Academic literature on the topic 'Eunicidae'

Eunicida have a complex jaw apparatus with a fossil record dating back to the latest Cambrian. Traditionally, Eunicidae, Onuphidae, and Lumbrineridae were considered closely related families having labidognath maxillae, whereas Oenonidae with prionognath type maxillae were thought to be derived. Molecular phylogenies place Oenonidae with Eunicidae/Onuphidae, and Lumbrineridae as the most basal taxon. Re-evaluation of the jaw types based on morphology and ontogeny demonstrated that the labidognaths Eunicidae and Onuphidae have a closer relationship to the prionognath Oenonidae than was previously thought. Lumbrineridae are neither labidognath nor prionognath; therefore a new type, Symmetrognatha, is proposed. Homologies of jaw elements and considerations of functional aspects of the jaw apparatus are explored to present a hypothesis of the Eunicida phylogeny. The earliest fossils are of placognath and ctenognath types, lacking maxillary carriers. While the former are extinct, the latter are represented by the extant Dorvilleidae. The interpretation of relationships between the carrier-bearing families depends on whether the carriers are thought to have evolved once only or twice independently. The similarity of the carrier structure and their associated muscles suggests the former, placing the Lumbrineridae as sister to Eunicidae/Onuphidae and Oenonidae. However, the ontogeny of the eunicid/onuphid apparatus as well as its adult structure differ greatly from those of lumbrinerids, indicating that the lumbrinerid carriers may have evolved independently and earlier than in eunicids/onuphids and oenonids.

In this study, we analyze the current state of knowledge on extant Eunicida systematics, morphology, feeding, life history, habitat, ecology, distribution patterns, local diversity and exploitation. Eunicida is an order of Errantia annelids characterized by the presence of ventral mandibles and dorsal maxillae in a ventral muscularized pharynx. The origin of Eunicida dates back to the late Cambrian, and the peaks of jaw morphology diversity and number of families are in the Ordovician. Species richness is heterogeneous among the seven recent families, with more than half of the valid species belonging to the Eunicidae + Onuphidae clade, one of the latest clades to diverge. Eunicidans inhabit soft and hard substrates from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. The few freshwater species are restricted to Histriobdellidae, a family exclusively commensal/parasite of crustaceans. The reproductive biology, development and ecology of most families are poorly known and the information available suggests low dispersal ability. However, all families have records of widely distributed species. Scrutiny of these wide distributions has often revealed the presence of exotic species or more than one species. The exploration of the deep-sea and of new habitats has led to recent descriptions of new species. Furthermore, the revision of type specimens, the examination of new morphological features and the use of molecular data have revealed hidden biodiversity under unjustified synonyms, poor understanding of morphological features and incomplete descriptions. Molecular studies are still very few or nonexistent for the families Histriobdellidae, Hartmaniellidae, Lumbrineridae and Oenonidae. The integration of new methodologies for morphological and molecular study, along with information on biological and ecological traits appears to be the path to improve the knowledge on the diversity of Eunicida.

ABSTRACT. Introduction: The polychaete fauna inhabiting Chinchorro Bank has been poorly studied and only 35 species have been previously reported. Objective: To examine the taxonomic composition of the Eunicida and Amphinomida associated to dead coral substrates from this coral reef atoll, a Biosphere Reserve located in the southern Mexican Caribbean. Methods: In April 2008, dead coral fragments of the genus Porites were manually collected by SCUBA diving at eight stations between 4-16.2 m depth. Results: A total of 714 individuals belonging to 17 genera and 48 species of the families Amphinomidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Oenonidae and Onuphidae were identified. Eunicidae was clearly the more diverse (29 species; 60.4 %) and abundant family (479 individuals; 67.1 %), while the Oenonidae and Onuphidae were represented by only one individual-species each. Thirty-eight species (79.2 %) were new records for Chinchorro Bank, of which 23 species (47.9 %) were newly reported for the Western Caribbean ecoregion. Conclusions: The polychaete fauna recorded showed that the Chinchorro Bank reef is a species-rich habitat that deserves further study; the 48 species from six families identified were similar or even greater than the number of species reported from dead coral environments of other Caribbean Sea regions.

Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae), M. bulla n. sp. and M. maxidenticulata n. sp., are described from the northern coast of China with comments on the usefulness of pectinate chaetae to separate species. A redescription of Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936 originally described from China is given. The genus Marphysa is widely collected for bait for recreational fishermen and anglers in China and is also exported to Australia and Japan, yet the number of species involved or their native distribution are currently unknown. It is critical that aquaculture programs know which species they are attempting to breed and their native distributional ranges. A key to all described species of Marphysa from China, including two new species described in this paper is given.

AbstractThe present study is the first attempt to describe beta-diversity patterns in polychaetes of the Caribbean Sea, analysing depth changes in species composition of the Eunicida and Amphinomida inhabiting dead coral in Chinchorro Bank, southern Mexican Caribbean. In April 2008, dead coral fragments were collected by scuba diving in eight stations along two bathymetric gradients (4–9 m and 7–16.2 m depth); 755 individuals from 53 species of the families Amphinomidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Oenonidae and Onuphidae were identified. The highest number of species (32) and individuals (514) were found in the family Eunicidae. The Northern transect harboured 36 species, on average 18.75 ind. L−1, which decreased linearly with depth; the Central transect had 43 species, on average 19.01 ind. L−1, which increased at middle depths. The species inhabiting both these zones were moderately different (βsor = 0.603): 49.06% of the fauna occurred on both transects, but the components of beta-diversity, turnover and nestedness, displayed distinct patterns: in the Northern one replacement was the dominant factor (βsim = 0.3–1; βnes = 0–0.091), practically representing all faunal differences (βsor = 0.391–1); in the Central, dissimilarity due to nestedness increased (βnes = 0.031–0.829), mainly at the shallowest stations, but from 5 m depth, beta-diversity was almost completely explained by species replacement (βsim = 0.417–0.5; βnes = 0.031–0.318). Faunal differences were mostly related to higher abundances of Lysidice caribensis, Eunice goodei and Lumbrineris floridana in the Northern zone, and Lumbrineris perkinsi, Nicidion obtusa, Lysidice caribensis, Lumbrineris floridana, Lysidice unicornis and Eunice mutilata in the Central zone.

A new species of the Marphysa sanguinea group, M. iloiloensis n. sp. (Annelida: Eunicida: Eunicidae), is described from the Marine Annelids Hatchery of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC- AQD), Iloilo Province, Philippines. It represents the first record of this group in the Philippines. The new species is most similar morphologically to M. hongkongensa Wang, Zhang & Qiu, 2018, but can be distinguished from it by having fewer branchial filaments, a pair of faint eyes (absent in M. hongkongensa), and in slight differences in jaw morphology and chaetation. The embryos of the new species develop inside a jelly cocoon attached to the entrance of the adult burrow; this is the first time that egg-containing cocoons have been found in any species of the sanguinea-group. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed that Marphysa iloiloensis n. sp. is genetically distinct from all other analysed Marphysa species and forms a sister group to M. hongkongensa. A revised identification key to members of the sanguinea-group in Southeast Asia is provided.

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Em estudos anteriores sobre o gênero Eunice, a maioria dos espécimes examinados estava incompleta. O que acarreta problemas na taxonomia do gênero, um grande número de caracteres indetermináveis nas análises cladísticas e resultados inconclusivos. Nesse estudo, espécimes completos de 23 espécies de Eunice foram examinados e uma análise cladística realizada, com o objetivo de definir grupos monofiléticos dentro do gênero Eunice que pudessem ser usados na divisão desse em "novos" gêneros, já que em uma análise anterior esse foi demonstrado ser parafilético. Alguns dos caracteres codificados foram usados pela primeira vez, a maioria características do aparelho bucal. Eunice sensu lato foi dividido em três clados e os gêneros Marphysa, Lysidice e Palola inseridos dentro dele. Uma característica comum ao presente resultado, aos preliminares e ao de um estudo anterior é a constante separação das espécies Eunice aphroditois e Eunice antennata em clados diferentes. Um deles talvez corresponda ao antigo gênero Leodice, já que inclui E. antennata, sua espécie tipo. O clado que inclui E. aphroditois, espécie tipo do gênero Eunice, provavelmente poderá ser considerado como Eunice sensu stricto. O terceiro clado, possivelmente é resultado de uma subamostragem da diversidade das espécies do gênero e provavelmente não estará presente em futuras análises. Os grupos geralmente utilizados na divisão do gênero, baseados na distribuição branquial, cor e dentição dos ganchos subaciculares, resultaram como parafiléticos.
Most specimens examined in previous studies of the genus Eunice have been incomplete. This lead problems in the taxonomy of the genus, large amount of missing characters in cladistic analyses and inconclusive results. ln this study, complete specimens of 23 species of Eunice were examined and a cladistic analysis was performed. The purpose was to define monophyletic groups within Eunice that could be used to divide this genus into "new" genera, since it has been shown to be paraphyletic in a previous analysis. Some of the coded characters were used for the first time, most of them features of the buccal apparatus. Eunice sensu lato was divided in three clades, and the genera Marphysa, Lysidice and Palola fell inside it. A common feature to the present, preliminary and former results was the placement of Eunice antennata and Eunice aphroditois in clades apart. Perhaps one corresponds to the old genus Leodice, since it includes E. antennata, its type species. The clade including E. aphroditois, type species of the genus Eunice, may be considered as Eunice sensu stricto. The third group, which may be the result of a misrepresentation of the diversity of species, will most probably turn out to be invalid in future analyses. The groups usually used to subdivide the genus Eunice, based on the color and dentition of the subacicular hooks and branchial distribution, were shown to be paraphyletic.

碩士
國立中興大學
生命科學系所
101
Eunicids (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) are common and large polychaetes in tropical coral reef, and they are identified as one of species that cause bioerosion. Because the taxonomic research on this polychaetous group in Taiwan is limited, the purpose of the present study is to reveal the species diversity of eunicids in Taiwan. In this taxonomic study, eunicid specimens collected from coastal intertidal, shallow subtidal and deep-sea waters of Taiwan were identified by examining morphologic characters on anterior part of body, branchiae, parapodia, setae and maxillae. As the result, fifteen species were identified, with nine species from intertidal and shallow waters and 6 species from deep-sea habitats. Among species collected from former habitats, four species are new records for Taiwan, and five species are not known to science. Of six species collected from latter habitats, three species are recroded for the first time for Taiwan, with three species are not known to science. These eunicids can be separated preferentially to specific group on the basis of the presence of branchiae or compound spinigers, followed by the color and teeth number of subacicular and branchial distribution pattern to find the corresponding groups, and then using the presence of articulations on antennae, palps and peristomial cirri for species identification. On the process, other characters such as length of antennae, palps and peristomial cirri, the first present setiger number of branchiae and subacicular hooks, variation of branchial filament number, and morphologic features of pectinate setae, compound falcigers and aciculae are considered helpful to species identification. For small specimens, individual differences in range of maximum branchiae filament number and the first present setiger number of subacicular hook are also useful characters to species identify. The present study provides preliminary taxonomic data on the genus Eunice from Taiwan.

In dieser Arbeit wurde die progenetische Evolution der Dinophilidae innerhalb der Eunicida („Polychaeta“, Annelida) sowie der Ursprung weiterer vermutlich progenetischer Arten des Euniciden-Taxons „Dorvilleidae“ (Parapodrilus psammophilus und Microdorvillea sp. n.) mit Hilfe molekularer Daten untersucht. Ein etwa 1800 bp langer Abschnitt der 18S-rDNA wurde erfolgreich von den in Tabelle 1 aufgeführten Arten (s. S. 5-7), mit Ausnahme von Ophryotrocha puerilis und Pusillotrocha akessoni, sequenziert. Von der 28S-rDNA wurde ein etwa 2250 bp langer Abschnitt von Trilobodrilus heideri, Protodorvillea kefersteinii, Eunice sp. und Hyalinoecia tubicola sequenziert. Von den folgenden Arten wurden 488 bzw. 482 bp der CO I bestimmt: Rheomorpha neiswestonovae, Trilobodrilus axi, Trilobodrilus heideri, Ophryotrocha gracilis, Ophryotrocha puerilis, Protodorvillea kefersteinii, Schistomeringos rudolphi, Eunice sp., Marphysa sanguinea, Lumbrineris funchalensis, Hyalinoecia tubicola, Potamodrilus fluviatilis und Sabella crassicornis. Zusätzliche Sequenzen der 18S-rDNA, der 28S-rDNA und der CO I wurden der Datenbank GenBank entnommen. Weitere Sequenzen der 28S-rDNA und der CO I wurden freundlicherweise von Frau Jördens zur Verfügung gestellt. Vor den phylogenetischen Analysen wurden Bereiche unterschiedlicher Variabilität definiert. Unterschiede zwischen den Substitutions-, Transitions-, Transversions- und allgemeinen Mutationsraten sowohl untereinander als auch zwischen den Variabilitätsbereichen sowie Sättigungen wurden ermittelt. Das phylogenetische Signal wurde mittels Likelihood Mapping verdeutlicht. Phylogenetische Analysen der einzelnen Gene sowie in Kombination der beiden nukleären ribosomalen Gene und aller drei Gene wurden durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die Parsimonie-, die ML- und die Bayes´sche Analyse parallel angewendet. Soweit möglich wurden Signifikanztests durchgeführt. Die zum einen die beiden Hypothesen der Monophylie der Eunicida mit und ohne Dinophilidae gegeneinander und zum anderen die beste Lösung gegen diese beiden Hypothesen und die Hypothese einer Monophylie der Taxa der ehemaligen „Archiannelida“ verglichen. Die Voruntersuchungen an den Datensätzen der einzelnen Gene zeigen bei den drei Genen deutliche Unterschiede der Substitutionsraten sowohl zwischen den einzelnen Variabilitätsbereichen als auch untereinander. Die Muster in den beiden Genen der 28S‑rDNA und der 18S-rDNA sind sich relativ ähnlich, allerdings ist die 28S‑rDNA variabler. Die CO I unterscheidet sich deutlich von den beiden anderen Genen in ihrem Muster und in ihrer Variabilität. Es wurde in allen drei Analysen Substitutionsmodelle gewählt die diese Unterschiede adäquat berücksichtigten. In der ML- und der Bayes´schen Analyse wurden die Modelle mittels dem Programm Modeltest bzw. MrModeltest bestimmt. In den Analysen der einzelnen Gene zeichnet sich die 18S-rDNA für diese Fragestellungen durch die beste Auflösung aus. Dieses ist auf die niedrige Variabilität sowie die große Anzahl an OTUs zurückzuführen. Die 28S-rDNA ist in der Auflösung wesentlich besser als die CO I und etwa so gut wie die 18S-rDNA. Die CO I alleine ist für Fragestellungen, die die Phylogenie der höheren taxonomischen Einheiten der Polychaeten betreffen, nicht geeignet. Die Kombination meherer Gene führte ebenfalls zu einer Verbesserung der Auflösung. Dabei wird die Auflösung mit steigender Zahl der Gene besser. Auch in diesen Analysen unterstützen die „posterior probabilities“ mehr Gruppen mit signifikanten Werten und sind immer höher als die BS-Werte. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung der besten Phylogenie der ML-Analyse als Startbaum in der Bayes´schen Analyse schneller und sicherer ins stabile optimale Gleichgewicht führt. Es wird daher empfohlen, diese Option wenigstens als Test für die Etablierung des stabilen optimalen Gleichgewichtes in zukünftigen Analysen zu verwenden. Die molekularen Daten lehnen eine nähere Verwandtschaft der Dinophilidae zu den Eunicida sowie zu den Taxa der ehemaligen „Archiannelida“ mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit, allerdings nicht signifikant, ab. Eine mögliche Verwandtschaft zu einem in die Analysen nicht eingegangenem Taxon der Eunicida kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, da die Monophylie der Eunicida nur in den Analysen aller drei Gene bestätigt wird. Ebenfalls kann eine nähere Verwandtschaft der Dinophilidae zu einem anderen Taxon der „Polychaeta“ nicht mit signifikanter Unterstützung nachgewiesen werden. Da weder die molekularen noch die morphologischen Daten zurzeit eine eindeutige systematische Einordnung der Dinophilidae innerhalb der „Polychaeta“ erlauben, sollten die Dinophilidae wieder als eigenständiges Taxon innerhalb der „Polychaeta“ geführt und keinem anderen Taxon zugeordnet werden. Der progenetische Urspung der Dinophilidae ist aufgrund morphologischer Untersuchungen gut belegt. Die enge Verwandtschaft sowohl von Parapodrilus psammophilus als auch Microdorvillea sp. n. zu großen kiefertragenden Dorvilleiden mit polytrochen Larven wird mit signifikanten Werten in allen Analysen unterstützt. Die molekularen Daten unterstützen somit die vermutete progenetische Evolution von wenigstens Parapodrilus psammophilus. Dadurch dass die Dinophilidae mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht in die „Dorvilleidae“ oder Eunicida eingeordnet werden können, ist auch die systematische Einordnung der Gattungen ohne muskulöses Pharynx-Organ (Apodotrocha und Apharyngtus) in die „Dorvilleidae“ nicht mehr mit eindeutiger Sicherheit gegeben. Sie wurden aufgrund der gleichen morphologischen Merkmale wie die Dinophilidae den „Dorvilleidae“ zu geordnet. Die molekular-phylogenetischen Analysen unterstützen nur in den kombinierten Analysen aller drei Gene die Monophylie der Eunicida. Dieser ist wahrscheinlich auf die „explosive Radiation“ dieses Taxons sowie der Taxa der Polychaeten im Allgemeinen zurückzuführen. Die nahe Verwandtschaft von Eunicidae und Onuphidae wird in allen Analysen, außer in denen mit der CO I, signifikant unterstützt. Die molekularen Daten unterstützen eine Monophylie der „Dorvilleidae“ nicht. Da der ctenognathe Kieferapparat der „Dorvilleidae“ sehr wahrscheinlich ein plesiomorphes Merkmal innerhalb der Eunicida ist, wird das Taxon auch morphologisch durch kein autapomorphes Merkmal charakterisiert. Die „Dorvilleidae“ sollten deshalb als parapyhletisch innerhalb der Eunicida betrachtet werden und mit Anführungsstrichen geführt werden. Die systematische Position der Histriobdellidae innerhalb der Eunicida kann basierend auf den Analysen der 18S-rDNA nicht eindeutig geklärt werden. Allerdings legt die Analyse, die eine Monophylie der Eunicida ohne Dinophilidae erzwingt, eine Verwandtschaft mit Ophryotrocha gracilis nahe. Zukünftige molekular-phylogenetische Analysen sowohl die Phylogenie der Annelida und im Besonderen der Eunicida als auch die systematische Einordnung der Dinophilidae betreffend sollten vor allem bei den Genen der 28S-rDNA und CO I noch mehr Taxa und Arten umfassen, um der geringen Auflösung der basalen Verzweigungen in allen Analysen und Problemen wie der „long branch attraction“ in zwei der Analysen mit der 28S-rDNA besser zu begegnen. Ferner sollte der Datensatz noch um andere Gene, wie zum Beispiel dem Elongationsfaktor 1a oder den Histonen, mit einer möglichst großen Zahl an Taxa erweitert werden.