electrochemical data related to SC state of health. Multipore model enable to classify pores thanks to their electrical time constant (related to pore diameter under some hypothesis). The evolution of multipore model parameters under floating constraints shows that the smaller pores are more affected by beginning of ageing test. HF current ripple seem not to affect supercapacitors floating ageing. Whereas we notice effect of ageing stopping periods on SC state of health
Dardou, David. "L'aversion olfactive potentialisée par le goût au cours du vieillement chez le rat : étude comportementale et immunocytochimique." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOMU06.
Full textIn the present work we have analysed the effect of normal ageing on the behavioural and functional substrate of taste potentiated odour aversion (TPOA). To this aim young, adults and old rats were submitted to TPOA conditioning. All conditioned animals learned this learning beside the possible cognitive deficits observed during three others different learning paradigms. Secondly, by the used of Fos and Zif268 immunochemistry, we noted that the neural substrate activated by TPOA retrieval was different from the cue (odour or taste) used to elicit the aversion. We also showed that this brain network evolved with the age of animals. In conclusion of this thesis work we proposed a model of brain network sustaining the retrieval of TPOA
Rabache, Camille. "Elaboration, caractérisation et étude structurale des composites alumine-zircone." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978521.
Full textViguet-Carrin, Stéphanie. "Étude des modifications et maturations du collagène de type I dans la résistance mécanique osseuse." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10009.
Full textThe influence of maturations of collagen, enzymatic types (deoxypyridinoline and pyridinoline) and non-enzymatic (advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as pentosidine (PEN) and isomerization of C-telopeptides of collagen) was studied on bone biomechanical behavior. In our in vitro bovine bone model of glycation, we showed the inhibiting action of the aminoguanidine on the formation of the PEN and its inertia with respect to the mineral phase. Moreover, another study on human vertebrae allowed us to quantify PEN content and the ratio of isomerized collagen in cortical and trabecular bone. Thus, PEN and isomerization of collagen would bring an additional explanation of biomechanical properties in addition, to bone mineral density. Our results suggest that the modifications of the intrinsic properties of bone matrix, related to ageing, would contribute to bone strength
Klimekova, Michaela. "Identité sociale et douleur : une étude interculturelle." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30068.
Full textThe aim of this research carried out among aged people of two different cultures (Slovak and French) is to study the representation of pain and its influence on the identity dynamic. First, we carried out a study on social representations which allowed us to work out a typology by function of different variables such as culture, sex and age. Secondly, we present a complementary study based on ego-ecology which aims to locate the processes which allow us to reveal the cultural anchoring within the identity dynamic, and consequently its influence on the representation of pain
Le, Mouer Séverine. "Intérêts en cosmétologie des propriétés antiradicalaires d'extraits d'algues : étude de la superphyco D." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN1P041.
Full textBernier, Simon. "Étude paramétrique des propriétés diélectriques de l'isolation polyéthylène de câbles miniatures en fonction du vieillissement." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2011. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1145/1/BERNIER_Simon.pdf.
Full textAnotaux, Mylène. "Étude d'un modèle comportemental du vieillissement : la construction de la toile chez une araignée orbitèle." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0309/document.
Full textAgeing is an obligatory and natural progressive process often associated with a decline in organism functions and performances. Although behaviours inform us about the physiological and neurological state of an organism, relationship between behaviour and ageing remains largely misunderstood. Thus, the research of new animal models that could assess this relationship would be crucial. In orb weaving spiders, the web is a complex geometrical structure, which presents a visible regularity. Its construction results of a succession of organized and repeatable behaviours and each variation in web characteristics could be interpreted as a behavioural variation during web construction. The objective of this study was to highlight structural variations in web's structure of the spider Zygiella-x-notata, which were correlated with spider's age, and to know how ageing affected spider mobility during web construction and prey capture. Our results showed that ageing influenced the geometrical structure of the orb-web, and the spider web-building and prey capture behaviours. Our study allowed to validate the pertinence of the use of spiders and their orb web as innovative models for studies of relationships between ageing and behaviour
Chacar, Stéphanie. "Effet des composés phénoliques sur le vieillissement cardiaque et rénal : étude expérimentale chez le rat." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2275/document.
Full textAging is a physiological process in which the entire body sees its normal functional capacities modified. It is associated with a genotypic and phenotypic remodeling, related to oxidative stress. Antioxidant molecules such as phenolic compounds (PC), have taken an important place in the human diet, as food supplements and/or as therapeutics. However, the consequences of long-term use of these molecules to reverse the effects of aging on organic functions, remain poorly understood. In this context, and considering our interest for the heart, the kidney and the intestinal microbiota, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate, in young male rats, the effects of PC administered at different concentrations for a period of fourteen months. PC treated groups showed a dose-dependent preservation of cardiac morphology and performance compared to control untreated ones. Additionally, myocardia from treated aged rats exhibited less inflammation, fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis than controls. These modifications were supported by a remodeling of the proteins level expression of the markers of hypertrophy and oxidative stress, and preliminary data suggest a concomitant activation of potassium current KATP on myofibroblasts in the presence of PC. Renal tissues retained their normal architecture with age in all groups. Finally, derived-metabolites from PC showed a selective modulation of intestinal microbiota towards a healthy phenotype. Our work shows that regular consumption of PC may preserve the heart, kidneys and microbiota of age-related remodeling
Ghailani, Nourouti Naïma. "Étude du vieillissement de la membrane érythrocytaire au cours de la conservation du sang total." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN19004.
Full textEtienne, Virginie. "Fonctions exécutives et conduite automobile : étude dans le vieillissement normal et dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Lyon 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2008/etienne_v.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to investigate the particular role played by the executive functioning in the driving activity. The objectives of this research were indeed to study how the executive functions would evolve in normal cognitive aging and in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and then to study how these evolutions can be evaluated in driving situations. This study took place in the theoretical frame suggested by Miyake et al. (2000). Indeed, our methodology consisted in a neuropsychological evaluation of three executive components, mental flexibility, updating and inhibition. This neuropsychological evaluation was combined with an experiment in a driving simulator. We developed four driving scenarios Each one evaluated one of the three executive components and the fourth one was a natural driving situation, with left turning intersections. However, in reality, this situation of left turning is a situation which is particularly dangerous for older drivers. The results indicated that the three executive components did not change in a similar way in normal aging, which would preserve for a certain time the mental flexibility. In AD, the three executive components were impaired. In addition, the driving experiments indicated similar and correlated results to those obtained with the neuropsychological evaluations. The driving situations developed in the simulator are thus relevant for the evaluation of the three executive components in an ecological manner. Lastly, the results of the fourth driving experiment showed that the executive components are essential to drive safely. Finally, this study offers future research possibilities concerning the improvement of our knowledge on driving cognitive functioning. Interesting prospects are also offered concerning the possibilities, not only for evaluation, but also for driving readaptation
Hammar, Abderrahamane. "Modélisation du superconducteur et étude de son vieillissement : utilisation dans les applications de transport ferroviaire." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10109.
Full textMalrieu, Stéphane. "Caractérisation et étude du vieillissement de stratifiés verre époxyde par des mesures de charges d'espace." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20173.
Full textSchwerer, Hélène. "Étude des altérations du programme de réplication lors du vieillissement cellulaire : peuvent-elles être reprogrammées ?" Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13524.
Full textDNA replication allows at each cell cycle the exact copy of the genome that will be transmitted to daughter cells. Thus, the replication process is highly regulated in concert with its chromatin organization but also its dynamics in the nuclear architecture. Cellular ageing, be it physiologic, pathologic or induced in vitro by sub-optimal culture conditions, is accompanied by modifications of the chromatin organization of the genome. This could lead to spatio-temporal modifications of the replication program. We studied to what extent these modifications are reversible and could lead to the recovery of the replication program. In a first step, we analyzed modifications of the replication program upon several ageing situations to test our hypothesis. We analyzed the whole genome spatio-temporal organization of replication domains, the timing, of proliferating or near-senescent cells, of young, old or progeria (a premature ageing disease)-affected donors. We observed that young cells could be distinguished from old cells, and proliferative from near-senescent, by looking at some particular timing domains. To explore the reversibility of these processes, we used reprogramming to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) followed by fibroblastic re-differentiation. We were able to demonstrate that the derived iPS cells have similar timing profiles corresponding to pluripotent cells profiles: ageing- and senescence-related modifications of the replication timing could be reprogrammed. It was confirmed by re-differentiating these iPS into fibroblastic cells which timing profiles could be associated to young fibroblasts ones. By manipulating cell fate toward an undifferentiated state, this study shows the extreme plasticity of the DNA replication spatio-temporal organization and highlights a chance to restore the replication dynamics when altered by ageing and senescence. This study of the replication dynamics linked to the epigenetic modifications of cells life was completed by a study at the molecular scale of the Jarid1C/KDM5C histone demethylase influence on replication within origin clusters. Together, these results bring new insights into the interdependency of chromatin and replication dynamics during cell fate modifications
Ayadi, Mohamed. "Étude et modélisation du vieillissement des supercondensateurs en mode combiné cyclage/calendaire pour applications transport." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0092/document.
Full textThe study of the behavior of supercapacitors during ageing is required in orderto integrate them in transportation applications. The aim of this thesis is tounderstand and model ageing phenomena observed on supercapacitors. For thispurpose, electrical characterization methodologies and original experimentalprotocols combining various constraints of ageing have been implemented.Measurements of leakage current and combined ageing tests were conducted. Theobtained results were used for developing models allowing the monitoring of theevolution of supercapacitors performance during ageing
Calso, Cristina. "Étude du vieillissement normal des fonctions frontales : impact sur l’autonomie et la qualité de vie." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0026/document.
Full textStarting from the “frontal lobe hypothesis of cognitive aging” (West, 1996), the main objective of this work is to study frontal lobe functions (executive control, decision making,energization, metacognition; Stuss, 2008) and their possible associations with levels of autonomy and quality of life in normal aging. Forty young adults (26±5years), forty old adults (68,7±3,7 years) and thirty very old adults (83,4±3,5 years) participated to our study.These healthy subjects didn’t show any depressive/anxious symptoms and global cognitive decline, which are frequently observed in pathologic alaging. They have a good level of autonomy and general satisfaction of life. A number of frontal lobe abilities seem to decrease after 65 years old (flexibility,energization, explicit decision-making, theory of mind,detection of cooperative and deceptive situations).Other functions decline after 80 years old (verbalfluency, episodic memory, naming, inhibition, implicit decision-making). Reading, immediate recall, realization of spontaneous flexibility and simple reaction time tasks are preserved with aging. Self-consciousness seems to depend on individuals’ age. We have described three different clusters of the frontal functioning for each group of participants, showing the existence of animportant intragroup variability. Old adults’ level of autonomy seems to be associated with the executive control, old adults’ quality of life correlated with the energization and metacognitive functions. These resultsconfirm in part our hypothesis and support the development of multidimensional cognitive training programs, which could impact old adults’ personal sphere
Staub, Bérengère. "Attention soutenue et vieillissement normal : étude des mécanismes cognitifs et neuronaux associés au contrôle attentionnel." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ110/document.
Full textThe purpose of this project was to gain more knowledge about the effects of normal aging on sustained attention ability and attentional control mechanisms underlying this ability. To that end, we combined the use of behavioral, subjective and electrophysiological (event-related potentials) measures. Behavioral results evidenced differential effects of age on sustained attention ability according to the approach used: deterioration in detection tasks, and preservation in inhibition tasks. Electrophysiological data evidenced several special features of seniors regarding the recruitment of attentional control mechanisms in a situation of sustained attention: overall greater activation of these mechanisms, stable or increased activation of these mechanisms over the course of the task, and a more frontal topography of the regions underlying these mechanisms
Dehail, Patrick. "Aspects fonctionnels et métaboliques du vieillissement musculaire et étude de son retentissement sur les capacités de transfert de la personne âgée." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21390.
Full textMuscle ageing is unavoidable and its functional consequences are important. The decrease in muscle mass and muscle force is related to the locomotor impairment, to the decrease in functional ability and to the increase in fall risk, the muscular impairment was analysed in old hospitalised patients, taking into account their functional and nutritional state. The results show a strong decline of the sustained maximal muscular force especially for malnourished patients. The initial rate of phosphocreatine recovery assessed with 31P NMR which measures the oxidative muscle function was inversely correlated to the functional capacities of the subjects. The biomechanics of the seat to walk transfer was analysed in the self-sufficient elderly. It was shown that the ability to perform this transfer strongly depended on the force developed by the lower limb