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Journal articles on the topic 'ETX'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Linden, Jennifer, Kiel Telesford, Samantha Shetty, et al. "A Novel Panel of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Diverse Applications Including Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Oligomerization." Antibodies 7, no. 4 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib7040037.

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The pore-forming epsilon toxin (ETX) produced by Clostridium perfringens is among the most lethal bacterial toxins known. Sensitive antibody-based reagents are needed to detect toxin, distinguish mechanisms of cell death, and prevent ETX toxicity. Using B-cell immuno-panning and cloning techniques, seven ETX-specific monoclonal antibodies were generated from immunized rabbits. ETX specificity and sensitivity were evaluated via western blot, ELISA, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and flow cytometry. ETX-neutralizing function was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. All antibodies recognized both pur

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2

Susanto, Sharon, Saleh Wikarsa, and Yuda Prasetya Nugraha. "Kombinasi Teknik Pembentukan Kokristal dan Ball milling untuk Peningkatan Disolusi Etoricoxib." Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 10, no. 1 (2024): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v10i1.7561.

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Etoricoxib (ETX) merupakan salah satu golongan anti inflamasi selektif COX-2 yang diklasifikasikan dalam BCS kelas II. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan laju disolusi etoricoxib melalui kombinasi pembentukan kokristal dan ball milling yang dilakukan secara in-situ dan ex-situ. Optimasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan waktu penggilingan dan jenis stabilizer. Jenis stabilizer yang digunakan meliputi Tween 80 (ETX-OXA-BM-T), Poloxamer 188 (ETX-OXA-BM-P), dan kombinasi Tween 80-sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (ETX-OXA-BM-T-S). Percobaan secara in-situ memberikan jumlah rendemen yang sangat re

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3

Shetty, Samantha V., Michael R. Mazzucco, Paige Winokur, et al. "Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Binds to and Kills Primary Human Lymphocytes." Toxins 15, no. 7 (2023): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070423.

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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is the third most lethal bacterial toxin and has been suggested to be an environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated disease of the human central nervous system. However, ETX cytotoxicity on primary human cells has not been investigated. In this article, we demonstrate that ETX preferentially binds to and kills human lymphocytes expressing increased levels of the myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL. Using flow cytometry, ETX binding was determined to be time and dose dependent and was highest for CD4+ cells, followed by CD8+ and the

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4

Li, Jihong, John C. Freedman, and Bruce A. McClane. "NanI Sialidase, CcpA, and CodY Work Together To Regulate Epsilon Toxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type D Strain CN3718." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 20 (2015): 3339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00349-15.

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ABSTRACTClostridium perfringenstype D strains are usually associated with diseases of livestock, and their virulence requires the production of epsilon toxin (ETX). We previously showed (J. Li, S. Sayeed, S. Robertson, J. Chen, and B. A. McClane, PLoS Pathog 7:e1002429, 2011,http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002429) that BMC202, ananInull mutant of type D strain CN3718, produces less ETX than wild-type CN3718 does. The current study proved that the lower ETX production by strain BMC202 is due tonanIgene disruption, since both genetic and physical (NanI or sialic acid) complementation inc

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5

Marshall, Skye, Beth McGill, Helen Morcrette, et al. "Interaction of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin with the Plasma Membrane: The Role of Amino Acids Y42, Y43 and H162." Toxins 14, no. 11 (2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110757.

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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Etx) is a pore forming toxin that causes enterotoxaemia in ruminants and may be a cause of multiple sclerosis in humans. To date, most in vitro studies of Etx have used the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. However, studies using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express the putative Etx receptor, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), suggest that amino acids important for Etx activity differ between species. In this study, we investigated the role of amino acids Y42, Y43 and H162, previously identified as important in Etx activity

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6

Dorca-Arévalo, Jonatan, Antonio Santana-Ruiz, Benjamín Torrejón-Escribano, Mireia Martín-Satué, and Juan Blasi. "Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Induces the Generation of Extracellular Vesicles in HeLa Cells Overexpressing Myelin and Lymphocyte Protein." Toxins 16, no. 12 (2024): 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16120525.

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Epsilon toxin (ETX) from Clostridium perfringens is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) that crosses the blood–brain barrier and binds to myelin structures. In in vitro assays, ETX causes oligodendrocyte impairment, subsequently leading to demyelination. In fact, ETX has been associated with triggering multiple sclerosis. Myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) is widely considered to be the receptor for ETX as its presence is crucial for the effects of ETX on the plasma membrane of host cells that involve pore formation, resulting in cell death. To overcome the pores formed by PFTs, some host cells produc

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7

Bossu, Jean Louis, Laetitia Wioland, Frédéric Doussau, Philippe Isope, Michel R. Popoff, and Bernard Poulain. "Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens Causes Inhibition of Potassium inward Rectifier (Kir) Channels in Oligodendrocytes." Toxins 12, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010036.

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Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, causes serious neurological disorders in animals. ETX can bind to the white matter of the brain and the oligodendrocytes, which are the cells forming the myelin sheath around neuron axons in the white matter of the central nervous system. After binding to oligodendrocytes, ETX causes demyelination in rat cerebellar slices. We further investigated the effects of ETX on cerebellar oligodendrocytes and found that ETX induced small transmembrane depolarization (by ~ +6.4 mV) in rat oligodendrocytes primary cultures. This was d

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8

Mandell, Erica, Kyle N. Powers, Julie W. Harral, et al. "Intrauterine endotoxin-induced impairs pulmonary vascular function and right ventricular performance in infant rats and improvement with early vitamin D therapy." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, no. 12 (2015): L1438—L1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00302.2015.

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High pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), proximal pulmonary artery (PA) impedance, and right ventricular (RV) afterload due to remodeling contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Intra-amniotic exposure to endotoxin (ETX) causes sustained PH and high mortality in rat pups at birth, which are associated with impaired vascular growth and RV hypertrophy in survivors. Treatment of ETX-exposed pups with antenatal vitamin D (vit D) improves survival and lung growth, but the effects of ETX exposure on RV-PA coupling in the neonatal lung are unknown. We hypothesized

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9

Miyamoto, Kazuaki, Jihong Li, Sameera Sayeed, Shigeru Akimoto, and Bruce A. McClane. "Sequencing and Diversity Analyses Reveal Extensive Similarities between Some Epsilon-Toxin-Encoding Plasmids and the pCPF5603 Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Plasmid." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (2008): 7178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00939-08.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type B and D isolates produce epsilon-toxin, the third most potent clostridial toxin. The epsilon-toxin gene (etx) is plasmid borne in type D isolates, but etx genetics have been poorly studied in type B isolates. This study reports the first sequencing of any etx plasmid, i.e., pCP8533etx, from type B strain NCTC8533. This etx plasmid is 64.7 kb, carries tcp conjugative transfer genes, and encodes additional potential virulence factors including beta2-toxin, sortase, and collagen adhesin but not beta-toxin. Interestingly, nearly 80% of pCP8533etx open reading

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10

Dorca-Arévalo, Jonatan, Inmaculada Gómez de Aranda, and Juan Blasi. "New Mutants of Epsilon Toxin from Clostridium perfringens with an Altered Receptor-Binding Site and Cell-Type Specificity." Toxins 14, no. 4 (2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040288.

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Epsilon toxin (Etx) from Clostridium perfringens is the third most potent toxin after the botulinum and tetanus toxins. Etx is the main agent of enterotoxemia in ruminants and is produced by Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes B and D, causing great economic losses. Etx selectively binds to target cells, oligomerizes and inserts into the plasma membrane, and forms pores. A series of mutants have been previously generated to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the toxin and to obtain valid molecular tools for effective vaccination protocols. Here, two new non-toxic Etx mutants w

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11

Tang, Jen-Ruey, Gregory J. Seedorf, Vincent Muehlethaler, et al. "Moderate postnatal hyperoxia accelerates lung growth and attenuates pulmonary hypertension in infant rats after exposure to intra-amniotic endotoxin." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 299, no. 6 (2010): L735—L748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00153.2010.

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To determine the separate and interactive effects of fetal inflammation and neonatal hyperoxia on the developing lung, we hypothesized that: 1) antenatal endotoxin (ETX) causes sustained abnormalities of infant lung structure; and 2) postnatal hyperoxia augments the adverse effects of antenatal ETX on infant lung growth. Escherichia coli ETX or saline (SA) was injected into amniotic sacs in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at 20 days of gestation. Pups were delivered 2 days later and raised in room air (RA) or moderate hyperoxia (O2, 80% O2 at Denver's altitude, ∼65% O2 at sea level) from birth th

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12

Al-Qassas, Raad, and Malik Qasaimeh. "An empirical evaluation of link quality utilization in ETX routing for VANETs." PeerJ Computer Science 10 (September 6, 2024): e2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2259.

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Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enables vehicles to communicate for safety and non-safety applications. However, there are limitations in wireless communication that can degrade VANET performance, so it is crucial to optimize the operation of routing protocols to address this. Various routing protocols employed the expected transmission count (ETX) in their operation as one way to achieve the required efficiency and robustness. ETX is used to estimate link quality for improved route selection. While some studies have evaluated the utilization of ETX in specific protocols, they la

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13

Schuster, Daniel P., James K. Kozlowski, Tim McCarthy, Jason Morrow, and Alan Stephenson. "Effect of endotoxin on oleic acid lung injury does not depend on priming." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5 (2001): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2047.

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Recent studies have demonstrated significant synergistic physiological and biochemical effects between low-dose endotoxin (Etx) administration and oleic acid (OA)-induced canine lung injury. To evaluate whether this interaction depends on Etx priming of some key cell population, we compared the effects of giving low-dose Etx both after as well as before inducing lung injury with OA. In addition to hemodynamic and blood-gas measurements, positron emission tomographic imaging was used to measure edema accumulation and intrapulmonary blood flow distribution. Biochemical measurements of the stable

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14

Gougeon, Marie-Lise, Valérie Seffer, Cezarela Hoxha, Elisabeth Maillart, and Michel R. Popoff. "Does Clostridium Perfringens Epsilon Toxin Mimic an Auto-Antigen Involved in Multiple Sclerosis?" Toxins 17, no. 1 (2025): 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17010027.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurological disorder, characterized by progressive demyelination and neuronal cell loss in the central nervous system. Many possible causes of MS have been proposed, including genetic factors, environmental triggers, and infectious agents. Recently, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) has been incriminated in MS, based initially on the isolation of the bacteria from a MS patient, combined with an immunoreactivity to ETX. To investigate a putative causative role of ETX in MS, we analyzed the pattern of antibodies reacting to the toxi

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15

Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano E., Osvaldo Zabal, and Claudia Silberstein. "Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is cytotoxic for human renal tubular epithelial cells." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 4 (2010): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110371700.

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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is responsible for a fatal enterotoxemia in different animal species, producing extensive renal damage, neurological disturbance and edema of lungs, heart and kidneys. However, there is no information about the susceptibility of humans to ETX. Here, we report that primary cultures of human renal tubular epithelial cells (HRTEC) exposed to ETX showed a marked swelling with subsequent large blebs surrounding most cells. The incubation of HRTEC with ETX produced a reduction of cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The CD50 after 1-hour an

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Mandell, Erica, Gregory Seedorf, Jason Gien, and Steven H. Abman. "Vitamin D treatment improves survival and infant lung structure after intra-amniotic endotoxin exposure in rats: potential role for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 306, no. 5 (2014): L420—L428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00344.2013.

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Vitamin D (vit D) has anti-inflammatory properties and modulates lung growth, but whether vit D can prevent lung injury after exposure to antenatal inflammation is unknown. We hypothesized that early and sustained vit D treatment could improve survival and preserve lung growth in an experimental model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia induced by antenatal exposure to endotoxin (ETX). Fetal rats (E20) were exposed to ETX (10 μg), ETX + Vit D (1 ng/ml), or saline (control) via intra-amniotic (IA) injections and delivered 2 days later. Newborn pups exposed to IA ETX received daily intraperitoneal inj

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17

Pulido, Edward J., Brian D. Shames, Craig H. Selzman, et al. "Inhibition of PARS attenuates endotoxin-induced dysfunction of pulmonary vasorelaxation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 277, no. 4 (1999): L769—L776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.4.l769.

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Endotoxin (Etx) causes excessive activation of the nuclear repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS), which depletes cellular energy stores and leads to vascular dysfunction. We hypothesized that PARS inhibition would attenuate injury to mechanisms of pulmonary vasorelaxation in acute lung injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of in vivo PARS inhibition on Etx-induced dysfunction of pulmonary vasorelaxation. Rats received intraperitoneal saline or Etx ( Salmonella typhimurium; 20 mg/kg) and one of the PARS inhibitors, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB; 10 mg/kg) or nicotinami

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18

Zhou, Zhaohui, James Kozlowski, Andrea L. Goodrich, Nathaniel Markman, Delphine L. Chen, and Daniel P. Schuster. "Molecular imaging of lung glucose uptake after endotoxin in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 289, no. 5 (2005): L760—L768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00146.2005.

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Positron emission tomographic imaging after administration of the glucose analog fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) may be useful to study neutrophilic inflammation of the lungs. In this study, we sought to determine the specificity of the increase in lung [18F]FDG uptake after intraperitoneal endotoxin (Etx) for neutrophil influx into mouse lungs and to determine the regulation of glucose uptake after Etx by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TNF-α. Lung tissue radioactivity measurements by imaging were validated against counts in a gamma well counter. Glucose uptake was quantified as the

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Mandell, Erica, Gregory J. Seedorf, Sharon Ryan, Jason Gien, Scott D. Cramer та Steven H. Abman. "Antenatal endotoxin disrupts lung vitamin D receptor and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase expression in the developing rat". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, № 9 (2015): L1018—L1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00253.2015.

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Vitamin D [vit D; 1,25-(OH)2D] treatment improves survival and lung alveolar and vascular growth in an experimental model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) after antenatal exposure to endotoxin (ETX). However, little is known about lung-specific 1,25-(OH)2D3 regulation during development, especially regarding maturational changes in lung-specific expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase), and CYP24A1 during late gestation and the effects of antenatal ETX exposure on 1,25-(OH)2D3 metabolism in the lung. We hypothesized that vit D regulatory proteins undergo maturat

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Suffredini, Dante A., Yan Li, Wanying Xu, et al. "Shock and lethality with anthrax edema toxin in rats are associated with reduced arterial responsiveness to phenylephrine and are reversed with adefovir." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 313, no. 5 (2017): H946—H958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00285.2017.

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Although edema toxin (ETx) and lethal toxin (LTx) contribute to Bacillus anthracis shock and lethality, the mechanisms underlying their cardiovascular effects are unclear. We have previously shown that ETx but not LTx inhibited phenylephrine-stimulated contraction of aortic rings prepared from healthy rats and that adefovir, a selective inhibitor of ETx cAMP production, blocked this effect. Here, we examined arterial function in rats that received 24-h ETx or LTx infusions. Compared with control rats, ETx reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and survival over 48 h ( P ≤ 0.0003) and increased p

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Inaba, H., and J. P. Filkins. "Augmentation of endotoxic lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis by phorbol ester." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 3 (1991): R494—R502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.3.r494.

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To investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the pathogenesis of endotoxin (ETX) shock, the in vivo effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on ETX-induced lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis were determined. Fed rats (300-400 g) were treated intravenously with incremental doses of Salmonella enteritidis ETX and either the vehicle, 110 mg/kg ip dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or 0.5 mg/kg ip PMA dissolved in DMSO. PMA significantly increased ETX-induced lethality to doses of 1.0-20 mg/kg. PMA augmented the initial hyperglycemia, late hypoglycemia, and hyperlactacidemia a

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22

Finnie, John W., and Francisco A. Uzal. "Pathology and Pathogenesis of Brain Lesions Produced by Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (2022): 9050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169050.

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Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (ETX) produces severe, and frequently fatal, neurologic disease in ruminant livestock. The disorder is of worldwide distribution and, although vaccination has reduced its prevalence, ETX still causes substantial economic loss in livestock enterprises. The toxin is produced in the intestine as a relatively inactive prototoxin, which is subsequently fully enzymatically activated to ETX. When changed conditions in the intestinal milieu, particularly starch overload, favor rapid proliferation of this clostridial bacterium, large amounts of ETX can be el

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Huang, Jing, Baohua Zhao, Tingting Liu, et al. "Statins as Potential Preventative Treatment of ETX and Multiple Pore-Forming Toxin-Induced Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (2023): 5414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065414.

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Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by type B and D strains of Clostridium perfringens, can cause fatal enterotoxaemia in ruminant animals, particularly sheep, cattle, and goats. Previous studies show that the cytotoxicity of ETX is dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts, the maintenance of which is ensured by cholesterol. Zaragozic acid (ZA) is a statin drug that reduces the synthesis of squalene, which is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. In this study, ZA significantly reduced the toxicity of ETX in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We show that ZA does not affect the binding of ETX

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Cookson, Michael, Sharon Ryan, Gregory Seedorf, R. Dodson, Steve Abman, and Erica Mandell. "Antenatal Vitamin D Preserves Placental Vascular and Fetal Growth in Experimental Chorioamnionitis Due to Intra-amniotic Endotoxin Exposure." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 13 (2018): 1260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642033.

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Background Chorioamnionitis (CA) is associated with a high risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) after preterm birth, but mechanisms that increase susceptibility for BPD and strategies to prevent BPD are uncertain. As a model of CA, antenatal intra-amniotic (IA) endotoxin (ETX) exposure alters placental structure, causes fetal growth restriction, increases perinatal mortality, and causes sustained cardiorespiratory abnormalities throughout infancy. Vitamin D (Vit D) has been shown to have both anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic properties. Antenatal IA treatment with Vi

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Ono, S., J. Y. Westcott, S. W. Chang, and N. F. Voelkel. "Endotoxin priming followed by high altitude causes pulmonary edema in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 4 (1993): 1534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.4.1534.

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Rapid ascent to high altitude may be associated with the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in susceptible individuals. Because lung lavage fluid obtained from such patients can be rich in protein and neutrophils, we considered that an element of lung injury and inflammation contributed to the pathogenesis of some forms of HAPE. On the basis of such a likely contribution of inflammatory mechanisms, we induced pulmonary lung injury and inflammation by priming rats with Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (ETX) (0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg body wt ip) and examined the influence of added expos

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Banerjee, Daliya, Alexandra Weinheimer, Jingyan Gao, et al. "Abstract P4-12-29: ETX-197/BG-68501, a potential best-in-class potent, selective, oral, small molecule CDK2 inhibitor, has anti-tumor activity in cancer models with Cyclin E amplification or deficiency in the Retinoblastoma 1 gene." Clinical Cancer Research 31, no. 12_Supplement (2025): P4–12–29—P4–12–29. https://doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.sabcs24-p4-12-29.

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Abstract In a normal cell cycle, there is redundancy in the role of the cell-cycle dependent kinases (CDKs) in regulating G1/S phase transition. In cancer cells, the regulation of G1/S transition can be subverted by (a) amplification and elevated expression of Cyclin E (CCNE), or (b) mutation/loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) gene. Cancer cells with these genomic alterations have been shown to exhibit profound sensitivity to CDK2 depletion, validating CDK2 as a potential therapeutic target. Here, we report the discovery and preclinical characterization of ETX-197, a highly potent and selectiv

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Mander, Kimberley A., Francisco A. Uzal, Ruth Williams, and John W. Finnie. "Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin produces a rapid and dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on cerebral microvascular endothelial cells in vitro." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719882745.

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Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (ETX) is responsible for a severe and frequently fatal neurologic disorder in ruminant livestock. Light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies have suggested that ETX injury to the cerebral microvasculature, with subsequent severe, generalized vasogenic edema and increased intracranial pressure, is critically important in producing neurologic dysfunction. However, the effect of ETX on brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro has not been examined previously, to our knowledge. We exposed a well-characterized human blood–brain

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Koncar, Robert, Mingzong Li, Jingyan Gao та ін. "Abstract P4-12-18: Discovery and characterization of ETX-636, a potential best-in-class, oral, small molecule, pan-mutant-selective PI3Kα inhibitor". Clinical Cancer Research 31, № 12_Supplement (2025): P4–12–18—P4–12–18. https://doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.sabcs24-p4-12-18.

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Abstract PIK3CA, which encodes p110α, the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα), is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, with activating mutations seen in ∼16% of all solid tumors and up to 40% of breast tumors, including hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer. The most frequent gain-of-function PI3Kα hotspot mutations, H1047R, E542K, and E545K, are well-recognized oncogenic drivers. Cancer cells with PIK3CA activating mutations are dependent on PI3Kα signaling and HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer patients with PIK3CA mutatio

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Pitcher, Jeffrey M., Meijing Wang, Ben M. Tsai, Ajay Kher, Nicholas T. Nelson, and Daniel R. Meldrum. "Endogenous estrogen mediates a higher threshold for endotoxin-induced myocardial protection in females." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 290, no. 1 (2006): R27—R33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2005.

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Myocardial endotoxin tolerance may be induced in both males and females; however, it remains unknown whether there are mechanistic and threshold differences between the sexes. We hypothesized that endogenous estrogen mediates a higher threshold for endotoxin (ETX)-induced protection in females. Adult proestrus and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were preconditioned (PC) with intraperitoneal injections of 125 (PC+125) or 500 (PC+500) μg/kg Salmonella typhimurium LPS (ETX) or normal saline (PC−). Twenty-four hours later, injury dose ETX (500 μg/kg) was injected. After 6 h, myocardial function w

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Sayeed, Sameera, Jihong Li, and Bruce A. McClane. "Virulence Plasmid Diversity in Clostridium perfringens Type D Isolates." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 5 (2007): 2391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02014-06.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type D isolates are important in biodefense and also cause natural enterotoxemias in sheep, goats, and occasionally cattle. In these isolates, the gene (etx) encoding ε-toxin is thought to reside on poorly characterized large plasmids. Type D isolates sometimes also produce other potentially plasmid-encoded toxins, including C. perfringens enterotoxin and beta2 toxin, encoded by the cpe and cbp2 genes, respectively. In the current study we demonstrated that the etx, cpe, and cpb2 genes are carried on plasmids in type D isolates and characterized the toxin-encod

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Chen, Delphine L., and Daniel P. Schuster. "Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate neutrophil kinetics during acute lung injury." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 286, no. 4 (2004): L834—L840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00339.2003.

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We measured neutrophil glucose uptake with positron emission tomographic imaging and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG-PET) in anesthetized dogs after intravenous oleic acid-induced acute lung injury (ALI; OA group, n = 6) or after low-dose intravenous endotoxin (known to activate neutrophils without causing lung injury) followed by OA (Etx + OA group, n = 7). The following two other groups were studied as controls: one that received no intervention ( n = 5) and a group treated with Etx only ( n = 6). PET imaging was performed ∼1.5 h after initiating experimental interventions. The rate of [3H

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Yue, Nan, Jing Huang, Mingxin Dong, et al. "Proteome and Phosphoproteome Profiling Reveal the Toxic Mechanism of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin in MDCK Cells." Toxins 16, no. 9 (2024): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16090394.

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Epsilon toxin (ETX), a potential agent of biological and toxic warfare, causes the death of many ruminants and threatens human health. It is crucial to understand the toxic mechanism of such a highly lethal and rapid course toxin. In this study, we detected the effects of ETX on the proteome and phosphoproteome of MDCK cells after 10 min and 30 min. A total of 44 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 588 differentially phosphorylated proteins (DPPs) were screened in the 10 min group, while 73 DEPs and 489 DPPs were screened in the 30 min group. ETX-induced proteins and phosphorylated pr

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Koncar, Robert F., Mingzong Li, Jingyan Gao та ін. "Abstract 1659: ETX-636, a novel allosteric pan-mutant-selective PI3Kα dual inhibitor and degrader with best-in-class potential". Cancer Research 85, № 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 1659. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-1659.

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Abstract PIK3CA, which encodes p110α, the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα), is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes and dysregulated PI3Kα activity is important for tumor growth. Up to 40% of hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer (BrCA) tumors and 13% of all solid tumors harbor PIK3CA mutations, with the majority of mutations occurring within p110α kinase and helical domains. Orthosteric ATP-competitive inhibitors, alpelisib and inavolisib, which inhibit both Wild-type (WT) and mutant PI3Kα, are approved in combination regimens for treating PIK3CA

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Abele, Alison N., Elizabeth S. Taglauer, Maricar Almeda, et al. "Antenatal mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicle treatment preserves lung development in a model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia due to chorioamnionitis." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 322, no. 2 (2022): L179—L190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00329.2021.

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Antenatal stressors such as chorioamnionitis (CA) increase the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Studies have shown that experimental BPD can be ameliorated by postnatal treatment with mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEx). However, the antenatal efficacy of MEx to prevent BPD is unknown. To determine whether antenatal MEx therapy attenuates intrauterine inflammation and preserves lung growth in a rat model of CA-induced BPD. At embryonic day ( E) 20, rat litters were treated with intra-amniotic injections of saline, endotoxin (ETX) to model chorioamnionitis, M

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Meldrum, D. R., J. C. Cleveland, R. T. Rowland, A. Banerjee, A. H. Harken, and X. Meng. "Early and delayed preconditioning: differential mechanisms and additive protection." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 2 (1997): H725—H733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.2.h725.

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The purposes of this study were to determine whether 1) 24-h endotoxin (ETX) pretreatment induces delayed ("second window") myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), 2) acute adenosine (Ado) or phenylephrine (PE) pretreatment confers similar protection, 3) the mechanisms of Ado- and PE-induced early protection remain intact after endotoxemia, 4) Ado- and PE-induced protection may combine with ETX-induced delayed protection to optimize cardiac protection, and 5) these strategies of early and/or delayed myocardial protection require de novo protein synthesis. Rats (n = 6-8/group)

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Wagley, Sariqa, Monika Bokori-Brown, Helen Morcrette, et al. "Evidence of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin associated with multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 5 (2018): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458518767327.

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Background: It was recently reported that, using Western blotting, some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the United States had antibodies against epsilon toxin (Etx) from Clostridium perfringens, suggesting that the toxin may play a role in the disease. Objective: We investigated for serum antibodies against Etx in UK patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) or presenting with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or optic neuritis (ON) and in age- and gender-matched controls. Methods: We tested sera from CDMS, CIS or ON patients or controls by Western blotting. We also test

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Huang, Jinze, Fengbiao Zan, Xin Liu, and Da Chen. "Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing UAV Routing Protocol Based on Link Stability and Selectivity of Neighbor Nodes in ETX Metrics." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 14, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5428280.

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With the extensive application of UAVs in various fields, it becomes more important to design a routing protocol that ensures stable transmit between UAV groups. This is because UAV groups are densely packed, move fast, and communication links are fragile. Aiming at the intensive and highly maneuverable UAV group, the AODV-NLS-ETX—a routing protocol based on the link stability of neighbor nodes—is proposed on the basis of the ETX metric based AODV protocol. The protocol is simulated and compared with other protocols. The simulation results show that AODV-NLS-ETX is superior to other protocols

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Ab. Rahim, Rosminazuin, Abdallah Awad, Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim, and ALIZA AINI MD RALIB. "EVALUATION OF THE ROUTING METIRC W-METRIC USED WITH RPL PRTOCOL IN LLNS." IIUM Engineering Journal 19, no. 2 (2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v19i2.840.

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ABSTRACT: The current de-facto routing protocol over Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN) developed by the IETF Working Group (6LOWPAN), is named as Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL). RPL in the network layer faces throughput challenges due to the potential large networks, number of nodes, and that multiple coexisting applications will be running in the same physical layer. In this study, a node metric for RPL protocol based on the nodeâ€™s Queue Backlogs is introduced, which leads to a better throughput performance while maintaining the delay and the ability to use with di

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Zhang, Qi, Xin Gao, Jixiong Wu, and Min Chen. "The Correlation between Endotoxin, D-Lactate, and Diamine Oxidase with Endoscopic Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Disease Markers 2022 (September 16, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9171436.

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Background and Objective. The disease activity monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) plays a crucial role for making therapeutic strategies. Endoscopy has been recognized as a gold standard for evaluating disease activity of IBD. However, this method is invasive. Currently, a noninvasive biomarker that could replace endoscope is needed in clinical practice. In this study, we examined whether the diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, and endotoxin (ETX) could monitor the disease activity and predict endoscopic remission in patient with IBD. Methods. A total of 149 eligible IBD patients inc

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Nguyen, Melissa L., Jimmy D. Ballard, Judith A. James, and Darise Farris. "Cross-reactive humoral epitopes of EF and LF are identified but do not constitute major anthrax toxin neutralization responses following EF and LF vaccination (132.20)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (2009): 132.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.132.20.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Anthrax Lethal and Edema Toxins (LTx and ETx) are formed by binding of Lethal Factor (LF) or Edema Factor (EF) to the pore-forming moiety, Protective Antigen (PA). Immunity to LF and EF neutralize anthrax toxins. AIM: LF and EF immune sera were used to identify cross-reactive B cell epitopes in their conserved PA-binding domains and to determine the relative contribution of such antibodies to LTx and ETx neutralization. METHODS: A/J mice were immunized with recombinant (r) LF or EF. EF-binding antibodies were purified from LF immune sera, and LF-binding antibodies from EF

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Azim, Hatem, Florence Lhospice, Xavier Preville, et al. "Abstract B128: Preclinical characterization of ETx-22, a next-generation antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting nectin-4." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 22, no. 12_Supplement (2023): B128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-23-b128.

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Abstract Nectin-4 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers including urothelial, breast, cervix, lung and ovarian, with low level of expression in normal tissues. Enfortumab vedotin (EV), an anti-Nectin-4 ADC with a monomethyl auristatin (MMAE) payload, has been a significant advancement in the treatment of urothelial cancer. Yet, it is associated with important skin toxicity owing to the expression of nectin-4 in the skin, and peripheral neuropathy secondary to its toxin. We have developed a next-generation anti-nectin-4 ADC, ETx-22, which consists of a humanized IgG1, Fcg-silent antibody tha

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Man, Jennifer, Bruno Fang, Alexander Philipovskiy, et al. "Abstract P4-08-20: Trial in progress: A first-in-human phase 1a/b, dose-escalation/expansion study of BG-68501/ETX-197 (CDK2 inhibitor) as monotherapy or in combination with fulvestrant for patients with HR+/HER2- breast cancer and other advanced solid tumors." Clinical Cancer Research 31, no. 12_Supplement (2025): P4–08–20—P4–08–20. https://doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.sabcs24-p4-08-20.

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Abstract Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 can regulate the cell cycle through the interaction with cyclin E or cyclin A during the G1/S and S/G2 transitions, respectively. Elevated CDK2 activity is a key resistance mechanism to CDK4/6 inhibition in HR+/HER2− breast cancer (BC). Other genomic alterations, eg, loss of RB1, can cause resistance in additional solid tumors, including high-grade serous ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and endometrial cancers. CCNE1 amplification or cyclin E overexpression may confer sensitivity to CDK2 inhibition. BG-68501/ET

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Siddesh, G. K., C. P. Mallikarjuna Gowda, H. R. Shashidhara, et al. "Optimization in the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7322291.

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The main challenge of the MANET network is the continuous management of information, each device, to ensure the correct direction of traffic. MANET consists of a peer-to-peer connection; the network is self-repairing and at the same time self-formed. The network can be used in the field of road safety, in sensors in the home, healthcare, robotics, etc. The aim of this work was to study the MANET network and its protocols and especially the AODV protocol, the choice of peer in the AODV protocol, and the subsequent improvement of this mechanism. The work deals with ETX metrics and its subsequent

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Tissot Van Patot, M. C., S. MacKenzie, A. Tucker, and N. F. Voelkel. "Endotoxin-induced adhesion of red blood cells to pulmonary artery endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 270, no. 1 (1996): L28—L36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.270.1.l28.

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Cell-cell interactions are important in intravascular inflammation. Neutrophils and monocytes adhere to the vascular endothelium and release mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and reactive oxygen species. Red blood cells (RBC) from patients with malaria, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes also adhere to endothelial cells. The objectives of this investigation were to develop a bovine system of RBC adhesion to endothelial cells and to begin to investigate the mechanisms involved in the RBC adhesion. We show that 51Cr-RBC adhere to bovine pulmonary

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Sayeed, Sameera, M. E. Fernandez-Miyakawa, Derek J. Fisher, et al. "Epsilon-Toxin Is Required for Most Clostridium perfringens Type D Vegetative Culture Supernatants To Cause Lethality in the Mouse Intravenous Injection Model." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 11 (2005): 7413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.11.7413-7421.2005.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemias have significant economic impact by causing rapid death of several domestic animal species. Consequently, domestic animals are commonly vaccinated, at varying efficacy, with inactivated type D vegetative supernatants. Improved type D vaccines might become possible if the lethal toxins produced by type D isolates were characterized and the contributions of those toxins to supernatant-induced lethality were established. Therefore, the current study evaluated the presence of lethal toxins in supernatants prepared from late-log-phase vegetativ

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Świąder, Mariusz J., Katarzyna Świąder, Izabela Zakrocka, et al. "Long-term vigabatrin treatment modifies pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: focused on GABA brain concentration." Pharmacological Reports 72, no. 2 (2019): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-019-00037-6.

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Abstract Background The goal of our study was to examine the long-term effect of vigabatrin (VGB), a γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inhibitor on clonazepam (CLO), ethosuximide (ETX) and valproate (VPA) anticonvulsive activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. Methods VGB was administered for 3 and 7 days. Convulsions were evoked by PTZ at its CD97 (99 mg/kg). The influence of CLO, ETX and VPA alone or in combination with VGB on motor performance and long-term memory was analyzed. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in mice brain and plasma as well

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Lam, John, Stephen Robinson, Daniel Gregson, et al. "1079. When Does a Trans-Esophageal Echocardiogram (TEE) Change Management of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia (SAB)?" Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (2018): S322—S323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.915.

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Abstract Background The recognition of infective endocarditis (IE) as a serious complication of SAB has led to a low threshold for echocardiography, extended treatment (eTx) with anti-staphylococcal agents (anti-SA), and even surgery. However, indications for eTx outside of IE are numerous. We sought to determine the frequency in which findings from a TEE changed clinical SAB management. Methods Adults with SAB within the Calgary Health Zone between 2012 and 2014 were included if both a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and TEE were performed within 7 days of each other. Patients potentially

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Law, W. R., and J. L. Ferguson. "Effect of naloxone on regional cerebral blood flow during endotoxin shock in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 3 (1987): R425—R433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.3.r425.

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Maintenance of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is vital during cardiovascular shock. Since opioids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of endotoxin shock and have been shown to alter cerebral perfusion patterns, we determined whether opioids were responsible for any of the changes in regional CBF observed during endotoxin shock and whether the use of naloxone might impair or aid in the maintenance of CBF. When blood flow (BF) is studied with microspheres in rats, the left ventricle of the heart is often cannulated via the right carotid artery. Questions have arisen concerning the potential a

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Sun, Weifeng, Haotian Wang, Xianglan Piao, and Tie Qiu. "An Opportunistic Routing Mechanism Combined with Long-Term and Short-Term Metrics for WMN." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/432123.

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WMN (wireless mesh network) is a useful wireless multihop network with tremendous research value. The routing strategy decides the performance of network and the quality of transmission. A good routing algorithm will use the whole bandwidth of network and assure the quality of service of traffic. Since the routing metric ETX (expected transmission count) does not assure good quality of wireless links, to improve the routing performance, an opportunistic routing mechanism combined with long-term and short-term metrics for WMN based on OLSR (optimized link state routing) and ETX is proposed in t

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Lee, Young-jin, Tae-Kyung Yoo, Sae Byul Lee, et al. "Abstract PO2-11-05: Pregnancy Trends Following Breast Cancer Treatment: Insights from a Large Single-Center Experience." Cancer Research 84, no. 9_Supplement (2024): PO2–11–05—PO2–11–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs23-po2-11-05.

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Abstract Background The treatment of breast cancer (BC), particularly chemotherapy and long-term endocrine therapy (ETx), can have an impact on fertility which young women with BC have concerns about. This study was therefore conducted with the objective of providing comprehensive real-world data on pregnancy following BC treatment, aiming to shed light on this crucial aspect of survivorship and potentially guide clinical practice and patient counseling. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted using medical records of women aged 18-40 years diagnosed with BC at a single tertiary medical

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