Relevant bibliographies by topics / Europe, Central – Economic policy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Europe, Central – Economic policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Horváth, Gy. "Regional Policy in Europe." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (2001): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.6.

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Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
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Feldmann, Magnus, and Mircea Popa. "Populism and economic policy: lessons from Central and Eastern Europe." Post-Communist Economies 34, no. 2 (2022): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2022.2029253.

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Saglam, Yagmur, and Ozge Onkan. "Income convergence and divergence in European regions: Insights and policy implications." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2025): 4. https://doi.org/10.2298/pan240925004s.

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The allocation of wealth in society has been a fundamental question and challenge in economics. Concentrating most wealth in a small segment of society while leaving the rest with a smaller portion can lead to income inequality and social issues. Income inequality varies across cultures, historical periods, economic structures, and economic systems. Our study tests and analyzes comparative income convergence in Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Central Europe, and the Baltic regions. It is important to note that our model is region-specific rather than country-specific. Our study asserts that in
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Stoilova, D., and I. Todorov. "Fiscal policy and economic growth: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Tax Reform 7, no. 2 (2021): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.2.095.

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This study aims to estimate the impact of three fiscal instruments (direct tax revenue, indirect tax revenue and government consumption expenditure) on the economic growth of ten new European Union member states from Central and Eastern Europe– Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. We examine the hypothesis about the effect of expansionary fiscal policy on economic growth. The study employs a vector autoregression and annual Eurostat data for the period 2007–2019. Four control variables (the shares of gross capital formation, household
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Flek, Vladislav, Martin Hála, and Martina Mysíková. "Labour market response to economic crisis in Central Europe: is there room for common policy approach?" ECONOMICS & SOCIOLOGY 8, no. 2 (2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-2/2.

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Bruck, Peter A. "Introduction: Current media economic challenges and policy problems in Central Europe." Journal of Media Economics 6, no. 1 (1993): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997769309358229.

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Bean, Charles R. "Economic and Monetary Union in Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 4 (1992): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.6.4.31.

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The European Council's Maastricht Agreement maps out a precise route to monetary union and the eventual introduction of a common currency. My discussion begins with a look at the general arguments for and against monetary union. I shall then discuss the proposed constitution of the European Central Bank and whether it is likely to be conducive to monetary stability, together with some of the problems posed by the transition to the new regime. Finally, I will turn to the issue of rules for the conduct of fiscal policy and the question of “fiscal federalism.”
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Celler, Jan. "Readability and Sentiment Analysis of Central Bank Communication in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 28, no. 4 (2024): 1018–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2024.p1018.

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This study analyzes the readability and sentiment of central bank communications across six Central and Eastern European countries. It reveals considerable variability in readability, with Moldova being the most accessible and Serbia the most complex. Notably, readability declined during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the urgent and complex nature of economic communication. The study finds no direct correlation between readability and sentiment; however, the net hawkishness index significantly correlates with business cycle phases, suggesting its potential to forecast monetary policy s
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Кузнєцова, Наталія. "SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES MECHANISMS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE COUNTRIES (CASE OF POLAND)." Сталий розвиток економіки, no. 1(48) (February 15, 2024): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2308-1988/2024-48-32.

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Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are widely used in most developing countries and in many developed countries. The main goal of this study is to identify mechanisms of SEZs functioning and their role in the economic development of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (based on the examples of Poland). As a result of the study presented in the article, the conclusions can be drawn that in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe SEZs are successfully used both as a tool of investment and industrial policy, and through the mechanisms of functioning of SEZs, the interests of private invest
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Aderemi, Timothy A. "Determinants of industrial development in Central European countries: Empirical evidence from a dynamic panel analysis." Asian Economic and Financial Review 15, no. 4 (2025): 525–36. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v15i4.5354.

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This study investigated the determinants of industrial development in ten (10) Central European countries from 1990 to 2021. We used a panel ARDL method to study the effects of key economic factors on industrial growth to achieve this goal. These factors included credit to the private sector, market size, internet access, and trade openness. The results showed the following: Firstly, trade openness had a positive and significant effect on industrial development in Central Europe. This evidence implies that trade openness is a major factor that drives industrial development forward. However, ma
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Fink, Gerhard, and Alexander Petsche. "Central European Economic Policy Issues." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1994. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3595/1/IEF_WP_5.pdf.

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Careja, Romana. "Policy coherence and economic reforms in Central and Eastern Europe the great transformation." Hamburg Kovač, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000907651/04.

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Careja, Romana. "Policy Coherence and Economic Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe : The Great Transformation /." Hamburg : Kovac, J, 2010. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-5054-4.htm.

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Taksz, Ildiko. "Economic policy implementation in East-Central Europe : industrial privatization in Hungary in the early 1990s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389764.

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Dabu, Adina. "Theoretical Frameworks and Conceptual Approaches to Economic Development in East and Central Europe. Romania-Case Study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44619.

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The development literature considers Romania from both the sociological and economic standpoints as a developing country with a large agricultural sector. Due to the specific nature of the structure of its economy and society Romania encountered a series of specific problems in its process of social and economic development, a process that began in the mid 19th century. A constant problem for the Romanian policy makers over the last century has been how to shrink the country's agricultural sector and develop the industry and service sectors to reach a level comparable to that of more advanced
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Quaglia, Lucia. "Italy and economic and monetary union : domestic politics and European union policy-making." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390828.

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Eliseeva, Anna. "Lost in transition : how can emerging economies leverage gender equality for economic transition ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E019.

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La thèse explore les liens entre l'autonomisation des femmes et la transition économique. Elle examine la manière dont l'augmentation du nombre de femmes travaillant dans le secteur public ou privé peut contribuer à résoudre certains problèmes persistants de transition dans les pays émergents, comme un faible niveau de productivité, d'innovation et de développement humain. La thèse est composée de trois chapitres qui s'appuient sur les modèles économiques de l'égalité entre les sexes et de la transition. Le premier chapitre explore la relation entre la composition hommes-­femmes des entreprise
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Šerić, Adnan. "Three empirical essays on determinants of industry and investment location patterns in the context of economic transition and regional integration : the evidence from Central and Eastern European countries." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2098.

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The factor determinants of industry and investment location patterns in transition economies can be expected to differ from those frequently observed in developed countries. Historically, centrally planned economies have suffered from inefficient industrial policies that are generally assumed to have had distortive effects on spatial location of industry. The process of economic transition and regional integration that followed the demise of socialist structures is assumed to have subsequently affected the geographical distribution of economic activities within and between countries of the reg
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Trejbal, Václav. "Vztahy Ruska se zeměmi V4: Komparativní studie." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264274.

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The aim of the dissertation thesis is to compare the political relations of the Russian Federation and four Visegrad countries and to identify various aspects which contribute most to the differences in the form, content and closeness of the relations. The core of the thesis is a comparative case study focused on the comparison of context of individual bilateral relations. These will be viewed as a clash of two foreign policies. Neoclassical realism will serve as the theoretical background for the analysis of Russian and Visegrad countries´ foreign policies. The methodological apparatus of int
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Ovseiko, Pavel Victor. "The politics of health care reform in Central and Eastern Europe : the case of the Czech Republic." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8f1c4d3-9dda-4a2b-94d1-5afcb0cf5c87.

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This thesis examines the political process of health care reform between 1989 and 1998 in the most advanced sizable political economy in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) – the Czech Republic. Its aim is to explain the political process bringing about post-Communist health policy change and stimulate new debates on welfare state transformation in CEE. The thesis challenges the conventional view that post-Communist health care reform in CEE was designed and implemented to improve the health status of the people, as desired by the people themselves. I suggest that this is a dangerous over-rationa
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Books on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Institute, European Trade Union, ed. Economic reforms in Central and Eastern Europe. European Trade Union Institute, 1990.

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Hofhansel, Claus. Multilateralism, German foreign policy, and Central Europe. Routledge, 2005.

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Češka, Roman. Small privatization in Central & Eastern Europe. Central and Eastern European Privatization Network, 1993.

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Mayhew, Alan. Recreating Europe: The European Union's policy towards Central and Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Česko-polské fórum, and Visegrad Fund, eds. Impact of EU cohesion policy in Central Europe. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2010.

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Booth, Simon. Institutions, competitiveness and economic adjustment in Eastern Europe. University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1994.

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Booth, Simon. Institutions, competitiveness and economic adjustment in Eastern Europe. University of Reading, 1994.

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Patrick, Heenan, and Lamontagne Monique, eds. The Central and Eastern Europe handbook. Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999.

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Socol, Cristian. Emerging macroeconomics: Case studies, Central and Eastern Europe. Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

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John, Bachtler, Downes Ruth, Gorzelak Grzegorz, and University of Strathclyde, eds. Transition, cohesion and regional policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Ashgate, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Bachtler, John, and Martin Ferry. "Cohesion Policy in Central and Eastern Europe." In Social and Economic Development in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429450969-14.

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Adam, Jan. "Economic Policy." In Why did the Socialist System Collapse in Central and Eastern European Countries? Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24239-9_3.

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Papadia, Francesco, and Ciro Schioppa. "Economic Convergence and Monetary Union." In Foundations of European Central Bank Policy. Physica-Verlag HD, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50302-3_6.

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Munta, Mario. "Employment policy in the European Semester." In EU Socio-Economic Governance in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003143116-1.

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Collignon, Stefan. "Economic Transformation and the Integration of Central and Eastern Europe in the European Community." In Foundations of European Central Bank Policy. Physica-Verlag HD, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50302-3_12.

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Koteva, Maya. "Trade Policy Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Early Experience and Lessons." In Economic and Political Reform in Developing Countries. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13460-1_3.

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Székely, István P., and Max Watson. "Growth and Economic Policy: Are There Speed Limits to Real Convergence?" In Real Convergence in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230235434_6.

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Klarer, Jürg. "Economic Instruments and Environmental Funds for Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe." In Green Budget Reform in Europe. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58637-8_14.

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Guerrieri, Paolo, and Pier Carlo Padoan. "8. Industrial Policy and Security." In Investing in the Structural Transformation. Open Book Publishers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0434.09.

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This chapter argues that the European Union’s (EU) dual challenge— enhancing both competitiveness and economic security—must form the core of its open strategic autonomy framework, which integrates national security considerations with economic policy. The chapter explores the vulnerabilities and strengths of the EU’s industrial and technological strategies, emphasizing the need for deeper European integration and more robust governance to meet these challenges. Central to this effort is the provision of European public goods (EPGs), such as climate policy, energy security, and technological d
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Cernat, Lucian. "External Policy Transfer and Economic Growth: Reconceptualizing External Influences." In Europeanization, Varieties of Capitalism and Economic Performance in Central and Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501683_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Sajková, Patrícia, Elena Kašťáková, and Vladyslav Bato. "Trade and Sustainable Development Between the European Union and New Zealand." In 25th International Joint Conference Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment. Vydavateľstvo EKONÓM, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53465/ceecbe.2025.9788022552257.303-314.

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The bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union (EU) and New Zealand, concluded in May 2024, represents a significant advancement in their trade and economic relations. Both partners prioritize social, economic, and environmental objectives as integral components of their trade policies, reflecting shared values and a commitment to balanced growth. The paper assesses how trade policies can support environmental objectives and strengthen circular economy principles. A particular emphasis is placed on Chapter 19 of the EU-New Zealand FTA, titled "Trade and Sustainable Develop
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Agustina, Shirley Basauli. "Intersectionality of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Agri-Food Global Production Networks (GPN)." In 25th International Joint Conference Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment. Vydavateľstvo EKONÓM, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53465/ceecbe.2025.9788022552257.9-20.

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This paper aims to examine the relationship between Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the agri-food global production network (GPN). The changing trend of the CAP decoupled direct payment by the introduction of eco-schemes/"greening" measures to farmers have significantly impacted the EU's participation into the GPN, particularly in the period from 2010 to 2022. This paper will start by explanation on the significance of agricultural subsidies in the agri-food sector of the European Union and its business activities. In the observed period, EU's participation in the agri-food GPN steadily i
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Hlupić Radić, Dario. "UNCONVENTIONAL MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK." In EU AND MEMBER STATES – LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/9045.

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Mojsoska, Snezhana, and Nikola Dujovski. "Economic security and Economic Security Index as a Measure of Economic Security." In Twelfth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: From Common Sense to Evidence-based Policy–making. University of Maribor Pres, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-174-2.22.

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Forgacs, Csaba. "In what direction is agricultural specialization headed in Central and Eastern Europe? (2005-2016)." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.005.

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The paper deals with the main directions of specialization in Central and Eastern European Countries’ (CEECs, EU10) agriculture after the EU’s Eastward Enlargement. We analyse and compare growth and productivity advantages of specialized farm types by physical size (in hectare) in EU10 member-states to the EU10/27/15 average based on EUROSTAT data in the period of 2005-2016. We focus on exploring the main directions of specialization using such indicators as the number of specialized farms, land (Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA) and labour (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) use on the input side
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Pečiulis, Tomas, and Asta Vasiliauskaitė. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL BANK’S POLICY ON CRYPTOCURRENCIES." In 13th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2023“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2023.1050.

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In this article, we discuss the central banks’ attitude to cryptocurrencies and focus more on European Central Bank. First, based on the analysis of scientific literature, we show that cryptocurrency is money and performs all of the functions of money, such as the exchange medium, value storage, and accounts unit. We found a positive correlation between the level of economic development of a country and the level of regulation and the integration of crypto cryptocurrencies into the economic system. We discuss not only the approach of the ECB to cryptocurrencies, but also how it developed. Acco
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Ružeková, Viera, and Ján Hrinko. "The Impact of Economic Diplomacy on the Fulfilment of the Slovak Pro-export Policy Goals." In 21st International Joint Conference Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment : Proceedings. University of Economics in Bratislava, Vydavateľstvo EKONÓM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2021.krn.4816.17.

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Tyniewicki, Marcin. "The Eu Economic Policy Coordination in the Context of Mitigating the Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.20.

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Economic policy of the European Union demonstrates significant specificity in relation to the classic understanding of economic policy implemented by a state. It results from the fact that in the EU economic policy participate states which at the same time retained competences to implement their own policies, however in specific areas these competences are limited, sometimes significantly. This complex structure means that the EU policy requires coordination. EU economic policy coordination was significant during the fight against COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating its effects. In this scope, th
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Podsiadlo, Piotr. "The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth in EU Member States – Perspective of State Aid Granted in the Pre-Pandemic Period." In Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment 2024 – Proceedings. Prague University of Economics and Business, Oeconomica Publishing House, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2024.vol.2512.13.

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Olejnik, Łukasz. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND MILITARY EXPENDITURES FROM A FISCAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE. EVIDENCE FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0003.

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Using a newly created dataset of detailed and disaggregated military expenditures, this paper studies the impact of military expenditures on economic growth in nine Central and Eastern European countries in 1999-2021. The results of the estimation of a Barro-type endogenous growth model with military expenditures confirm a negative and significant influence of different kinds of military expenditures on economic growth in the long run, and identify personnel expenditures and labour market adjustments as one of the most important channels of influence. To measure the impact of the short-run eff
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Reports on the topic "Europe, Central – Economic policy"

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Bergsen, Pepijn, Leah Downey, Max Krahé, Hans Kundnani, Manuela Moschella, and Quinn Slobodian. The economic basis of democracy in Europe: structural economic change, inequality and the depoliticization of economic policymaking. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135362.

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- To understand contemporary challenges to European democracy, it is crucial to look beyond the surface of politics and consider the deeper relationship between democracy and the economy. Instead of focusing exclusively on the rise of ‘populism’, it is necessary to acknowledge the multiplicity of threats to European democracy, in particular those arising from the structure of European economies and economic policymaking. - Understanding these weaknesses in the functioning of European democracies is crucial to an effective approach to future economic transformations, in particular the green tra
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Crafts, Nicholas, Emma Duchini, Roland Rathelot, et al. Economic challenges and success in the post-COVID era: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Mirko Draca. CAGE Research Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-01-3.

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In 2008 there was an expectation of major reform to social and economic structures following the financial crisis. The European Union (EU) referendum of 2016, and the UK’s subsequent exit from the EU in 2020, was also signalled as a turning point that would bring about epochal change. Now, in the waning of the coronavirus pandemic, we are experiencing a similar rhetoric. There is widespread agreement that the pandemic will usher in big changes for the economy and society, with the potential for major policy reform. But what will be the long-term impacts of the pandemic on the UK economy? Is th
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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The hist
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Yagci, Mustafa. Global Crises, Central Bank Responses, and the Inversion of the Yield Curve. Islamic Development Bank Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/re24030.

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The global economy and the international financial system have been rattled by crises of varying sources since the start of the new millennium – from the bursting of the dot-com bubble in the early 2000s to the 2007-2009 global financial crisis. Over the past couple of years, the effects of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, followed by the East European crisis, have continued to make waves through global markets. Beginning in 2020, the global economy was challenged by the COVID-19 health crisis, which translated to both supply and demand shocks amid mobility restrictions. As a result, many co
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Canto, Patricia, ed. The New Complexity of Local Production and the Enlightened Role of Industrial Policy. Universidad de Deusto, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/xfkm3607.

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Within this specific contribution we focus on a group of structural transformations that take place within local production systems, namely clusters and districts. This change represents one of the responses of the western economies to the challenges put forth by the emerging powers (e.g. China and the likes). The central idea of this work revolves around the concept of ‘cluster’, which created a heated debate over the past two decades. In fact, some stressed the relevance of the width of the ‘interconnected activities and institutions’ that compose a specific cluster, whereas others tended to
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Russell, Clifford S. Economic Instruments for Water Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: Issue Briefing. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010536.

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The central issue of the II Meeting of the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue, held on February 25 and 26, 2003, is "the application of economic instruments in water and solid waste management" . This Meeting has, on the water side, been informed by descriptions and analyses of a variety of approaches, including examples from a number of European countries (Kraemer, et al.), a longer study of the French water management system (Feres, et al.), and two Latin American country case studies, Brazil (Seroa da Motta and Feres) and Mexico (Saade Hazin and Saade Hazin). Each study pro
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Harangozó, Dániel. Serbia and the Russia–Ukraine War: Implications and Challenges II. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.65.

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The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022 has had a marked effect on the Western Balkan region. Among the countries of this region, Serbia is in a unique situation due to its military neutrality, and the fact that it follows a balancing foreign policy between the Western powers on the one hand, and Russia, Turkey, and China on the other hand, also maintaining close political, economic, and security ties with the latter two powers. The second part of the paper continues to review the consequences and challenges of the war on Serbia by examining the energy domain. Russian exposure
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Knaepen, Hanne. Climate risks in Tunisia: Challenges to adaptation in the agri-food system. European Centre for Development Policy Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc009.

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Tunisia’s agricultural system is central to the stability of the country, but it is also extremely prone to climate risks such as droughts and reduced or more variable rainfall. It is predicted that agricultural yields from key crops like wheat and olives will decline. These climate risks on Tunisia’s agricultural and wider food system can lead to socioeconomic instability and potentially cause security risks. Furthermore, these risks can have knock-on effects that cross national borders, sectors and systems. Tunisia’s capacity to adapt to climate change is undermined by three sets of politica
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Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. Belize's Regional Integration Options. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009136.

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In order to thrive, small economies like Belize tend to depend heavily on the external sector to compensate for their limited domestic market. With a population of less than 350,000, Belize is too small to provide a profitable domestic market for producers of goods and services. Considering this reality, successive Belizean governments have recognized that international trade is critical to ensure a sustainable economic development. While trade remains a top priority for Belize, preferential treatment of its exports to main markets - the US and the European Union - is progressively eroding. On
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sourc
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