Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Étude et enseignement – Moyen-Orient'
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Parmentier, Christophe. "Introduction de l'informatique à l'école : étude d'un transfert entre logo et géométrie, cours moyen 1." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05H069.
Full textAfter a complete history of computer science developments in French primary schools, the study incorporates the teaching of programming in order to test its effectiveness in transfer situations and interactions with other fields of knowledge. That for, four tasks were constructed, they assess level of skill in calculation of perimeter and angle measurement, test for progress in the acquisition of certain prerequisites and they measure certain instructional know-hows in logo. After the first testing session, subjects were assigned to two homogeneous groups. Each group then received 12 hours of predefined training. The findings for the 24 pupils who first discovered concepts implicitly through the teaching of programming logo graphics and were then given explicit instruction without the computer, were contrasted with the results for the group of 24 pupils who received training in the reverse order. The findings indicate that weaker students cannot avail themselves of this feature. Dispersion measures and analysis of flux between the tests suggest that logo training mainly benefits good pupils. Nevertheless teachers should use logo only if they take these results in account
Véronèse, Julien. "L'Ars notoria au Moyen Âge et à l'époque moderne : étude d'une tradition de magie théurgique (XIIe-XVIIe siècle)." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100078.
Full textThe Ars notoria (notory art) is a latin tradition of ritual magic ascribed to Solomon and Apollonius, which appears in funds of manuscripts in the XIIIth century and is a great success untill the Early Modern Period ; it promises the perfect skill of knowledge teached in schools and universities. A first part assesses the phenomenon, describes the manuscripts and isolates the different versions of a text which never stops to change untill the XIVth century. But what is the origin of this text ? The study of the manuscrips and texts, and the analysis of others sources (Gervase of Tilbury, Johannes de Alta Silva, etc. ) allow to defend the thesis of the north-italian origin (more precisely in Bologna) of a magical art initially ascribed to Virgil. A second part conducts a description and an analysis of rituals given by the different versions edited in annexes. It examines the nature of an art which defines itself as a sacrament as a proof of its orthodoxy, asks the question of its practical side, interrogates the sociology of its practitioners, and finds an end in a survey of doctrinal condemnations (Thomas of Aquinas)
Khalladi, Karim. "Influence du sommeil dans la récupération après une intervention chirurgicale chez les sportifs : impact des facteurs émotionnels et cognitifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA080064.
Full textThis thesis aimed to assess the impact of sleep and psychological factors on recovery outcomes in athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). Two experiments were performed to complete a battery of questionnaires in order to screen sleep disorders and assess the psychological statement in athletes. Our results showed that soccer players had insufficient sleep duration yet good sleep efficiency. Furthermore, in athletes following ACL-R, sleep parameters and psychological factors were not associated with time to meet the discharge criteria to Return to sport. Thus, it is critical, to monitor sleep quality and psychological factors before and after ACL surgery to identify athletes who might have difficulty to adhering and complete their rehabilitation program to RTS
Sensevy, Gérard. "Institutions didactiques, régulation, autonomie : une étude des fractions au cours moyen." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10002.
Full textA longitudinal teaching experiment was conducted with forth and fifth graders. The researcher was the teacher of the experimental class. The students participated in two specially designed activities, in: the production of fractions problems, by using a specific typology, and by producing and observing a set of criterias. The aim of such an activity was the improvement of the students conceptual and epistemological reflexion, and their change from a waiting position, passive, to a devolution position. So, they have to accept the responsability for sharing the teaching intention. A special work in the "journal of fractions", devoted to link the students activity to the progress of the institutional time. So, the students had to be able to become chronogenetic, i. E to propose to the class useful contributions to tackle new topics of curriculum, in an emblematisation process, which contributed to build the didactic memory of the class. These two activities constituted phenomenotechnic instruments, intendent to produce empiric facts, and to favorise the understanding of learning-teaching practices. On an other hand, they were considered as institutions, where teacher's and students's work allowed them to elaborate together new relations to the mathematical objects. So, classroom interactions were organised in order to built a mutual meaning system, grounded on appropriate semiotic tools. Such interactions necessitated a negotiation of new social norms, and the inculcation of new "dispositions" which demanded accurate gestures by the teacher. A new didactic contract, for the teacher and for the students, was determinated
Zeineddine, Hussein. "Enseignement des mathématiques au niveau du cycle moyen au Liban en langue maternelle ou en langue étrangère (étude comparative)." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070028.
Full textThe average of success in the official brevet test at the end of the intermediate cycle, does not exceed 45 % in lebanon. The usage of foreign languages in teaching the scientific courses in the intermediate cycle for students with insufficient proficiency in foreign languages, may be one of the factors behind this situation. To cope with this situation, a groupe of private schools dicided in 1982, that the arabic language should be used in all scientific sciences up to the end of the intermediate cycle, hence they raised the number foreign language credits. A comparative study, and analysis of results of a sequence of tests each involving three types of questions going in the direction of increased dependency on language was made. These tests were offered to two different populations of students, of similar socio-cultural background, and having been taught mathematics in arabic throughout the primary. Two essential conclusions were derived from this study : teaching mathematics in arabic throughout the intermediate cycle increases the chances of success in this science for students with insufficient proficiency in foreign languages, furthermore there is no risk of jeopardizing the possibility of pursuing their future education in foreign languages
Grégoire, Fabrice. "Introduction à la médecine en phylactères, proposition d'un autre moyen pédagogique médical : la bande déssinée." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M105.
Full textNguyễn, Phương Ngọc. "À l'origine de l'anthropologie au Vietnam : recherches sur les auteurs de la première génération." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10051.
Full textMopondi, Bendeko. "Problème de sens dans la négociation didactique en vue de l'institutionnalisation d'un algorithme : notion de proportionnalité au cours moyen." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10506.
Full textMaherzi, Aïcha. "L'enseignement et les sciences en islam du Ier au VIIe siècle Hégire : VIIe au XIVe siècle chrétien." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H035.
Full textThe object of this research is the systematical study of education and sciences in Islam over the period ranging from the 1st to the 8th hegirian century 7th to 14th christian century. These two factors are comprised within a wider system, that of the arab-muslim civilization of which we have examined other elements, such as religion and politics, themselves intermixed. Concerning religion, its influence is present at all levels, the coran being the basis of education and sciences which were and remained in his service. Concerning politics, the schisms that surrounded the question of the "khalifat" will have a profound impact on the development of education and sciences which will convey the tendencies generated by the parties in opposition. Concerning sciences, the pertinence of the influence of the ancient civilization s, mainly the Greek civilization, will constitute a problem with regard to the rationalist movements whose religion the orthodoxies want to preserve. The struggle between orthodoxies and rationalists will end up by marginalizing the foreign sciences, namely philosophy, and by the sclerosis of the intellectual thought itself. Schisms, ascendancy of politics over education and sciences, failure of the rationalism, are as many contributing endogenous factors to the decline of the arab-muslim civilization
Ettahiri, Ahmed S. "Les madrasas marinides de Fès : étude d'histoire et d'archéologie monumentales." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040036.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the architectural study of the marinid's madrasas in the city of Fès. In the first part, we develop, throw historical sources, the general characters of learning in medieval morocco, the genesis and the evolution of specific buildings for teaching religious sciences, until the constructing of the first madrasas. Then, we clarify the social and historical conditions that lead to the accomplishment of this programme, represented by seven madrasas. The monographical study of each madras constitute the second part. The analysis of plans and the study of construction's technics and materials allow us to derive the contribution of each madrasa, its caracters and, its ornamental and aesthetics’ particularities. In the last chapter, we present the architectural specificities of the marinid's madrasas in the city of Fès, their ornamental features used by the artists during that period, and theirs characteristics in common. Then we explain the influences of others monuments as the mosque, the private house and the funduq
Nishimagi, Shin. "Les modalités de l'enseignement musical au Moyen Age : Le traité De Modis, Cambrai, Médiathèque municipale, Ms 172 (XIIème siècle)." Paris, EPHE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EPHE4047.
Full textGobert, Daniel. "Incidence des activités de programmation en logo sur les performances en géométrie au cycle moyen et en sixième." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077038.
Full textSow, Fatimata. "Étude des parcours d'orientation scolaire et professionnelle de la classe de 5e (enseignement moyen) jusqu'à l'enseignement supérieur au Sénégal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66889.
Full textKa, Aminata. "Perceptions et performances en éducation environnementale (EE) des élèves des collèges d'enseignement moyen (CEM) du Sénégal à travers les pratiques d'enseignement en économie familiale sociale (EFS)." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21585.
Full textThe study is part of the assessment of enviromental education in the Senegalese formal educational system. It is based particularly on the current family socio-economic program, which, like life and land sciences and geography, prentends to do to environmental education through the themes conducted in class. The current research, aims, on the one hand, from the class attended by the pupils (6th, 5th, 3rd forms), and their environment (urban, suburban, rural), to describe, from investigation questionnaires, their social determinant and their perceptions of the context of class, the method used by the teacher and motivation generated, during the conduct of the course in environmental education. On the other hand, the study assesses the performances of pupils, following the level of class attended, from tests derived from the achievements of pupils. The measure of changes to the perceptions and performance in environmental education, compared to class groups, has enable us to compare the averages for pupils of different groups of classes according to the middle of inclusion, has the support of the analysis by the test of Bonferroni of Schiffer. The tests of PEARSON enabled us to control the correlation between perceptions en performance in environmental education, for different involved groups and draw the educational, instructional and methodological conclusions. Thus, 1986 pupils attending grammar school toof part in the investigations. The data processing has allowed us to highlight the growing gap between the perceptions and performance in environmental education and this for all the forms considered. Beyong the reponses to the assumptions of research, the urgency of a coherent decision making in the field of environmental education for sustainable development has been demonstrated by coming up with a teacher training program closely connected to the objectives of environmental education and especially contred on the learner's social integration
Fall, Ousmane Sow. "Les programmes de français dans l'enseignement moyen-secondaire au Sénégal de 1960 à la loi d'orientation 91-22 de 1991." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030062.
Full text1 - WHEN WE ASK THE ACTORS IN THE AFRICAN FRENCH SPEAKING EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, THEY ALL SAY THAT THEY ARE VICTIMS OF THE WAY SCHOOL CURRICULA ARE ADMINISTRATED. 2 - IN FACT, THE ANALYSIS OF THE FRENCH SYLLABUS IN THE LONG RUN ALLOWS THE FOLLOWING REMARKS: - THE FRENCH SYLLABUSES ARE EXTROVERT ; - THE OPTION FOR LITERATURE TEACHING EXCLUDES IPSO FACTO NUMEROUS LEARNING MEDIUM USEFUL TO THE TRAINING OF CITIZEN ; - THERE IS PARADOXALLY NO COHERENT POLICY OF PROMOTING READING ; - PRE - SERVICE OR IN SERVICE TRAINING FOR TEACHERS DOES NOT EQUIP ITS AUDITORS with NECESSARY COMPETENCE TO MAKE STUDENTS BECOME EFFECTIVE READERS ; - THE STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING FRENCH REMAIN ON THE WHOLE A BIT OF ROUTINE ; - IN ADDITION, FRENCH, WHICH IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE AND THE TEACHING IDIOMA, IS NOT, IN SENEGAL, THE LINGUA FRANCA FOR SOCIAL EXCHANGES. 3 - SAFEGUARD MEASURES MUST THUS BE ENVISAGED, IN THIS MULTILINGUAL CONTEXT FOR LEARNING FRENCH : - COORDONATE THE AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF MANAGING SYLLABUSES SO THAT THEIR CONSENSUAL DEFINITION COULD TAKE ACCOUNT REALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES ; - MOVE FROM THE FORMULATION OF THE SYLLABUSES IN TERMS OF CONTENTS TO THE INDICATION OF THE LEVEB OF COMPETENCE WHICH CONFER USEFULL HABILITIES ; - ORGANIZE LEARNING AND EVALUATING DEVICES THAT PUT TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN NETWORKS FOR EXCHANGE AND MUTUEL HELP TO LEARN HOW TO READ, WRITE, SPEAK AND LISTEN AT THE SAME TIME. . BECAUSE TEACHING FRENCH IN LARGE CLASSES IN AFRICA REQUIRES NEW LEGITIMACIES AND NEW WAYS OF DOING, IN THE BUILDING OF A FRENCH SPEAKING COMMONWEALTH
Gullaud, Lucette. "Systèmes de références spatiales et production graphique séquentielle : une approche au moyen des paradigmes de suppression visuelle et de conflits visuo-proprioceptifs." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOL001.
Full textThe present thesis explores the role of visual and proprioceptive modalities in graphic production. We use a distinction made by Meulenbrock and Thomassen (1991) between two independent spatial reference systems. The anatomical system is required to produce obliques, which are strong candidates from a motoric viewpoint, while the geometrical system results in bias for horizontal and vertical orientations, which are candidates from a perceptual viewpoint, with strong dependence on visual information. Systematic variations of visual feedback have been performed according to two experimental paradigms: visual occlusion and visuo-proprioceptive discordance by means of a mirror. We examine the importance of visual information in the planning, programming and execution of graphic movement patterns as a function of the item structure. Results confirm the role of visual guidance when copying items composed of horizontals and verticals. With regard to items composed of oblique segments, the programmation of movement parameters in terms of extrinsic coordinates or of intrinsic coordinates seems to depend on the motor complexity of movements. Results also show that the mirror-drawing task does not confirm our expectation that horizontals-verticals could induce proprioceptive adaptation, while obliques could induce visual adaptation. Two distinct behaviors appear whatever the item structure in such a task. Some subjects seem to favor a retroactive control of movements on the basis of visual information, while others rely more on a proactive control of movements, the motor system being determinant
Larrieu, Jean-Christophe. "Initiation aux gestes de premiers secours et au déclenchement de l'alerte chez les enfants de 9 à 11 ans (Evaluation des acquis, à court et moyen terme de 5 classes de CM1-CM2)." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2M068.
Full textChartrain, Jean-Louis. "Rôle du rapport au savoir dans l'évolution différenciée des conceptions scientifiques des élèves : un exemple à propos du volcanisme au cours moyen 2." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05H026.
Full textThis scientific research minds to students' conceptual understanding differentiation (not students' success at school as sociological or psychological research used to). Piagetian theory uses to lead French science educators (didacticiens), but to day this way seems too far to real students they are in classrooms. Leaning on the "relation to knowledge" notion, the author articulates sociological and psychological points of view with the knowledge question as being central in science education. Of course students' differentiation depends on sociological variables but students' cognitive activity on a knowledge object too. Before teaching, students' conceptions are a bit different, after teaching they are more. What students can think about their own learning activity was gathered then analysed. By this way was built a "relation to knowledge" variable which enables to explain a part of conceptual understanding differentiation
Gonzalez, Liliana. "Les échanges linguistiques entre étudiants non-natifs colombiens et natifs français, au moyen du courrier électronique : effets sur l'appropriation de la langue étrangère par le non-natif." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA1017.
Full textThis research work is based on an experience with e-mail exchanges between students at Javeriana University, in Bogota, Colombia, who are taking a degree in modern languages and French native speakers. Colombian students were introduced to French students so as to allow each of them to build their own learning approach while communicating with a native speaker. The purpose of this research work is to study the impact of a long-term engagement on the process of mastering a foreign language. This engagement might have a positive impact due to the establishment of an interpersonal relationship between two participants. The research was done over e-mails written in a foreign language: the students were aware of the linguistic and cultural discrepancy and of the need to adjust to each other’s language so that the exchange could be successful. This research study also implies a bilingual dimension since each student knows the language of his/her partner (Spanish – French). We carried out a conversational study taking into account the messages exchanged by all the pairs of the corpus. Our attention was focused on the interactional dimension of the exchange and on the use of communication and learning strategies by the participants to reach mutual understanding and the mastering of the linguistic elements of the foreign language. The results show that relational factors such as establishing closer links and being committed improve the quality of the exchange. Besides, the study of the strategies shows that observable attitudes in both learning the language and transmitting knowledge might occur for a small sample of learners
Meurée-Le, Jan Christine. "Evolution du rapport personnel d'élèves du cours moyen deuxième année à l'objet mathématique Proportionnalité : dimensions cognitive et institutionnelle de la conceptualisation." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082369.
Full textIn the frame of this survey the conceptualization of a knowledge item like proportionality takes place in an evolutive process examined from two complementary points of view - cognitive and institutional. The institutional schema reflects the polarity of understanding represented here as an emergent of a representational activity based on the appropriation of knowledge items shaped by institutional expectations aimed at producing cognitive effects. The impact of the two perspectives, cognitive and institutional, on the proportionality understanding was put under scrutiny in four classes of 5th graders. We will consider how much pupils' conceptions develop in the course of teaching. However, some teachings may fail when they don't take into account the hierarchical complexity of knowledge items. This complexity requires an organization of knowledge on which school should build up the lessons in order to consolidate pupils'understanding
Lepoire-Duc, Solveig. "Le rôle de l'écriture dans le développement de la compétence explicative : étude de la production de compte rendus scientifiques par des élèves du cours moyen." Metz, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997METZA001.
Full textEid, Cynthia Yaouté. "Le numérique et l’interculturel : vers des usages émergents dans la pratique d’apprentissage/enseignement des langues au Liban." Valenciennes, 2010. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8dd7ebf7-a1d5-42f1-be00-bca2939e8c55.
Full textSeveral years ago, the devices of Open Distance Learning first made their entry into higher education, from both the Lebanese and the French sides. The experiments and the research work are primarily devoted to issues related to “médiatisation” of contents (the use of technology), sharing them and then focusing on those related to the relational dimension of devices. The prospect of intercultural learning focuses on the relational dimension of devices and on the research foundation in the field of information – communication based on hybrid devices of learning in a Center for language and resources (CLER*) at Antonine University, Lebanon. This thesis is based on a Franco - Lebanese project dealing with online collaborative writing conducted for four years, between 2005 and 2009. The description of the project, the nature of the collaboration and the solutions implemented shed light on the general problem of the relation between “mediation” and “médiatisation” in the educational process. A particular attention is paid to difficulties encountering students involved in the project in building open relations with their partners. In order to understand the stakes, the dynamics affecting the construction of digital identities and the buildup of necessary trust among the partners of a project based on online collaborative work are being highlighted. These approaches open up prospects for further experience in other contexts
Arnoux, Michèle. "Une étude sur l'activité de l'enseignant en situation interactive : observation de la gestion et de l'organisation du temps dans des classes de CM1." Grenoble 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE29024.
Full textThe temporal dimension of teachers' activity can be approched in two ways. The most traditionally way is to make use of verbalizations. We have had recourse to observations in situ so that the teaching process is apprehended within a time/context/process model. This study implemented in twelve 4th grade classrooms was able to reveal a great variability in class management : learning time, subjects matters, teachers' behaviors and strategies and to suggest diverse interpretations of such discrepancies. In a second time, we were able to point out the relationships between allocated-time and acquisitions, at an individual level and at the level of average class performances
Zeitouni, Saliba Véra. "L'évaluation dans le nouveau programme de français au cycle moyen de l'éducation de base au Liban : réalités et perspectives." Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE29040.
Full textTo evaluate is to reveal the project, confirm choices and estimate the usefulness of consequences. This thesis addresses the assessment of the evaluation system of French teaching in cycle III (Middle School) of basic education in Lebanon and places it within the framework of the reorganization of the education system in order to train citizens in all domains: intellectual, human, national as well as social domain. The evaluation of our evaluation system which was carried out over the past three years is supposed to have been assessed in qualities, constituent elements and results attained. This reflexion on reality led us to stick to the practices ground practices, by means and methods, to compare them with the intentions behind them. It also guides us to make empirical observations and objective analysis; draw conclusions, and become aware of the needs to - hopefully - be able to propose more secure steps in the evaluation of the training system. This work concerns the partners of the "school life" who want to understand reality as well as those who work for it : the decision makers who carry out the education policy and ensuring their choices for a more transparent, adaptable and more effective evaluation system; school principals who wish to be more pedagogical than administrators; the teachers who don't want to evaluate teaching haphazardly anymore; parents of students who want to participate in the formation of their children. For all those who aim at better "expressing" the situation of French teaching, and aim at better "expressing" the future of the Francophone (French-speaking) school in Lebanon
Devos-Prieur, Odile. "Rapports aux savoirs des professeurs d’école et développement des contenus en éducation physique : étude comparée de quatre cycles de basket-ball au cours moyen." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30293.
Full textThe thesis carried out hereinafter is about teachers' didactic action. Teachers with different background and vocational training are involved: the first one is a specialist in basketball, a run-of-the mill stuff teacher, formed as a physical training teacher and one with an outside contributor. The hypothesis is that the teachers' relations with knowledge; their professional training as well as their experience in basket ball as a social practice, do act upon the way they view and adapt the teaching contents. Bearing in mind the 1989 Chevallard's concept, as far as relations of knowledge is concerned, we can assert that the evolution of the content taught could be understood only when the teachers' activity is studied in context and shrewdly. Therefore a survey of four basket-ball units has been carried out in the fifth year of primary school, following three scales of analysis: the first one is linked to teachers' routines, the second is connected to the chronogenesis of the knowledge of the cycle, and the third one concerns the situated regulations achieved by the teachers in a similar situation. The results bring to the fore that teachers' subjections to various institutions are a determining factor, even though a classroom management can be noticed
Thiam, Ousseynou. "Didactique du français langue seconde au Sénégal : le cas du français dans les établissements moyen et secondaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3030.
Full textReflexions on French language in Senegal are often considered from a historical, sociolinguistical or educational perspective. The orientation of this thesis is rather didactic. Its aim is to analyze the Teaching/Learning of French in college and secondary schools. The research deals with a specific problematic for an institutional system which aims at the mastery of French as a native language when this idiom is a second language. Does this expectation from the institution allow for an effective teaching activity an appropriation of the language, of the school culture and of the anthropological culture? The answer to this question has required the elucidation of the concepts of knowledge, know-how, skill, language, culture. We have characterized objects, tools, contents, and fundamental methods for teaching and learning. That, in a context where the language biographies and cultural identities of the learners are defined by multilingual and multicultural status. Didactic transposition and joint action are studied to describe teaching activities and the circulation of knowledge. This work has priviledged an ethnographical approach with videographs of classes, interviews, selfconfrontations, and a collection of written productions. The analysis of the results from this empirical study is presented around three poles: skills, teachers and learners. Eventually, it has confirmed the idea that the didactics of french as a second language helps to elaborate linguistic and cultural skills adapted to the Senegalese context, to overcome difficulties in teaching activity, to make learners the actors of their learning. This analysis is completed with didactic suggestions
Thibault, Magalie. "L'écoute de la musique classique comme moyen de favoriser l'expression orale chez l'enfant d'âge préscolaire (4-5 ans)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35466.
Full textIn recent years, many studies have focused on music, especially the influence that it can bring in some areas. Thus, recent scientific work in education and psychology show the importance of learning music in the development of young children (McPherson, 2005; Hallam, Cross and Thaut, 2008). Music engages the whole brain across a variety of perceptual and cognitive operations. (Altenmuller, 2003). Moreover, according to the latest research, studies indicate that many musical skills emerge and consolidate during the first years of life, particularly between the ages of four to six (Gordon, 2003; Ilari, 2002; Radocy et Boyle, 2003). Musical listening seems to favor cognitive and more specifically language development (Kraus et al., 2014). This qualitative study forges the links between music and language. It aims to explore the extent to which listening to music in preschool children can promote their oral expression. It focuses on the analysis of listening to classical music during playful moments of ten children aged four and five, and more particularly on talks, to examine whether music influences oral expression in these children. The analysis of the results highlights that most participants became more sensitive to listening to music and that some of their behaviors and gestures followed the rhythm of the songs. In addition, the results also indicate that several of the group's participants improved their speaking skills and that this seemed to be influenced by musical listening.
Fakher, Muslim. "Usûl al-fiqh dans l'école de Najaf : essai sur les fondements des lois islamiques." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010622.
Full textCamara, El Hadji Habib. "Intelligibilité de l'activité du professeur en classe par la co-disciplinarité : Quels sont les processus sous-jacents à une telle activité sur le plan didactique et pédagogique en classe de géographie de l'enseignement moyen et secondaire au Sénégal ?" Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN1530.
Full textBesnard-Lamboley, Christine. "Contribution à la définition d'une psychopédagogie de la communication dans les instituts technologiques d'éducation (I. T. E) algériens à partir de l'étude du schéma de la personnalité de base : cas d'une classe de professeurs d'enseignement moyen P.E.M. de français stagiaires à l’I.T. E de Saïda (Oranais)." Nancy 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NAN21019.
Full textDi, Rosa Antonio. "Les lieux de l’enseignement du droit de part et d’autre des Alpes, du Ve siècle au début du XVIe." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100176.
Full textThe aim of this study is to show the institutional construction, the continuities and the discontinuities, of legal learning centers and schools in two territories, Italy and France, linked by a common legal past in Europe, in the long period (from the 5th to the early 16th century). It is a survey of legal education centers organized around two principal axes : the institutional (the legal construction of an authorized place for legal learning named – schola, studium, studium generale, universitas), and the didactic one (all intellectual and material forces mobilized in legal education). As a starting point of legal education, Justinian’s constitutio “Omnem” linked with a small group of ecclesiastical rules on education became a guide-line for the institutionalization of professional jurists’ law schools during and after the “juristic revival” (12th century). Launching a specific dynamic into medieval legal system, the institutionalization of law schools (of ius canonicum and/or ius civile) is a complex phenomenon that needs formal settings. The higher authorities of the Middle Age provide them, indirectly promoting the autonomy of legal learning. First marked by pluralism (at the beginning there are different law schools weakly regulated), legal education (specifically the creation and circulation of the legal schools’ model) is progressively controlled through the definition of an “authorized place” where legal learning is valid providing legal titles and degrees. Legal education is concentrated in studia which have received particular privileges and where “annual cycles of teaching” are constantly assured by a variable number of law teachers. The political, material and financial support of higher authorities (especially of the Church) with the contribution of the City for law schools is a major factor of legal centers’ success
Leclaire-Hourblin, Brigitte. "Les enseignants dans la liaison école/collège en Champagne : étude des décalages entre discours et pratiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0045.
Full textSince the Haby reform applied during the 1977 return to school, the instauration of “college unique” in France leads to maintaining teaching connection between primary school and high school. Among the three official approaches, programs harmonization, new high school students reception and teachers collaboration, the latter is painful. Cultural and structural cleavages, which stand in the way of the connection between 5th and 6th grade, are strengthened by the lack of shared initial and continuous training. In Champagne Ardennes, the analysis of ground written and meeting transcripts has proven that the triggers of common actions 5th/6th grade consist of “uncontextualized” administrative injunctions. The trainee takes precedence over the trainer. Therefore, unwilling teachers are seizing areas of freedom in a personal commitment which remains statutory. Conforming to the established “rules” leads to tensions involving professional values and hierarchical pressure that hinder the setting of a concrete, operational and, consequently, measurable connecting project. Teachers’ speeches are revealing “strange patterns” concerning learning theories. Analysis results concerning meetings show the importance of organization and animation methods. As a consequence they could leave the condition of being only a recording chamber to provide moments of brain storming and decision making. Teachers’ current stakes are mostly limited to a struggle for acknowledgement that inhibits teamwork’s dynamic between the two grades. In conclusion, the major barrier to the connection between 5th and 6th grade is obviously a training issue that particularly concerned the reflective practice
Valois, Jeanne. "Les images dans la communication télévisuelle de l'histoire : émission et réception : une expérience " Origines de l'Occident"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29432.
Full textShroukh, Sara. "Traditions iconographiques et arts de la mémoire : ethnologie et histoire." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0677.
Full textThe first part of this thesis has been dedicated to a new approach in the reading the arts of memory in its western translation. From the study of those dynamics specific to the visual field of mnemonic representations, I was able to develop a memorisation model based on the rhythmic relations between images and words. Those arts thus seemingly like techniques that lead to the establishment of a tradition while forging anthentic tools for thought. This perspective focused on the notion of rhythm enabled me to reach out for the possible projection of the rules of these arts of memory in to a new domain: the lithurgical gesture. The ritual act in its own dynamic becomes one of the bases of the establishment of a mnemonic system. I was thus able to expand the concept of memory arts beyond the "western culture" and explore the role that the arts of memory play in cultural contact, expecially in America, in the colonial areaof Yucatan. In this matter, the books of Chilam Balam (one of the most important Mayan testimonials of the colonial epoca) has been crucial. The final part of this thesis is intended as a first development of this study track. The analysis I conducted on an interpretation of the symbology of Mass which can be found in the book of Chilam Balam of Kaua enabled me to open new perspectives in the field of studies dedicated to cultural translation processes and, in particular, to the modalities of establishment of a "new" heritage of representations and religious beliefs within societies - such as the yucatan one in the colonial epoca - located at the boundaries of two traditions
Destailleur, Audrey. "Configurations disciplinaires du débat au cycle 3." Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30037/document.
Full textEducational research conducted as part of this thesis aims to explore ways of formalizing gender debate in three subject areas in elementary school : literature, science and philosophy. More specifically, this research focuses on the update of this school disciplinary gender in different areas of the school building in cycle 3 (CE2 - CM1 - CM2): spaces prescription, advocacy, and reported practices actual practices. The study disciplinary configurations debate in each of these spaces is constructed empirically using a collection and analysis of specific data: Official Instructions for the three disciplines of debate for analyzing spaces prescription, 25 editions textbooks (18 French and 7 in science) for the analysis of spaces recommendation statements cycle 3, 184 teachers on their practice debates for analysis of areas reported practices and the transcript of three sets of debates in discussion literature , science and philosophy led respectively by four teachers from cycle 3 of the suburbs of Lille (two teachers teaching classes in classical and two teachers in alternative education classes). This methodological and disciplinary approach that allows comparisons lead us to highlight the specific disciplinary formalization of debate based on different spaces. We observe how particular instructions made to students in textbooks guide disciplinary debates how management discussions by teachers reveals a tension between the development of a consistent place left to students during debate and building contents disciplinary, or why and how the script content by teachers during times of debate allows students to establish as teaching subjects
Ridoux, Charles. "Evolution des études médiévales en France de 1860 à 1914." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030151.
Full textThe thesis is arranged in three sections of unequal length. The first section deals with the early stages of the development of the french school of romanic philology, from 1860 to 1872. Section 2 covers the period 1872-1903, from the creation of the romania to the death of gaston paris. Section 3 is devoted to the emergence of a new generation of philologists (1903-1914). Section 2 falls into 2 parts, one devoted to institutions and instruments of research, with a final survey of the expansion of the new school both in france and abroad, the other dealing with the debates within french romanist studies and their contribution to the various genres of medieval literature, with a portrait of the founding fathers and leading figures in the field. Such a wide ranging study, covering both medieval studies and the history of scholarly institutions in france, calls for a large reference section. It is made up of two separate bibliographies organized on a similar pattern. One is an exhaustive list of works, articles and accounts cited in the thesis, the other an additional bibliography listing books and articles likely to provide further insights into the subject (2280 items altogether). A detailed index of names (13 pages) is provided as well at the end of the thesis
Athias, Francine. "La géométrie dynamique comme moyen de changement curriculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3057.
Full textGeometry in primary school is a familiarization with geometric shapes and their properties through the use of geometrical instruments. Geometric objects are based on diagrams and the geometric relationships are often implicit. The introduction of a dynamic geometry software (here TracenPoche) is thus a way to explain how to see « the diagram » as « a figure ». Five situations are given to three teachers. We have built them with « integration modes » from Assude (2007). We proposed an a priori analysis in three stages (Assude and Mercier, 2007), the first a priori analysis - the viewpoint of mathematical knowledge - , the second a priori analysis - students action modelized by the praxeology (Chevallard, 1998) - and the third a priori analysis - the teacher's point of view - . The Situations established in classrooms are described and analyzed using elements of the joint action theory (Sensevy, 2011). We describe the joint action of the teacher and students as a game of the teacher on the student, thereby enabling an analysis of the dynamic of the teaching work and of the evolution of the "seeing a diagram as a figure." The results of this thesis, as part of the exploratory engineering (Perrin-Glorian, 2009), show how geometrical objects can be worked jointly in a paper-and-pencil environment and in a Tracenpoche environment, highlighting the characteristics of the joint action of the teacher and students in the explanation of geometric relationships. The teachers demonstrate initiatives that prove particularly interesting with regard to mathematical issues, and which could be the basis for further research in cooperative engineering (Sensevy & al., 2013)
Annaser, Nada. "L'administration locale au Moyen Orient : étude comparative : Jordanie, Liban et Syrie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAD003.
Full textThe idea of administrative decentralization is not new in the states of the Middle East but his consecration, throughout the years, remained modest.The comparative study of the administrative organization in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria stands at two levels, structural (déconcentralisation and decentralization) and functional. It's based on a plan of observations held in three dimensions that offers the possibility of an evaluation of three experiments using the same criteria.In the current structure of the territorial administrative organization, it was clear that the executive Authority a very prominent place in the political-administrative system. The extension of decentralized administrative units on which the central government apply hierarchical control at the expense of local authorities is, as such, significant. Research on the organization of decentralized administrative structures in the Middle East, confirmed that the unity of the Ottoman model inherited from the history, essentially erupted..Regarding levels of decentralized units in the three states studied, the municipality is the only common denominator between local units since Ottoman times. But the differentiating ingredient, it is the only decentralized stratum in Lebanon and Jordan. In Syria, in addition to the municipality, three other levels of decentralized local units are juxtaposed or superimposed: the Mohafaza in the same time is administrative district of the state and local unit, the city and Balda. However, it is not certain that the number of decentralized levels (either unit or plurality) either to success or effectiveness in achieving expected Target of assigned missions.The Status of the central authority in the establishment and operation of local units influences the relationship between the local structure and its inhabitants. Any sudden change in local administrative structures, without taking into account the willingness of local citizens, leads to a breakdown or an imbalance between the local structure established and the real needs of the inhabitants.The analysis of the degree of efficiency in the functioning of local units shows that the presence of the elements necessary for the identification of a decentralizing system is insufficient. This regime in the Middle East states can be described as "semi-decentralized" or uncompleted decentralization between autonomy and control
Bédard, Marie-Christine. "Commerce et marchandises, 1440 : une expérience de communication de l'histoire dans le cadre des Médiévales de Québec, 1995." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28417.
Full textWahbi, Nasser. "L'autorité de régulation des marchés financiers : étude comparative France - Moyen-Orient." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020043.
Full textThe existence of a "financial regulator" whose mission is to control the financial markets is a widespread phenomenon that faces legal systems with a delicate issue: that of the integration of this regulator in the classic institutional landscape. It is this question which is at the core of research in comparative law between France and the Middle East. The formula, being of an Anglo-Saxon origin, is intriguing for its functional and structural originality. The evaluation of this phenomenon begins with the study of the specificity of the regulatory function. The question is how to apprehend that the financial regulator combines normative, administrative and litigation functions. Would not it divest the legislator, the judge and the executive of a part of their own activities? The analysis reveals that the purpose of the financial regulator is to function as a complement to the State’s powers. The financial regulator doesn’t constitute a fourth power itself; it rather diffuses the art of the regulation resulting from its status as a markets watchdog and its moral authority. The functional approach is complemented by examining the status of the financial regulator. What position does it occupy while combining both private and public elements? The study shows that the financial regulator is resistant to conventional legal distinctions. It is halfway between the State and the market surpassing by that the boundaries of the public/private law. In fact, it is nourished by private values through associating professionals in the regulation, using contractual mechanisms to resolve disputes, and submission to the judicial court control. However, it maintains, at the same time, a specific public status to ensure its independence. The result is the emergence of a new third mode of action whose purpose is the exercise of a new function of the State, which is the regulation, whose advent requires designing an unprecedented institutional formula
Capdepuy, Vincent. "Entre méditerranée et Mésopotamie : étude géohistorique d'un entre-deux plurimillénaire." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070076.
Full textThe central problem of this doctorate is focused on the place in the history of the space which is enclosed by the Fertile Crescent, the badiya al-Cham. However the multiscalar approach puts this space in the isthmus of Eufrasia and gives to this work a glocal dimension. The first part is dedicated to archaeology of five geographical names: Syro-Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent, Desert of Syria, Arabia, Near and Middle East. The second part attempts to show how certain places illustrate the functioning of this "in-between": El Kowm, Mari, Babylon / Jerusalem, Palmyra, Damascus / Bagdad. The third part is constituted by a geohistorical atlas, mixing historic maps and geographical modelization. M conclusion, the geohistorical study of this multimillenium in-between allows us to return on one of the big questions of the global history today: why one world-system rather than the other led the process of globalization to its term? The syro-mesopotamian space was the theater, in the course of the centuries and millenniums, of a process of scalar intégration. But the situation of central isthmus makes this space too vulnerable to the invasions with regard to Europe and to China, situated in the extremities of Eurasia, and thus in situation of relative shelter. Now this vulnerability, due to a external configuration, is increased by the internal configuration, namely the presence of the desert of Syria which was as a fault line in the regional and world geohistory. Appendices include three different studies on the history of geohistory, on the notion of in-between (shatterbelt) and on a geohistorical grammar
Hadjsalem, M. "Le paysage télévisuel au Moyen-Orient entre mondialisation et affirmation identitaire : étude des cas de la Turquie et des pays arabophones." Paris, INALCO, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INAL0010.
Full textThis study is about the recently witnessed Middle Eastern mass media development highligted by the local television boom in this late postmodernist era. This two-case studies tackles the issue of the latest television developments which have been achieved in Turkey and the rest of the Arab world including the classical media pioneers such as Egypt or Lebanon, as well as, the newly emerging media hubs in Dubai and Qatar. In fact, this brand-new media boom experienced in both Turkey and the Arab countries dates back to the beginnings of the 1990's. As a matter of fact, the media industry in the region remained quite neglected for a long while except for Egypt where the television scene and the motion picture business were thriving and successfully hitting the rest of the Arab world. The real Arab mass media awakening started in the 1990's though, as this emerging industry came to light when it took a more global approach, defining itself as panarab rather than local. Undoubtedly, this major media development was basically shaped and planned-out as global thanks to the new satellite broadcasting devices which were adopted right from the outset by the leading television networks. In fact, satellite broadcasters were not only considered as a global device but also a widely and readily available electronic medium whose cost was progressively diminishing through the years making it within the reach of most Arab households. As a result, this rather swift television change is now, more than ever, redefining the concept of media expression as a whole in the region, thus, turning the landscape into unprecedented local media pluralism. Consequently, whether it is stated-owned or commercial, via broadcast, cable or satellite, television in the Middle East has become an accomplished fact stretching out on a larger scale from the Middle Eastern area reaching out to the rest of the Maghreb countries. This research is getting away from any political or ideological speech trying to demonstrate that this very media globalization is being used as a vector of intercultural mediation, establishing a vast multicultural dialogue between the East and the West
Chandelier, Joël. "La réception du Canon d'Avicenne : médecine arabe et milieu universitaire en Italie avant la Peste noire." Paris, EPHE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EPHE4186.
Full textThis study attempts to understand how the Canon, an encyclopedia written by Avicenna in the early eleventh century and translated into latin in the late twelfth century, became for several centuries the conrnerstone manual of medical teaching in Italy. After a slow start, the book by Ibn Sīnā gradually made its mark on the academic programs of the fledging universities, asserting its intellectual preferences and its philosophical views. Indeed, the slow but steady integration of the book into the curriculum , happening in an italian scientific community characterized by the competition between masters and universities, starts with Taddeo Alderotti (d. 1295), first commentator of the Canon, to reach its peak with the work of Gentile da Foligno (d. 1348), who examined almost the entire work. The analysis of remaining texts as well as of medical teaching institutions sheds light on the crucial role of pedagogy in this process, but also on the importance of the circulation of commentaries under manuscript or printed form, thus explaining the longevity of this work, which, more so than in other parts of Europe, superseded greek and arabic authorities. Finally, the study of several major themes shows how the Canon was able to influence for the long run the medieval conception of medicine. From an epistemological point of view, the perspectives and innovations it contained helped spring the birth of ideas and new debates in the discipline, often forecasting shifts of the late Middles Ages and the early modern era
Alhareth, Raeda. "Les technologies de l'information et de la communication et la formation à distance : du côté des apprenantes : études de cas en France et au Proche Orient." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUEL022.
Full textPopescu, Dan-Alexandru. "La symbolique du pouvoir monarchique au Moyen âge (Les principautés roumaines et la france: étude comparative) : de l'Orient à l'Occident : le souverain chrétien." Rennes 2, 2006. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/thesepopescu.pdf.
Full textThe medieval European civilization is a deeply Christian one. Jesus is the only example to follow, an exquisite Rex gloriae, whose kingdom remains separate from the physical universe and from the earthly life. The monarch, in expectation of the eternal redemption, can aspire to imitate his “superior”. King's power is limited by the power of God (rex a Deo coronatus): the anointment and the coronation of the monarch are two stages in the same mythical rite, of an initiating character, by which a person is invested with the divine gift. But sacred does not mean holy, and the sovereign has to be worthy of God's trust every day (being a mimethes Christou, like in the Byzantine imperial tradition). The church, an active participant in the ceremony by which a new king is born (consacratio) cannot afford to be ignored and the alliance between the two institutions is welded by their common mission: the government, in the name of God, of the human community (respublica Christiana). Orthodoxy, the prevalence of customs and the maintenance of traditions, the lack or the inefficiency of striving for social renewal, the patriarchal organization of life after a Byzantine archetypal model, all these define the originality of the Romanian feudality within the framework of a larger cultural-european area. With reference to political creation, the domnia, this becomes complete with the institution of church: the ruling authority cannot depart from the religious element, which is constitutive of the state. The feudal monarchy is based on the support it offers to monachical life, in exchange of which it receives political support. The spirituality is in search of patrons, and the ruling power wants mystical support: the voivode-church relationship is thus, welded rapidly and on the long-term
Ghraoui, Nada. "Les petits bronzes des divinités majeures de la Syrie romaine: inventaire systématique et étude iconographique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210876.
Full textL’étude des petits bronzes des divinités de la Syrie romaine et l’élaboration d’un catalogue les regroupant s’occupe de 381 statuettes qui représentaient, à mon avis, les huit divinités majeures honorées par les Syriens entre le Ier et le IV siècles de notre ère: Aphrodite/Vénus, Tychè/Fortuna, Eros, Zeus/Jupiter, Apollon, Héraclès, Dionysos/Bacchus et Adonis ;le choix des divinités fut basé sur la quantité des figurines retrouvées les représentant, prouvant ainsi leurs dominations religieuse et artistique dans la vie des anciens Syriens qui adoptèrent les divinités greco-romaines proches d’eux, nécessaires à leurs cultes, dieux qui avaient tissé des liens profonds avec les divinités locales agraires et astrales des triades syro-phéniciennes et arabes et qui symbolisaient les forces de l’univers, de la fécondité naturelle humaine et animale, de l’abondance, de la pluie, de la végétation et du renouveau de la Nature ;ces dieux les aidaient à affronter la mort et leurs apportaient le salut dans une période de guerre et d’instabilité en rappelant que « l’assimilation des divers aspects du dieu oriental à un dieu grec était un des trait du culte syrien de l’époque ». L’association des dieux grecs aux divinités syriennes fut établie donc selon le concept religieux syrien de la famille sacrée, les dyades et les triades divines liées au culte des divinités agraires. Ces divinités gréco-romaines avaient trouvé leurs homologues dans les panthéons syro-phéniciens, des fois dans le panthéon arabe, divinités qui se sont prêtées mutuellement les attributs et les aspects. Aphrodite/Vénus et Tychè/Fortuna incarnaient le rôle de la déesse-mère syrienne Astarté / Atargatis ;Zeus/Jupiter et Jupiter Héliopolitain représentaient le dieu-père Baalshamim/Hadad/Bêl; Héraclès étant l’incarnation de Melqart roi/héros légendaire et parèdre de la grande déess ;Dionysos/ Bacchus et Adonis représentaient les dieux-fils des différentes triades ;Apollon fut choisi pour son association millénaire aux dieux phéniciens de Chypre combattants et guérisseurs comme Reshef, il fut l’hypostase et l’émanation du dieu suprême de Hiérapolis et de Héliopolis/Baalbeck dans son rôle de dieu du soleil et Eros qui n’avait point un homologue dans les triades syriennes fut choisi comme étant le compagnon et le fils bébé de la grande déesse.
-L’Introduction propose un aperçu global de la Syrie antique et de sa population avant et pendant l’occupation romaine, le rôle des statuettes dans la vie religieuse et sociale, le problème de la datation des figurines, l’histoire des collections syriennes et des collectionneurs.
-Les Figurines sont réparties en huit chapitres séparés ;chaque chapitre comprend l’étude de l’une des huit divinités gréco-romaines en soulignant son rôle dans les mythologies grecques et romaines, son image iconographique et typologique liée à ses prototypes grecs, son rôle joué en Syrie qui nous est connu d’après les textes anciens, les dédicaces, les évidences archéologiques et les monnaies, son association aux divinités indigènes, les images résultant de cette fusion et enfin un inventaire illustré comprenant les différentes statuettes retrouvées en terre syrienne liées à cette divinité, disposées selon un classement typologique attesté par les savants, chacune des figurines étant accompagnée d’un descriptif suivi d’un petit commentaire si nécessaire.
-Le Résumé rappelle les différentes étapes de la recherche en soulignant l’effet du syncrétisme religieux reflété sur les figurines et son importance en Syrie romaine durant cette époque.
N.B. Il me faut signaler l’absurdité et les lacunes des ouvrages traitant des mythes syro-phéniciens ainsi que les interprétations des noms divins syriens de la part des auteurs occidentaux ;ceci nécessite une ré-interprétation modernisée de ces mythes puisque les multitudes noms accordés à ces divinités représentaient en fait les adjectifs et les épithètes que les anciens Syriens attribuaient à une même et unique divinité suprême. La classification des Aphrodites et des Erotes qui manquent d’illustrations m’avait posé des difficultés.
Les statuettes de bronze retrouvées en Syrie étaient destinées à une clientèle riche et aisée, imprégnée par la culture gréco-romaine de l’époque. Ces Syriens hellénisés, qui constituaient la classe dirigeante, commerçante, éduquée, ouverte aux différentes civilisations et religions, pouvaient s’offrir des petits bronzes coûteux et parés de bijoux, une classe qui était souvent liée, par ses convictions religieuses et par les rituels cultuels, aux traditions de ses ancêtres.
Cette catégorie de Syriens avait bien embrassé le culte des divinités grecques et romaines sauf que, dans le choix fait lors de la commande ou de l’achat d’une figurine du panthéon gréco-romain, elle essayait de signaler la présence de leur divinité syrienne qui lui était associée soit dans l’iconographie, soit dans le rajout d’un symbolisme.
L’art grec était donc dominant dans la plastique des figurines des divinités représentées et trouvées en Syrie ;elles étaient liées à des types iconographiques grecs connus par les artisans syriens, connaissance prouvée aussi dans la création de figurines dites « de types hybrides » qui combinaient des attitudes liées à un ou plusieurs types iconographiques connus ;la présence de figurines de types inconnus de l’art grec prouve un individualisme et une grande liberté de la part des artisans syriens. Concernant l’apport syrien dans l’illustration des figurines, il dénote d’une grande connaissance des anciennes traditions artistiques et cultuelles archaïques syriennes, prouvée par un symbolisme typiquement syrien qu’on retrouve sur les statuettes et sur les bases des figurines marquant ainsi une continuité artistique traditionnelle accompagnant une continuité religieuse datant de l’époque protohistorique et qui était pratiquée dès le IIIe Millénaire dans l’art des cités-états syriennes d’Ebla, de Mari, d’Ugarit, de Byblos, d’Alep, d’Amrit, de Sidon, de Beyrouth et de Tyr ;cette connaissance se traduisait dans l’application de fines couches d’or ou d’argent sur la surface des bronzes, l’utilisation de diverses incrustations d’argent ou de pierres précieuses, la création de « pièces détachées » coulées séparément comme les bras, les poignets, la chevelure et les bijoux que les artistes appliquaient ultérieurement aux figurines, le rajout de différents bijoux et de tiares énormes à motifs de palmettes, le style du visage oriental arrondi rehaussé d’un léger sourire, les formes lourdes et épaisses des hanches rappelant la déesse archaïque syrienne de la fertilité, l’utilisation de la coiffure isiaque sur la tête des déesses rappelant le lien Astarté/Hathor/Isis. Les bases des figurines qui symbolisaient toujours le sacré étaient une élaboration contemporaine syrienne liée à l’époque gréco-romaine: travaillées avec soins, elle prirent des formes carrées, hexagonales, rectangulaires ou semi-rondes, étaient munies parfois de marches d’escaliers désignant la cella du temple de la déesse et il faudrait noter que les motifs granulés ou chevronnés dans leurs décorations étaient connus dans l’art de la ville millénaire d’Ebla.
Plusieurs textes d’auteurs anciens avaient mentionné une perpétuité dans les rites et les cultes millénaires archaïques des Syriens anciens pratiqués en Syrie romaine, prouvée par la consécration des rites et des divinités syriennes au IIIe siècle de notre ère bien après l’établissement du Christianisme comme le prouvent la trouvaille de 3 statuettes à l’iconographie grecque, figurant Aphrodite, Zeus et Adonis trouvés ensemble lors d’une fouille à Sidon, prouvant la consécration de la triade agraire divine d’Astarté, du dieu suprême et du dieu -fils ainsi que les nombreuses figurines liées à Zeus/Jupiter Héliopolitain et à la Vénus Héliopolitaine dont l’iconographie fut liée à celle des dieux archaïques orientaux.
Les représentations de la déesse Aphrodite /Vénus qui fut associée, dès son entrée en Syrie, aux grandes déesses locales de la fertilité, représentait aux yeux des Syriens, la déesse-mère, Astarté ou Atargatis, dont le culte dominait toutes les autres divinités, prouvé par le grand nombre de petits bronzes trouvés à son effigie, constituant la majeure partie du catalogue, dont le nombre est égal, jusqu’à présent, à 256 répliques. Son rôle s’étendait sur tous les domaines de la vie et de la mort chez les humains, incluant les domaines privés, publics, religieux, sociaux et surtout économiques, octroyant la fertilité et l’abondance ou la sécheresse et la misère, la paix ou la guerre.
Les statuettes concernant Aphrodite sont toutes plus ou moins fidèles aux prototypes grecs qu’elles représentaient, la présence de la déesse syrienne est constatée par les formes grasses et lourdes du corps comme le montrent les nos. 82, 97, 108,109 ou dans le port de grandes stéphanés/tiares comme le montrent les nos 59, 243, 245, 246, 256, ou dans la présence d‘un temple posé sur des bases munies de pattes de lion, l’animal lié à la déesse, comme le montrent les nos 21, 39, 59, 68, 73, 77, 99, 106, 117, 204, 206, ou dans le port des différents bijoux sur les nos 31, 91, 99, 129, 144, 166, 186, 200, 237, 251.
Dix types iconographiques grecs classiques et hellénistiques étaient liés aux représentations des figurines liées à la déesse Aphrodite :
La déesse nue était représentée sur 196 figurines, suivi de 33 Aphrodite à torse nu, les jambes drapées et 27 Aphrodite portant des tuniques moulantes et une draperie entourant les jambes.
Le type nu des divinités syriennes de la fertilité avait récolté 4 statuettes
Le type pudique de la déesse cachant sa nudité avec les variantes était très apprécié ;il fut représenté sur 58 statuettes dont 45 nues, 6 mi-drapées, 7 vêtues
Le type anadyomène essorant les cheveux avec les variantes est représenté sur 45 statuettes dont 40 nues et 5 mi-vêtues.
Le type de la Vénus d’Arles tenant le miroir et la pomme avec les variantes est représenté sur 28 statuettes dont 19 nues et 9 mi-vêtues
Le type se parant « Psélioumenè », mettant un collier ou un bandeau, parut sur 27 statuettes nues
Le type Cnidien cachant d’une main le sexe avec des variantes parut sur 22 statuettes nues
Le type accroupi parut sur 1 statuette nue
Le type menançant avec la sandale et ses variantes est rapporté sur 16 statuettes nues
Le type déliant la sandale est représenté sur 11 statuettes nues
Le type mettant le ceste parut sur 3 aphrodites nues
Pour les représentations de Tychès/Fortuna, la déesse des villes syriennes, elle s’associait à la grande déesse Astarté dans la maîtrise des villes et de ses habitants, dans la maîtrise de la destinée humaine, devient la parèdre du dieu-père et du dieu fils dans certaines cités; la déesse gréco-syrienne aux traits orientaux paraît sur les nos 25, 27 et 26 comme étant la déesse des villes portuaires de Tyr et de Césarée et sous les traits de la Vénus Héliopolitaine.
Concernant, Eros, il était le dieu-fils préféré de la déesse, figuré sous son aspect enfantin accompagnant la grande déesse sur plusieurs dizaines de représentations dont les nos 59, 68,69, 70,71,72, 73, 86, 91. Il figurait seul dans plusieurs attitudes libres, sans prototype défini selon le plaisir de l’artisan comme le montrent les nos 23, 27, 37,39 .
Zeus/Jupiter, en reprenant en Syrie le contrôle du monde cosmique, astral et humain sous les Séleucides et les empereurs romains, s’identifia sans peine aux grands dieux suprêmes et cosmiques, les Baals syro-phéniciens Hadad, Baalshamim ou Bêl, pour devenir Jupiter Héliopolitain, le dieu astral et cosmique qui, en reprenant son aspect archaïque ancestral, conquit le monde gréco-romain. Le dieu-père syro-phénicien fut à certain moment dépassé par la déesse astrale, qui régnait seule sur tout le monde humain sauf que son rôle avait pris un nouvel essor à l’époque romaine devenant le maître suprême du monde cosmique et humain, le grand régulateur du monde comme le fut Zeus/Jupiter héliopolitain. Les figurations de Jupiter Héliopolitain sont syriennes à cent pour cent, sans aucune influence grecque comme le montrent les nos 6 ,7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12 et 13
Apollon dieu archer et dieu oraculaire, associé aux dieux guerriers syro-phéniciens locaux de Chypre Nergal et Reshef dès la colonisation de l’île par les Phéniciens au IX-VIIIe siècle av.J.C. devient sous l’empire romain, le dieu du soleil, vénéré en Syrie, devenant ainsi l’hypostase des grands Baals syro-phéniciens Baalshamim et Hadad et figurait sous un aspect engainé auprès des dieux Hiérapolitains et Hélopolitains. Les figurines le représentant étaient travaillées selon le concept et le style grec comme le montre la figurine d’Isriyé, portant le no 1
Héraclès, dont les diverses légendes et mythes le rapprochaient de Melqart de Tyr, le dieu-fils et le parèdre d’Astarté, fut honoré en Syrie pour sa force physique et son héroïsme incarnant le dieu mourant et renaissant, le dieu qui procurait la victoire et le salut contre la mort ;il figurait sur les statuettes selon les types iconographiques classiques sans aucune influence syrienne sauf pour le no 1 qui rappelle les figurations des dieux sémitiques, brandissant de la main droite la massue levée près de la tête.
Dionysos figuraient sous les traits grecs, selon les types classiques déjà connus, ces représentations étaient peu nombreuses bien qu’il était un des grands dieux de l’histoire des religions .
Les représentations d’Adonis n’étant pas liées à un type iconographique connu du dieu, il me semble que le type fut élaboré à Sidon selon des critères syriens comme la présence d’un phallus sur la base qui rappelle son rôle de dieu de la fertilité et de la semence, la chevelure frisée et le visage rond de la figurine no 1 rappelant son origine orientale, le modèle du manteau porté en biais sur le torse ne se trouvant sur aucun des documents iconographiques connus.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Deleh, Sam. "Recours pour excès de pouvoir et limites quant à la protection des administrés : étude comparée du droit du contentieux au Moyen-Orient (Syrie-Egypte) et en France." Nantes, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NANT4005.
Full textThis thesis studied the problem of the efficiauty to the recourse for the excess of the authority (recours pour exces de pouvoir) as a posability to the governeds rights protection against the public administration arbitration. There is a cases study for two legal systems of two arab countries : Syria and Egypt. The present research choised these two countries, for his comparative analyse, because of the great french legal system influnce in these two countries. Our study follows an comparative approche to the syrien, egyptien and french law. For this object, we tried to realize the imperfections which affect the governeds by this recourse. In the first place, we examained the limitations of the access towards the administration judge : the requestors acts limitations, limitations concerning the addmeted governeds towards the judge, the institutional, procedural and financial order limitation. In the second place, we examined the limits which are insufficient in the governeds protection, even if the recours was in the substances examination. These limits have many aspects: limitations of equality principle, limitations as a result of the control exercised by the judge, limitations as a result of the non-suspensive effect of the recourse, and limitations related to authority of the judge on front of the public administration in the executing of his decision
Iskandar, Mirvat. "Le développement de l'art de la guerre chez les Ayyoubides en Syrie et en Égypte (567/1171 - 648/1250) : (étude approfondie sur la période des Francs d'après les sources arabes)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0026.
Full textHuman being didn't stop one day to invent everything that is necessary to kill others. Thousand of men, women and children were killed during the two centuries of fighting between Franks and Muslims in the Middle East, in order to serve the Holy War. Unfortunately, the war between those two sides was the best opportunity of contact between the two civilizations of East and West, especially in the twelfth century. Each party adapted what was useful to the conflict either in besieging places or in open land battles. The war was not only waged between these two conflicting forces, as the conflict between the members of the Ayyubid dynasty after Saladin's death were more violent in several occasions than with the Franks. This study, relying upon contemporary Arab sources and Islamic traditions, analyzes all the methods for practicing the war in Ayyubid times for almost one century according
Pruvost, Mélanie. "Étude paléogénétique de populations bovines anciennes du Proche et Moyen-Orient et de l'Europe de l'Ouest : éclairage sur la domestication des boeufs au néolithique." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S129.
Full textAl-Bataineh, Anke. "Cent ans après : Politiques scolaires et la vitalité des langues en danger le cas de l'arménien occidental." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INAL0017/document.
Full textWestern Armenian was declared “definitely endangered” in 2010, although the language is taught in private Armenian schools across a global diaspora created by a genocide in 1915. Enrollment in Armenian schools in the Middle East has been declining for four decades, while the Armenian schools of France are growing & evolving & all are facing a rapidly changing educational climate. Conducted in Beirut, Amman, Paris & Marseille, and involving participants from Aleppo, this study analyzes data from more than 100 diasporan Armenians and a dozen schools. An interdisciplinary, post-structuralist & constructivist approach is taken to understanding the roles of school policies in attracting parents to Armenian schools, in effectively transmitting the language to students, & promoting the vitality of the language in each of the four contexts. Discourse Analysis is applied to both structural & personal representations of the language & of the schools. Ethnolinguistic Vitality & Language Socialization theories are used to understand the connections between policy, parent school choice & the wider vitality of the language. Parent school choice is looked at in terms of consumer psychology, and ultimately Bourdieu’s concept of habitus is the most apt for explaining why Armenian parents choose non-Armenian schools, & why this often becomes a definitive family break from the institution. Policy above the school level is found to have less impact on vitality than school enrollment & dominant discourses on language maintenance. Recommendations are made for policies & pedagogy