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Journal articles on the topic 'Eukaryotic cytoskeleton'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Wickstead, Bill, and Keith Gull. "The evolution of the cytoskeleton." Journal of Cell Biology 194, no. 4 (2011): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201102065.

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The cytoskeleton is a system of intracellular filaments crucial for cell shape, division, and function in all three domains of life. The simple cytoskeletons of prokaryotes show surprising plasticity in composition, with none of the core filament-forming proteins conserved in all lineages. In contrast, eukaryotic cytoskeletal function has been hugely elaborated by the addition of accessory proteins and extensive gene duplication and specialization. Much of this complexity evolved before the last common ancestor of eukaryotes. The distribution of cytoskeletal filaments puts constraints on the l

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Stidwill, Robert P., and Urs F. Greber. "Intracellular Virus Trafficking Reveals Physiological Characteristics of the Cytoskeleton." Physiology 15, no. 2 (2000): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.2.67.

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Virus particles that infect eukaryotic cells can take advantage of the cytoskeleton and associated motors to translocate through the cytoplasm. Depending on the virus, motor proteins are recruited or, alternatively, cytoskeletal elements are induced to polymerize onto viral structures. Here we review recent advances toward understanding the roles of the cytoskeleton in virus trafficking.

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Hoyt, M. A., A. A. Hyman, and M. Bahler. "Motor proteins of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 24 (1997): 12747–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.24.12747.

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4

Kiessling, Justine, Sven Kruse, Stefan A. Rensing, Klaus Harter, Eva L. Decker, and Ralf Reski. "Visualization of a Cytoskeleton-like Ftsz Network in Chloroplasts." Journal of Cell Biology 151, no. 4 (2000): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.151.4.945.

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It has been a long-standing dogma in life sciences that only eukaryotic organisms possess a cytoskeleton. Recently, this belief was questioned by the finding that the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ resembles tubulin in sequence and structure and, thus, may be the progenitor of this major eukaryotic cytoskeletal element. Here, we report two nuclear-encoded plant ftsZ genes which are highly conserved in coding sequence and intron structure. Both their encoded proteins are imported into plastids and there, like in bacteria, they act on the division process in a dose-dependent manner. Wherea

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Akıl, Caner, Linh T. Tran, Magali Orhant-Prioux, et al. "Insights into the evolution of regulated actin dynamics via characterization of primitive gelsolin/cofilin proteins from Asgard archaea." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 33 (2020): 19904–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009167117.

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Asgard archaea genomes contain potential eukaryotic-like genes that provide intriguing insight for the evolution of eukaryotes. The eukaryotic actin polymerization/depolymerization cycle is critical for providing force and structure in many processes, including membrane remodeling. In general, Asgard genomes encode two classes of actin-regulating proteins from sequence analysis, profilins and gelsolins. Asgard profilins were demonstrated to regulate actin filament nucleation. Here, we identify actin filament severing, capping, annealing and bundling, and monomer sequestration activities by gel

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Moseley, James B. "An expanded view of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 11 (2013): 1615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0732.

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A rich and ongoing history of cell biology research has defined the major polymer systems of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Recent studies have identified additional proteins that form filamentous structures in cells and can self-assemble into linear polymers when purified. This suggests that the eukaryotic cytoskeleton is an even more complex system than previously considered. In this essay, I examine the case for an expanded definition of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and present a series of challenges for future work in this area.

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PULLARKAT, P., P. FERNANDEZ, and A. OTT. "Rheological properties of the Eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton." Physics Reports 449, no. 1-3 (2007): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2007.03.002.

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8

Trépout, Sylvain, and Anne Marie Wehenkel. "Bacterial Tubulins: A Eukaryotic-Like Microtubule Cytoskeleton." Trends in Microbiology 25, no. 10 (2017): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.08.004.

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9

Porter, Susannah M. "Insights into eukaryogenesis from the fossil record." Interface Focus 10, no. 4 (2020): 20190105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0105.

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Eukaryogenesis—the process by which the eukaryotic cell emerged—has long puzzled scientists. It has been assumed that the fossil record has little to say about this process, in part because important characters such as the nucleus and mitochondria are rarely preserved, and in part because the prevailing model of early eukaryotes implies that eukaryogenesis occurred before the appearance of the first eukaryotes recognized in the fossil record. Here, I propose a different scenario for early eukaryote evolution than is widely assumed. Rather than crown group eukaryotes originating in the late Pal

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10

Koonin, Eugene V. "Origin of eukaryotes from within archaea, archaeal eukaryome and bursts of gene gain: eukaryogenesis just made easier?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1678 (2015): 20140333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0333.

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The origin of eukaryotes is a fundamental, forbidding evolutionary puzzle. Comparative genomic analysis clearly shows that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) possessed most of the signature complex features of modern eukaryotic cells, in particular the mitochondria, the endomembrane system including the nucleus, an advanced cytoskeleton and the ubiquitin network. Numerous duplications of ancestral genes, e.g. DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases and proteasome subunits, also can be traced back to the LECA. Thus, the LECA was not a primitive organism and its emergence must have resulted fro

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11

Carballido-López, Rut. "The Bacterial Actin-Like Cytoskeleton." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 70, no. 4 (2006): 888–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00014-06.

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SUMMARY Recent advances have shown conclusively that bacterial cells possess distant but true homologues of actin (MreB, ParM, and the recently uncovered MamK protein). Despite weak amino acid sequence similarity, MreB and ParM exhibit high structural homology to actin. Just like F-actin in eukaryotes, MreB and ParM assemble into highly dynamic filamentous structures in vivo and in vitro. MreB-like proteins are essential for cell viability and have been implicated in major cellular processes, including cell morphogenesis, chromosome segregation, and cell polarity. ParM (a plasmid-encoded actin

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Knecht, David A. "The effect of cytoskeletal protein mutations on cell motility and morphogenesis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (1992): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100123374.

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The cortical cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is composed of actin filaments and a variety of associated proteins. The polymerization, depolymerization, cross-linking and bundling of these filaments, are presumed to be intimately involved in such processes as cell motility, cell adhesion and cell shape. In developing systems, all of these processes are involved in the morphogenetic mechanisms that shape tissues, organs and organisms.We are investigating the complex interactions among cytoskeletal proteins using the simple eukaryotic amoebae, Dictyostelium discoideum. Our approach is to determi

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Hutchings, Nathan R., John E. Donelson, and Kent L. Hill. "Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 5 (2002): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200201036.

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The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is comprised of a complex network of distinct but interconnected filament systems that function in cell division, cell motility, and subcellular trafficking of proteins and organelles. A gap in our understanding of this dynamic network is the identification of proteins that connect subsets of cytoskeletal structures. We previously discovered a family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins that includes GAS11, a candidate human tumor suppressor upregulated in growth-arrested cells, and trypanin, a component of the flagellar cytoskeleton of African trypanosomes.

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Zhang, Lei, Zhiyuan Li, and Xin Zhang. "Effects of static magnetic fields on eukaryotic cytoskeleton." Chinese Science Bulletin 64, no. 8 (2019): 748–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972018-00648.

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15

Tekle, Yonas I., and Jessica R. Williams. "Cytoskeletal architecture and its evolutionary significance in amoeboid eukaryotes and their mode of locomotion." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 9 (2016): 160283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160283.

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The cytoskeleton is the hallmark of eukaryotic evolution. The molecular and architectural aspects of the cytoskeleton have been playing a prominent role in our understanding of the origin and evolution of eukaryotes. In this study, we seek to investigate the cytoskeleton architecture and its evolutionary significance in understudied amoeboid lineages belonging to Amoebozoa. These amoebae primarily use cytoplasmic extensions supported by the cytoskeleton to perform important cellular processes such as movement and feeding. Amoeboid structure has important taxonomic significance, but, owing to t

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16

Erickson, Harold P. "The discovery of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton: 25th anniversary." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 3 (2017): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0183.

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The year 2017 marks the 25th anniversary of the discovery of homologues of tubulin and actin in prokaryotes. Before 1992, it was largely accepted that tubulin and actin were unique to eukaryotes. Then three laboratories independently discovered that FtsZ, a protein already known as a key player in bacterial cytokinesis, had the “tubulin signature sequence” present in all α-, β-, and γ-tubulins. That same year, three candidates for bacterial actins were discovered in silico. X-ray crystal structures have since confirmed multiple bacterial proteins to be homologues of eukaryotic tubulin and acti

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Nanninga, Nanne. "Cytokinesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Common Principles and Different Solutions." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65, no. 2 (2001): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.65.2.319-333.2001.

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SUMMARY Cytokinesis requires duplication of cellular structures followed by bipolarization of the predivisional cell. As a common principle, this applies to prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. With respect to eukaryotes, the discussion has focused mainly on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Escherichia coli and to a lesser extent Bacillus subtilis have been used as prokaryotic examples. To establish a bipolar cell, duplication of a eukaryotic origin of DNA replication as well as its genome is not sufficient. Duplication of the microtubule-organizing center is required a

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Wesolowski, Jordan, and Fabienne Paumet. "Taking control: reorganization of the host cytoskeleton by Chlamydia." F1000Research 6 (November 29, 2017): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12316.1.

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Both actin and microtubules are major cytoskeletal elements in eukaryotic cells that participate in many cellular processes, including cell division and motility, vesicle and organelle movement, and the maintenance of cell shape. Inside its host cell, the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis manipulates the cytoskeleton to promote its survival and enhance its pathogenicity. In particular, Chlamydia induces the drastic rearrangement of both actin and microtubules, which is vital for its entry, inclusion structure and development, and host cell exit. As significant progress in Chlamydia genetics

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Liang, P., and T. H. MacRae. "Molecular chaperones and the cytoskeleton." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 13 (1997): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.13.1431.

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Heat shock proteins, first observed because they are preferentially synthesized by organisms exposed to heat or other physiological stress, are also synthesized constitutively. These proteins are divided into several families, namely, HSP100, 90, 70, 60 (chaperonin), and the small heat shock/alpha-crystallin proteins. They enjoy a wide phylogenetic distribution and are important because they function as molecular chaperones, able to mediate many cellular processes through an influence on higher order protein structure. For example, molecular chaperones assist in the transport of proteins into

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Shih, Yu-Ling, and Lawrence Rothfield. "The Bacterial Cytoskeleton." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 70, no. 3 (2006): 729–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00017-06.

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SUMMARY In recent years it has been shown that bacteria contain a number of cytoskeletal structures. The bacterial cytoplasmic elements include homologs of the three major types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (actin, tubulin, and intermediate filament proteins) and a fourth group, the MinD-ParA group, that appears to be unique to bacteria. The cytoskeletal structures play important roles in cell division, cell polarity, cell shape regulation, plasmid partition, and other functions. The proteins self-assemble into filamentous structures in vitro and form intracellular ordered structures in

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Rivero, Francisco. "Editorial of Special Issue “Frontiers in the Actin Cytoskeleton”." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (2020): 3945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113945.

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Stairs, Courtney W., and Thijs J. G. Ettema. "The Archaeal Roots of the Eukaryotic Dynamic Actin Cytoskeleton." Current Biology 30, no. 10 (2020): R521—R526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.074.

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Brawley, Susan H., Nicolas A. Blouin, Elizabeth Ficko-Blean, et al. "Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome ofPorphyra umbilicalis(Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 31 (2017): E6361—E6370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703088114.

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Porphyra umbilicalis(laver) belongs to an ancient group of red algae (Bangiophyceae), is harvested for human food, and thrives in the harsh conditions of the upper intertidal zone. Here we present the 87.7-Mbp haploidPorphyragenome (65.8% G + C content, 13,125 gene loci) and elucidate traits that inform our understanding of the biology of red algae as one of the few multicellular eukaryotic lineages. Novel features of thePorphyragenome shared by other red algae relate to the cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, the cell cycle, and stress-tolerance mechanisms including photoprotection. Cytoskeletal

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Young, V. B., S. Falkow, and G. K. Schoolnik. "The invasin protein of Yersinia enterocolitica: internalization of invasin-bearing bacteria by eukaryotic cells is associated with reorganization of the cytoskeleton." Journal of Cell Biology 116, no. 1 (1992): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.116.1.197.

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Yersinia enterocolitica, a facultative intracellular pathogen of mammals, readily enters (i.e., invades) cultured eukaryotic cells, a process that can be conferred by the cloned inv locus of the species. We have studied the mechanism by which the product of inv, a microbial outer membrane protein termed "invasin," mediates the internalization of bacteria by HEp-2 cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts. Invasin-bearing bacteria initially bound the filopodia and the leading edges of cultured cells. Multiple points of contact between the bacterial surface and the surface of the cell ensued and led

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Kriho, V., G. D. Pappas, N. Lieska, C. M. Wu, and H. Y. Yang. "Rat Reactive Astrocyte Marker (IFAP-70/280KD) is Expressed in Rat Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Following Transection of Sciatic Nerve." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600007686.

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Following injury to peripheral nerves, processes involved in regeneration must be activated, restoring the original architecture and synaptic connections of the neuron. This is essential for the efficient operation of the sophisticated communications network of the nervous system. In order to accomplish these tasks, complex changes occur in gene expression. Regenerating neurons shift into a growth mode wherein large amounts of cytoskeletal proteins and other growth-associated proteins are produced. These materials, which are synthesized and produced in the neuronal cell body, are then transfer

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Simpson, Lisa J., Ellie Tzima, and John S. Reader. "Mechanical Forces and Their Effect on the Ribosome and Protein Translation Machinery." Cells 9, no. 3 (2020): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030650.

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Mechanical forces acting on biological systems, at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels, play an important part in shaping cellular phenotypes. There is a growing realization that biomolecules that respond to force directly applied to them, or via mechano-sensitive signalling pathways, can produce profound changes to not only transcriptional pathways, but also in protein translation. Forces naturally occurring at the molecular level can impact the rate at which the bacterial ribosome translates messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts and influence processes such as co-translational folding of

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Rajgor, Dipen, and Catherine M. Shanahan. "RNA granules and cytoskeletal links." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (2014): 1206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140067.

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In eukaryotic cells, non-translating mRNAs can accumulate into cytoplasmic mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) granules such as P-bodies (processing bodies) and SGs (stress granules). P-bodies contain the mRNA decay and translational repression machineries and are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and lower eukaryote species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In contrast, SGs are only detected during cellular stress when translation is inhibited and form from aggregates of stalled pre-initiation complexes. SGs and P-bodies are related

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Morriswood, Brooke, Katharina Havlicek, Lars Demmel, et al. "Novel Bilobe Components in Trypanosoma brucei Identified Using Proximity-Dependent Biotinylation." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 2 (2012): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00326-12.

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ABSTRACT The trypanosomes are a family of parasitic protists of which the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei , is the best characterized. The complex and highly ordered cytoskeleton of T. brucei has been shown to play vital roles in its biology but remains difficult to study, in large part owing to the intractability of its constituent proteins. Existing methods of protein identification, such as bioinformatic analysis, generation of monoclonal antibody panels, proteomics, affinity purification, and yeast two-hybrid screens, all have drawbacks. Such deficiencies—troublesome proteins and t

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Shafrir, Yinon, and Gabor Forgacs. "Mechanotransduction through the cytoskeleton." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 282, no. 3 (2002): C479—C486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00394.2001.

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We constructed a model cytoskeleton to investigate the proposal that this interconnected filamentous structure can act as a mechano- and signal transducer. The model cytoskeleton is composed of rigid rods representing actin filaments, which are connected with springs representing cross-linker molecules. The entire mesh is placed in viscous cytoplasm. The model eukaryotic cell is submitted to either shock wave-like or periodic mechanical perturbations at its membrane. We calculated the efficiency of this network to transmit energy to the nuclear wall as a function of cross-linker stiffness, cyt

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Fritz-Laylin, Lillian K., Zoe June Assaf, Sean Chen, and W. Zacheus Cande. "Naegleria gruberi De Novo Basal Body Assembly Occurs via Stepwise Incorporation of Conserved Proteins." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 6 (2010): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00381-09.

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ABSTRACT Centrioles and basal bodies are discrete structures composed of a cylinder of nine microtubule triplets and associated proteins. Metazoan centrioles can be found at mitotic spindle poles and are called basal bodies when used to organize microtubules to form the core structure of flagella. Naegleria gruberi, a unicellular eukaryote, grows as an amoeba that lacks a cytoplasmic microtubule cytoskeleton. When stressed, Naegleria rapidly (and synchronously) differentiates into a flagellate, forming a complete cytoplasmic cytoskeleton de novo, including two basal bodies and flagella. Here,

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Ku, Nam-On, Xiangjun Zhou, Diana M. Toivola, and M. Bishr Omary. "The cytoskeleton of digestive epithelia in health and disease." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 6 (1999): G1108—G1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.6.g1108.

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The mammalian cell cytoskeleton consists of a diverse group of fibrillar elements that play a pivotal role in mediating a number of digestive and nondigestive cell functions, including secretion, absorption, motility, mechanical integrity, and mitosis. The cytoskeleton of higher-eukaryotic cells consists of three highly abundant major protein families: microfilaments (MF), microtubules (MT), and intermediate filaments (IF), as well as a growing number of associated proteins. Within digestive epithelia, the prototype members of these three protein families are actins, tubulins, and keratins, re

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Javaux, Emmanuelle J., and Andrew H. Knoll. "Micropaleontology of the lower Mesoproterozoic Roper Group, Australia, and implications for early eukaryotic evolution." Journal of Paleontology 91, no. 2 (2016): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.124.

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AbstractWell-preserved microfossils occur in abundance through more than 1000 m of lower Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic rocks composing the Roper Group, Northern Territory, Australia. The Roper assemblage includes 34 taxa, five interpreted unambiguously as eukaryotes, nine as possible eukaryotes (includingBlastanosphaira kokkodanew genus and new species, a budding spheromorph with thin chagrinate walls), eight as possible or probable cyanobacteria, and 12 incertae sedis. Taxonomic richness is highest in inshore facies, and populations interpreted as unambiguous or probable eukaryotes occur most

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Ma, Xuda, Yamei Dang, Xiaowen Shao, Xuechun Chen, Fei Wu, and Yongmei Li. "Ubiquitination and Long Non-coding RNAs Regulate Actin Cytoskeleton Regulators in Cancer Progression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (2019): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122997.

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Actin filaments are a major component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells and play an important role in cancer metastasis. Dynamics and reorganization of actin filaments are regulated by numerous regulators, including Rho GTPases, PAKs (p21-activated kinases), ROCKs (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases), LIMKs (LIM domain kinases), and SSH1 (slingshot family protein phosphate 1). Ubiquitination, as a ubiquitous post-transcriptional modification, deceases protein levels of actin cytoskeleton regulatory factors and thereby modulates the actin cytoskeleton. There is increasing evide

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Vaduva, Gabriela, Nancy C. Martin, and Anita K. Hopper. "Actin-binding Verprolin Is a Polarity Development Protein Required for the Morphogenesis and Function of the Yeast Actin Cytoskeleton." Journal of Cell Biology 139, no. 7 (1997): 1821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.139.7.1821.

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Yeast verprolin, encoded by VRP1, is implicated in cell growth, cytoskeletal organization, endocytosis and mitochondrial protein distribution and function. We show that verprolin is also required for bipolar bud-site selection. Previously we reported that additional actin suppresses the temperature-dependent growth defect caused by a mutation in VRP1. Here we show that additional actin suppresses all known defects caused by vrp1-1 and conclude that the defects relate to an abnormal cytoskeleton. Using the two-hybrid system, we show that verprolin binds actin. An actin-binding domain maps to th

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de Cavanagh, Elena MV, Marcelo Ferder, Felipe Inserra, and Leon Ferder. "Angiotensin II, mitochondria, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix connections: an integrating viewpoint." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 3 (2009): H550—H558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01176.2008.

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Malfunctioning mitochondria strongly participate in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular damage associated with hypertension and other disease conditions. Eukaryotic cells move, assume their shape, resist mechanical stress, accommodate their internal constituents, and transmit signals by relying on the constant remodeling of cytoskeleton filaments. Mitochondrial ATP is needed to support cytoskeletal dynamics. Conversely, mitochondria need to interact with cytoskeletal elements to achieve normal motility, morphology, localization, and function. Extracellular matrix (ECM) quantity and quality infl

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Markova, Maya D., Irina V. Chakarova, Ralitsa S. Zhivkova, Venera P. Nikolova, Valentina P. Hadzhinesheva, and Stefka M. Delimitreva. "Genetic Disorders Affecting Tubulin Cytoskeleton." Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research 8, no. 2 (2015): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcr-2015-0158.

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SummaryThe tubulin cytoskeleton is vital for maintenance and dynamics of eukaryotic cells and molecular defects in its components can lead to serious conditions. So far, mutations in genes for alpha-, beta- and gamma-tubulin, motor proteins of the kinesin and dynein family, microtubule-associated and centrosomal proteins have been found to cause disorders in humans. Most phenotypic effects are on the nervous system, leading to abnormal brain development (e.g. lissencephaly and microcephaly) or to neurodegeneration in later life (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia).

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Lobato-Márquez, Damián, and Serge Mostowy. "Septins recognize micron-scale membrane curvature." Journal of Cell Biology 213, no. 1 (2016): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603063.

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How cells recognize membrane curvature is not fully understood. In this issue, Bridges et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201512029) discover that septins, a component of the cytoskeleton, recognize membrane curvature at the micron scale, a common morphological hallmark of eukaryotic cellular processes.

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Risinger, April L., and Lin Du. "Targeting and extending the eukaryotic druggable genome with natural products: cytoskeletal targets of natural products." Natural Product Reports 37, no. 5 (2020): 634–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9np00053d.

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Minguez, A., S. Franca, and S. Moreno Diaz de la Espina. "Dinoflagellates have a eukaryotic nuclear matrix with lamin-like proteins and topoisomerase II." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 10 (1994): 2861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.10.2861.

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Unicellular Dinoflagellates represent the only eukaryotic Phylum lacking histones and nucleosomes. To investigate whether Dinoflagellates do have a nuclear matrix that would modulate the supramolecular organization of their non-nucleosomal DNA and chromosomes, cells of the free-living unarmored Dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae were encapsulated in agarose microbeads and submitted to sequential extraction with non-ionic detergents, nucleases and 2 M NaCl. Our results demonstrate that this species has a residual nuclear matrix similar to that of vertebrates and higher plants. The cytoskeleton

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Hara, Futoshi, Kan Yamashiro, Naoki Nemoto, et al. "An Actin Homolog of the Archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum That Retains the Ancient Characteristics of Eukaryotic Actin." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 5 (2006): 2039–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01454-06.

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ABSTRACT Actin, a central component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, plays a crucial role in determining cell shape in addition to several other functions. Recently, the structure of the archaeal actin homolog Ta0583, isolated from the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum, which lacks a cell wall, was reported by Roeben et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 358:145-156, 2006). Here we show that Ta0583 assembles into bundles of filaments similar to those formed by eukaryotic actin. Specifically, Ta0583 forms a helix with a filament width of 5.5 nm and an axial repeating unit of 5.5 nm, both of which are comparable

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van der Velden, Lieke M., Stan F. J. van de Graaf, and Leo W. J. Klomp. "Biochemical and cellular functions of P4 ATPases." Biochemical Journal 431, no. 1 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20100644.

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P4 ATPases (subfamily IV P-type ATPases) form a specialized subfamily of P-type ATPases and have been implicated in phospholipid translocation from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. Pivotal roles of P4 ATPases have been demonstrated in eukaryotes, ranging from yeast, fungi and plants to mice and humans. P4 ATPases might exert their cellular functions by combining enzymatic phospholipid translocation activity with an enzyme-independent action. The latter could be involved in the timely recruitment of proteins involved in cellular signalling, vesicle coat assembl

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Kretz, Robin, Lucile Wendt, Sarunyou Wongkanoun, et al. "The Effect of Cytochalasans on the Actin Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic Cells and Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships." Biomolecules 9, no. 2 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9020073.

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In our ongoing search for new bioactive fungal metabolites, two new cytochalasans were isolated from stromata of the hypoxylaceous ascomycete Hypoxylon fragiforme. Their structures were elucidated via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Together with 23 additional cytochalasans isolated from ascomata and mycelial cultures of different Ascomycota, they were tested on their ability to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton of mammal cells in a preliminary structure–activity relationship study. Out of all structural features, the presence of hydrox

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Hall, Alan. "Rho family GTPases." Biochemical Society Transactions 40, no. 6 (2012): 1378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20120103.

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Rho GTPases comprise a family of molecular switches that control signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. A conformational change induced upon binding GTP promotes an interaction with target (effector) proteins to generate a cellular response. A highly conserved function of Rho GTPases from yeast to humans is to control the actin cytoskeleton, although, in addition, they promote a wide range of other cellular activities. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton drive many dynamic aspects of cell behaviour, including morphogenesis, migration, phagocytosis and cytokinesis, and the dysregulatio

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Šonská, Alice, Tomáš Kučera, and Gustav Entlicher. "Neurofilaments - the Intermediate Filaments of Neural Cells. A Review." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 69, no. 3 (2004): 511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20040511.

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Cytoskeleton is one of the basic structures of eukaryotic cells. It is a system of fibrillary or tubular proteins of three classes: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Neurofilaments, a member of the last class, occur in neural cells, where they are necessary for the cell to function properly. They are important in supporting and partly controlling the axon diameter and axonal transport. Neurofilaments are probably involved also in regulatory mechanisms, mainly through their extremely rich phosphorylation potential. This article introduces briefly the cytoskeleton in gener

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Hall, Alan, and Catherine D. Nobes. "Rho GTPases: molecular switches that control the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1399 (2000): 965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0632.

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The actin cytoskeleton plays a fundamental role in all eukaryotic cells—it is a major determinant of cell morphology and polarity and the assembly and disassembly of filamentous actin structures provides a driving force for dynamic processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, growth cone guidance and cytokinesis. The ability to reorganize actin filaments is a fundamental property of embryonic cells during development; the shape changes accompanying gastrulation and dorsal closure, for example, are dependent on the plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton, while the ability of cells or cell exten

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Dong, Feng, Heng Su, Yanqing Huang, Youmin Zhong, and Guangming Zhong. "Cleavage of Host Keratin 8 by a Chlamydia-Secreted Protease." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 7 (2004): 3863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.7.3863-3868.2004.

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ABSTRACT Chlamydiae have to replicate within a cytoplasmic vacuole in eukaryotic cells. Expansion of the chlamydia-laden vacuole is essential for chlamydial intravacuolar replication, which inevitably causes host cell cytoskeleton rearrangements. A cleavage fragment of keratin 8 corresponding to the central rod region was detected in the soluble fraction of chlamydia-infected cells. Since keratin 8 is a major component of the intermediate filaments in simple epithelial cells, cleavage of keratin 8 may increase the solubility of the host cell cytoskeleton and thus permit vacuole expansion in ch

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Satir, Peter. "Chirality of the cytoskeleton in the origins of cellular asymmetry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1710 (2016): 20150408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0408.

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Self-assembly of two important components of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, actin microfilaments and microtubules (MTs) results in polar filaments of one chirality. As is true for bacterial flagella, in actin microfilaments, screw direction is important for assembly processes and motility. For MTs, polar orientation within the cell is paramount. The alignment of these elements in the cell cytoplasm gives rise to emergent properties, including the potential for cell differentiation and specialization. Complex MTs with a characteristic chirality are found in basal bodies and centrioles; t

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Adams, A. E., W. Shen, C. S. Lin, J. Leavitt, and P. Matsudaira. "Isoform-specific complementation of the yeast sac6 null mutation by human fimbrin." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 1 (1995): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.1.69.

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The actin cytoskeleton is a fundamental component of eukaryotic cells, with both structural and motile roles. Actin and many of the actin-binding proteins found in different cell types are highly conserved, showing considerable similarity in both primary structure and biochemical properties. To make detailed comparisons between homologous proteins, it is necessary to know whether the various proteins are functionally, as well as structurally, conserved. Fimbrin is an example of a cytoskeletal component that, as shown by sequence determinations and biochemical characterizations, is conserved be

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Liao, Yan, Solenne Ithurbide, Roshali T. de Silva, Susanne Erdmann, and Iain G. Duggin. "Archaeal cell biology: diverse functions of tubulin-like cytoskeletal proteins at the cell envelope." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 2, no. 4 (2018): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20180026.

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The tubulin superfamily of cytoskeletal proteins is widespread in all three domains of life — Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Tubulins build the microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, whereas members of the homologous FtsZ family construct the division ring in prokaryotes and some eukaryotic organelles. Their functions are relatively poorly understood in archaea, yet these microbes contain a remarkable diversity of tubulin superfamily proteins, including FtsZ for division, a newly described major family called CetZ that is involved in archaeal cell shape control, and several other diverge

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Radhakrishnan, Girish K., and Gary A. Splitter. "Modulation of host microtubule dynamics by pathogenic bacteria." BioMolecular Concepts 3, no. 6 (2012): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2012-0030.

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AbstractThe eukaryotic cytoskeleton is a vulnerable target of many microbial pathogens during the course of infection. Rearrangements of host cytoskeleton benefit microbes in various stages of their infection cycle such as invasion, motility, and persistence. Bacterial pathogens deliver a number of effector proteins into host cells for modulating the dynamics of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Alteration of the actin cytoskeleton is generally achieved by bacterial effectors that target the small GTPases of the host. Modulation of microtubule dynamics involves direct interaction of effector

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