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Academic literature on the topic 'Euphrates River Valley'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Euphrates River Valley"

1

Russell, H. F. "The Historical Geography of the Euphrates and Habur According to the Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Sources." Iraq 47 (1985): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900006744.

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The importance of control of the valleys of the Habur and Euphrates rivers to the Assyrians can hardly be over-estimated. The two river valleys are major routes from N. Syria and S.E. Turkey to southern Assyria and to Babylonia.In the Neo-Assyrian period, control of the valley of the River Habur was won early, as the Assyrian armies marched westwards across N. Mesopotamia. Control of the Euphrates, between the confluence of the Habur and the Babylonian border, followed soon after.We are particularly well-informed about the geography of the Habur and the Euphrates, below the confluence with the Habur, during the reigns of Adad-nerari II, Tukulti-Ninurta II and Aššurnaṣirpal II. Texts from the reigns of these three kings describe campaigns along the banks of these rivers and list each night's halting-place. These are usually described as “itineraries”. (Such texts are exceptionally rare from ancient Mesopotamia. Besides these three passages in the Assyrian annals, only two other lengthy, well-preserved itineraries in cuneiform have come down to us.) 2 Other, conventional passages from the Annals of Aššurnaṣirpal II are a valuable supplement to these texts.

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2

Dornemann, Rudolph H. "Salvage Excavations at Tell Hadidi in the Euphrates River Valley." Biblical Archaeologist 48, no. 1 (March 1985): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3209947.

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3

Ökse, A. Tuba. "Ancient mountain routes connecting central Anatolia to the upper Euphrates region." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008486.

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AbstractField surveys carried out within the upper Kızılırmak region have shown that the natural route-ways passing through the area have connected central Anatolia to eastern Anatolia throughout the ages. The route from north-central Anatolia reaches the Kızılırmak river by passing through the plains of Çekerek, Yıldızeli and Yıldız. The Kızılırmak river can be crossed on horseback where the road ends. A second route connects south-central Anatolia to Sivas by passing through the plains of Gemerek and Şarkışla, and leads to eastern Anatolia by passing through the Kızılırmak valley after Sivas. A third route reaches Altınyayla by passing through the Kızılırmak valley, the Şarkışla plain and reaches the plain of Malatya by travelling through a pass of the Kulmaç mountains running along the Balıklıtohma valley. A fourth route connects Sivas with Malatya via Taşlıdere, Ulaş, Kangal and Alacahan. Fieldwork has shown that these routes have been almost continuously used since the middle of the third millennium BC.

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4

Ali, Huda. "Euglenoids in Haqlan Springs and Euphrates River at Hadithah City, Western Iraq." Biological and Applied Environmental Research 5, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51304/baer.2021.5.1.114.

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The present study aimed to investigate the species of euglenoid algae in the Euphrates river and Haqlan valley springs at Al-Anbar province, Western Iraq. Samples were collected in October 2019 from two sites in the study area. Some environmental parameters measured were water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, sulphate, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrate and phosphate. Fifty-four species of the euglenoids belonging to six genera were encountered, one belonged to Monomorphina, two belonged to Colacium, 19 to Euglena, 10 to Trachelomonas, seven to Lepocinclis and 15 to Phacus. Thirteen species were new records in Iraq. Ten species were recorded in two sites. Most of the euglenoids found in this study occurred in Haqlan springs and were represented by 40 species in comparison to 24 species in the Euphrates river.

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5

Porter, Anne. "Communities in Conflict: Death and the Contest for Social Order in the Euphrates River Valley." Near Eastern Archaeology 65, no. 3 (September 2002): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210881.

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6

Braemer, Frank. "Edgar Peltenburg (dir.), Euphrates River Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC." Syria, no. 87 (November 1, 2010): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.748.

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7

Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.

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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.

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8

Katipoğlu, Okan Mert, and İbrahim Can. "Determining the lengths of dry periods in annual and monthly stream flows using runs analysis at Karasu River, in Turkey." Water Supply 18, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.203.

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Abstract Drought analysis is a vital component of water resources planning and management for dam and hydroelectric power plant (HPP) construction, reservoir operation and flood control. In this study, stochastic models were developed to estimate the monthly and annual flows of the Karasu River in the upper section of the Euphrates River valley. A time series model of flows was established based on the Box–Jenkins methodology. An autoregressive (AR) model was selected as the most suitable model. One hundred synthetic series, having the same length as the historical series (40 years), were produced using the AR model. It was also possible to control whether or not the generated time series maintained the statistical characteristics (mean and standard deviation) of the historical time series. After applying specified threshold levels (q = 0.5; q = 0.3; q = 0.1), the historic and synthetic flow series were subjected to runs analysis. Dry period lengths (run sum and run length) of historic and synthetic flow series were determined. Future droughts are estimated using maximum dry period lengths.

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9

Ur, Jason. "Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC, Levant Supplementary Series, Volume 5. Edited by Edgar Peltenburg." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 359 (August 2010): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor25741830.

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10

Nicolle, Christophe. "Paola Sconzo, Pottery and Potmarks at an Early Urban Settlement of the Middle Euphrates River Valley, Syria. Final Reports of the Syrian-German Excavations at Tell el ‘Abd II." Syria, no. 91 (June 1, 2014): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.2334.

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Books on the topic "Euphrates River Valley"

1

The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. New York: F. Watts, 1999.

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2

Schlosser, Nicholas J. The battle for Al-Qaim and the campaign to secure the western Euphrates river valley. [Washington, DC]: History Division, United States Marine Corps, 2013.

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3

D'agostino, Anacleto, Valentina Orsi, and Giulia Torri, eds. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-904-7.

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This book contains studies on the symbolic significance of the landscape for the communities inhabiting the central Anatolian plateau and the Upper Euphrates and Tigris valleys in the 2nd-1st millennia BC. Some of the scholars who attended to the international conference Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians held in Florence in February 2014, present here contributions on the religious, symbolic and social landscapes of Anatolia between the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Archaeologists, hittitologists and historians highlight how the ancient populations perceived many elements of the environment, like mountains, rivers and rocks, but also atmospheric agents, and natural phenomena as essential part of their religious and ideological world. Analysing landscapes, architectures and topographies built by the Anatolian communities in the second and first millennia BC, the framework of a symbolic construction intended for specific actions and practices clearly emerges.

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4

Thesiger, Wilfred. The Marsh Arabs. New York: Penguin Group USA, Inc., 2009.

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5

Whitcraft, Melissa. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Watts Library). Franklin Watts, 1999.

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6

Whitcraft, Melissa. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Watts Library). Franklin Watts, 2000.

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7

J, Peltenburg E., ed. Euphrates River valley settlement: The Carchemish sector in the third millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books ; Oakville, CT, 2007.

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8

Husain, Faisal H. Rivers of the Sultan. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547274.001.0001.

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Rivers of the Sultan offers a history of the Ottoman Empire’s management of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the early modern period. During the early sixteenth century, a radical political realignment in West Asia placed the reins of the Tigris and Euphrates in the hands of Istanbul. The political unification of the longest rivers in West Asia allowed the Ottoman state to rebalance the natural resource disparity along its eastern frontier. It regularly organized the shipment of grain, metal, and timber from upstream areas of surplus in Anatolia and the Jazira to downstream areas of need in Iraq. This imperial system of waterborne communication, the book argues, created heavily militarized fortresses that anchored the Ottoman presence in Iraq, enabling Istanbul to hold in check foreign and domestic challenges to its authority and to exploit the organic wealth of the Tigris-Euphrates alluvium. From the end of the seventeenth century, the convergence of natural and human disasters transformed the Ottoman Empire’s relationship with its twin rivers. A trend toward provincial autonomy ensued that would localize the Ottoman management of the Tigris and Euphrates and shift its command post from Istanbul to the provinces. By placing a river system at the center of analysis, this book reveals intimate bonds between valley and mountain, water and power in the early modern world.

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9

Paul, Sanlaville, and Besançon J, eds. Holocene settlement in north Syria: Résultats de deux prospections archéologiques effectuées dans la région du nahr Sajour et sur le haut Euphrate syrien. Oxford, England: B.A.R., 1985.

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10

Sanlaville, Paul, and J. Besancon. Holocene Settlement in North Syria (British Archaeological Reports (BAR)). British Archaeological Reports, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Euphrates River Valley"

1

Huntington, Ellsworth. "4. The Valley of the Upper Euphrates River and Its People." In Geography Toward History, 48–58. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463213633-007.

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2

Bianchi, Thomas S. "Early Human Civilizations and River Deltas." In Deltas and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764174.003.0006.

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For millennia, humans have been dependent upon rivers and their resources for food, transport, and irrigation, and by mid-Holocene times (about 5,000 years ago), humans harnessed hydraulic power that in part contributed to the rise of civilization. It is generally accepted that the earliest civilizations to develop such linkages with irrigation and cultivation of crops arose in the Old World, in Mesopotamia and the Levant, the Indus Valley, and the Central Kingdom, associated with, respectively, the Tigris, Jordan, Euphrates, and Nile; the Indus; and the Huang He (Yellow) and Changjiang (Yangtze) rivers—and, of course, their associated deltas. In this chapter, I examine the role of selected coastal deltas that were important in the development of these early Old World civilizations, and how those people began to alter the shape and character of the highly productive and constantly changing deltaic environments. Before we begin, however, I need to provide some basic definitions. First, I use the definition of civilization provided by Hassan, “a phenomenon of large societies with highly differentiated sectors of activities interrelated in a complex network of exchanges and obligations.” Second, I use the definition of delta presented by Overeem, Syvitski, and Hutton, “a discrete shoreline protuberance formed where a river enters an ocean or lake, … a broadly lobate shape in plain view narrowing in the direction of the feeding river, and a significant proportion of the deposit … derived from the river”. Although I will at times discuss linkages between development of human settlements and river reaches upstream from the coastal delta, my primary focus in this chapter is on coastal deltaic regions, in particular those of the Nile, Indus, Yellow, and Yangtze rivers, which provide the best examples for linkages between relatively recent early human populations and coastal deltas. I will address other deltas later in the book. My rationale for beginning this book with a discussion of the relationship between Old World civilizations and deltas is that this long- term interaction has been so dramatically altered over the past few millennia— essentially, it is a good relationship “gone bad.”

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3

Fant, Clyde E., and Mitchell G. Reddish. "Colossae." In A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139174.003.0030.

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At one time a thriving city in the fertile valley of the Lycus River, the city of Colossae is almost forgotten today. If not for its significance to the Bible, the site of ancient Colossae, now only an unexcavated mound, would be visited very seldom. Colossae was situated near the Lycus River (today the Aksu Çay), the chief tributary of the Meander River. Located in the Phrygian region of Asia Minor, the city was approximately 120 miles east of Ephesus. During the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E. Colossae was a large and prosperous city. At that time the leading city of the Lycus Valley, Colossae was eventually eclipsed in importance during the Hellenistic and Roman periods by the neighboring cities of Laodicea and Hierapolis. The textile industry flourished in the Lycus Valley, particularly because of goods made from the exceptionally fine wool produced in the area. Colossae was well known for its purple-colored wool. The economic prosperity of the city was also due to its being located on the main trade route from the Aegean coast to the Euphrates. Like Laodicea and Hierapolis, Colossae likely was damaged by the severe earthquake that struck the Lycus Valley in 60 C.E. By the 9th century the site was abandoned, its remaining inhabitants having moved to the nearby town of Chonae (modern Honaz). To reach the ruins of ancient Colossae, take highway 320 east from Denizli toward Dinar. Approximately 12 miles from Denizli, turn right onto the road for Honaz. After traveling approximately 4 miles, turn left. The site of ancient Colossae, a low hill in a field, is about 6 miles on the right. The ancient city of Colossae is remembered today primarily because one of the letters in the New Testament is addressed to “the saints and faithful brothers and sisters in Christ in Colossae” (Col 1:2). Aside from this one reference, the city of Colossae does not appear in the New Testament. The Letter to the Colossians claims to be a letter from the Apostle Paul, although its authorship is sometimes attributed to an anonymous disciple of Paul’s who wrote in the name of Paul.

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4

Fant, Clyde E., and Mitchell G. Reddish. "Laodicea." In A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195139174.003.0036.

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Ancient Laodicea, once a thriving city, now lies in ruins, awaiting a more thorough excavation than it has so far received. Overshadowed by the more spectacular nearby site of Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Laodicea receives the occasional busload of tourists who stop to view the remains of this city that the book of Revelation imagined as having boasted, “I am rich, I have prospered, and I need nothing” (3:17). Laodicea is south of the modern village of Goncalï and north of the village of Eskihisar. The site is located on a plateau between two small rivers that are tributaries of the Lycus River. The Asopus River runs along the western part of the ancient city, while the Caprus River runs along the east. To visit the site, take the road from Denizli that leads to Pamukkale. Two different roads from the Denizli-Pamukkale highway lead to Laodicea, both of which are on the left and marked with a sign indicating the way to Laodicea. Laodicea is situated 10 miles from Colossae and 6 miles from Hierapolis. This area was a part of the region of Phrygia, although it was sometimes considered a part of Lydia or Caria. Pliny the Elder claims that Laodicea was built on the site of an earlier settlement known as Diospolis and later as Rhoas (Natural History 5.105). Because of its location near the Lycus River, the city was known as Laodicea ad Lycum in order to differentiate it from several other cities named Laodicea. Of particular importance to the commercial success of the city was its position at the junction of two roads—one that ran from the Aegean coast near Ephesus through the Meander River valley and on to the Euphrates, and another that ran from Pergamum to Sardis and then to Perga and Attalia (modern Antalya). Antiochus II, the Seleucid king (r. 261–246 B.C.E.), founded the city during the middle of the 3rd century B.C.E. He named the city in honor of his wife Laodice, whom he later divorced. After the Romans, with the aid of the Pergamene kingdom, defeated Antiochus III at Magnesia in 189 B.C.E., Laodicea came under the control of Pergamum.

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5

Barker, Graeme. "The ‘Hearth of Domestication’? Transitions to Farming in South-West Asia." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0009.

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The principal focus of this chapter is the classic zone of early farming research from the 1960s onwards, the so-called ‘hilly flanks of the Fertile Crescent’ in South-West Asia (Fig. 4.1). This region is normally defined as the arc of hill country to the west of the Syrian desert and to the north and east of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. The western side of the arc begins east of the Nile in the Sinai and the Gulf of Arabah on the southern border of Israel and Jordan; it continues northwards as the hill country on either side of the Jordan rift valley in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, western Jordan, and western Syria (the so-called ‘Levantine corridor’); and extends westwards to the Mediterranean littoral. The northern sector is formed by the Taurus mountains along the southern edge of the Anatolian plateau, which curve eastwards from the Mediterranean coast in northern Syria to form the present-day Syrian–Turkish border. The eastern sector consists of the Zagros mountains, running south-eastwards from eastern Turkey and north-west Iran to the Persian Gulf, forming the Iraq–Iran border for most of their length, and continuing in south-west Iran beyond the Persian Gulf towards the Straits of Hormuz. The region also embraces adjacent zones: the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the vast tracts of steppe and desert country separating them from the Levantine, Taurus, and Zagros upland systems; the Anatolian plateau to the north of the Taurus, within modern Turkey; and the Iranian plateau east of the Zagros, within modern Iran. The archaeological literature commonly uses the term Near East to describe the main region of interest, with the Levant for its western side (a term also used in this chapter), and South-West Asia for the eastern side, but the entire region is more correctly termed South-West Asia. The upland areas of the region mostly receive more than 200 millimetres of rainfall a year, which is the minimum required for growing cereals without irrigation. Rainfall decreases drastically moving out into the steppe and desert zones.

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