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PHANGURHA, JOSH. "Winter predation of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara by the Eurasian kestrel Falco tinnunculus in Britain." Herpetological Bulletin, no. 165 (September 1, 2023): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hb165.4142.
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Auster, Roger Edward, Alan Puttock, and Richard Brazier. "Unravelling perceptions of Eurasian beaver reintroduction in Great Britain." Area 52, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/area.12576.
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Izdebska, Joanna N., Karolina Cierocka, Leszek Rolbiecki, Paulina Kozina, and Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska. "Demodex melesinus (Acariformes: Demodecidae) – the forgotten European badger parasite, rediscovered after 100 years." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0078.
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Abstract Among 15 demodecid mite species (Acariformes: Demodecidae) recorded from carnivorans Carnivora, 3 species were described from mustelids Mustelidae. They are known only from single records, for which Demodex erminae has been described from the stoat Mustela erminea from Great Britain and New Zealand, D. melesinus from the European badger Meles meles known solely from Great Britain and D. lutrae discovered in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra from Poland. The current record confirms the existence of D. melesinus, in badger from Poland, after close to one hundred years from its original description, as well as the first detection of the male for this species.
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Lehner, Rolf Dieter. "Auschwitz as the Symbol of Mutual Guilt before Jewish People: 75 Years After." Beacon: Journal for Studying Ideologies and Mental Dimensions 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 010410261. http://dx.doi.org/10.55269/thebeacon.4.010410261.
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At the ceremony dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Auschwitz liberation held in Yad Vashem Holocaust Commemoration Centre, Jerusalem, no complete truth about the Holocaust and Israeli state necessity, based on investigation of anti-Semitic crimes, was disclosed by any of Eurasian leaders. A careful examination of the Holocaust and foundation of the Israeli state shows that not only Germany and Nazi committed high and atrocious military and civil crimes against the Jewish people. The total Eurasian attitude towards the Jews was highly negative just before, during and after World War II. Soviet Union and Great Britain contributed most to the deferral of the Israeli state foundation. If the war had lasted longer and had ended in 1947 instead of 1945, there would not have been a single Jew in Eurasia because of mutual Eurasian aggression towards the Jewish people. Now, 75 years after, it is high time we revealed the importance of the Israeli state for Eurasian Jews and demythologize Eurasian “help” to the victims of Holocaust.
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Farnell, Damian J. J., Chern Khor, Wayne Nishio Ayre, Zoe Doyle, and Elizabeth A. Chadwick. "Initial Investigations of the Cranial Size and Shape of Adult Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) in Great Britain." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6100106.
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Three-dimensional (3D) surface scans were carried out in order to determine the shapes of the upper sections of (skeletal) crania of adult Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) from Great Britain. Landmark points were placed on these shapes using a graphical user interface (GUI) and distance measurements (i.e., the length, height, and width of the crania) were found by using the landmark points. Male otters had significantly larger skulls than females (P < 0.001). Differences in size also occurred by geographical area in Great Britain (P < 0.05). Multilevel Principal Components Analysis (mPCA) indicated that sex and geographical area explained 31.1% and 9.6% of shape variation in “unscaled” shape data and that they explained 17.2% and 9.7% of variation in “scaled” data. The first mode of variation at level 1 (sex) correctly reflected size changes between males and females for “unscaled” shape data. Modes at level 2 (geographical area) also showed possible changes in size and shape. Clustering by sex and geographical area was observed in standardized component scores. Such clustering in a cranial shape by geographical area might reflect genetic differences in otter populations in Great Britain, although other potentially confounding factors (e.g., population age-structure, diet, etc.) might also drive regional differences. This work provides a successful first test of the effectiveness of 3D surface scans and multivariate methods, such as mPCA, to study the cranial morphology of otters.
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HALLEY, Duncan J. "Sourcing Eurasian beaver Castor fiber stock for reintroductions in Great Britain and Western Europe." Mammal Review 41, no. 1 (October 15, 2010): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00167.x.
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Manshin, R. V. "Social-demographic processes in the EAEU: Notes on the scientific events in Kyrgyzstan." RUDN Journal of Sociology 22, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-4-990-994.
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On April 22-23, 2022, the Yeltsin Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University in Bishkek (Republic of Kyrgyzstan) hosted the International Scientific Forum “World Science and Contemporary Challenges in the Era of Globalization and Digital Transformation”. Prominent scientists from Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Great Britain, Turkey, Serbia and Singapore made presentations to discuss various economic, social-demographic and environmental questions, the solution of which can ensure the sustainable development of the countries of the Eurasian economic integration.
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Girling, Simon J., Gidona Goodman, Paul Burr, Romain Pizzi, Adam Naylor, Georgina Cole, Donna Brown, et al. "Evidence of Leptospira species and their significance during reintroduction of Eurasian beavers (Castorfiber) to Great Britain." Veterinary Record 185, no. 15 (August 29, 2019): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105429.
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The Scottish Beaver Trial (SBT) reintroduced the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in 2009 using wild-caught Norwegian beavers. This included a six-month prerelease quarantine in Devon, England. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and government guidelines for health screening were followed, including testing for Leptospira species. Unlicensed beavers, from Germany, were also identified in Scotland (Tayside) and Devon (later forming the River Otter Beaver Trial (ROBT)) and were health-screened under licence. Due to positive Leptospira species results and lack of prerelease screening in ROBT and Tayside, beavers from Germany and Norway (range sources) were screened. One hundred and fifty-six samples from 151 beavers were analysed by Leptospira species quantitative PCR (qPCR) (n=73 kidney (postmortem)/urine samples (antemortem)) or microscopic agglutination test (MAT, Leptospira pools 1–6) (n=83 serum samples). No beavers from Norway (95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 0–5.6 per cent, n=52), Tayside or SBT postrelease (95 per cent CI 0–4.6 per cent, n=63) tested positive. Seven beavers from Germany and Devon were positive. This gives an overall 9.3 per cent (95 per cent CI 5.2-15.1 per cent) exposure level, of which 4.6 per cent (95 per cent CI 1.9-9.3 per cent) suggested infection on a positive qPCR (n=1) or MAT titre of at least 1/400 (n=6), although none had abnormal physical, biochemical or haematological changes. This study suggests that Leptospira species infection in wild Eurasian beavers occurs at a low level, has no sex bias and does not appear to cause significant morbidity or mortality.
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Поветкина, Наталья, Natalya Povetkina, Семен Янкевич, and Semen Yankevich. "CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL STABILITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES: LEGAL ASPECT." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 4 (October 29, 2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14309.
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This article is the research of the legal nature of the concept of “financial stability” with respect to the financial (public) relations. The paper comprises analyzes of the legal regulation of the concept at the international level — in the program documents of the United Nations and at the supranational level — in the treaties of the Member States of the European Union, the treaty of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union and the decisions of the Eurasian Economic Commission. The article presents a description of the concept of “financial stability”, provided for in the legislation of Great Britain, the USA, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Sweden. The authors note that the concept of “financial stability” in the legislation of foreign countries has universal meaning: absence of instability of the financial system of the country, measures to prevent financial crises and minimization of their negative effects.
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Caplow, Theodore. "The Political Geometry of the Gulf War." Tocqueville Review 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.13.1.201.
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In the course of World War II, the seven great powers of 1939 – Germany, the Soviet Union. Britain. France, Italy, Japan and the United States – were temporarily reduced to two. each commanding awesome strength, and each posing a realistic threat of world domination. The huge forces of the Soviet Union at the edge of western Europe were positioned to move all the way to the Atlantic, thus achieving the control of the Eurasian heartland that, according to geopolitical doctrine, would confer world domination. There were fifth columns prepared to assist them within most European and Asiatic nations.
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Parker, C. D., R. M. Irvine, M. J. Slomka, T. Pavlidis, U. Hesterberg, S. Essen, B. Cox, et al. "Outbreak of Eurasian lineage H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in November 2007." Veterinary Record 175, no. 11 (July 2, 2014): 282.1–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.102350.
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Delahay, Richard, and Kai Frölich. "Absence of Antibodies Against Canine Distemper Virus in Free-ranging Populations of the Eurasian Badger in Great Britain." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, no. 3 (July 2000): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.576.
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Rose, Lloyd, and James Bonthron. "Predation on a Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) by a Barred Grass Snake (Natrix helvetica) in Great Britain." Reptiles & Amphibians 31, no. 1 (February 23, 2024): e21688. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v31i1.21688.
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Simpson, V. R., A. J. Tomlinson, and F. M. Molenaar. "Prevalence, distribution and pathological significance of the bile fluke Pseudamphistomum truncatum in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in Great Britain." Veterinary Record 164, no. 13 (March 28, 2009): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.13.397.
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Chamberlain, D. E., and G. M. Siriwardena. "The effects of agricultural intensification on Skylarks(Alauda arvensis): Evidence from monitoring studies in Great Britain." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-007.
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Declines in a number of farmland bird species in northern Europe have been linked to agricultural intensification. In this paper, we review the evidence for the effects of agricultural intensification on farmland bird populations using monitoring studies on a single well-studied species, the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis). Between 1970 and 1998, the Skylark population declined by 44% and this decline was greatest on farmland compared to upland or coastal habitats, yet during that time, reproductive performance per individual nesting attempt improved significantly. Skylarks consistently prefer relatively sparse (spring cereals) or structurally complex (fallow "set-aside"') crops, particularly late in the breeding season when crops that are too tall or dense are abandoned. Outside the breeding season, cereal stubble is the most preferred foraging habitat. Intensification has been characterized by decreases in preferred crops (spring cereals and cereal stubble) and an increase in unfavourable habitats (winter cereals, oilseed rape, and intensively managed or grazed grass). Reduction in the number of breeding attempts due to rapid sward development of winter cereals and the lack of suitable alternative habitats is likely to have been an important factor in the Skylark decline. The decline may also have been driven by decreases in survival outside the breeding season. Management regimes that include spring cereals, cereal stubble, and low-intensity grazing are likely to increase Skylark abundance and will benefit a number of other farmland birds. This review highlights the great value of large-scale monitoring schemes in understanding population declines. However, the factors affecting the post-fledging survival of Skylarks and the effects of crop diversity on Skylark abundance remain to be resolved. Key words: agricultural management, cereals, habitat diversity, intensification, population trend, reproductive performance.
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Guardone, Lisa, Valentina Virginia Ebani, Ranieri Verin, Simona Nardoni, Antonio Consolazione, Malcolm Bennett, and Francesca Mancianti. "Molecular Detection of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens in Eurasian Badgers (Meles meles) from the United Kingdom." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030446.
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Arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) are of increasing interest in veterinary and public health. Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) are known to harbor a wide range of pathogens, but information on their role as ABD reservoirs and their potential epidemiological relevance is limited. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of arthropod-borne pathogens, specifically piroplasmids and the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis and Bartonella spp., in badgers from Great Britain (GB). Blood and heart samples from 18 badgers were examined using PCR and sequencing. A neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogram was also produced. Nine animals tested positive for Babesia sp., while none of the samples was positive for the investigated bacteria. The sequences obtained clustered with other sequences of Babesia sp. from badgers from GB and elsewhere, including China, Hungary, Spain and Italy, showing a widespread distribution of this parasite in badgers. Badger-associated Babesia DNA was also found recently in a wild cat in Bosnia Herzegovina, in a wolf in Italy and in dogs in Hungary. Further investigations are needed to understand the epidemiology of this putative pathogen and its impact on the health of wild and domestic carnivores.
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Boggiatto, Paola M., Carly R. Kanipe, Ellie J. Putz, Steven C. Olsen, and Mitchell V. Palmer. "Wildlife Immune Responses to Mycobacterium bovis and to Bacille of Calmette–Guerin." Journal of Immunology 211, no. 8 (October 15, 2023): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2300323.
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Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic bacterial disease presenting public health, veterinary, and economic threats around the globe. Although cattle producers rely on regular testing and management practices to minimize domestic herd exposure, wildlife species around the world continue to be the main reservoirs for disease. Wildlife reservoirs for bTB include the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in Great Britain and Ireland, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Spain, as well as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain. Although all reservoir species share the ability to infect cattle, they differ in transmission capability, disease pathogenesis, diagnostic detection, and vaccination strategies. In this review, bTB interactions with these wildlife reservoirs are discussed, illustrating the need to address bTB disease in wildlife hosts to achieve eradication in domestic livestock.
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KAO, R. R., and M. G. ROBERTS. "A comparison of wildlife control and cattle vaccination as methods for the control of bovine tuberculosis." Epidemiology and Infection 122, no. 3 (June 1999): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002472.
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The Australian brushtail possum is the major source of infection for new cases of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in New Zealand. Using hypothetical values for the cost of putative cattle and possum Tb vaccines, the relative efforts required to eradicate Tb in cattle using possum culling, possum vaccination or cattle vaccination are compared. For realistic assumed costs for 1080 poison bait, possum culling is found to be a cost-effective strategy compared to cattle vaccination if the required control area is below 13 ha per cattle herd, while possum vaccination is cost-effective for control areas of less than 3 ha per herd. Examination of other considerations such as the possible roles of possum migration and heterogeneities in possum population density suggest that each control strategy may be superior under different field conditions. Finally, the roles of the possum in New Zealand, and the Eurasian badger in Great Britain and Ireland in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to cattle are compared.
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AVCI, Halil Ersin. "Pawns of Empire: Unraveling the Role of Dashnaktsutyun in British Geopolitical Strategy (1890-1922)." International Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 33 (January 12, 2024): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.8.33.04.
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This paper examines the instrumental role of Dashnaktsutyun, also known as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, in the geopolitical strategies of the British Empire during the early 20th century. Initially emerging as a nationalist movement within the Ottoman Empire, Dashnaktsutyun was co-opted by external powers, particularly Britain, to serve broader imperial interests in the Eurasian region. The study delves into the organization’s activities in the Ottoman, Russian, and Iranian territories, highlighting how its operations, under the guise of Armenian nationalism, were significantly influenced by British geopolitical objectives. The paper also explores the complex interplay between nationalist movements and international power politics, particularly in the context of the Great Game between the British and Russian Empires. A critical analysis of Dashnaktsutyun’s role during key historical events, such as the Soviet invasion of Armenia in 1920, reveals a prioritization of foreign directives over national resistance, impacting the trajectory of Armenian history and reflecting the broader dynamics of early 20th-century imperialism. This study serves as a cautionary tale of how nationalist movements can be redirected by external influences, often at the expense of their foundational principles and the welfare of their people. Keywords: Dashnaktsutyun, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, British Geopolitical Strategy, Armenian Nationalism, Imperialism, Soviet Invasion of Armenia, Great Game, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turanism
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Iskakov, I. Zh. "Some Aspects of the Evolution of Political Elites in the Countries of Eurasia." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2023-01-98-109.
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The second decade of the XXI century in the Eurasian space was marked by new socio-economic and political developments. Significant changes have taken place in the political landscape of Eurasia. They were largely due to the fact that the political processes in which the Eurasian states that appeared on the map of Eurasia after the collapse of the USSR began to change their character. New political actors have entered the arena of political activity, gradually replacing people from the former party nomenclature. The political elite was now formed not from graduates of the Soviet higher school, but mainly from those who received education in higher educational institutions of Great Britain, Germany, China, the USA, Turkey, France, Japan, etc. The consequence was the reorientation of such politicians, political scientists, administrative workers from the traditional values of Euro-Asian peoples to liberal pseudo-traditions characteristic of for the realities of transatlantic states (“hedonism for the body and narcissism for the soul”).Researchers note the generational change of political figures taking place in Central Asia today, the change in the composition of political elites, their positions in relation to neighboring countries and states that they consider as investors and allies. In the conditions of the SVO in Ukraine and the ongoing sanctions pressure on Russia, Russophobic sentiments have significantly increased both among the ruling circles and among ordinary residents of the Eurasian states. The media are especially trying to emphasize and develop this. The article provides examples of recent events in a number of EAEU countries and neighboring Eurasian states. Attention is drawn to the need for a wider dissemination of historical information about political and other events of modern and modern times in the Great Steppe. The effectiveness of the application of the principles and methods of economic, political, and cultural interaction of various state entities accumulated over the centuries in the heart of Eurasia is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the effectiveness of using education as a means of soft power to ensure the sustainable development of the states of the region. The prospects for the change of political generations, the need for “rejuvenation” of political elites are briefly described.Aim. To highlight significant aspects and perspectives of the evolution of political elites in Central Asian countries.Tasks. To introduce into scientific circulation the results of a comparative analysis of the formation and activity of political elites of new state formations in Eurasia at the present stage.Methods. Comparative-analytical method, systematic approach, transdisciplinary approach.Results. The changes in the political landscape of Eurasia and their impact on the activities of the political elites of the Central Asian countries are characterized. New elements of the state of the regional integration process are highlighted. The results of the use of education as a means of soft power in the change of political generations in the states of the region are shown.Conclusions. In modern conditions, a significant factor in the formation of a new political landscape on the Eurasian continent is the emergence of new centers of power and the change of political generations of the ruling ones. It is necessary to expand the use of historical experience in the implementation of vocational education to include young people in the management system in the Eurasian states.
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Russo, Luca Francesco, Carlo Meloro, Mara De Silvestri, Elizabeth A. Chadwick, and Anna Loy. "Better sturdy or slender? Eurasian otter skull plasticity in response to feeding ecology." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): e0274893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274893.
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Otters are semi-aquatic mammals specialized in feeding on aquatic prey. The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra is the most widely distributed otter species. Despite a low degree of genetic variation across its European range, the population from Great Britain exhibits distinct genetic structuring. We examined 43 skulls of adult Eurasian otters belonging to 18 sampling localities and three genetic clusters (Shetlands, Wales and Scotland). For each sample location, information regarding climate was described using bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, and information on otter diet was extracted from the literature. By using photogrammetry, 3D models were obtained for each skull. To explore any evidence of adaptive divergence within these areas we used a three dimensional geometric morphometric approach to test differences in skull size and shape between areas with genetically distinct populations, as well as the influence of diet, isolation by distance and climate. Males were significantly larger in skull size than females across all the three genetic clusters. Skull shape, but not size, appeared to differ significantly among genetic clusters, with otters from Shetland exhibiting wider zygomatic arches and longer snouts compared to otters from Wales, whereas otters from Scotland displayed intermediate traits. A significant relationship could also be found between skull shape variation, diet as well as climate. Specifically, otters feeding on freshwater fish had more slender and short-snouted skulls compared to otters feeding mostly on marine fish. Individuals living along the coast are characterised by a mixed feeding regime based on marine fish and crustaceans and their skull showed an intermediate shape. Coastal and island otters also had larger orbits and eyes more oriented toward the ground, a larger nasal cavity, and a larger distance between postorbital processes and zygomatic arch. These functional traits could also represent an adaptation to favour the duration and depth of diving, while the slender skull of freshwater feeding otters could improve the hydrodynamics.
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Vakhitov, Rustem R. "Russia – Turkey relations in the XIXth – first half of the XXth century. Peacefulness of conservatism and conflictogenity of liberalism." Civilization studies review 5, no. 1 (2023): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2713-1483-2023-5-1-90-113.
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This article is dedicated to the Russia-Turkey relations from the first half of the XIXth to the first half of XXth century (including Russian Empire, RSFSR, USSR and Ottoman Empire, Turkish Republic). During this time the countries faced periods of confrontation, peace and striving for peace. These periods are considered on the basis of the theory of modernization. It helps author to discover the remarkable consistent pattern. Periods of conservative modernization were peaceful or at least had peaceful initiatives, while conflicts generally took place during the periods of liberalization and westernization both in Russia and in Turkey. Author also notice that liberalization coincided with domination of such ideologies as Pan-Slavism in Russia and Pan-Turkism in Turkey, both of them held the potential to conflicts. Author explains this fact through the correlation between liberal views and nationalistic ideas that was discovered by Russian philosopher K.N. Leontiev. Moreover, during the periods of conservatism Russia and Turkey faced the confrontation of Western countries (mostly Great Britain and France) that spur two “Eurasian Empires” to rapprochement.
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Artamonov, V. A. "Proclamation of the All-Russian Empire – the Beginning of the Way to the Great Power Status." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 2 (May 10, 2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-51-68.
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Many historians believe that Russia became a great power either as a result of the Poltava victory in 1709, or after the Nystadt Peace of 1721. It is difficult to agree with this. Peter the Great’s rule indeed produced a combat-ready regular army, a guard, an officer corps, a navy with shipyards, military bases, and coastal artillery. There was an upsurge in the metallurgical industry and mining. Schools with high-quality military and secular education, the Academy of Sciences, the Senate, and the Synod were established. St. Petersburg was founded. Talented and enterprising individuals were promoted to military, diplomatic and administrative posts. The main factor in the rise of the state was military modernization. The main geopolitical achievement of Peter I was the conquest of full access to the Baltic Sea. However, a limited resource base, military and diplomatic defeats and setbacks did not allow Russia to rise to the rank of a great power. The disasters of Narva in 1700 and on the Prut River in 1711 were painful. Russia lost access to the Sea of Azov, the city of Azov, city of Taganrog, the Azov squadron, shipyards and shipbuilding in the Voronezh Territory were lost. The damage from three treatises with the Ottomans in 1711-1713 was great. Russia has lost all of Zaporozhye. The demarcation of the borders of 1714 threw Russia back several hundred kilometers from the Black Sea region. In 1719, the Russian military force was squeezed out of Central Europe – from Mecklenburg. The sphere of influence of Russia after the victorious Peace of Nystad in 1721 was established only in Northern and Eastern Europe – in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Danish-Norwegian kingdom, partly in Prussia. The tsar had no claims to hegemony in Europe and no claims to join the circle of the then great powers. Russia was not a great power like the Habsburg monarchy, France, Great Britain, and the Eurasian-African Ottoman Empire. Russia could not compare with the great powers of that time neither in terms of economic (industrial, financial) power, nor in terms of the intensity of expansionism. The entry of the Russian Empire into the system of international relations as one of the five great powers – France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia – occurred during the Seven Years War of 1756-1763. Another rise to great power took place during the reign of Catherine II. The apogee of greatness and the culmination of Russia's influence on European affairs was the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815.
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DIACONESCU, Luca, and Mirela Elena MAZILU. "EURASIA'S RESISTANCE TO THE OCEANIC POWERS THE US-RUSSIA CONFLICT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EU, CHINA OR INDIA." Revista Română de Geografie Politică 24, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/rrgp.242101-355.
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Geopolitical Eurasia is the large continental mass with the Heartland core group: Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia and so on, exporters of raw materials by direct land and the Continental Rimland: China, Germany, Turkey, Italy, South Korea, India, Pakistan, Thailand and so on, made up of Continental Powers, while the Oceanic Powers, led by the US dominating maritime trade and oceanic embargo capacity, brings together exporting powers: Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, UAE and so on and industrialized maritime powers: Great Britain, Japan, etc., alongside exporting states constrained by them, from Africa, Latin America and island Asia. If the US succeeds in the trade blockade of the Heartland, stopping the export of cheap and abundant raw materials, it indirectly brings the European Union, mainland East Asia (China) and South Asia (India) to its knees, delivering four strikes direct and preventing the emergence of a power that would take its place as world leader. If the Rimland manages to bypass the American embargo by continuing to import from Heartaland, Britain will lose dominance in Europe to Germany, Japan will lose the dominance of Asia before China, Saudi Arabia before Iran and India will dominate the Indian Ocean, hence the 3+1 main regions taking over Africa, America and Australia, which will culminate in the decline of the US power, the dominance of the Eurasian world and of the continental powers before the maritime powers.
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Ozhigina, Vera V. "STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE EAEU WITH ASEAN, SCO AND EU." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-1-50-66.
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The article considers tendencies, peculiarities and problems of formation of geographical, commodity, industrial structure of export and import of goods, by the degree of their technological intensity (manufacturing), between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and regional integration groups, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The analysis was conducted using UNCTAD statistics on the digit commodity codes of the International Standard Trade Classification (SATC). The directions of trade diversification are offered. The countries for access of the EAEU to the markets of manufactures of ASEAN, EU and SCO are selected. Positive changes in the structure of trade, especially with ASEAN as well as the SCO, are noted. On the basis of calculation of index of intra-industry trade the sensitive goods are allocated, in trade by which EAEU competes with integration groups, the directions of development of industrial cooperation and inclusion in Global Value Chains (GVC) are offered. The presence of a large number of sensitive positions in trade with China, India, Poland, Great Britain, France, Vietnam, Singapore is noted. Prospective export products have been identified into these integration groups, recommendations to reduce barriers to trade have been developed.
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ROSELL, Frank, Róisín CAMPBELL-PALMER, and Howard PARKER. "More genetic data are needed before populations are mixed: response to ‘Sourcing Eurasian beaver Castor fiber stock for reintroductions in Great Britain and Western Europe’." Mammal Review 42, no. 4 (October 20, 2011): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00197.x.
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Kovic, Milos. "The eastern question in the parliament of the United Kingdom in 1876." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 178 (2021): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn2178189k.
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This article scrutinizes the attitude of the British political elites towards the Eastern question, in the year of the beginning of the Serbian liberation and unification wars of 1876-1878. It is based on diverse sources, Hansard?s Parliamentary Debates being the most important one. The Eastern question, as geopolitical problem of the future of the Balkan and Levantine lands from which the Ottoman Empire was gradually retreating, has been considered through the confrontation of Great Britain and Russia on the wider Eurasian stage, especially in relation to their conflict in the Central Asia. The article is mainly devoted to the different interpretations, debates and conflicts in the British Parliament and public opinion, provoked by the Serbian uprising in Herzegovina and Bosnia, atrocities in Bulgaria, and the beginning of the Serbian-Turkish Wars. The divisions went mainly through the party lines. Behind almost all events in the East, the Conservatives perceived the hand of Russia and League of the Three Emperors (Dreikaisebund). These ?foreign influences? were attributed mainly to Russia and Serbia, as the alleged Russia?s tool in the Balkans. Thus, according to the Conservatives, the Serbs and Russians were to blame for the sufferings of Bulgarians in the hands of the Turks. Additionally, they were repeating that Turkish crimes were committed in self-defence, and that the numbers of victims were hugely exaggerated by the Russian, Serbian and Bulgarian propaganda and the British liberal press. The Conservatives had similar attitudes towards the atrocities committed by the Turks in the Eastern Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Liberals, on the other hand, were insisting that the main causes of these uprisings and wars were national feelings, economical problems, and the misrule of the Turks. They were directing their moral indignation not only to the Turks, but to the British government as well. According to the Liberals, by despatching of the British fleet in the vicinity of the Ottoman capital, the British government encouraged the Turks and made Great Britain co-responsible for the atrocities committed in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Knyazeva, Irina V., Aldash T. Aitzhanov, and Yelena S. Bychkova. "Methodological forks of antimonopoly regulation of digital markets: ideas and meanings of the digital agenda of Kazakhstan." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-2-5-18.
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The article continues the point of view of the experts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the issues of developing a set of measures and recommendations for regulating digital markets. Currently, among the professional community, lawyers and economists, the draft regulatory measures to the Entrepreneur Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (EC RK) – the main legislative act providing for antitrust regulation in the state- is widely discussed. The article describes the substantive provisions of legislative initiatives in the digital field of the Republic of Kazakhstan and recommendations for their improvement, as well as methodological barriers to digital regulation. The article reflects the issues of the digital agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the latest decisions and regulatory documents submitted by both national (China, Japan, Germany, Great Britain) and international regulators. Particular attention is paid to certain provisions of the Digital Markets Act (Digital Markets Act-DMA), the draft of which the European Commission has proposed to the European Parliament for discussion at the end of 2020. The article reflects the content characteristics of the term “gatekeeper”, introduced for the first time, which reveals the priority characteristics of the behavior of the main digital platform for creating the most balanced regime of regulatory norms in the field of antitrust enforcement.
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Mori, Emiliano, Rachele Amerini, Giuseppe Mazza, Sandro Bertolino, Roberto Battiston, Andrea Sforzi, and Mattia Menchetti. "Alien shades of grey: new occurrences and relevant spread of Sciurus carolinensis in Italy." European Journal of Ecology 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0002.
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Abstract The eastern grey squirrel is listed among the worst invasive species throughout the world. This species of American origin is currently replacing the native Eurasian red squirrel in most of the Great Britain, as well as in parts of Ireland and Italy. It may debark trees and exert damages to woodlands and tree plantations. Therefore, its spread may be deleterious for biodiversity and environment, emphasising the need for a rapid detection in new areas of occurrence. In this work, we reported for the first time, the presence of new populations of this invasive species in Tuscany (Central Italy) and some updates and analyses regarding the status of this species in Veneto (North-Eastern Italy). Occurrences were collected through citizen-science contributory approach supported by photos, road-kills, and/or hair-tube sampling. Field investigations ad hoc were carried out in Veneto and Tuscany to confirm the repeated reports in the surroundings of Arezzo and in the province of Siena. Although records can be possibly related to erratic or single individuals escaped from captivity, reproductive nuclei have also been detected in both regions, with the observations of juveniles and/or lactating females. The occurrence of the species in these regions is still scarce and localised, but considering the surrounding favourable wooded habitats, a rapid removal of the animals would be required to prevent their spread.
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Bisakaev, S. G., S. A. Bekeeva, and Е. V. Savvin. "Review of the International Experience in Terms of Ensuring Safe Work." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-5-24-29.
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To implement the Strategic development plan for the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the codes and standards of the International Labor Organization, it became necessary to develop the Concept of Safe Work. Review of the international labor codes and standards in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows various approaches of the current system of public administration. Development of the international practice in the field of occupational safety and health is moving from compensatory to preventive measures. When developing the Concept of Safe Work in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is required to consider the international labor codes and standards, and the experience of the Great Britain, Germany, Finland, France, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the United States, and Japan. Tripartite and risk-oriented approaches are of particular interest. It is also necessary to study and adapt the efficient international experience: monitoring based on the assessment of occupational risks at the enterprises; participation of the state inspectors in the work of the centralized committee for monitoring and control over the observance of labor legislation; control and verification of the use of allocated funds; participation of insurance organizations in the financial measures for occupational safety and health, subsidization for the modernization of the outdated equipment; the program to assist and support small and medium-sized enterprises in risk assessment; system and culture of safe work with personal responsibility of the manager; laboratories for checking the classification of personal protective equipment by purpose depending on the protective properties. Scientific research, adaptation, and development of the scientific and methodological foundations for ensuring safe work in the priority sectors of the country economy, as well as bringing the safety and health management system of the Republic of Kazakhstan in line with the codes and standards of the International Labor Organization, are of great importance.
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Machackova, M., L. Matlová, J. Lamka, J. Smolík, IMelicharek, M. Hanzalikova, J. Docekal, et al. "Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a possible vector of mycobacterial infections: review of literature and critical analysis of data from Central Europe between 1983 to 2001." Veterinární Medicína 48, No. 3 (March 30, 2012): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5750-vetmed.
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Infected animals in the wild, which can act as a reservoir and/or vector for the origin of bovine tuberculosis, are a great problem for national programmes seeking to free herds of cattle from the infection. The circulation of Mycobacterium bovis in the wild animal population might cause a slow-down in the progress of control programmes through the reinfection of herds of livestock. The Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in the wild in Great Britain and Ireland, brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), ferrets (Mustela putorius f. furo) in New Zealand and wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Australia are among already known reservoirs and vectors of bovine tuberculosis. In 7 countries of Central Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) bovine tuberculosis in cale was controlled as part of national control programmes more than 20 years ago. In the last decade M. bovis has been diagnosed extremely sporadically in cattle and other domestic animals as well as in wild animals held in captivity or living in the wild. This favour­able situation could be threatened by the mycobacteria spreading via the wild boar (Sus scrofa) which is susceptible to mycobacterial infection and very abundant in Central Europe. According to available literary data, mycobacteria were detected in 361 wild boar originating from countries other than those of Central Europe, such as Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, the Hawaiian island of Molokai, Italy and Spain. M. tuberculosis complex (33.9%) and M. bovis complex (39.8%) isolates were most frequently detected in the faeces and/or parenchymatous organs of wild boar. Of other mycobacterial species, M. intracellulare (3.8%), M. avium subsp. avium (3.8%), M. terrae (2.4%), M. fortuitum (2.2%), M. scrofulaceum (2.2%), M. gordonae (0.8%), M. simiae (0.5%), M. szulgai (0.5%), M. xenopi (0.5%), M. smegmatis (0.2%), M. vaccae (0.2%), fast-growing, further unspecified species (0.2%) and unidentified mycobacteria (8.8%) were isolated. Following the analysis of literary data and our own results, it was found that, in the area covered by the above-mentioned 7 countries of Central Europe, a total of 431 wild boar were examined for mycobacterial infections in the years 1983–2001. Tuberculous lesions in parenchymatous organs were found in 43 (10.0%) animals. M. bovis was identified in 22 (5.1%) animals, M. a. avium in 2 (0.4%), M. a. paratuberculosis in 1 (0.2%) animal and atypical mycobacteria in 27 (6.3%) animals. The wild boar may therefore represent, under certain unfavourable epizootio­logical conditions, a vector of some mycobacterial infections in not only animals, but also humans.
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Pivovar, Efim I., Irina E. Khanova, and Marya V. Katagoshchina. "Archival Heritage as a Sphere of Kazakhstan Integration into the Scientific, Informational, and Cultural Space of Eurasia: 1998–2021." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2021): 1106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1106-1117.
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The paper is devoted to the activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan archives aimed at identifying, studying, and popularizing the historical and documentary heritage of Kazakhstan, and to the role of this area of historical and cultural activity in the development of international cultural cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia and other states of Eurasia. The authors’ hypothesis is that the commonality of historical experience in the field of archiving and the similarity of contemporary tasks of the historical and cultural policy of the CIS countries, including Russia and Kazakhstan, are the basis for the participation of archives in the development of Eurasian integration and cooperation in the field of science and culture. In Kazakhstan, this process received significant additional incentives over the period 1998–2021. The adoption in 1998 of the Law on the National Archival Foundation of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be considered as the beginning of a large-scale project to identify, publish, and popularize the archival heritage of Kazakhstan, and this work was initially carried out both in Kazakhstani archives and abroad — in Russia, Uzbekistan, Great Britain, France, Turkey, and other countries of Greater Eurasia. In the 2000s, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in a series of articles and speeches had formulated an idea of referring to the history as the main source for formation of the national idea of modern Kazakhstan, including the approval of the world historical and cultural significance of the concept of the Great Steppe — the cradle of the Kazakh people. One of the central tasks in the implementation of this strategy was collection and promotion of documents related to the history of Kazakhstan in the international scientific and information space. In 2018, N. Nazarbayev came up with the “Archive – 2025” initiative, which further confirmed the role of the heuristic and archaeographic activities of archives and set the task of creating the most complete digitization of the archival heritage of Kazakhstan. The article provides an overview of the main directions of work of the Kazakhstani archives in 1998–2021: archaeographic expeditions abroad, publication of documentary collections, and scientific research on the history of the peoples, social life, and statehood of Kazakhstan in the 18th – 20th centuries, digitization of the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, conducting international scientific conferences and seminars. The facts revealed by the authors show that the archival heritage of Kazakhstan is an area of fruitful and productive cooperation of humanitarians of the countries of Eurasia and also an incentive for integration processes in science and culture in the post-Soviet space.
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Toktonalieva, N., and I. Toktonaliev. "History and Background of the Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Review)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/17.
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The volume of the global pharmaceutical market in 2018 amounted to 1.2 trillion US dollars, and by 2020 the global pharmaceutical market has grown to 1.5 trillion dollars. Countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain took the leading positions in the pharmaceutical market, while the market share of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the world community was 2.6%. Further growth of the global pharmaceutical market is predicted by 5% annually, which may contribute to the rapid production and distribution of low-quality pharmaceutical products. One of the main goals of the country is to provide the population with effective, high-quality and safe medicines drugs to protect their health, since consumers cannot assess the quality of medicines on their own. To accomplish this task in developed and developing countries, the state regularly checks and evaluates the quality, efficacy, safety, as well as the main pharmacological effects of drugs at all stages of production. In the production of drugs, it is necessary to comply with the rules of Good Manufacturing Practice. Good Manufacturing Practice is one of the indispensable elements of a modern control and authorization system in the field of pharmaceutical circulation, no less important than the Pharmacopoeia or other state drug standards. Materials and methods. The review article presents an analysis of published scientific works of the last 15 years. To search for reliable information, we used scientific literature data from available and open sources placed in scientific electronic databases: Cyberleninka, PubMed, E-library, Medline, J-stage, Hindawi using the keywords: Good Manufacturing Practice, GMP, pharmaceutical industry, quality of medicines. Results. When analyzing scientific literature sources, special attention is paid to the relevance of this problem, the prerequisites for the introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice standards in the pharmaceutical industry and world practice. Conclusion. Summarizing the scientific literature data, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to comply with the basic requirements of the international Good Manufacturing Practice standard for the production of high-quality drugs, which has a positive effect on the health of consumers.
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Khamidulina, Khalidya Kh, Elena V. Tarasova, Angelina S. Proskurina, and Ekaterina A. Guseva. "Analysis of banned or severely restricted chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market under the Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed consent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade." Toxicological Review 29, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-4-30-39.
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Introduction. In recent years, due to the stricter requirements for compliance with the provisions of the Rotterdam Convention, the volume of export notifications on the permission to import dangerous chemicals into the Russian Federation has increased significantly. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to analyze the nomenclature, volume, toxicity and danger of industrial chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market, despite prohibitions or restrictions on their use at the international and national levels. Materials and methods. The materials used are applications for the import of chemical products (export notifications) of the National Designated authorities of the European Union, China, Great Britain, Serbia to the Russian Register of Potentially Dangerous Chemical and Biological Substances-a branch of the Federal State Scientific Research Center named after F.F. Erisman - in the period from 2018 to 2020. The year 2019 was considered in the most detail. Results and discussion. The analysis of applications showed an ever-increasing number of chemical supplies; for example, 130 notifications were received in 2018, 539 in 2019, and 565 in 2020. In 2019, the number of tin compounds prevailed in the nomenclature of imported products to the territory of the Russian Federation. As for the substances from Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention, most of the imported chemicals by tonnage were substances included in this document - 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), carbofuran, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), which are imported for industrial use, and not for use as pesticides, as they are declared in the convention. Chemicals and pesticides imported into the country under the PIC procedure, with the exception of numerous derivatives of dibutyl - and dioctyltin, creosote, have an established hygienic standard in at least one human habitat. In most cases, they are assigned to hazard classes 1 and 2 according to the maximum permissible concentration. Conclusion. Chemical products that are highly dangerous for human health and the environment, which are banned or severely restricted in many states, caused specific and long-term effects on the body, and having high toxicity to natural biota are used in the Russian Federation economy. In this regard, there is a need to develop regulatory decisions at the national level and within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Commission on the prohibition or restriction of the circulation of substances and pesticides characterized by an unacceptable risk of exposure.
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Belyachenko, A. V. "Monitoring Eastern Imperial Eagle in the Khvalynsky National Park (Saratov Region, Russia)." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-313-317.
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The special structure of breeding territories, breeding parameters, and nutrition of the Eastern Imperial Eagle (EIE, Aqula heliaca) were studied in 2019–2023 in conservation (1,400 hectares), recreational (3,600 hectares), economic (20,600 hectares), and protective (114,900 hectares) areas of the National Park. 32 breeding territories were identified, 53 nests were discovered (including replacements and those newly build after old nests were destroyed), and the annual breeding of 17–26 pairs was established. In the rearing season, food remains and pellets were collected under 24 nests and 15 perches, and 4 occupied nests that had fallen from the trees were completely dismantled. Three types of EIE breeding habitats have been studied. About 21–24% of pairs used nests at the edges of mixed forests in conservation and economic zones of the National Park. Nests were located on centuries-old pine trees growing on steep ledges (30–50 m) between the Oligocene and Early Pliocene relief surfaces. The largest number of breeding territories (65–72%) were located in small river valleys, along the banks of ravines, streams, and watercourses of the protected area on a levelled Early Pliocene surface. Nests were located on large willows and black poplars. Habitats were surrounded by agrocenoses and were often located in close proximity to populated areas, roads, and railway tracks. Atypical breeding territories (4–14%) were associated with shelterbelts, anti-erosion plantations, and small isolated groves of the protected area. Large trees were cut down in the recreational area, and no EIE nests were found here. Reproductive rates were calculated based on the breeding cycles of all breeding pairs during the research period. 113 cycles were studied, during which 197 eggs were laid by adult birds, 166 nestlings hatched, of which 69 died, and the remaining 97 left the nests. The average EIE fecundity over 5 years was 0.86±0.043 nestlings fledged per pair, while eagles laid 1.74±0.071 eggs per nest. There are 7 known cases of clatches consisting of three eggs, but only in one case did all three nestlings leave the area at the end of the summer. EIE diet includes 20 bird species, 19 mammal species, and 1 reptile species. The most common species are Bobak Marmot (Marmota bobak) and young Common Magpies (Piсa piсa). Among the campophilous species EIE prey on young Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) and Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix), Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus), European Hare (Lepus europeus), Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus), Greater Blind Mole-rat (Spalax microphthalmus), young foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Limnophilic species are represented in EIE diet by young Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Common Black-Headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Garganey (Anas querquedula), Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), European Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris). In forests and forest plantations EIE preys on Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus), Common Wood-Pigeon (Columba palumbus), European Pine Marten (Martes martes), European Polecat (Mustella putorius), Pygmy Field Mouse (Sylvaemus uralensis) and Yellow-Necked Mouse (Apodemus flavicollus). Near settlements EIE preys on Chicken (Gallus gallus), Domestic Cat (Felis catus), Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus). In the last two years, the share of Common Raven (Corvus corax) increased in the diet. High food plasticity allows EIE to quickly adapt to changes in availability of trophic resources. On the other hand, the hunting skills of a particular pair are of great importance in successful rearing. Destruction of nests by pre-storm squalls must be noted among the natural abiotic factors that negatively affect the state of EIE population. Strong winds often break the crowns of old, rotten willows, pines, and nests fall to the ground (7 cases that led to the death of 9 nestlings). Sometimes too thin, but flexible, the tree sways unevenly in the wind with sharp longitudinal accelerations (catapult effect), which leads to eggs rolling out of the tray when adult birds are absent (3 cases of loss of 3 eggs) or even throwing 3–4-week-old nestlings directly into the crown, from where they can no longer get back to the nest (death of 2 nestlings). Biotic factors are of more variety. For example, on small rivers, large willows with EIE nests are gnawed by beavers and either immediately fall or break near the ground under the wind. Over the past two years, competition between EIE and ravens for breeding territories has intensified. For example, at the end of the winter of 2023, ravens built a nest near EIE breeding territory, on a nearby tree. As a result, EIE did not reproduce as ravens aggressively guarded their clutches. In another nest ravens pecked out two eggs in the absence of a young female eagle, and similarly, in another territory two eggs were damaged by magpies. Anthropogenic impact on EIE manifests through their systemic disturbance or depletion of food resources. For example, in 2021, the repair of railway tracks using heavy equipment 100 m away from the nest forced eagles to abandon the clutch. Another nest was abandoned as a result of cutting down 0.5 hectares of forest near the breeding territory. Widespread plowing of fallow and virgin lands by farmers in the protected area of the National Park led to the gradual degradation of the Bobak Marmot colonies, which brought five EIE breeding territories to the brink of extinction (only 6 nestlings fledged and 8 died of starvation in 2022–2023). Another three breeding territories were abandoned due to massive planting of apple orchards near the border of the conservation area, which undermined the Bobak marmot existence here as well. In the absence of the major food resource, the remaining pair flies 4.5 km from the conservation area to the city landfill, where EIE prey on rooks.
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C., Rosell, and F. Llimona. "Human–wildlife interactions." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0219.
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219Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)© 2012 Museu de Ciències Naturals de BarcelonaISSN: 1578–665XRosell, C. & Llimona, F., 2012. Human–wildlife interactions. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 219–220. The nature of wildlife management throughout the world is changing. The increase in the world’s human population has been accompanied by a rapid expansion of agricultural and urban areas and infrastructures, especially road and railway networks. Worldwide, wildlife habitats are being transformed and fragmented by human activities, and the behavior of several species has changed as a result of human activities. Some species have adapted easily to urban or peri–urban habitats and take advantage of the new resources available. These data provide the context for why human–wildlife interactions are increasing. At the 30th International Union of Game Biologists Congress held in Barcelona in early September 2011, in addition to two plenary presentations, 52 authors from 12 different countries and three continents presented 15 papers in the Interactions of Humans and Wildlife Session, three of which are included in this volume. To some extent, all the papers reflected the inherent difficulty in solving the complex problems caused either by rapidly increasing species that begin to inhabit urban and agricultural areas in numbers not seen previously (e.g. coyo-tes, Canis latrans, inhabiting big cities; wild boar, Sus scrofa, across western Europe; wood pigeons, Columba palumbus, in France), or species whose populations are threatened by human activities (e.g., Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx, in the Czech Republic). Some papers addressed the contentious issue of predator control (e.g., gamebirds in Great Britain), while others presented data regarding how human activities influenced animal behavior (e.g., pink footed geese, Anser brachyrhynchus; and red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Germany). The papers presented at the congress show how human activities affect the distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations and also change the behavior of some species. Wildlife causes social and economic con-flicts by damaging agricultural and forest resources, bringing about traffic collisions, and creating problems for residents in urban areas; while many are increasingly distant from nature and may not accept the presence of wildlife others may actively encourage the presence of wild animals. The first paper in this volume, by Cahill et al. (2012), analyzes the management challenges of the increasing abundance of wild boar in the peri–urban area of Barcelona. This conflict has arisen in other large cities in Europe and elsewhere. The presence of the species causes problems for many residents, to such an extent that it is considered a pest in these areas. Wild boar habituation has not only been facilitated by population expansion, but also by the attitudes of some citizens who encourage their presence by direct feeding. This leads to wild boar behavior modification and also promotes an increase in the fertility rate of habituated females, which are significantly heavier than non–habituated females. Public attitudes regarding the species and harvesting methods (at present most specimens are removed by live capture and subsequently sacrificed) are highlighted as one of the key factors in the management of the conflict. The second paper provides an example of how the distribution of irrigated croplands influences wild boar roadkills in NW Spain (Colino–Rabanal et al., 2012). By modeling the spatial distribution of wild boar collisions with vehicles and using generalized additive models based on GIS, the authors show that the number of roadkills is higher in maize croplands than in forested areas. This factor is the main explanatory variable in the model. The paper provides an excellent example of how the synergies of diverse human elements in the landscape (maize croplands and roads in this case) affect the location and dimensions of these types of conflicts. The third and final paper, by Belotti et al. (2012), addresses the effects of tourism on Eurasian lynx movements and prey usage at Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic. The monitoring of 5 GPS–collared lynxes and analyses of data regarding habitat features suggests that human disturbance (proximity of roads and tourist trails) can modify the presence of lynxes during the day close to the site where they have hidden a prey item, such as an ungulate, that can provide them with food for several days. In such cases, adequate management of tourism development must involve a commitment to species conservation. The analyses and understanding of all these phenomena and the design of successful wildlife management strategies and techniques used to mitigate the conflicts require a good knowledge base that considers informa-tion both about wildlife and human attitudes. The papers presented stress the importance of spatial analyses of the interactions and their relationship with landscape features and the location of human activities. Species distribution and abundance are related to important habitat variables such as provision of shelter, food, comfor-table spaces, and an appropriate climate. Therefore, it is essential to analyze these data adequately to predict where conflicts are most likely to arise and to design successful mitigation strategies. The second key factor for adequate management of human–wildlife interactions is to monitor system change. An analysis of the variety of data on population dynamics, hunting, wildlife collisions, and wildlife presence in urban areas would provide a basis for adaptive management. In this respect, in the plenary session, Steve Redpath mentioned the importance of the wildlife biologist’s attitude when interpreting and drawing conclusions from recorded data and stressed the importance of conducting clear, relevant, and transparent science for participants involved in the management decision process, which often involves a high number of stakeholders. All of the papers addressing the problems associated with human wildlife interactions were characterized by a common theme. Regardless of the specific nature of the problem, the public was generally divided on how the problem should be addressed. A particularly sensitive theme was that of population control methods, especially when conflicts are located in peri–urban areas. Several presenters acknowledged that public participation was necessary if a solution was to be reached. Some suggested, as have other authors (Heydon et al., 2010), that a legislative framework may be needed to reconcile human and wildlife interests. However, each problem that was presented appeared to involve multiple stakeholders with different opinions. Solving these kinds of problems is not trivial. Social factors strongly influence perceptions of human–wildlife conflicts but the methods used to mitigate these conflicts often take into account technical aspects but not people’s attitudes. A new, more innovative and interdisciplinary approach to mitigation is needed to allow us 'to move from conflict towards coexistence' (Dickman, 2010). Other authors also mentioned the importance of planning interventions that optimize the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities and include the explicit, systematic, and participatory evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative interventions (Treves et al., 2009). One technique that has been used to solve problems like these is termed Structured Decision Making (SDM). This technique was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. As described by Runge et al. (2009), the process is 'a formal application of common sense for situations too complex for the informal use of common sense', and provides a rational framework and techniques to aid in prescriptive decision making. Fundamentally, the process entails defining a problem, deciding upon the objectives, considering the alternative actions and the consequences for each, using the available science to develop a model (the plan), and then making the decision how to implement (Runge et al., 2009). Although complex, SDM uses a facilitator to guide stakeholders through the process to reach a mutually agreed–upon plan of action. It is clear that human–wildlife interactions are inherently complex because many stakeholders are usually involved. A rational approach that incorporates all interested parties would seem to be a productive way of solving these kinds of problems
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Jankowiak, Lukasz, Marcin Antczak, Zbigniew Kwieciñski, Pawel Szymañski, Marcin Tobolka, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Diurnal raptor community wintering in an extensively used farmland." Ornis Fennica 92, no. 2 (July 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.51812/of.133870.
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The raptor community wintering in an extensively managed farmland was studied in Western Poland during seven winters (20062013). Data on raptor presence and numbers was obtained by point count method. In the presented paper we focus on the variance in abundance and habitat selection of diurnal predators: Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Rough-legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor). Study species were governed by two major habitat gradients in farmland: from amount of mowed meadows towards increasing coverage of arable fields and from non-mowed meadows and shrubs towards increasing coverage of forests. Par-ticular species differed in response to habitat variables: plots with large coverage of mead-ows and high heterogeneity were preferred by Rough-legged Buzzard and Common Kes-trel. Great Grey Shrike and Northern Goshawk selected linear habitats, mostly shrub lines, and non-mowed meadows while Eurasian Sparrowhawk was associated with fo-rests and urban areas. Rough-legged Buzzard avoided arable fields, while Common Buz-zard had broader preferences and was more associated with arable fields. We also found that Common Buzzard and Great Grey Shrike abundance was positively related with win-ter temperature, while Rough-legged Buzzard showed a negative relationship. Our study shows the importance of heterogeneity in farmland as well as meadows as optimal habi-tats for wintering raptors, and we underline the role of extensive agriculture in conserva-tion of raptors.
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Puttock, Alan, Mervyn Newman, Hugh Graham, Mark Elliott, Jake Chant, Roger Auster, and Richard Brazier. "Positive coexistence of water voles and beaver: water vole expansion in a beaver engineered wetland." Mammal Communications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59922/gonl2514.
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Water voles (Arvicola amphibius) are critically endangered in Great Britain and there is a pressing need for successful conservation strategies. Meanwhile, another semi-aquatic rodent, the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is being restored to much of its native range including Great Britain. Beavers are known as ecosystem engineers and keystone species, creating wetland habitats. As part of the River Otter Beaver Trial in South-West England, free-living beavers were reintroduced in a location where water vole were present and being surveyed. Here, we present survey data showing the expansion of water vole into newly beaver engineered wetland areas. We propose that complex beaver wetlands may benefit water vole populations by creating new habitat and providing refuge from predation, warranting further investigation as a nature recovery option.
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Graham, Hugh A., Alan Puttock, William W. Macfarlane, Joseph M. Wheaton, Jordan T. Gilbert, Róisín Campbell-Palmer, Mark Elliott, Martin J. Gaywood, Karen Anderson, and Richard E. Brazier. "Modelling Eurasian beaver foraging habitat and dam suitability, for predicting the location and number of dams throughout catchments in Great Britain." European Journal of Wildlife Research 66, no. 3 (May 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-020-01379-w.
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Todorović, Zdravko. "THE FORMATION OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD ORDER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE XXI CENTURY - REVIEW OF THE BALKANS." FRESKA 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/znubl2201133t.
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The formation of a multipolar world order in contemporary international relations in the 21st century cannot be considered without the geopolitical and geo-economic context in which global processes take place, but also the post-Cold War order in which the germs of world movements towards multipolarism were formed. Ever since the 70s of the 20th century, the modern capitalist system embodied in the power of the Western world has been engulfed in the irreversible process of its resignation after a series of economic, social and moral crises of the neoliberal model of development in the world. In order to avoid the irreversible processes of creating a multipolar world and a fairer world order, the response of the Western (Anglo-Saxon) elite of the United States of America and Great Britain is accordingly long-term planned to preserve the core of their own world domination in the general crisis of the capitalist system and come out even stronger and richer from all the projected processes. Hence the Great Reset - the geopolitical agenda of the World Economic Forum, “green policies” and numerous ideological matrices, which aim to dominate the full spectrum in the system of world relations. In the world context, this means energy poverty throughout the XXI century, food crisis - increase in world hunger, removal of all forms of social control - states that will take care of their own population and manipulation based on engineering and control of media and digital technologies in the creation of a new post-liberal world order. The way out of the historical detour can be in opposing the corporate-technological dystopia and the development of a fairer and safer world order, a multipolar world order, led by the BRICS and SCO countries and the Eurasian powers Russia and China. The solutions for the Balkans are on the trail of major geopolitical transformations in the world, the economic integration of the Balkans and the geopolitical reconstruction of the post-Yugoslav Balkans.
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Әбенов, Е. М., Д. М. Мухияева, Р. Д. Берназарова, Ә. А. Алданай, Y. Abenov, D. Mukhiyayeva, R. Bernazarova, and A. Aldanai. "Foreign experience of innovative development of entrepreneurship based on public-private partnership." Вестник Казахского университета экономики, финансов и международной торговли, no. 3(48) (November 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.52260/2304-7216.2022.3(48).10.
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Кәсіпкерліктің инновациялық дамуында мемлекеттік-жекешелік әріптестік (МЖӘ) қолданудың шетелдік тәжірибесін зерделеу және қорыту шеңберінде АҚШ, Ұлыбритания, жалпы Еуроодақ елдерінің, оның ішінде Нидерланды сияқты жекелеген мемлекеттердің жалпы механизмдері, сондай-ақ инновациялық саладағы МЖӘ-ні қолдаудың ұлттық саясатының ерекшеліктері айқындалған. Еуразиялық экономикалық одақ мемлекеттері, оның ішінде Қырғызстан Республикасының тәжірибелері ұсынылған. Зерттеу мақсаты МЖӘ механизмдері арқылы кәсіпкерліктің инновациялық даму деңгейін, сондай-ақ индустриялық-инновациялық дамудың қаржылық-инвестициялық, институционалдық мүмкіндіктері мен басымдықтарында шетелдік тәжірибені ескеру қажеттігі ұсынылады. Осы мақсатқа қол жеткізу үшін бірқатар міндеттер айқындалды: МЖӘ механизмі арқылы кәсіпкерлікті инновациялық дамытудың шетелдік тәжірибелерін зерделеу жүргізілді; жүргізілген зерделеу нәтижесінде шетелдік тәжірибенің басым бағыттары анықталды. Зерттеудің теориялық-әдістемелік базасы ретінде МЖӘ механизмдері арқылы кәсіпкерліктің инновациялық даму мәселелері бойынша іргелі және қолданбалы зерттеу жұргізіп жүрген отандық және шетелдік ғалым-экономистердің еңбектерінен тұрады. Мақаланы жазу барысында экономикалық және салыстырмалы талдау және жүйелік әдісі қолданылды. Мақалада жүргізілген зерттеу нәтижесі мен зерттеудің ғылыми қорытындылары Қазақстан Республикасының аймақтарын дамытудың инновациялық бағдарламаларын қалыптастыру кезінде қолданылуына мүмкіндік беріледі. As part of the study and generalization of foreign experience in the use of public-private partnership (PPP) in the innovative development of entrepreneurship, determine the general mechanisms of the United States, Great Britain, EU countries as a whole, including the Netherlands, as well as the specifics of the national policy of PPP support in the innovation sphere. Presented the experience of the states of the Eurasian Economic Union, including the Kyrgyz Republic. As general measures, it is necessary to recognize the importance of innovative development of entrepreneurship and the need to apply various forms of interaction between the state and business, including in the scientific and innovative sphere. The purpose of the paper is the need to take into account the level of innovative development of entrepreneurship through PPP mechanisms, as well as foreign experience in financial and investment, institutional opportunities and priorities of industrial and innovative development. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks have been defined: conduct the study of foreign experience of innovative entrepreneurship development through the PPP mechanism; as a result of the study- identify priority areas of foreign experience. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists-economists conducting fundamental and applied research on the problems of innovative development of entrepreneurship through PPP mechanisms. When writing the article used the method of economic and comparative analysis and a systematic approach. The results of the research carried out in the paper and the scientific results of the research can be used in the formation of innovative development programs for the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It allows to increase the efficiency of investment projects for innovative entrepreneurship development through PPP in the Republic of Kazakhstan, based on the conclusions presented and scientifically substantiated by the authors.
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Papava, Vladimer. "Global challenges and rational choice of Georgia." Globalization and Business, December 23, 2016, 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2016.02.001.
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Georgia today stands at crossroads between two alternatives: to continue rapprochement with the European Union (EU) on a basis of the Association Agreement (and to ultimately pursue membership through a lengthy, drawn-out process), or to join the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), a much simpler prospect. Georgia has long made clear that it favors engagement with Europe and Euro Atlantic institutions; however, discussion of Georgia’s rapprochement with Russia is becoming more and more topical as a result of uncertainty in modern Georgia-Russia relations and the establishment of the EEAU. This essay clarifies the main differences between the EU and EAEU in the wider context of Georgia’s future. The EAEU started operations in 2015 and at present includes five member- countries – Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Georgia is located between two member states – Armenia and Russia – which creates new challenges for Georgia’s development. Georgia and the EU signed the EU Georgia Association Agreement in June 2014. Despite this agreement, talks on Georgia’s rapprochement with Russia have recently reignited, largely sparked by the establish- ment of the EAEU. When analyzing the suitability of these two organization for Georgia, it is important to consider the essential differences between them: The EU was initially set up as an economic union, with the aim of promoting the economic development of its member states. Although the EAEU contains the term “economic“ in its title, this union is not so much a means of economic development as it is a mechanism through which Moscow seeks to maintain and increase its political influence on the member states. The EU is, with the partial exception of some Eastern European member states, an association of developed economies, while the EAEU is comprised solely of underdeveloped post-Soviet economies deficient in their market institutions and lagging behind global standards in technology. Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index demonstrates an essential disparity between the EU and EAEU on the issue of corruption. The most corrupt state in the EU according to this rank- ing is Bulgaria (75th of 175), while the least corrupt in the EAEU is Belarus (79th). For comparison, Georgia ranks 44th. For a country to join the EU, it must meet certain standards set by Brussels in areas such as demo- cratic institutions, human rights, freedom of speech and expression, and market economy. Furthermore, only after an applicant country has met European standards in the above areas is the issue of formal membership placed on the agenda. In order to encourage rapprochement with the EU, Brussels has adopted special formats of cooperation – for instance, the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) instrument and the Eastern Partnership (EaP). Georgia is a participant in both formats. It is through the application of the EaP framework that Georgia has managed to successfully traverse the rather difficult path towards the entry into force of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) and the Association Agreement. Unlike the EU, the EAEU has virtually no complex preconditions for member- ship. On the contrary, Moscow’s aim is to expand the union in order to increase its political influence on member-states via economic leverage, with no concern for economic and political standards such as those emphasized by the EU. When the essential differences between the EU and the EAEU are summed up, it can be concluded that Georgia can more easily attain membership in the latter than in the former. However, this evokes a separate question: why would Georgia, a country with a more or less EU-level standard of corruption, enter into the much more corrupt EAEU, which lags behind the EU in institutional and technological terms, and serves Moscow’s political objective of strengthening Russian control over the member states? The answer, of course, is that it would not be in Georgia’s interest to pursue EAEU membership. Moreover, it is important to emphasize that the so- called “commensurability barrier“ for the EAEU is much more significant than for the EU. Ruslan Greenberg, a Russian economist, outlines this issue through the comparison of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the EU Greenberg shows that an alliance of countries is streamlined and possesses a higher chance of success when the commensurables (sizes) of the member countries are more or less comparable. When an alliance of countries is formed, the states concerned should make a decision on the areas where they are ready to relinquish part of their sovereignty in favor of the supranational gov- erning bodies of the association. When the commensurability of the countries is more or less analogous, reaching consensus on this matter is easier than when one country and its economy are several times larger in size than those of all the other constituents of the union put together. In this case, the largest country finds it difficult to imagine how it can be expected to yield a share of its sovereignty equivalent to that of much smaller states. As a result, this large country attempts to relinquish far less of its state sovereignty than it obligates the other smaller member states to surrender, thereby maintaining a dominant position in the association. One of the reasons of the EU’s success is also the fact that it consolidates relatively large and simultaneously commensurably more or less homogeneous countries, such as Germany, Great Britain (before the implementation of Brexit), Italy and France, and relatively small but commensurably comparable countries, such as Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, and others. According to Greenberg, the “commensurability barrier“ for the CIS was rather high, since the Russian economy accounted for 67-70 percent of the entire economy of the CIS. This barrier is even larger in the EAEU, as Russia’s constitutes over 82% of the entire economy of the union. The issue of, the “commensurability barrier“ is a further indication that the EAEU does not have a high chance of success and an additional.