Academic literature on the topic 'Eukaryotic viruses'

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Journal articles on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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Hofstatter, Paulo G., Alexander K. Tice, Seungho Kang, Matthew W. Brown, and Daniel J. G. Lahr. "Evolution of bacterial recombinase A ( recA ) in eukaryotes explained by addition of genomic data of key microbial lineages." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1840 (2016): 20161453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1453.

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Recombinase enzymes promote DNA repair by homologous recombination. The genes that encode them are ancestral to life, occurring in all known dominions: viruses, Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. Bacterial recombinases are also present in viruses and eukaryotic groups (supergroups), presumably via ancestral events of lateral gene transfer. The eukaryotic recA genes have two distinct origins (mitochondrial and plastidial), whose acquisition by eukaryotes was possible via primary (bacteria–eukaryote) and/or secondary (eukaryote–eukaryote) endosymbiotic gene transfers (EGTs). Here we present a co
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Villarreal, Luis P., and Victor R. DeFilippis. "A Hypothesis for DNA Viruses as the Origin of Eukaryotic Replication Proteins." Journal of Virology 74, no. 15 (2000): 7079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.15.7079-7084.2000.

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ABSTRACT The eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases are similar to those of large DNA viruses of eukaryotic and bacterial T4 phages but not to those of eubacteria. We develop and examine the hypothesis that DNA virus replication proteins gave rise to those of eukaryotes during evolution. We chose the DNA polymerase from phycodnavirus (which infects microalgae) as the basis of this analysis, as it represents a virus of a primitive eukaryote. We show that it has significant similarity with replicative DNA polymerases of eukaryotes and certain of their large DNA viruses. Sequence alignment confir
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Elkhaligy, Heidy, Christian A. Balbin, and Jessica Siltberg-Liberles. "Comparative Analysis of Structural Features in SLiMs from Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Viruses with Importance for Host-Pathogen Interactions." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050583.

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Protein-protein interactions drive functions in eukaryotes that can be described by short linear motifs (SLiMs). Conservation of SLiMs help illuminate functional SLiMs in eukaryotic protein families. However, the simplicity of eukaryotic SLiMs makes them appear by chance due to mutational processes not only in eukaryotes but also in pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Further, functional eukaryotic SLiMs are often found in disordered regions. Although proteomes from pathogenic bacteria and viruses have less disorder than eukaryotic proteomes, their proteins can successfully mimic eukaryotic SLiMs
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Liu, Huiquan, Yanping Fu, Daohong Jiang, et al. "Widespread Horizontal Gene Transfer from Double-Stranded RNA Viruses to Eukaryotic Nuclear Genomes." Journal of Virology 84, no. 22 (2010): 11876–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00955-10.

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ABSTRACT Horizontal gene transfer commonly occurs from cells to viruses but rarely occurs from viruses to their host cells, with the exception of retroviruses and some DNA viruses. However, extensive sequence similarity searches in public genome databases for various organisms showed that the capsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes from totiviruses and partitiviruses have widespread homologs in the nuclear genomes of eukaryotic organisms, including plants, arthropods, fungi, nematodes, and protozoa. PCR amplification and sequencing as well as comparative evidence of junction cove
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Needham, David M., Camille Poirier, Elisabeth Hehenberger, et al. "Targeted metagenomic recovery of four divergent viruses reveals shared and distinctive characteristics of giant viruses of marine eukaryotes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1786 (2019): 20190086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0086.

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Giant viruses have remarkable genomic repertoires—blurring the line with cellular life—and act as top–down controls of eukaryotic plankton. However, to date only six cultured giant virus genomes are available from the pelagic ocean. We used at-sea flow cytometry with staining and sorting designed to target wild predatory eukaryotes, followed by DNA sequencing and assembly, to recover novel giant viruses from the Pacific Ocean. We retrieved four ‘PacV’ partial genomes that range from 421 to 1605 Kb, with 13 contigs on average, including the largest marine viral genomic assembly reported to date
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Guglielmini, Julien, Anthony C. Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, and Morgan Gaia. "Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (2019): 19585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912006116.

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Giant and large eukaryotic double-stranded DNA viruses from the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Virus (NCLDV) assemblage represent a remarkably diverse and potentially ancient component of the eukaryotic virome. However, their origin(s), evolution, and potential roles in the emergence of modern eukaryotes remain subjects of intense debate. Here we present robust phylogenetic trees of NCLDVs, based on the 8 most conserved proteins responsible for virion morphogenesis and informational processes. Our results uncover the evolutionary relationships between different NCLDV families and support the exi
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BOGATYREVA, NATALYA S., ALEXEI V. FINKELSTEIN, and OXANA V. GALZITSKAYA. "TREND OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS OF DIFFERENT TAXA." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 04, no. 02 (2006): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720006002016.

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Archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes represent the main kingdoms of life. Is there any trend for amino acid compositions of proteins found in full genomes of species of different kingdoms? What is the percentage of totally unstructured proteins in various proteomes? We obtained amino acid frequencies for different taxa using 195 known proteomes and all annotated sequences from the Swiss–Prot data base. Investigation of the two data bases (proteomes and Swiss–Prot) shows that the amino acid compositions of proteins differ substantially for different kingdoms of life, and this difference is larger b
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KIMURA, Kei, and Yuji TOMARU. "Marine Viruses that infect Eukaryotic Microalgae." Uirusu 65, no. 1 (2015): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.65.37.

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Sadeghi, Mohammadreza, Yuji Tomaru, and Tero Ahola. "RNA Viruses in Aquatic Unicellular Eukaryotes." Viruses 13, no. 3 (2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030362.

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Increasing sequence information indicates that RNA viruses constitute a major fraction of marine virus assemblages. However, only 12 RNA virus species have been described, infecting known host species of marine single-celled eukaryotes. Eight of these use diatoms as hosts, while four are resident in dinoflagellate, raphidophyte, thraustochytrid, or prasinophyte species. Most of these belong to the order Picornavirales, while two are divergent and fall into the families Alvernaviridae and Reoviridae. However, a very recent study has suggested that there is extraordinary diversity in aquatic RNA
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Geng, Guowei, Deya Wang, Zhifei Liu, et al. "Translation of Plant RNA Viruses." Viruses 13, no. 12 (2021): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13122499.

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Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs, such as mono-cistron, 5′ cap structure, and 3′ polyadenylation. To adapt and utilize the eukaryotic translation machinery, plant RNA viruses have evolved a variety of translation strategies such as cap-independent translation, translation recoding on initiation and termination sites, and post-translation processes. This review focuses on advances in cap-independent t
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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Lindberg, Anette. "Viruses as a Model System for Studies of Eukaryotic mRNA Processing." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3729.

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Clasen, Jessica Liz. "Viral ecology of lakes : a descriptive and ecological study of viruses that infect phytoplankton." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/909.

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Since the 'discovery' of the high abundance of viruses in aquatic environments, it has been generally assumed that viruses in lakes are similar to those in oceans. I directly compared these two systems using a large, robust data set. Viral abundance was significantly different among the surveyed environments. The relationship between viral and bacterial abundance indicated a fundamental difference between lakes and oceans, and suggested that viruses infecting phytoplankton may be more important in lakes. Molecular techniques (PCR & DGGE) were used to document spatial and temporal variations i
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Sigauke, Lester Takunda. "Structural studies on yeast eIF5A using biomolecular NMR and molecular dynamics." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017927.

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Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, eIF5A, is a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein that has been shown to influence the translation initiation of a specific subset of mRNAs. It is the only protein known to undergo hypusination in a two-step post translational modification process involving deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) enzymes. Hypusination has been shown to influence translation of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 nuclear export signals, while the involvement of active hypusinated eIF5A in induction of IRES mediated processes that initiate pro-apoptotic process have inspired studi
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Allshire, Robin Campbell. "Construction and analysis of vectors based on bovine papilloma virus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11176.

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Allison, Simon J. "Regulatory studies of the mammalian RNA polymerase III transcriptional apparatus." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343976.

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Muhire, Brejnev Muhizi. "The evolutionary impacts of secondary structures within genomes of eukaryote-infecting single-stranded DNA viruses." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16933.

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Includes bibliographical references<br>Secondary structures forming through base-pairing in virus genomes have been proven to regulate several processes during viral replication cycles, including genome replication, transcription, post-transcriptional activities, protein synthesis, genome packaging, generation of viral sub-genomes and evasion of host-cell immune responses. Although computational DNA/RNA folding methods based-on free energy minimisation approaches are capable of predicting structures that form within virus genomes, these methods are not entirely accurate. Notably, many of struc
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McAleer, Barry E. "Expression of mumps virus proteins in eukaryote vector systems." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263462.

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Barber, G. N. "Expression of the Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein gene in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and application in diagnostic assay systems." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235258.

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Kazemi, Shirin. "The role of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha phosphorylation pathway in translational control and virus-mediated oncongenesis /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103165.

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Two important steps of translation initiation include the recognition of the mRNA cap structure by eIF4E and the recycling of erF2. Each step is thought to be regulated independently through the interaction of eIF4E with 4E-BPs and the phosphorylation of the a subunit of eIF2 at serine 51. Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR inhibits protein synthesis in cells subjected to virus infection; therefore, most viruses have evolved mechanism to overcome the deleterious effects of PKR. The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoprotein contributes to virus-induced pathogenic
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Blanc, Antony. "Capture of eukaryotic mRNA cap structures by the coat protein of the yeast L-A dsRNA virus." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41540.

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The eukaryotic mRNA 5$ sp prime$ cap structure m$ sp7$GpppX (where X is any nucleotide) is of crucial importance in translation initiation and protects messenger RNAs (mRNAs) against exonucleolytic degradation. L-A and L-BC are double-stranded RNA viruses which are persistently maintained in the cytoplasm of many Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Unexpectedly, their coat proteins exhibited a strong cap-binding activity. Unlike any other cap-binding protein, the coat protein (gag) of the L-A virus was shown to attach covalently to the cap structure of mRNAs, resulting in the cleavage of the cap
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Books on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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1941-, Kelly Thomas J., and Stillman Bruce, eds. Eukaryotic DNA replication. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988.

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1937-, Koltin Yigal, and Leibowitz Michael J. 1945-, eds. Viruses of fungi and simple eukaryotes. M. Dekker, 1988.

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Yakov, Gluzman, Hughes Stephen H, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, eds. Viral vectors. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988.

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L, DePamphilis Melvin, ed. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996.

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D, O'Connor C., Smith D. G. E, and Society for General Microbiology, eds. Microbial subversion of host cells. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Money, Nicholas P. 5. Microbiology of human health and disease. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0005.

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Microbiological research has been dominated by studies on pathogenic organisms since the work of Louis Pasteur in the 19th century. Recent research suggests that populations of microbes that live in our digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts are as important to our wellbeing as the avoidance and treatment of infection. The average human comprises 40 trillion eukaryotic cells and an accompanying microbiome of 100 trillion bacteria, mostly in the gut, and one quadrillion viruses. In addition to bacteria and viruses, the microbiome contains archaea, plus fungi and other eukaryotic microo
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Vinod, Nikhra. COVID-19: Perspective, Patterns and Evolving strategies. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1003.

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The Global Virome: The viruses have a global distribution, phylogenetic diversity, and host specificity. They are obligate intracellular parasites with single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA genomes, and afflict bacteria, plants, animals, and human population. The infecting virus binds to receptor proteins on the host cell surface, followed by internalisation, replication, and cell lysis. Further, trans-species interactions of viruses with bacteria, small eukaryotes and host are linked with various zoonotic viral diseases and disease progression.
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Money, Nicholas P. 4. Viruses. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681686.003.0004.

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‘Viruses’ explains that millions of people die from interacting with viruses every year, but beyond the effects of viruses on human health, the lives of all organisms and the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere depend upon the activities of viruses. Viruses control populations of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes and this destructive power liberates massive quantities of nutrients in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Viruses are organized into seven groups based upon the type of genome and its mechanism of replication. Viral genomes are encoded in single-stranded and double-stranded D
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Biluk, Dr Evelyn J. Microbiology Study Guide: Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes and Viruses. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.

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Moriyama, Hiromitsu, Jiatao Xie, Ioly Kotta-Loizou, and Kook-Hyung Kim, eds. Mycoviruses and Related Viruses infecting Fungi, Lower Eukaryotes, Plants and Insects. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-068-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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Wilson, William H., and Michael J. Allen. "Viruses of Eukaryotic Algae." In Studies in Viral Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118025666.ch7.

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Van Etten, James L., Yuannan Xia, Kenneth E. Narva, and Russel H. Meints. "Chlorella Algal Viruses." In Extrachromosomal Elements in Lower Eukaryotes. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5251-8_26.

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Waltzek, Thomas B., Kuttichantran Subramaniam, and James K. Jancovich. "Ranavirus Taxonomy and Phylogeny." In Ranaviruses. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64973-8_2.

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AbstractThe phylum Nucleocytoviricota, known informally as the Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV), is a monophyletic assemblage of viruses that infect eukaryotes, ranging from single-celled organisms to humans, worldwide. The NCLDV phylum encompasses two classes (Megaviricetes, Pokkesviricetes), five orders (Pimascovirales, Imitervirales, Algavirales, Asfuvirales, Chitovirales), and 11 families, including the family Iridoviridae (https://ictv.global/). Members of the NCLDV group have some of the largest known viral genomes. For example, members of the family Mimiviridae have genomes t
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Adams, Roger L. P., John T. Knowler, and David P. Leader. "Genomes of eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses: chromosome organization." In The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2290-0_3.

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Koltin, Y. "Ustilago Maydis Virus-Encoded Killer System." In Extrachromosomal Elements in Lower Eukaryotes. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5251-8_19.

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Shadan, F. F., and Luis P. Villarreal. "The Evolution of Small DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes: Past and Present Considerations." In Molecular Evolution of Viruses — Past and Present. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1407-3_15.

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Heddad, Mounia, Johannes Engelken, and Iwona Adamska. "Light Stress Proteins in Viruses, Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Eukaryota." In Photosynthesis. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_14.

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Jones, Melissa K., Erin A. Almand, Anand Soorneedi, and Matthew D. Moore. "Eukaryotic Virus Interactions with Bacteria: Implications for Pathogenesis and Control." In The Biological Role of a Virus. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85395-2_10.

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Schuster, Frederick L., and T. H. Dunnebacke. "Virus-Like Particles in a Soil Ameboflagellate, Naegleria Gruberi." In Extrachromosomal Elements in Lower Eukaryotes. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5251-8_27.

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Georgopoulos, Denise E., Ernest M. Hannig, and Michael J. Leibowitz. "Sequence of the M1-2 Region of Killer Virus Double-Stranded RNA." In Extrachromosomal Elements in Lower Eukaryotes. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5251-8_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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Wang, Jianye, Kaixuan Zhu, Gang Zhao, and Dayong Gao. "Effect of Temperature and Cryoprotectant Solutes on Water Permeability of SF21 Cell Membrane." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14056.

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Insect cell as a host of viruses is extensively used for producing heterologous recombinant proteins. The eukaryotic proteins expressed by the insect cell is posttranslationally modified and harvested in a short period of time. The insect cell expression has been applied to both basic research and commercial applications. A large scale of proteins produced by the insect cell expression system are settled for researching the structure and function of the eukaryotic proteins, and the expression system integrated with routine biochemical techniques plays a significant role in diagnostic procedure
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Баранов, Д. Ю., С. В. Долгов, and В. Р. Тимербаев. "KNOCKOUT OF TOMATO TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR GENES USING CRISPR-CAS9 TECHNOLOGY." In Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2022.22.xxii.094.

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Фитопатогенные вирусы наносят значительный вред сельскохозяйственному производству. Несмотря на развитие технологий по сдерживанию вирусных болезней томата, включающих как методы классической селекции, так и биотехнологические методы, данные заболевания вызывают серьезные потери урожая по всему миру. Самовоспроизведение фитовирусов включает взаимодействие между вирусными компонентами и факторами растения-хозяина, поэтому мутации в соответствующих генах последних могут обеспечить резистентность к вирусной инфекции. В настоящее время, имеются данные, что белки комплекса эукариотического фактора
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Zhang, Wujie, Jianhua Rong, Qian Wang, and Xiaoming He. "Synthesis, Cellular Uptake, and Cytotoxicity of a Thermally Responsive Nanocapsule." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206872.

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Recently, polymeric nanoparticles have attracted tremendous interests as a useful tool to encapsulate therapeutic drugs, genes, and proteins for their controlled and sustained delivery. Among them, polymeric hydrogel nanoparticles with thermal and/or pH responsiveness have attracted particular attention [1]. Trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide of glucose, has been demonstrated to be a potent, nontoxic bioprotectant for stabilizing lipids, proteins, viruses, and blood cells at cryogenic and particularly, ambient temperatures (i.e., cryo and lyopreservation) [2]. However, intracellular delive
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Zadorozhny, A. M., S. V. Sharabrin, A. P. Rudometov, and L. I. Karpenko. "CONSTRUCTION OF A DNA TEMPLATE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MRNA ENCODING RBD OF THE S PROTEIN OF THE SARS-COV-2 OMICRON BA.2 VIRUS." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-77.

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The work is devoted to the construction of DNA templates for in vitro production of mRNAs encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the genetic variant Omicron BA.2. Three plasmids DNA templates were obtained that encode the RBD protein gene, but differ in that they carry different 5’UTRs and 3’UTRs. A variant of the DNA template was chosen, which provides the synthesis of mRNA-RBD most effectively expressed in eukaryotic cells.
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Dobrovolskaya, O. A., E. A. Elpaeva, and V. V. Vysochinskaya. "OBTAINING MRNA ENCODING HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS SUBTYPE H7N9 BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSLATION OF THE OBTAINED MRNA IN THE EUKARYOTIC CELL LINE A549." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-70.

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RNA-based vaccines are the newest promising alternative to traditional approaches to treat viral diseases. In this study, we obtained mRNA encoding the hemagglutinin of influenza A subtype H7N9 by in vitro transcription and evaluated the efficiency of its translation on the A549 cell line. It was shown that mRNA is efficiently delivered and translated in vitro and can be successfully used for further experiments in vivo.
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Reports on the topic "Eukaryotic viruses"

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Van Etten, J. L. Viruses of eukaryotic green algae; Progress report, June 20, 1990--July 1, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/145230.

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Van Etten, J. L. Viruses of eukaryotic green algae. Final technical report, June 1, 1989--February 1, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143650.

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Mawassi, Munir, and Valerian V. Dolja. Role of the viral AlkB homologs in RNA repair. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594396.bard.

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AlkB proteins that repair DNA via reversing methylation damage are conserved in a broad range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including plants. Surprisingly, AlkB-domains were discovered in the genomes of numerous plant positive-strand RNA viruses, majority of which belong to the family Flexiviridae. The major goal of this research was to reveal the AlkB functions in the viral infection cycle using a range of complementary genetic and biochemical approaches. Our hypotheses was that AlkB is required for efficient replication and genetic stability of viral RNA genomes The major objectives of the r
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Vakharia, Vikram, Shoshana Arad, Yonathan Zohar, Yacob Weinstein, Shamila Yusuff, and Arun Ammayappan. Development of Fish Edible Vaccines on the Yeast and Redmicroalgae Platforms. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699839.bard.

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Abstract:
Betanodaviruses are causative agents of viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a devastating disease of cultured marine fish worldwide. Betanodavirus (BTN) genome is composed of two single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecules. The larger genomic segment, RNA1 (3.1 kb), encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, while the smaller genomic segment, RNA 2 (1.4kb), encodes the coat protein. This structural protein is the host-protective antigen of VNN which assembles to form virus-like particles (VLPs). BTNs are classified into four genotypes, designated red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV),
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