Journal articles on the topic 'Euphrate, Vallée de l''

RésuméL’étude porte avant tout sur la vallée du Moyen-Euphrate au début du IIe millénaire avant notre ère, et se fonde sur la vaste documentation épistolaire et administrative retrouvée dans le palais royal de l’antique Mari (Tell Hariri): environ 20 000 tablettes cunéiformes (dialecte sémitique dit «vieux-babylonien»). À cette date, par tout le Proche-Orient, vient de s’installer la dernière vague de ceux que l’on appelait alors les «Occidentaux», c’est-à-dire les «Amorrites», venus du Pays de la Mer (Amurrum, l’ouest de la Syrie). Il s’agit de gens qui cessent pour une part de nomadiser, pour une autre continuent à parcourir des routes qui traversent le Proche-Orient et sont présentées comme immémoriales. La région de Mari est steppique. Sans irrigation dérivée de l’Euphrate, une sédentarisation n’est guère possible. La documentation est là cependant pour montrer la précarité et les limitations du système mis en place. Il est sain de constater, dans ce Proche-Orient ressenti souvent de façon trop monolithique, la diversité des terroirs et des traditions: face aux grandes monarchies hydrauliques de l’Est (Sud-Irak), les nomades mettent localement et petit à petit en place des structures qui furent ensuite considérablement agrandies et systématisées quand ces régions furent englobées dans de grands ensembles territoriaux (néo-assyriens puis islamiques).

AbstractLet $X={\mathcal{C}}_{0}(2{\it\pi})$ or $X=L_{1}[0,2{\it\pi}]$. Denote by ${\rm\Pi}_{n}$ the space of all trigonometric polynomials of degree less than or equal to $n$. The aim of this paper is to prove the minimality of the norm of de la Vallée Poussin’s operator in the set of generalised projections ${\mathcal{P}}_{{\rm\Pi}_{n}}(X,\,{\rm\Pi}_{2n-1})=\{P\in {\mathcal{L}}(X,{\rm\Pi}_{2n-1}):P|_{{\rm\Pi}_{n}}\equiv \text{id}\}$.

Tauberian theorem serves the purpose to recuperate Pringsheim’s convergence of a double sequence from its (C, 1, 1) summability under some additional conditions known as Tauberian conditions. In this article, we intend to introduce some Tauberian theorems for fuzzy number sequences by using the de la Vallée Poussin mean and double difference operator of order r . We prove that a bounded double sequence of fuzzy number which is Δ u r - convergent is ( C , 1 , 1 ) Δ u r - summable to the same fuzzy number L . We make an effort to develop some new slowly oscillating and Hardy-type Tauberian conditions in certain senses employing de la Vallée Poussin mean. We establish a connection between the Δ u r - Hardy type and Δ u r - slowly oscillating Tauberian condition. Finally by using these new slowly oscillating and Hardy-type Tauberian conditions, we explore some relations between ( C , 1 , 1 ) Δ u r - summable and Δ u r - convergent double fuzzy number sequences.

L’objectif de cette étude était de collecter, trier et étudier la diversité phénotypique des accessions de maïs de décrue sur la base de quelques variables sélectionnées, parmi les descripteurs du maïs. Cent soixante-deux (162) accessions de maïs de décrue collectées dans la haute et moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal ont été ainsi triées et évaluées au plan morphologique. Parmi ces 162 accessions, 64,81% sont collectées au niveau de la haute vallée et 35,19 % dans la moyenne vallée. En se basant sur trois caractères morphologiques du maïs, (couleurs des grains, texture des grains et couleur de la rafle), le tri de cette collection a montré une très grande variabilité en morphotypes (15), avec la dominance du morphotype Jaune-Corné-Blanc (J-C-B) dans la collection avec un effectif (85/162). Les morphotypes avérés très rares ne dépassent pas l’effectif 1 dans la collection. La caractérisation sur épis de ces morphotypes en fonction de certains caractères (poids de l’épi et le poids de 100 graines, longueur de l’épi,…), liés au rendement a montré une diversité phénotypique très importante. En effet, le poids de l’épi varie de 63,03g pour les morphotypes à petits épis à 290 g pour les morphotypes à gros épis de même que pour la longueur de l’épi qui varie de 10,5 cm à 26 cm. Cette diversité offre une grande possibilité de choix des géniteurs pour la création de variétés améliorées de maïs ayant un potentiel de rendement élevé et adaptées à différentes zones agro-écologiques de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to collect, sort and study the phenotypic diversity of flood recession maize accessions based on a few selected variables, among the maize descriptors. One hundred and sixty-two (162) flood recession maize accessions collected in the high and medium valley of the Senegal River were thus sorted and evaluated morphologically.Among these 162 accessions, 64.81% are collected in the upper valley and 35.18% in the middle valley. Based on three morphological characteristics of the maize (grain colors, texture and color of the stalk), the sorting of this collection showed a great variability in morphotypes (15), with the dominance of the morphotype Yellow-Corné-Blanc (JCB) in the collection with a strength (85/162). The morphotypes found to bevery rare do not exceed the number 1 in the collection. Characterization on the ears of these morphotypes according to some characteristics (weight of the ear and the weight of 100 g, length of the ear), related to the yield showed a very important phenotypic diversity. In fact, the weight of the ear varies from 63.03 g for short-eared morphotypes to 290 g for coarse-cut morphotypes as well as for spike length ranging from 10.5 cm to 26 cm. This diversity offers a great opportunity for brood stock selection for the creation of improved maize varieties with high yield potential and adapted to different agro-ecological zones of the Senegal River Valley.

Abstract Given a φ-function φ and k ∈ ℕ, we introduce and study the concept of (φ, k)-variation in the sense of Riesz of a real function on a compact interval. We show that a function u :[a, b] → ℝ has a bounded (φ, k)-variation if and only if u(k−1) is absolutely continuous on [a, b]and u(k) belongs to the Orlicz class L φ[a, b]. We also show that the space generated by this class of functions is a Banach space. Our approach simultaneously generalizes the concepts of the Riesz φ-variation, the de la Vallée Poussin second-variation and the Popoviciu kth variation.

Résumé La présente note est consacrée à la présentation d’un dictionnaire hagiographique, relatif aux saints de la vallée de Chélif, située dans le Maghreb central, à la fin du Moyen Âge, récemment publié en Algérie. Il s’agit de l’abrégé de Dībāǧat al-iftiḫār fī manāqib awliyāʾ Allāh al-aḫyār de Mūsā b. ʿĪsā l-Māzūnī (m. vers 833/1430), dont la seule copie manuscrite a fait l’objet de trois éditions entre 2015 et 2017. Sont traités l’identification de l’auteur, le titre de l’ouvrage, le contexte de composition et le contenu général. Des remarques critiques concernant les trois éditions sont également rapportées dans cette note.

In this contribution the diode pumped high-power Er:ZBLAN laser operating at around 2.8 µm is reported. The laser produces 2 W output power with the slope efficiency of 24 % measured with respect to the incident pump power. Full Text: PDF ReferencesS. D. Jackson, "Towards high-power mid-infrared emission from a fibre laser", Nature Photonics 6, 423 (2012). CrossRef V. Portosi, D. Laneve, C. M. Falconi, and F. Prudenzano, "Advances on Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensors and Applications", Sensors 19, (2019). CrossRef M. C. Falconi, D. Laneve, and F. Prudenzano, "Advances in Mid-IR Fiber Lasers: Tellurite, Fluoride and Chalcogenide", Fibers 5, 23 (2017). CrossRef M. Michalska, P. Grześ, J. Świderski, "High power, 100 W-class, thulium-doped all-fiber lasers", Phot. Lett. Poland, 11, 109 (2019). CrossRef Y. O. Aydin, V. Fortin, R. Vallée, and M. Bernier, "Towards power scaling of 2.8 μm fiber lasers", Opt. Lett. 43, 4542 (2018). CrossRef S. Crawford, D. D. Hudson, and S. D. Jackson, "High-Power Broadly Tunable 3- μm Fiber Laser for the Measurement of Optical Fiber Loss", IEEE Photonics Journal 7, 1 (2015). CrossRef V. Fortin, F. Jobin, M. Larose, M. Bernier, and R. Vallée, "10-W-level monolithic dysprosium-doped fiber laser at 3.24 μm", Opt. Lett. 44, 491 (2019). CrossRef L. Sójka, et al., "Experimental Investigation of Mid-Infrared Laser Action From Dy3+ Doped Fluorozirconate Fiber", IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 30, 1083 (2018). CrossRef M. Pollnan and S. D. Jackson, "Erbium 3 /spl mu/m fiber lasers", IEEE J. Sel. Top. in Quantum Electron., 7, 30 (2001). CrossRef Y. O. Aydin, F. Maes, V. Fortin, S. T. Bah, R. Vallée, and M. Bernier, "Endcapping of high-power 3 µm fiber lasers", Opt. Express 27, 20659 (2019). CrossRef C. A. Schäfer, "Fluoride-fiber-based side-pump coupler for high-power fiber lasers at 2.8 μm", et al., Opt. Lett. 43, 2340 (2018). CrossRef O. Henderson-Sapir, J. Munch, and D. J. Ottaway, "New energy-transfer upconversion process in Er3+:ZBLAN mid-infrared fiber lasers", Opt. Express 24, 6869 (2016). CrossRef F. Maes, V. Fortin, S. Poulain, M. Poulain, J.-Y. Carrée, M. Bernier, and R. Vallée, "Room-temperature fiber laser at 3.92 μm", Optica 5, 761 (2018). CrossRef R. I. Woodward, M. R. Majewski, D. D. Hudson, and S. D. Jackson, "Swept-wavelength mid-infrared fiber laser for real-time ammonia gas sensing", APL Photonics 4, 020801 (2019). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, et al., "Near-IR and mid-IR luminescence and energy transfer in fluoroindate glasses co-doped with Er3+/Tm3+", Opt. Mater. Express 9, 4772 (2019). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, et al., "Sensitization of Ho3+ - doped fluoroindate glasses for near and mid-infrared emission", Optical Materials 101, 109707 (2020). CrossRef J. Wang, X. Zhu, M. Mollaee, J. Zong, and N. Peyhambarian, "Efficient energy transfer from Er3+ to Ho3+ and Dy3+ in ZBLAN glass", Opt. Express 28, 5189 (2020). CrossRef M. C. Falconi, D. Laneve, V. Portosi, S. Taccheo, and F. Prudenzano, "Design of a Multi-Wavelength Fiber Laser Based on Tm:Er:Yb:Ho Co-Doped Germanate Glass", J Lightwave Technol 1 (2020). CrossRef K. Anders, A. Jusza, P. Komorowski, P. Andrejuk, and R. Piramidowicz, "Short wavelength up-converted emission studies in Er3+ and Yb3+ doped ZBLAN glasses", J. Lumin. 201, 427 (2018). CrossRef P. Komorowski ,K. Anders ,U. Zdulska,R. Piramidowicz R. "Erbium doped ZBLAN fiber laser operating in the visible - feasibility study", Photonics Lett Pol 9, 85 (2017). CrossRef J. Swiderski, M. Michalska, and P. Grzes, "Broadband and top-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with 3.52 W time-averaged power in a ZBLAN fiber directly pumped by a 2-µm mode-locked fiber laser and amplifier", Applied Physics B 124, 152 (2018). CrossRef V. Fortin, M. Bernier, S. T. Bah, and R. Vallée, "30 W fluoride glass all-fiber laser at 2.94 μm", Opt. Lett. 40, 2882 (2015). CrossRef

The present work aimedto establish a morphological characterization of 10 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars sampled from farmers of OuedRigh valley. The study wasbased on the evaluation of 20 agro-morphological parameters of which 14 are quantitative and 6 qualitative.Principal components analysis (ACP) of the results suggested interdependence of evaluated parameters and showedsignificant differences amongcultivars. The study revealed eight highly significant correlations, including four positive and four negative. The cultivars of the Blidet Amorregion, Bouhnik"BA1"and Mahjoubi "BA3",and the cultivar of the Nezla region, Boucetta "N4" expressed the best values for the number of tillers, the length of the seed and the weight of 1000 seeds.

Résumé Les mouvements de versant constituent un risque naturel majeur dans les Alpes du sud où la nature du terrain et le climat sont particulièrement favorables à leur développement. Ils représentent également une source importante de sédiments pour les cours d'eau. L'objectif de cet article est de dater, au moyen de l'analyse dendrochronologique, les mouvements ayant affecté deux versants instables d'un même bassin hydrologique. Les réponses de 41 pins sylvestres ( Pinus sylvestris L.) aux micro-mouvements du versant de Ravel-et-Ferriers montrent que le glissement de terrain de janvier 1994 est le résultat d'une forte instabilité existant depuis la fin des années 1980, mais surtout la conséquence d'une évolution à long terme du versant (huit périodes d'instabilité depuis le début du siècle). L'étude de la mortalité de 35 pins sylvestres et de 47 sapins pectinés ( Abies alba Mill.) partiellement enfouis retrace la chronologie de la formation d'un lac de barrage sous l'influence des différentes coulées boueuses de Bonneval-en-Diois. Les liens étroits entre ces événements et certaines situations pluviométriques exceptionnelles ont été utilisés afin de dater avec exactitude les mouvements récents. L'analyse dendrochronologique a donc permis de déterminer l'appartenance typologique des deux glissements, et de connaître les épisodes actifs de rechargement sédimentaire des cours d'eau associés aux sites. Les processus de fossilisation décrits à Bonneval-en-Diois montrent d'ailleurs des analogies avec les conditions régnant dans les Alpes du sud au début de l'Holocène où une partie des épais remblaiements des vallées creusées dans les formations marneuses serait à attribuer à des mouvements de masse localisés.

Deir Khouna est un petit hameau situé sur le versant septentrional de la vallée du Nahr Metn, juste en contrebas du bourg de Ras el-Matn (Fig. I). D'après Ibrahim al-Assouad, il comportait au début du XXe siècle 100 habitants grecs-orthodoxes2, essentiellement de la famille Abou Rjeilé3. L'huile d'olive constituait alors la principale production. Progressivement dépeuplé par ses habitants, il fut entièrement saccagé au tout début de la guerre civile du Liban en 19754. La chapelle Saint-Élie, qui domine les quelques habitations du village, avait subi le même sort quant à son mobilier intérieur (Fig. 2). Son mur de chevet est étonnement tourné vers le nord-est, alors que généralement les églises sont bien orientées, avec une marge d'erreur négligeables. Sa structure extérieure, presque intacte, présente un aspect massif (L : II, 50 m, I : 7,85 m), sans aucun élément saillant, semblable en tout point aux nombreuses chapelles rurales de la montagne libanaise. Elle s'en distingue cependant par son plan intérieur qui offe une disposition assez caractéristique pour un petit groupe de chapelles, formant ainsi un type à part. Dans la majorité des cas en effet, I 'espace intérieur de ces édifices mononefs est formé de deux travées voûtées d'arêtes, portées par trois paires de piliers, quatre placés aux angles et les deux autres au milieu des murs latéraux

-Barbara Watson Andaya, Susan Blackburn, Love, sex and power; Women in Southeast Asia. Clayton VIC: Monash Asia Institute, 2001, iv + 144 pp. [Monash papers on Southeast Asia 55.] -Kathryn Gay Anderson, Juliette Koning ,Women and households in Indonesia; Cultural notions and social practices. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 354 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian studies, studies in Asian topics 27.], Marleen Nolten, Janet Rodenburg (eds) -Greg Bankoff, Takeshi Kawanaka, Power in a Philippine city. Chiba: Institute of developing economies, 2002, 118 pp. [IDE Occasional papers series 38.] -René van den Berg, John Lynch ,The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002, xvii + 924 pp., Malcolm Ross, Terry Crowley (eds) -H.J.M. Claessen, Douglas Oliver, Polynesia in early historic times. Honolulu: Bess Press, 2002, 305 pp. -Harold Crouch, Andrew Rosser, The politics of economic liberalisation in Indonesia; State, market and power. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002, xv + 232 pp. -Hans Hägerdal, Arend de Roever, De jacht op sandelhout; De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2002, 383 pp. -Fiona Harris, Lorraine V. Aragon ,Structuralism's transformations; Order and revision in Indonesian and Malaysian societies; Paper written in honor of Clark E. Cunningham. Tempe AZ: Arizona State University Press, 1999, lxii + 402 pp., Susan D. Russell (eds) -David Henley, Christiaan Heersink, Dependence on green gold: A socio-economic history of the Indonesian coconut island Selayar. Leiden: KITlV Press, 1999, xviii + 371 pp. [Verhandelingen 184.] -David Hicks, James T. Siegel ,Southeast Asia over three generations; Essays presented to Benedict R.O'G. Anderson 2003, 398 pp. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Southeast Asia program. [Studies on Southeast Asia 36.], Audrey R. Kahin (eds) -Janny de Jong, L. de Jong, The collapse of a colonial society; The Dutch in Indonesia during the second world war. With an introduction by Jeroen Kemperman. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2002, 570 pp. [Verhandelingen 206.] -Gerry van Klinken, Grayson Lloyd ,Indonesia today; Challenges of history. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2001, 359 pp., Shannon Smith (eds) -Johanna van Reenen, Frédéric Durand, Timor Lorosa'e, pays au carrefour de l'Asie et du Pacifique; Un atlas géo-historique. Marne-la-Vallée: Presses Universitaires de Marne-la-Vallée, 2002, 208 pp. -William R. Roff, Mona Abaza, Debates on Islam and knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt; Shifting worlds. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, xix + 304 pp. -Mariëtte van Selm, Chr. van Fraassen ,G.E. Rumphius, De Ambonse eilanden onder de VOC, zoals opgetekend in 'De Ambonse landbeschrijving'. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Educatie Molukkers, 2002, 254 pp., H. Straver (eds) -K. Thirumaran, Prema-Chandra Athukorala, Crisis and recovery in Malaysia; The role of capital controls. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2001, xii + 159 pp. -K. Thirumaran, John Hilley, Malaysia; Mahathirism, hegemony and the new opposition. London: Zed books, 2001, xiii + 305 pp. -Reina van der Wiel, Damien Kingsbury ,Foreign devils and other journalists. Clayton VIC: Monash Asia Institute, 2000, vi + 277 pp. [Monash papers on Southeast Asia 52.], Eric Loo, Patricia Payne (eds) -Jennifer Fraser, Philip Yampolsky, Music of Indonesia. Washington DC: Smithsonian Folkways recordings, 1991-2000, 20 compact discs plus a CD of selections from the series, Discover Indonesia. All with accompanying booklets. -Robert Wessing, Nicola Tannenbaum ,Founders' cults in Southeast Asia; Ancestors, polity, and identity. New Haven CT: Yale University Southeast Asian studies, 2003, xi + 373 pp. [Yale Southeast Asia studies Monograph 52.], Cornelia Ann Kammerer (eds) -Robert Wessing, Henri Chambert-Loir ,The potent dead; Ancestors, saints and heroes in contemporary Indonesia. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, xxvi + 243 pp. [Southeast Asia publications series.], Anthony Reid (eds)

O Dossiê “Rios e Cidades” resulta dos trabalhos apresentados em maio de 2014 na quarta versão do Seminário ItineranteFranco-Brasileiro Rios e Cidades na História do Brasil: rio São Franciscoorganizado e ilustrado a partir do rio São Francisco e das cidades-beira Remanso, Pilão Arcado, Juazeiro, Petrolina e Paulo Afonso. Sua forma itinerante se inspira na tradição excursionista trazida ao Brasil pelos geógrafos franceses nos anos 1930 para coletar dados sobre os gêneros de vida, as paisagens, a fauna, a flora etc.. Cremos que ao elegermos questões representadas pelo espaço dos rios e das cidades em nossas itinerâncias expressamos a importância crescente que esta abordagem vem assumindo nos meios acadêmicos que tratam dessas análises sob a ótica da história social e ambiental.A realização desta versão do itinerante, no interior dos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco, região nordeste do Brasil, nos ajudou a repensar e potencializar a produção do conhecimento. Naquele momento experiências das pesquisas foram compartilhadas com colegas de outras instituições no/do Brasil e no/do exterior (França, Portugal e Estados Unidos) ajudando a construir a qualidade e excelência na formação acadêmica humanizada. Nossa proposta foi fazer deste evento um ponto de convergência entre pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros, pois cremos nas trocas que adquirem sentido na conjuntura intelectual e em pesquisas que possibilitem reflexões conjuntas e ocasião para o debate face ao tema operacionalmente circunscrito. A missão do IV Seminário itinerante Franco-brasileiro Rios e Cidades na História do Brasil: rio São Francisco foi refletir sobre a multiplicidade das formas de surgimento das cidades e do urbano nas regiões de fronteira do Brasil.Os rios e cidades são, de fato, objetos de reflexão a revelar saberes específicos, políticos, literários, poéticos, ecológicos, ambientais e históricos como também, objetos de produção de imagens a interligarem sentidos ao urbano. Refletir sobre um curso fluvial é sempre uma excelente circunstância. Entre outros motivos está a inter-relação da água que flui o espaço vivido. Os rios escrevem grandes histórias com seu transcorrer pela terra. É a coerência da paisagem a qual se ordena, se vincula e se converte em vivacidade. São caminhos que andam. São estradas líquidas fluídas. São meios para germinar a vida. São também obstáculos. São pontes do entendimento.O espaço geográfico percebido e vivido torna-se um espaço social, se integra à comunidade e passa a fazer parte de uma experiência. O conceito mediador que podemos escolher para dialogar com a natureza é aquele criado pelo indivíduo em seu processo histórico, possuindo desta forma a sua inserção sócio-cultural no tempo e no espaço. Trata-se, portanto, de se ler a história humana na paisagem. Em termos bem simples, “trata do papel e do lugar da natureza na vida humana”, como disse Donald Woster (1991) ao falar da História Ambiental. Em nossas itinerâncias apresentamos resultados de estudos sobre rios e cidades observando a paisagem e as relações humanas com a natureza e, principalmente as relações dadas pela água no intuito de dar a conhecer a história social e ambiental dessas longas “beiras”. Já a paisagem é mesmo uma leitura indissociável da pessoa que contempla o espaço considerado. É maneira de ler e de analisar o espaço, de representá-lo, de esquematizá-lo para oferecê-lo à apreciação estética, de carregá-lo de significações e emoções como bem disse Alain Corbin. A poética também surge da/na contemplação da paisagem quando simpatizamos com o espetáculo das águas. De acordo com Bachelard (2002, p.22) “certas formas nascidas das águas têm mais atrativos, mais insistência, mais consistência...”. Lembrando que tanto a Geografia quanto a História são também poéticas do mundo e para que esta força poética não entenebreça sensualmente, a poética do rio aqui se abrirá compondo este Dossiê.Nossa trama neste dossiê por um lado acompanhará as águas frescas e limpas, violentas e barrentas dos rios. Por outro versará sobre cidades, pois a convergência de caminhos líquidos têm se enlevado como primeiro fator do desenvolvimento urbano. Contudo cada autor fará das correntes sua livre queda d’água apresentando suas ideias e reflexões.A Labor & Engenho apresenta neste número — o L&E, v.9, n.2, 2015 — um total de 8 (oito) artigos, sendo 7 (sete) selecionados para compor o “Dossiê Rios e Cidades”, antecedidos por 1 (um) que compõe o “Dossiê Eletromemória: Paisagem e História”, finalizando-o.Trata-se do trabalho de Giorgia Limnios; Edson Alves Filho e Sueli Angelo Furlan intitulado “Poluição e geração de energia: implicações ambientais em Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas do estado de São Paulo”, em que os autores discorrem sobre a atual situação de escassez hídrica no território paulista, o risco iminente de desabastecimento das principais áreas urbanas, a problemática da preservação dos recursos hídricos, e também questões relacionadas à segurança energética, abrindo para as reflexões sobre a necessária integração entre as cidades e seus rios.Hervé Théry em “Retour dans la vallée du Rio São Francisco”, um retorno feito por ocasião do seminário itinerante, percebeu um paradoxo do vale do rio São Francisco que para ele não mudou muito, portanto traz aqui uma reflexão em que a história de sua ocupação ainda reflete, em parte, sua situação atual, ou seja, o rio São Francisco é o sertão.Zanoni Neves em “Vapor “Benjamim Guimarães: Patrimônio dos ribeirinhos do São Francisco” demonstra como o Vapor Benjamim, que desde 1985, por sua importância histórica, integra a lista de bens tombados como patrimônio do estado de Minas Gerais participou do “mercado de bens inalienáveis”.Alan Kardec Gomes Pachêco Filho reflete sobre o rio Grajaú, sua navegação e importância para a circulação de pessoas e mercadorias no Maranhão a partir de fragmentos de memória dos vareiros. Lembra que esses trabalhadores do rio, além de empurrarem embarcações com varas, cheias de mercadorias, ora a favor ora contra a correnteza do rio, compartilharam experiências em dois ambientes muito distintos: o litoral e o sertão.Leandro Mendes Rocha e Maria de Fátima Oliveira procuram compreender as transformações que vêm se processando na região de Imperatriz [MA] e Porto Nacional [TO], que faz parte da bacia do rio Tocantins analisando o contexto histórico no qual ela está inserida.Leila Mourão Miranda em “Cidades, Águas e Ilhas no Estuário Amazônico” busca recuperar memórias e histórias dos processos de interação entre sociedades, águas e insularidades das cidades estuarinas amazônicas, com foco especial na Região Metropolitana de Belém [PA].Marcelo Silva de Souza Ribeiro em “Infâncias do Semiárido lançando olhares” traz discussões, a partir de um panorama cultural, sócio-histórico e ambiental do lugar/tempo chamado, hoje, de Semiárido nordestino brasileiro.Jadson Luís Rebelo Porto e Ivo Marcos Theis em “Circuitos da Economia na fronteira amapaense: um híbrido de subsistemas para a sua reorganização espacial” discutem a formatação do circuito econômico da fronteira Amapá — Guiana Francesa a partir das recentes ações econômicas ali estabelecidas, proporcionando novos usos da fronteira e do seu território.Questões eminentemente transdisciplinares compõem um quadro complexo envolvendo múltiplas escalas de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, proporcionando uma inteligente e necessária integração do conhecimento em áreas afins como Engenharia, Geografia e Urbanismo por uma imprescindível História Ambiental.Esperamos tenham todos uma excelente leitura. Gercinair Silvério Gandara & Laurent VidalUniversidade Estadual de Goiás / Université de La Rochelle

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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1 RÉSUMÉ Le travail a pour objectif de déterminer les combinaisons d'élément nutritif N, P et K optimal pour améliorer la productivité et la rentabilité du riz et du blé dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Des expérimentations ont été conduites au niveau des stations expérimentales du Centre Na-tional de Recherche Agronomique et de Développement Agricole (CNRADA) de la Mauritanie à Sylla dans la région du Gorgol et à Dara Salam dans la région du Trarza. Des parcelles com-paratives ont été mises en place pendant les saisons 2016-2017 et 2017-2018 dans un dispositif expérimental en bloc de Fisher pour mesurer les effets de différents apports de fertilisation mi-nérale sur la performance du riz et du blé. Un calendrier cultural visant à faire trois saisons de cultures par an a été établie avec deux saisons de riz et une saison de blé. Les résultats montrent que pour le riz, si l’application de N est nécessaire pour augmenter la production de chaque saison, ce n’est probablement pas le cas pour P et K. Par exemple, les applications saisonnières de N (chaque saison de culture) et des applications annuelles (une saison par an) de P et de K pourraient être une option pour améliorer la gestion des engrais, la production et rentabilité du riz. Par contre la culture du blé nécessite l’application saisonnière de N, P et K pour optimiser la production. ABSTRACT The objective of the work is to determine the optimal N, P and K nutrient combinations to im-prove the productivity and profitability of rice and wheat in the Senegal River Valley. Experi-ments were conducted at the experimental stations of the Center for Agronomic Research and Agricultural Development (CNRADA) of Mauritania at Sylla in the Gorgol region and at Dara in the region of Trarza. Comparative plots were set up during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 sea-sons to measure the effects of different mineral fertilizer inputs on the performance of rice and wheat. A crop calendar for three growing seasons per year has been established with two sea-sons of rice and one season of wheat. The results show that for rice, if the application of N is necessary to increase the production of each season, this is probably not the case for P and K. For example, the seasonal applications of N (each growing season) and annual applications (one season per year) of P and K could be an option to improve fertilizer management, rice production and profitability. On the other hand, wheat cultivation requires the seasonal appli-cation of N, P and K to optimize production.

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