Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Étude écologique'
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Lucas, Marthe. "Étude juridique de la compensation écologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA029.
Full textThe aim of ecological offsets is to combine environmental protection with the social and economic opportunities of implementing new projects on natural spaces. Technically, these measures involve restoring balance between ecological damages and ecological benefits to be provided for by the ecological offset. Ecological offsets measures became mandatory in the seventies, yet their adequacy is still questioned today. They are administrative policy measures, distinct from liability. Although several different ecological offsets exist, no law explicitly defines them. It appears then very important to know whether it’s possible to draw one global legal definition of ecological offset, in order to assure the achievement of the ecological goals of all this measures: providing effective reparation of the damages caused to the ecosystems. All the more as the lack of legal offset criteria is adding to already existing practical difficulties which may in term bring about the downfall of ecological offset.Actually, though it is widely presented as a legal instrument to reverse the loss of biodiversity; reality shows that this purpose may not be attained, especially because of a lack of unanimous ecological measurement model. That’s why ecological offset deeply needs a legal characterization of what it should be. After this attempt at a definition, the thesis proposes to explore the future of the ecological offset, including the opportunities offered by shared sites of natural remediation
Monard, Annie. "Étude bio-écologique des peuplements acridiens du Bas-Languedoc." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066166.
Full textMichaud, Livain. "Étude spatiale et écologique des types stratigraphiques de tourbières au Nouveau-Brunswick." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4970.
Full textReynolds, Christina E. "Étude écologique d'une espèce endémique du golfe du Saint-Laurent, Aster laurentianus Fernald." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0020/MQ55606.pdf.
Full textChampagnat, Nicolas. "Étude mathématique de modèles stochastiques d'évolution issus de la théorie écologique des dynamiques adaptatives." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00091929.
Full textSt-Onge, Mylène. "Étude écologique et moléculaire des mermithides parasites de mouches noires (diptera : simuliidae) du Québec." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2007. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1416/1/030014997.pdf.
Full textPomente, Dominique. "Étude expérimentale génétique, écologique et écophysiologique du polymorphisme végétal : chémotypes et formes sexuelles du thym." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20058.
Full textGalisson, Marie-Pierre. "Évolution de l'arithmétique dans les plans d'études des futurs instituteurs : analyse écologique et historique." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070027.
Full textThis study puts forward a historical and ecological analysis dealing with the development of two "current" arithmetical concepts for trainee teachers: numeration and the property of numbers. This analysis of the process whereby these concepts are introduced into the study plans of primary teachers leads us to characterise what can cover the "theoretical-professional needs" of the student teacher. These needs manifest theIj1selves in certain conditions: the existence of a selected body of knowledge controlled by society; the presence of a "theory" which illuminates the" didactic art"; the putting into practice of this theory linked to the knowledge; the theoretical-practical link; the clear definition of the social and educative uses of the units of knowledge. Historically these conditions show themselves to be the tillers steering study plans and the organisation of teacher training. Thus they appear to us, still today, as a means of illuminating the requirements for the existence of a "current arithmetic" and a way of bringing out the conditions that encourage a "potential arithmetic"
Pageaux, Mathieu. "La Connectivité écologique dans les systèmes régionaux de protection de la biodiversité : étude comparée du réseau écologique Natura 2000 et du Système National des Unités de Conservation brésilien." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5f025d66-5e57-4787-afaf-a0d22a840b2a/blobholder:0/2013LIMO1002.pdf.
Full textEcological connectivity is a concept of growing importance in the law of conservation of nature. It strengthens the ecological networks in their mission to protect ecosystems and is also a sign of their completion. This thesis analyzes the concept of ecological connectivity in international law, european law and brazilian law. The comparative study of the European ecological network Natura 2000 and the Brazilian System of Conservation Units (SNUC) allows us indeed to conduct a detailed inventory of the different ecological connections, their issues and their legal weaknesses. This is also an opportunity to examine key conditions essential in strengthening ecological connectivity, namely, essentialy, the social and environmental function of property rights, the protection of connectivity in urban areas by planning law, the protection of ecosystems in marine areas and the importance of participation in the management of ecological connections
Pautz, Frédéric. "Les pelouses calcicoles de Lorraine : étude phytosociologique et écologique : impact de la gestion sur les populations végétales." Metz, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1999/Pautz.Frederic.SMZ9961_1.pdf.
Full textThis study is made of thee parts. The first part deals with a phytosociological description of the Mesobromion syntaxon in Lorraine, which was established Eom 340 new fioristic list. Five main groups are to be distinguished , which correspond to the five known sub-alliances, i. E. . The Sesterio-Mesobromenion (represented by the Genisto-Seslerietum and its eight suballiances), the Teucrio-Mesobromenion (represented by the Festuco lemanii-Brometum and its three sub-alliances), the Eu-Mesobromenion (represented by the Onobiychido-Brometum and its four sub-alliances), the Tetragonolobo-Mesobromenion (represented by the Chloro- Brometum and its three sub-alliances) and the Chamaespartio-Agrostidenion (represented by the SiegIingio- Brachypodetium and its two sub-alliances). The second part of the study is an analysis of the vegetation successional dynamic, linked with the evolution of the Raunkier biological types, the specific diversity, the evolution of the morphologic attributes (stalks, leaves, flowers) of Teucrium chamaediys. The conclusions of this part are used for the analysis of the resdts described in the following two parts. The third and fourth parts respectively deal with the impact of the cutting and grazing which are calculated in the three most cornmon vegetation groups in the Moselie valley (Festuco lemanii-Brometum) and two sub-alliances of the Onobiychido-Brometum. The impact of these two types of management on the vegetation is very dxerent in each of these vegetation groups. The types of conservation management are proposed in order to manage in a rational way these biotops which are threatened to disappear in Lorraine
Zalila, Selma. "Étude de l'influence de la publicité écologique sur les attitudes à travers la théorie de l'apprentissage vicariant." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010031.
Full textOur work deals with a subject that has received little attention in the past in marketing and is part of the theories of persuasion: vicarious learning. We take a pioneering approach whose aim is to shed light on this original field of study. We have resolved to investigate it in the framework of ecological communication referring to micropollution problem. Our study includes an empirical approach and relies on experimentation. Our research proceeds in several phases and investigates the following main topics: - study of vicarious learning theory position in the conceptual framework of the theories of ad persuasion; - definition of the different ecological ad messages types according to the paradigm of persuasion they operate; - study of the effect of ecological ads on attitudes: comparison of the effectiveness of visual vicarious ads versus verbal explanatory ads, and study of their delayed complementary effect; - identification of the sociodemographic and personality (locus of control) profiles of the different groups of ecological concern; - modelling attempt of the vicarious learning process integrating the advertising stimuli, the mediating variables (expectations) and the factors (personal characteristics) that influence the consumer and determine his reactions (attitudes) to the ecological advertising. We attempt thereby to shed light on the interrelationship between these variables as part of a global, integrated approach. Our preliminary findings highlight the importance of vicarious learning as an efficient source of commercial persuasion, particularly in the ecological field; this should, in turn, encourage further research on this subject which remains, to some extent, unexplored in marketing
Brachi, Benjamin. "Étude de la variation naturelle de traits phénologiques chez Arabidopsis thaliana par une approche de génomique écologique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10112/document.
Full textTwo complementary approaches need to be considered in the study of adaptation. The first approach aims at describing the genetic architectures and the genetic bases of phenotypic variation in order to better understand the adaptive walk followed by natural populations toward a phenotypic optimum. The second approach aims to identify the environmental grain of the ecological factors acting as selective pressures in natural populations. In this work we studied the natural variation of phenological traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used a powerful combination of genome wide association (GWA) mapping and traditional QTL mapping to fine map the genetics of phenological traits measured under two environments. This dual mapping strategy revealed a strong environmental dependency of both allelic effect and identity of the genes underlying natural variation, but also that natural A. thaliana populations may have followed different adaptive walks. A. thaliana populations were sampled according a hierarchical geographic pattern and characterized ecologically, phenologically and genetically. This strategy revealed that phenological traits were adaptive to fine-grained environmental conditions defined by both climate and soil conditions. In the study of the adaptive walks followed by A. thaliana natural populations, this two sided approach, combining both genomics and ecology, suggests that the description of the genetic architectures and the identification of causal genes should be performed at different spatial scales, following a hierarchical geographic design, and that phenotypes must be measured in ecologically realistic conditions
Suchier, Johann. "Justification du système, idéologies et jugement social : étude de la modernisation écologique selon une perspective de psychologie sociale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0447.
Full textPositioning itself within a critical and societal approach to environmental issues, this thesis proposes to study, from the perspective of social psychology, a social science theory and a conception of environmental policies introduced in environmental sociology: Ecological Modernization (EM). This approach, hegemonic within the European institutions, can be conceptualized as a belief system legitimizing a certain conception of social order and can, therefore, be considered as an ideology. The latter would allow, at the same time, to recognize the existence of environmental problems and to argue that the current socio-economic systems have the capacity to deal with them without undergoing fundamental changes. In a first series of research, we mobilized the System Justification Theory (SJT), as well as the concept of social paradigm, in order to study the extent to which the EM could play the role of a social order legitimizing ideology at a psychological level. In a second series of research, we studied the normative dimension of EM. For this, we mobilized the socio-cognitive approach of norms in articulation with the SJT. This thesis underlines the interest of a social order reading grid for studies related to environmental issues. In this perspective, it invites us to no longer consider pro-environmental beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors as constituting a homogeneous block, but rather to situate them on a continuum according to the degree of social change that they imply
Liarakou, Fischer Georgia. "Education environnementale : quelle problématique écologique, pour quelle éducation ? : analyse des attitudes des élèves-instituteurs de l'université d'Athènes à l'égard de l'intervention sur l'environnement." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H062.
Full textThis study examines the message diffused by environmental education through an analysis of its actors attitudes towards the following two aspects of intervention on the environement : the cycle production-consumption and development of science and technology. It appears that these attitudes are diversified following the different social environments (social class, political orientation), as well as the degree of initiation on the ecological problematic (participation in environmental educationuniversity course). In their turn, they influence the sens given to responsible environmental behavior, common finality of every environmental education
Greulich, Sabine. "Compétition, perturbations et productivité potentielle dans la définition de l'habitat d'espèces rares : étude expérimentale du macrophyte aquatique Luronium natans (L) Rafin." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10077.
Full textMontfort, Patrick. "Étude écologique, immunologique et pathogénique des Aeromonas mobiles dans les milieux aquatiques et à travers différents systèmes épurateurs." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20279.
Full textBelhassen, Eric. "Étude évolutive du système reproductif de Thymus vulgaris L : analyse écologique, génétique et moléculaire de la stérilité-mâle." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20001.
Full textChu, Ngoc Thuy. "Association symbiotique d'une algue bleue (Anabaena azollae Strasburger) et d'une fougère (Azolla filiculoides Lamarck) : étude écologique et physiologique." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112170.
Full textOrengo, Céline. "La réparation du dommage écologique en matière maritime : étude à la lumière de mécanismes d'indemnisation nationaux et internationaux." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0010.
Full textMaritime environment offers an ideal perspective about civil liability and compensation. Indeed, the implementation the principle polluter pays is very well reflected within oil pollutions. Furthermore, States have decided to substitute to maritime tradition a strict legal framework concerning the vessel owner's liability and settled a mutual fund compensation. However, a victim has been omitted in this two-stage compensation regime: the marine environment which does not enjoy a legal personality and the injuries it suffers can not be quantified. In this sense, a United States act, the OPA of 1990 should be used as a source of inspiration for the international regime thanks to an exclusive claimant, the public trustee, and it sets up methods to assess natural resources damages. This Act has still inspired an other international compensation regime, the UNCC, created for Gulf war damages. It would be favourable that the international regime resulting from CLC/Fund Conventions could evolve in the same. Such evolution seems to find begin with IMO resolutions which amend the regime by increasing their limitation amounts and a protocol which create a third tier of compensation
Khemakhem, Hajer. "Contribution à l'étude du fonctionnement écologique de la saline de Sfax : analyse statistique et modélisation." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2023.
Full textThe distribution of phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition coupled withenvironmental factors and metazooplankton was studied relatively intensively and over a period of fourconsecutive years in five ponds featuring a gradient of increasing salinity from near to that of sea water to a ninefoldconcentration from 2000 to 2003. The results indicate that the physical characteristics of the water(temperature and salinity) were quite similar over the years. The concentrations of nutrients decreasewith increasing salinity. The diversity of the phytoplankton community revealed a spatial variation. Thusdiatoms dominated in the first ponds A1, A16 and C2-1, followed by dinoflagellates. The Chlorophyceaedominated the hypersaline ponds M2 and TS. Cyanobacteria were relatively abundant in ponds M2 and TS. Thehighest phytoplankton abundances and biomasses were recorded in the hypersaline ponds, resulting from theproliferation of the Chlorophyceae Dunaliella salina. As a result of the stability of the environmental factors, theinter-annual study of the phytoplankton succession in the solar saltern of Sfax, revealed slight differences. Giventhe importance of salt stress the phytoplankton community remains in juvenile stage.To better understand the interaction between abiotic and biotic parameters, many statistical analyses(Pearson correlation test, ANOVA, PCA, Co-intertia….) were performed. The determination of the relationshipbetween physical, chemical and biological parameters in the first marine pond A1 (salinity: 45 p.s.u) appears tobe useful for the development of an ecological model of the solar saltern of Sfax. This model has been developedon the basis of the biomass of the phytoplankton community in relation with nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients.A comparison between simulation results and observations indicated that the ecological model was able toproduce a satisfactory seasonal and inter-annual phytoplankton dynamics. Thus, the results of the ecologicalmodel were in accordance with the observations. According to the simulations, the decrease of nutrientconcentrations and the increase of the water inflow into the pond A1, cause a decrease in phytoplankton biomass.Due to climate change, the disturbance of the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass was observed. Especially, thesimulations predict acceleration of phytoplankton blooms due to dry year. Finally, the model developed in thisstudy gives new insights in order to simulate a combination of independent scenarii
Amerijckx, Gaëlle. "Le bien-être des jeunes enfants. Problématisation de la notion et étude socio-écologique au sein d'institutions socio-éducatives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/218961.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique
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Dobré, Michelle. "La résistance, ressource du quotidien (étude des capacités civiles d'autolimitation de la consommation en relation avec la question écologique)." Orléans, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ORLE1032.
Full textLecerf, Antoine. "Perturbations anthropiques et fonctionnement écologique des cours d'eau de tête de bassin : étude du processus de décomposition des litières." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30263.
Full textBreakdown of allochtonous leaf litter governs the functioning of headwater streams. These streams are exposed to multiple anthropogenic stresses whose consequences were examined in field (23 streams in South-Western France) and laboratory experiments. Leaf litter breakdown rate responded to alterations of physical and chemical characteristics of stream water and diversity of the riparian vegetation which affect the activity of leaf decomposers. Loss in riparian tree species noticeably lowered trophic dynamics in detritus food webs by modifying interactions among two consumer guilds (leaf-shredding invertebrates and saprophyte aquatic fungi) and the basal resource (leaf litter). Proliferation of an exotic species (Japanese Knotweed) within the riparian vegetation enhanced indigenous leaf litter breakdown as a result of changes in shredder assemblages. The relationship between shredder diversity and leaf litter breakdown rate was also highlighted in streams representative of a gradient of eutrophication (enrichment in dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus). This indicates the limitations of functional assessment schemes only based on invertebrate traits. Overall, the present results showed the sensitivity of leaf litter breakdown and associated decomposers, to anthropogenic disturbance of streams and associated riparian zones. In this respect, this ecological process appears to be an excellent multimetric indicator of headwater stream health which can discriminate among various types and levels of anthropogenic stress
Moussa, Mirna. "Les amibes libres pathogènes des eaux chaudes de la Guadeloupe : étude écologique caractérisation moléculaire et prophylaxie des zones de baignade." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0007/document.
Full textAmoebas are eukaryotic unicellular organisms, measuring from 10 to 300 µm, being able to live under a parasite form or to evolve freely in soils and aquatic media. They can even adopt either form depending of the environment. Some free living amoebas are highly pathogenic for animals and humans, especially Naegleria fowleri which develops in naturally hot waters at temperatures between 27 and 45°C. This species is responsible for an encephalitis generally lethal, the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a case of which occured in Guadeloupe in 2008. A 9-year-old child having contracted the disease, died a few days after a bath in the hot waters of Dolé, in Gourbeyre. Our Thesis at the Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, in association with the ARS, initiated a research program on these pathogenic amoebas poorly known in our territory, to better estimate the risk to contract the disease while bathing in geothermal recreational waters of Guadeloupe. We developed and worked out a method of detection and enumeration of amoebas using the molecular biology, which is currently applied in routine in our laboratory. Since January, 2011, a monthly monitoring of the baths revealed the presence of thermophilic free living amoebas and pathogenic amoeba in almost all the analyzed sites (Ravine Chaude, La Lise, Bain du Curé à Pigeon, Bains Jaunes, Bain de Dolé, Bain de Capès, Bain des Amours, Bain de la rivière Grosse-Corde, Chutes du Carbet, Morphy and the hot bath of Matouba), with the exception of sulphurated and/or salty hot waters of Sofaïa and the Anse-Thomas in Bouillante. The sequencing of the PCR products obtained were deposited in Genbank and confirmed that the Guadeloupean N. fowleri belonged to the Type-3 Euro-American, identical to that detected in the patient in 2008 (Moussa et al. 2013). The number of pathogenic amoebas varied from 2 to 30 amoebas / liter according to the baths, without exceeding the limit of 100 amoebas / liter recommended by the health authorities. In spite of this rather low concentration the baths require a regular surveillance. On the full year 2011-2012, the pathogenic species N. fowleri was the most frequently encountered species followed by N. lovaniensis and Hartmanella sp. These data of the surveillance led the ARS and the municipalities concerned to organize an awareness campaign destinated to the local and tourist population, based on the installation of prevention panels near the main sites where N. fowleri was found. The regular presence of N. fowleri during the year in most of the hot baths, especially the most frequented ones, leads us to look for the origin of their contamination. We discovered that geothermal springs are not contaminated at their emergence, but that amoebas come from the soil upstream the baths. This result which shows that soil is the natural reservoir of amoebas, allowed us to propose to the authorities effective means of prevention by installing pipes to carry the water from the emergence to the bath, without touching the soil
Doucet, Donida Andrea. "La participation dans un projet local de gestion des déchets : étude de cas à Curitiba, la capitale écologique du Brésil." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28264.
Full textPelleau, Yvonne. "Biodiversité du chêne vert en région méditerranéenne "Quercus ilex L. - Quercus rotundifolia Lam" : étude de la variabilité morphologique, chimique et écologique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30043.
Full textAdam, Nicolas. "Étude de l'activité neuro-oscillatoire thêta en tant que marqueur développemental dans l'évaluation d'un entraînement écologique du contrôle cognitif chez l'enfant." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30067.
Full textIn this thesis, we test the hypothesis that through the self-regulation implemented during the pretend play, it is possible to train the processes of cognitive control processing and thus accelerate its development. This thesis integrates an original approach aimed at understanding the effects of age and the effects of training on the same cognitive and cognitive measures of cognitive control. We are interested in highlighting behavioral and electrophysiological markers of the development of cognitive control through a conflict task in school and preschool children. We then use these markers with preschool children to characterize the effects of ecological cognitive control training using the same assessment task. We have demonstrated that through a conflict management task with different levels of interference, the amplitude of theta neuro-oscillatory activity allowed to characterize the control engagement dynamics as well as the intensity of the generated conflict. In addition, the latency of this activity provides information on the maturation of the underlying networks. These results also underline the interest of understanding cognitive control through interference management to characterize finely the processing treatment underlying its implementation. The performances suggest an improvement of the processes of treatment of the cognitive control with the age both at the behavioral and neuronal level. Older children seem to be better able to implement conflict management and monitoring skills. On the other hand, the results observed during the second evaluation in preschool children suggest an adaptation in the implementation of the control. Training improves the maturity of pretend play skills. However, more general measures of cognitive control or self-regulation show no benefit for the experimental group compared to the control group. Finally, our results enrich current knowledge on conflict management in childhood
Roché, Jean. "Les oiseaux nicheurs des cours d'eau du Bassin de la Saône : étude écologique des peuplements le long du gradient amont- aval." Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOS012.
Full textLetarte, Yvon. "Étude bio-écologique d'une population de Sphaerium corneum (Linne, 1758) (Mollusca : Bivalvia : Sphaeriidae) du lac Saint-Pierre (fleuve Saint-Laurent, Québec)." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1985. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6056/1/000551233.pdf.
Full textDufour, Claire. "Écologie de la divergence et de la coexistence : étude empirique chez deux espèces du genre Rhabdomys." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20233.
Full textUnderstanding how evolutionary processes allow populations persistence facing environmental changes is a primary goal for both scientists and society. Studying i) species divergence in contrasted environments and ii) species co-existence gives us a better understanding of such processes. Indeed, species co-existence, and thus their persistence, depends on their degree of ecological or reproductive divergence. In this PhD, I developed a range of empirical studies aimed at understanding the divergence of two sister species: Rhabdomys bechuanae and Rhabdomys dilectus dilectus. In the area in which the two distributions of these species abut, I was able to design empirical protocols to more thoroughly understand mechanisms involved in both divergence and coexistence at a fine scale. The species responses to the heterogeneity of the environment and the species interference were studied on four niche dimensions i) habitat selection, ii) spatial behavior, iii) diet and iv) sociality, as well as the sexual recognition system. The emerging results point out that accounting for several niche dimensions and their interactions is pivotal to understand the mechanisms underlying both divergence and coexistence. Indeed, while species divergence is determined by the allopatric evolution of habitat selection and sexual recognition system, the plasticity of the diet and social behaviors reflects the response of the organisms to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the environment. Species' response to interspecific competition is mainly due to plasticity in spatial behaviors (home range size and overlap). I discuss the complexity of the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the divergence and coexistence of sister species and the contribution of these micro-evolutionary studies to the understanding of more general evolutionary processes such as ecological radiation
Haguenauer, Christiane. "Comprendre par les cycles. . . Et les cycles pour apprendre ou le concept de cycle, indicateur de la connaissance, des sciences de la nature a l'écologie forestière." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10402.
Full textWatteau, Benjamin. "Approche écologique de l’activité de création en formation : le cas de l’atelier de projet en architecture." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20028.
Full textThe constitution of the European Higher Education Area leads vocational training toward Universitys standards while introducing vocationals goals at university. In this mutation period, the way to think relations between initial training and work has changed. Meanwhile the professional environment is expecting from the worker more and more adaptability and creativity. Studying design studios in School of architecture (ENSAB, France; UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico) allow us to enlight the development process of creative activity. The ecological approach of activity (Albero, Guérin, 2014) is used to study dynamic interactions actualized in training environment and the way they lead or not to Learning. From this perspective, different types of methodological principles are articulated: immersion on the ground, survey to callate observational data, interviews, traces of written and iconographic activity, and video recording of significant action sequence
La constitución del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior conduce la formación profesional hacia los estándares universitarios, introduciendo al mismo tiempo las metas vocacionales en la universidad. En este período de mutación, la manera de pensar las relaciones entre la formación inicial y el trabajo ha cambiado. Mientras tanto, el entorno profesional espera del trabajador más y más adaptabilidad y creatividad. Estudiar Talleres de diseño en la Escuela de Arquitectura (ENSAB, Francia, UAEM, Cuernavaca, México) nos permite iluminar el proceso de desarrollo de la actividad creativa. El enfoque ecológico de la actividad (Albero, Guérin, 2014) se utiliza para estudiar las interacciones dinámicas actualizadas en el entorno de formación y la forma en que conducen o no al aprendizaje. Desde esta perspectiva, se articulan diferentes tipos de principios metodológicos: inmersión sobre el terreno, encuesta para llamar datos observacionales, entrevistas, huellas de actividad escrita e iconográfica y grabación de video de secuencia de acción significativa
Lafontaine, Bruno. "Étude écologique sur l'association entre l'hypothyroïdie et la consommation de poissons et de fruits de mer ainsi que le tabagisme au Québec." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4042.
Full textBaudouin, Valentin. "Étude juridique sur les petites et moyennes sociétés commerciales en transition écologique : l'entreprise sobre en contribution à une nouvelle approche de la RSE." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAA003.
Full textBusiness is an ambiguous idea of freedom, it is as much a vehicule of progress as a risk. The current ecological crisis is leading enterprises to take into account the effects of economic activity on society and environment. Pressured by new social standards, enterprises are led to change their conduct, especially through a societal and environmental responsibility approach. Then, it is the commercial company – the legal entity of the enterprise, not defined by french law – that is questioned in its definition and its social function. This is reflected in the recent reform of the french commercial company contract to consider social and environmental issues. It’s mainly the adoption of voluntary commitments that contributes to a change in the commercial company through the elaboration by private law persons of soft-law, i.e. norms devoid of coercion. As a post-modern law phenomenom, voluntary commitments lead the company to raise its standard behaviour to a higher degree of responsibility than de lege lata law, may succeed to the engagement of its legal liability. Also, the development of the social and solidarity economy’s corporate forms and the emergence of enterprises inspired by foreign models are a first breach in the classical commercial company approach. Noting the inadequacy of CSR and the corporate forms of responsible commercial companies to really take into account environmental issues, it is proposed to conceptualize a « sober enterprise ». A reflection on sobriety, an emerging legal concept, is carried out on the basis of the terminology already present in the legislation. The juridical definition of sobriety and more precisely, what constitutes sober behaviour, must make it possible to provide support for the integration of the environment into the enterprise. Or for the judge, to characterize the legal standard of sober behaviour. Instruments for characterizing sober behaviour are considered through a review of the elements of the commercial company contract (associate, contribution, profit, social purpose and social interest). These developments are raised in a dynamic of change of the the commercial company and should highlight the need to define the enterprise : both on its social function and to reach to satisfy common interests
Hanf, Matthieu. "Valorisation des données libres en épidémiologie : intérêt des études écologiques dans le domaine des maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0482/document.
Full textEcological studies are now considered promising because of their ability to integrate as well as individual factors than populational ones in the same model. The recent open data movement could play an important role in the sustainability of multidisciplinary approaches. The studies developed in this thesis show that the combination of ecological methods with open data could give original results in the issues of infectious diseases.In French Guiana, ecological methods called time series, coupled with open climate data, have contributed to a better understanding of the role of climate on the dynamics of malaria, cutaneous leishmaniasis and disseminated histoplasmosis. The use of ecological methods with open data from the scientific literature concerning toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in human populations has permitted to identify the main factors influencing the level of overall seroprevalence and indirectly to estimate the associated risk of congenital toxoplasmosis.The combination of UN data to ecological methods has shown that a high prevalence of ascariasis is associated with a reduction from 10 in the incidence of malaria and that corruption has a significant impact on child mortality and resistance to TB.The various studies developed in this thesis show that the combination of ecological methods to public data sheds a new light on the issues of infectious diseases. This type of study provides the flexibility to study the complex interactions of many determinants of health
Egea, Emilie. "Histoire évolutive, structures génétique, morphologique et écologique comparées dans un complexe d'espèces jumelles : Echinocardium cordatum (Echinoidea, Irregularia)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22017.
Full textEchinocardium cordatum (Pennant 1777) an abundant irregular sea urchin from the coastal temperate zones has long been considered as a cosmopolitan species which wide distribution area was the direct consequence of its planktotrophic larvae high dispersal abilities. A combined study of the genetic [mitochondrial and nuclear genomes (introns+microsatellites)], morphologic (based on 20 morphometric indices) and ecologic (geographic distribution at fine or large scale, and gonad maturation cycle) characteristics reveals that this taxon is a complex of cryptic species for which genetic differentiations concurred with morphological and ecological ones. The different species each occupy a limited geographic areas (clade A : Atlantic, clade SP : South Pacific, clade NP : North Pacific, clade B2 : Mediterranean sea, et clade B1 : Mediterranean sea and Atlantic coasts of Iberia). According to the complex species evolutionary history reconstruction, based on fossils and molecular data, the different species diverged between 3 (B1-B2) and 10 (A-rest) million years ago, driven by geologic and paleoclimatic perturbations (Tethys closure, messinian salinity crisis, Plio-Pleistocene glaciations). Molecular and morphologic polymorphisms appear reduced in B1, suggesting a reduced historical effective size. The contemporaneous genetic flux analysis reveals that clades A and B1 exchange genes whereas clades B1 and B2 developed an efficient reproductive isolation preventing hybridization. Though dispersal abilities of the complex species are high (more than 3000 km), they appear to be smaller than those of other species of the same genera, particularly E. mediterraneum which undergone the same geological perturbations without splitting into several species since its appearance some 28 million years ago. From an evolutionary point of view, taxa with high dispersal abilities should exhibit important population effective sizes, wide distribution areas and weak genetic differentiation between localities, properties that should slow species formation within these taxa. If this hypothesis seems verified in E. mediterraneum, it is not the case in E. cordatum for which the apparent high effective size and weak regional structure contrast with the fast speciation dynamics. It seems that other characteristics might be responsible for the speciation dynamic differences, and the comparison of the two taxa ecological requirements, as well as the isolation of the gene coding for the protein responsible of the sperm specific attachment, the bindin, should bring elements to answer these questions
Amasifuen, Guerra Carlos Alberto. "Étude écologique et biochimique de Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) : patrons de production et rôle dans l’interaction plante – insecte de la pluméricine, en milieu naturel amazonien." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT111/document.
Full textHimatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) known in Peru as "bellaco caspi", is a common tree from several habitats in the Peruvian Amazon, where is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Medicinal properties from species of Himatanthus have been mainly related to the presence of a bioactive terpene plumericin. The pharmacological potential of plumericin and reproductive success of H. tarapotensis gave rise to the present study to explore the production patterns of this compound in function of environmental gradients determined by the different habitat types where this species grows in nature. However, the delimitation of Himatanthus species has long been problematic, and much confusion remains as to which names should be used and which species delimitations should be adopted. Consequently, a part of this study was dedicated to a taxonomic revision of Himatanthus species occurring in Peru. Therefore, in chapter 1 is presented a synoptic revision of Himatanthus species from the Peruvian Amazon, with the aim of introducing taxonomic stability of those species in Peru. Three species of Himatanthus are present in Peru: H. tarapotensis, H. phagedaenicus and H. revolutus, distinguished among themselves mainly by reproductive traits. In chapter 2, leaves collected from juvenile individuals of H. tarapotensis growing on two Amazonian habitats were used to evaluate the plumericin production in relation to environmental factors: soil type, period of precipitation, and insects pressure, keeping in mind their relation with the growth patterns of the plant. Plumericin production in H. tarapotensis was not affected by differences in soil types. However, it was observed a temporal variation in the concentration of this compound correlated positively to the insects pressure, mainly with the herbivorous larva of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and negatively to the growth pattern of the plant. These two factors were correlated to the rainfall, thus suggesting that precipitation would be affecting indirectly on plumericin production. The bioactive compound plumericin would have a production pattern determined by its mediator role in interactions phenomena of H. tarapotensis and its environment
Diaz-Castaneda, Victoria. "Étude expérimentale in situ de la succession écologique lors de la recolonisation d'un sédiment defauné par pollution en Méditerranée et en Mer du nord." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10178.
Full textButaud, Jean-François. "Contribution à la connaissance d'un arbre insulaire en voie de disparition, le santal de Polynésie française (Santalarum insulare) : étude écologique, morphologique, génétique et chimique." Polynésie française, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POLF0002.
Full textThe French Polynesian sandalwood (Santalum insulare) is an endangered species. Overexploited for its fragrant heartwood, its reproduction is only realized by vegetative means due to seed predation by rats and extinction of dispersers. Due to the evaluation of insularity and human perturbations impact on its diversity, our work contributes to the strategy of sustainable management. Morphological, genetical and chemical investigations show differentiations linked to island isolation, ecological conditions and exploitation. This diversity imply sandalwood management not only at the evolutionary unit level corresponding to archipelago, but also at the local level of island, region or population. Chemical studies showed that this sandalwood gave a high grade essential oil. Three new sesquiterpenoids including a new backbone named elvirane were isolated and identified in its concrete. Flavonoids leave content and fatty acid composition of seeds were reported for the first time
Colombini, Gabin. "Étude multi-échelle des interactions saprophages-matières organiques et de leurs implications dans le fonctionnement des humipedons de Technosols : approche fondamentale vers l’ingénierie écologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0277.
Full textIn a context of soil degradation and erosion of biodiversity resulting from anthropogenic activities, understanding the role of edaphic fauna in the functioning of humipedons is of growing interest. The development of reclamation strategies on anthropized soils, based on the concepts of ecological engineering, could be based on the actions of transformation of organic matter carried out by saprophagous organisms. The objective of this thesis was (i) to characterize the ecological functions performed by saprophagous organisms through the production of biostructures on anthropized soils and (ii) to assess their potential for the reclamation of brownfields Technosols. To do so, an integrative approach, based on the changes of spatial scale, was carried out on an industrial brownfield of interest. First, it was demonstrated that Technosols physicochemical characteristics can represent an abiotic filter limiting the colonization of edaphic fauna, especially highlighted by the absence of anecic and endogeic earthworms in Technosols. Secondly, at the scale of the humipedon, the results showed that the dynamics of organic matter formed by vegetation also depends on the nature of the substrate used during the rehabilitation of the brownfield. Indeed, under the action of epigeic saprophagous arthropods, a series of ectorganic horizons, similar to the ones of a Moder, developed on the technogenic horizon of Technosols. The term "Techno-moder" has thus been proposed to describe this new humus form. The chemical and ultrastructural features of the Techno-moder zOH horizon, made up of biostructures produced by saprophagous, also confirmed this classification proposal. Finally, feces produced by the saprophagous isopod Porcellio scaber, studied under controlled conditions, allowed to demonstrate that their physicochemical characteristics depend on the Technosol substrate and on organic matter chemical features. In agreement with the conclusions at the humipedon scale, it seems that feces traits produced by the epigeic saprophagous arthropods are an intrinsic characteristic of the ecosystem, which results from the Technosols humipedons composition. The development of Technosols reclamation strategies using coupled inoculation of saprophagous and organic matter could thus improve Technosols humipedons physicochemical characteristics while requiring the specific interactions of organisms with the substrate to be taken into account
Blouin, Jérémie. "Étude économique d'une norme volontaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28251.
Full textConstraints, increasing product quality or improving brand image are reasons that can justify why a firm, or a group of firms would adopt norms. In this master thesis, many studies about normalization are summarized to lay grounds for a theoretical model. The model shows that processors can produce higher value-added goods with higher a quality input (product innovation), for which consumers are willing to pay more. Our analysis shows that a small processor can mitigate market competition with a bigger processor that can decrease its unit cost (process innovation). Our results show that when the small processor chooses his quality independently from his competitor, the latter doesn’t reduce his costs aggressively. When both firms innovate, their profits increase. In the second part of this thesis, two questionnaires are constructed to assess the consumers’ willingness to pay for an increased quality milk. The two surveys allow us to treat a hypothetic type of milk having either a private or a public-good characteristic. Respondents in each survey signal strong animal welfare preferences, as the additional attribute for this type of milk is the access for cows to pastures.
Weideli, Ornella Céline. "Les mécanismes de la coexistence : une étude multidisciplinaire sur des requins de récif juvéniles vivant en sympatrie." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03176052.
Full textIn areas of sympatry, closely related and morphologically similar species are expected to occupy different ecological niches in order to avoid competition. However, without knowledge on competitive abilities (e.g. dominance hierarchies) and population characteristics (e.g. growth rates, fitness traits), the origin and the potential effects of niche pattern (segregation and overlap) are unknown. I found compelling evidence that juvenile blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus and juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens from St. Joseph Atoll, Seychelles exhibit fine-scale segregation patterns as a means to avoid competition. In contrast, slight differences in population characteristics were more likely to be caused by prey availability, intraspecific competition, and anthropogenic impacts. This thesis highlights the need for multi-disciplinary investigations to unveil the underlaying mechanisms of coexistence
Rakotondrainibe, France. "Contribution a la connaissance de la flore pteridologique de Madagascar : étude floristique, biologique, phytogéographique et écologique des fougères de la forêt d'Ambohitantely (forêt tropicale d'altitude)." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10024.
Full textHilal, Abdelkader. "Diapause larvaire de Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lep. Noctuidae) et diapause imaginale de Cassida vittata Wild (Col. Chrysomelidae) : mise en évidence, étude écophysiologique, endocrinologique et écologique." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR1A634.
Full textHilal, Abdelkader. "Diapause larvaire de Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lep. Noctuidae) et diapause imaginale de Cassida vittata Wild (Col. Chrysomelidae) : mise en évidence, étude écophysiologique, endocrinologique et écologique." Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10641.
Full textVassas-Jardel, Aude. "Activités biologiques d'organismes marins par tests moléculaires in vitro : étude particulière de corallistes undulatus et aplidium longithorax." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13522.
Full textBorschinger, Benoit. "Démarche d’ingénierie écologique en santé des plantes : étude du rôle des couvre-sol végétaux des vergers dansl'émergence des maladies des arbres fruitiers causées par Pseudomonas syringae." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0337/document.
Full textProcess of ecological engineering in plant health: study of the role of orchard ground cover plants in the emergence of fruit tree diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringaeIdentification of reservoirs and inoculum sources of plant pathogenic microorganisms is a major issue in plant pathology. Perennial agricultural systems, such as orchards, are exposed to many pests and pathogenic microorganisms. P. syringae, a phytopathogenic bacterium responsible for the emergence of diseases of fruit trees, including the recent outbreak of bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused P. syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), represent an important economic issue worldwide. In France, means of control of bacterial canker consist of copper treatments and preventive measures in order to reduce the spread of bacteria within and between orchards. With the awareness for environmental conservation by consumers and producers, current cultivation methods tend to be progressively replaced by more agroecological ones and the use of ecological engineering to improve plant health. Ecological engineering of orchard ground cover plant communities provides good results for the control of orchard pests, such as herbivorous arthropods, but the effects on pathogenic microbial communities remains unexplored. The ground cover plants and orchard weeds host abundant P. syringae communities, however the role of ground covers in the emergence of fruit tree diseases remains ignored. Therefore, the research presented here is focused on the simultaneous study of P. syringae communities associated with ground covers and fruit trees from three apricot and four kiwifruit orchards of Drôme county, southeastern France, chosen for their health status (healthy, diseased, or disease emergence), as well as different ground cover management practices (bare soil, ground cover in inter-rows, ground cover in inter-rows and tree rows). In the absence of tools for rapid identification and affiliation to one of 13 currently described phylogroups for the P. syringae species, the screening of whole genomes of more than fifty P. syringae strains has allowed the development of specific molecular markers able to identify 9 of the 13 phylogroups. Results show that ground cover P. syringae community abundances and structures are correlated to plant community composition. The presence of Prunella vulgaris, a plant of the Lamiaceae family, is correlated to a decrease in the P. syringae abundances. Reproducibility of this result is currently under investigation in an experimental field. However, preliminary results from the experimental field show that the presence of P. vulgaris in 1-year-old ground covers is not correlated to a decrease in P. syringae abundances. Simultaneous study of ground cover and fruit tree P. syringae communities highlight bacterial exchanges between these two compartments because of the presence of genetically correlated strains in both of them. When present, Psa coexist with other P. syringae, raising the question of the interaction between these strains and their role in the emergence of the disease. Finally, the results highlight a potential antagonism between phylogroups 1 and 2
Bordez, Laurent. "Stratégies de revégétalisation des maquis miniers nickélifères de Nouvelle-Calédonie : étude sur les potentiels biologiques des Topsoils en vue de leur utilisation pour la restauration écologique des milieux dégradés." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NCAL0002/document.
Full text"Topsoil", as an ecological tool of restoration of the mines made in terraces, consist of getting back the layers full of organic matter, seeds and micro-organisms (which define the biological potential of restoration), during a procedure made following the exploitation of the mines, then could be extend to the sites which require some restoration.While the problem of ecological restoration is at the center of the debate, topsoil appears, according to the literature, as an efficient technique and their uses are well recommended. However, they only have been used in New Caledonia since the beginning of the XXI century. The actual knowledge of this specific tool is still incomplete, and the characteristics of topsoil, same as the results, remain inconsistent. The research made around this topic gave us a better understanding of the interaction between the biological components of topsoil and their way of evolving (seeds’ bank, micro-organisms and the physic and chemical characteristics). The results obtained demonstrate that the use of topsoil as an ecological restoration could be beneficial for the restoration of the ultramafic ecosystem of New Caledonia. It could, as well, find a place in the development of new strategies of ecological restoration of mines in terrace of the country. However, it has been shown in another hand that topsoil would not be sufficient to restore the entire vegetal diversity of the ultramafic bedrock of the country. For this reason, it has to be associated with different techniques of restoration
Spataro, Thierry. "De l'individu à la population : étude théorique de l'influence, au niveau de la population, de traits d'histoire de vie et de comportements individuels dans les systèmes hôte-parasitoïde." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10083.
Full textGavrilchuk, Katherine M. "Étude des niches trophiques des rorquals du Saint-Laurent par l'analyse des rapports isotopiques de carbone et d'azote." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24139.
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