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Journal articles on the topic 'Europe – Commercial policy – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Trachtenberg, Marc. "De Gaulle, Moravcsik, and Europe." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032255.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial quest
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2

Moravcsik, Andrew. "Beyond Grain and Grandeur: An Answer to Critics and an Agenda for Future Research." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032264.

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Moravcsik's reply to the six commentaries deals with sources omitted from the original article, the use of evidence in his analysis of the Fouchet Plan and the “empty chair” crisis, and broader critiques of (and proposed alternatives to) the commercial interpretation of French policy on European integration during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle. Moravcsik concedes some of the points raised by the critics and offers a more qualified and nuanced restatement of his argument, but he sticks to his basic contention that “commercial interests were a dominant and sufficient motivation for French
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Imre, Anikó. "Why Should We Study Socialist Commercials?" European Television Memories 2, no. 3 (2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc033.

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This article looks at television’s so far neglected contribution as a relay and interpretive framework at the intersection of postsocialist memory and history studies. It zooms in on postsocialist nostalgia as a relational expression of a heterogeneous set of desires that operate in an intercultural network. Televisual nostalgia also implicates Western Europe and makes explicit a Western European longing for the divided Europe of the Cold War. This longing, in turn, shores up Europe’s repressed imperial history. Television’s role at the pressure points of postsocialist institutional and econom
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4

Lieshout, Robert H., Mathieu L. L. Segers, and Anna M. van der Vleuten. "De Gaulle, Moravcsik, and The Choice for Europe: Soft Sources, Weak Evidence." Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 4 (2004): 89–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397042350900.

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In The Choice for Europe Andrew Moravcsik develops a “commercial” interpretation of Charles de Gaulle's European policies. Moravcsik claims that his revisionist analysis succeeds because he, as opposed to almost all other students of European Community policymaking, has relied not on “soft” sources but on hard primary sources. An investigation of his claim shows that it cannot be substantiated. Both the quality of his sources and his handling of them are poor. His commercial interpretation of de Gaulle's policy is based on a serious misreading of the two sources on which his argument depends.
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Frieden, Jeff. "Sectoral conflict and foreign economic policy, 1914–1940." International Organization 42, no. 1 (1988): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830000713x.

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The period from 1914 to 1940 is one of the most crucial and enigmatic in modern world history, and in the history of modern U.S. foreign policy. World War I catapulted the United States into international economic and political leadership, yet in the aftermath of the war, despite grandiose Wilsonian plans, the United States quickly lapsed into relative disregard for events abroad: it did not join the League of Nations, disavowed responsibility for European reconstruction, would not participate openly in many international economic conferences, and restored high levels of tariff protection for
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6

Grossman, Richard S. "The Shoe That Didn't Drop: Explaining Banking Stability During the Great Depression." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 3 (1994): 654–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700015072.

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This article attempts to account for the exceptional stability exhibited by the banking systems of Britain, Canada, and ten other countries during the Great Depression. It considers three possible explanations of stability—the structure of the commercial banking system, macroeconomic policy and performance, and lender of last resort behavior—employing data from 25 countries across Europe and North America. The results suggest that macroeconomic policy—especially exchange-rate policy—and banking structure, but not lenders of last resort, were systematically responsible for banking stability.
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BARTEL, FRITZ. "Fugitive Leverage: Commercial Banks, Sovereign Debt, and Cold War Crisis in Poland, 1980–1982." Enterprise & Society 18, no. 1 (2016): 72–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2016.19.

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This article examines a familiar Cold War event, the Polish Crisis of the early 1980s, but from an unfamiliar perspective: international financial history. Historians have yet to examine how the growing international activity of Western commercial banks and the Eastern Bloc’s heavy borrowing on international capital markets during the 1970s influenced the course of the late Cold War. This article covers the history of the Eastern Bloc’s largest borrower—Poland—and its road to sovereign default in 1981. It examines how financial diplomacy among banks, communist countries, and the U.S. governmen
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8

Conway, Stephen. "Bentham versus Pitt: Jeremy Bentham and British Foreign Policy 1789." Historical Journal 30, no. 4 (1987): 791–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00022329.

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The successes and failures of British foreign policy from the end of the American war of independence until the outbreak of the conflict with revolutionary France will be familiar, at least in outline, to many students of late-eighteenth-century history. In 1783 Britain was widely regarded as having been reduced to the status of a second-rank power. British ministers, and especially Pitt the Younger and his first foreign secretary, the marquess of Carmarthen, sought a European alliance to end their country's isolation and vulnerability. The Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1786, the product o
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Stolberg, Eva-Maria. "Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of Early Modern History 4, no. 3-4 (2000): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006500x00033.

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AbstractThis essay underlines the essential role of Russo-Chinese border trade in the creation of the multiethnic identity of Siberian outposts such as Nerchinsk and Kiakhta. In the seventeenth/early eighteenth century-under Tsar Peter the Great-Siberia became a meeting place for Russian, Central Asian and Chinese cultures. Furthermore, the Russo-Chinese trade was an important parameter of European economic expansion. Europe and the Far East met territorially only along the Eurasian frontier between Siberia and the Manchu Empire. Profitable trade, however, experienced a severe decline in the 1
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10

Hoffmann, Stanley. "Comment on Moravcsik." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032200.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial quest
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11

Gillingham, John. "A Test Case of Moravcsik's “Liberal Intergovernmentalist” Approach to European Integration." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032237.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur.John Keeler brings up another crucial questi
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Keeler, John T. S. "A Response to Andrew Moravcsik." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032219.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle'bs vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial ques
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Milward, Alan S. "A Comment on the Article by Andrew Moravcsik." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032228.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial quest
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14

Vanke, Jeffrey. "Reconstructing De Gaulle." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 3 (2000): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032246.

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The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial quest
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15

Mergel, Thomas. "Americanization, European Styles or National Codes? The Culture of Election Campaigning in Western Europe, 1945–1990." East Central Europe 36, no. 2 (2009): 254–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633009x411520.

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AbstractThe culture of election campaigning in postwar Western Europe allegedly has been shaped by a process of Americanization. In terms of political communication, Americanization has four distinct features: proximity of political marketing to commercial marketing, personalization and professionalization of campaigns, and media centered strategies. Based on an analyses of some European cultures of electioneering – Germany, Great Britain, and Italy – the main thesis of the paper is that the shared features are only to a smaller degree the results of American influences, but rather parallel tr
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Korten, Christopher. "A house divided: The implications of land expropriated during the Napoleonic years—A case study in the Papal States." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 2 (2020): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894420909015.

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Church-owned lands throughout Europe were confiscated by the French over more than two decades between 1790 and 1814. This action, which became a French financial policy during this period, has been much discussed. We know about the processes undertaken for the transaction of such large-scale sell-offs; we are also familiar with the types of buyers involved in a given region; and we understand the economic results of these sales. However, we have little or no information about what happened to these properties and their owners following the defeat of Napoleon. This article discusses the conseq
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Psalidopoulos, Michalis. "The Greek “Society for the Freedoms of Trade” (1865–67): Rise, Activities, Decline." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27, no. 4 (2005): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710500370026.

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The 150th celebration of the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was a major stimulus for new publications on the issue of free trade versus protection, a question that dominated economic policy agendas all over Europe in the nineteenth century. Original texts dating from that period were again made public (Kadish 1996, Schonhardt-Bailey 1997), the works of Richard Cobden became available (Cain 1995), and Douglas A. Irwin's book (1996) and Anthony Howe's treatise (1997) can be seen as the “cosmopolitan” answers to older (Semmel 1970) and contemporary (Magnusson 1994 and Wendler 1996) defenses of a
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18

Korzun, Valentina. "A. V. Florovsky and Mark Block: Some Details to the Fate of the Historian in Exile." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022266-1.

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The article analyzes the letter-review “Quelques observations sur l'histoire des relation commercial entre l'Europe et des pays de l'Erope Orientale” by M. Block (founded by the authors in the Slavic Library in Prague) on the article sent to the “Annales” in November 1933 by A. V. Florovsky. A. V. Florovsky summarized his ten-year search in the problematic field of Czech-Russian relations in the X—XVIII centuries and it caused serious criticism from M. Bloсk. The text of the letter allows authors to highlight the main directions of this criticism, which was directed
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Kovalskyi, Stanislav. "The stages of the US Mediterranean policy`s development in the 19th century: geopolitical outlines and economic interests." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 10 (2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.5.

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The Mediterranean Sea is an important geopolitical region which defines the economic and strategic interests of the world powers, including the USA. The author`s vision of the US Mediterranean policy and its periodization was presented in the article. Research objective: the paper is devoted to the problem of the US Mediterranean policy in the 19th century. The purpose of the presented study is to research origin and development of the US Mediterranean policy taking into account the context of the European and world historical processes. Scientific novelty: the innovative nature of the article
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20

Dorfner, Thomas. "Von ‘bösen Sektierern’ zu ‘fleißigen Fabrikanten’. Zum Wahrnehmungswandel der Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine im Kontext kameralistischer Peuplierungspolitik (ca. 1750 – 1800)." Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung 45, no. 2 (2018): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zhf.45.2.283.

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During the late 1750s a fundamental shift in the perception of the Moravian Church took place among the upper classes of central Europe. The older view of reality dating from around the year 1750 according to which the Moravians were dangerous sectarians was replaced by the perception that the Moravians were hardworking, obedient, yes almost exemplary subservients. This resulted in the Moravian Church receiving over 100 invitations between 1758 and 1804 from aristocratic houses throughout central Europe to establish a community. This paper shows that the shift in perception took place because
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21

Claire, Sarah. "The Ore Mountains Mining Area in Bohemia: A Reservoir of Silver Resources in Central Europe in the Sixteenth Century." Global Environment 15, no. 1 (2022): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2022.150103.

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This study of the bohemian Ore Mountains illustrates the stranglehold of wealthy German entrepreneurs (the Welser, Höchtstetter, Fugger, Nutzel, etc.) on the mineral resources of the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge, Krušné hory) in Bohemia in the sixteenth century, at the expense of the local population. The German commercial firms were the only ones in the region with sufficient capital to invest in the development of Bohemian mines. They had control over a large part of the ore production, which was sent to dynamic north-western European markets. The income generated by the extraction remained tem
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22

Barraqué, Bernard. "Return of drinking water supply in Paris to public control." Water Policy 14, no. 6 (2012): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.085.

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The ‘reclaiming’ by Paris of its water back into public hands is a paradox in the homeland of transnational water companies and at a time when the European Commission rather favours the liberalisation of public services ‘of general economic interest’. Yet what has happened is more complex. A quick historical review of management formulas in Europe reveals both the specific model of delegation to private companies made in France, and also the maintained direct labour management formula (with direct public procurement by municipalities) used in several French cities to be presented. Paris has a
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23

Devereux, David R. "State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62." Albion 27, no. 1 (1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.

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Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by tra
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Ippolitov, Sergei Sergeevich. "Russian Emigration of the First Wave in Germany: Humanitarian and Legal aspects of Adaptation, 1917-1920s." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31909.

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The article discusses the activities of Russian humanitarian, professional and public organizations in determining the legal status of Russian migrants in Europe and providing legal assistance to refugees and Russian legal entities in exile in 1917 - 1920s, as well as the trade unions of Russian lawyers in exile and their activities of legal assistance to their compatriots. The author examines the foreign policy of different states concerning the legal discrimination of Russian refugees and the geopolitical context in which the legal integration of Russian emigration took place in the societie
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Lindner, Ulrike, and Stuart S. Blume. "Vaccine Innovation and Adoption: Polio Vaccines in the UK, the Netherlands and West Germany, 1955–1965." Medical History 50, no. 4 (2006): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300010279.

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“An effective AIDS vaccine could be found as early as 2012, saving 6 million lives if the world is willing to put £10 bn a year into a new programme, the chancellor, Gordon Brown, said in a speech last night in Tanzania”. Faith in biomedical science; the conviction that new vaccines will be translated into lives saved; belief in the necessity of globally concerted action: the British minister's statement reflects views of vaccine innovation that are widely held today. New and improved vaccines seem our best hope of coping with the scourge of AIDS, of arming ourselves against the unknown threat
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Zastocki, Dariusz, Hubert Lachowicz, Jarosław Sadowski, and Tadeusz Moskalik. "Changes in the Assortment and Species Structure of Timber Harvested from the Polish Managed Part of Białowieża Forest." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093279.

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The subject of the research, which is the Polish managed part of Białowieża Forest together with Białowieża National Park, a remnant of primeval forests, is one of the most valuable forest areas in Europe. This article presents the history of the use of these forests. The assortment and species structure of the harvested timber was analyzed in detail for the Białowieża, Browsk, and Hajnówka Forest Districts from 2008 to 2017. The research is based on data from the State Forests Information System (SILP) and Forest Management Plans (PUL), as well as Nature Conservation Programs (POP). The volum
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Balakrishnan, Melodena Stephens, Payyazhi Jayashree, and Ian Michael. "Etihad: contributing to the UAE vision through Emiratisation." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111110285.

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Subject area Strategy, Emiratisation (national policy); human resources (recruitment, training and development, organizational culture and values) and marketing (branding, communication), tourism (destination image). Study level/applicability Undergraduate and Postgraduate Business and Management. Case overview This case highlights the strategy and initiatives taken by Etihad to attract Emirati employees (local nationals) to join the organization. Etihad Airways is the national airline of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), based in Abu Dhabi, the national capital. Since its inception in 2003, the
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Beattie, James. "Biota Barons, 'Neo-Eurasias' and Indian-New Zealand Informal Eco-Cultural Networks, 1830s–1870s." Global Environment 13, no. 1 (2020): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130105.

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This article examines informal (private and commercial) imperial networks and environmental modification by former English East India Company (EIC) employees in New Zealand, as well as the introduction of subcontinental species into that colony. Several very wealthy settlers from India, it argues, single-handedly introduced a cornucopia of Indian plants and animals into different parts of nineteenth-century New Zealand and used money earned in India to engage in large-scale environmental modification. Such was the scale of their enterprise 'in the business of shifting biota from place to place
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Alfonso F., Alfonso F. "Los designios de la política comercial de Chile: adecuaciones mediante y pragmatismo en las medidas legislativas, 1850-1914." 3 29, no. 3 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/1314.

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Accominotti, O. y Flandreau, M. (2008). Bilateral treaties and the most-favored-nation clause: the myth of trade liberalization in the nineteenth century. World Politics, 60(2), 147-188. doi: 10.1353/wp.0.0010 Anguita, R. (1913). Leyes promulgadas en Chile desde 1810 hasta el 1 de junio de 1913. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta, Litografía i Encuadernación Barcelona. Bairoch, P. (1989). European trade policy, 1815-1914. En P. Mathias y S. Pollard (eds.), The cambridge economic history of europe from the decline of the roman empire: vol. 8. The industrial economies: the development of economic and s
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Ó'CLÉIREAĊÁAIN, SÉAMUS. "Europe 1992 and Gaps in the EC's Common Commercial Policy." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 28, no. 3 (1990): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00364.x.

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FORSBACH, RALF. "Health Policy in Twentieth-Century Europe." Contemporary European History 15, no. 3 (2006): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777306003390.

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Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner eds., Facing Illness in Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years 1918–1939 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005), 424 pp., €64.00 (hb), ISBN 363119486.Horst H. Freyhofer The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code, Studies in Modern European History 53 (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 209 pp., €30.00 (pb), ISBN 0820467979.Ulrike Lindner Gesundheitspolitik in der Nachkriegszeit. Großbritannien und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vergleich, Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London 57 (Mu
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Parsons, R. M. "History of Technology Policy—Commercial Nuclear Power." Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 121, no. 2 (1995): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1052-3928(1995)121:2(85).

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Mineeva, Elena K., Alevtina P. Zykina, and Alexey I. Mineev. "PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF NATIONALITIES OF THE RSFSR AND THE CREATION OF THE CRIMEAN ASSR." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-2-75-88.

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Just recently, Russia celebrated the 8th anniversary of the return of Crimea “to its native harbor.” This important event, both for the whole country and the region, makes us once again turn to the historical fate of the Crimean Peninsula. At almost all important stages of historical development, from the time of colonization of the Northern Black Sea region by the Greeks and to the present, this region attracted the attention of all neighbors, both close and the most remote ones, which is due to the special geopolitical position of the Crimea. We can say that whoever owns the peninsula contro
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Barra, Luca, Christoph Classen, and Sonja de Leeuw. "Editorial." VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture 6, no. 11 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2017.jethc118.

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This issue on the History of Private and Commercial Television in Europe may help deepen our understanding of how the commercialization of television has shaped media culture in Europe. It offers a scholarly view on the history of private and commercial television in Europe, addressing institutional, technological, political, and cultural perspectives, and their entanglement, so as to allow for transnational comparison.
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Anderson, Jason. "Can Europe Catalyze Climate Action?" Current History 108, no. 716 (2009): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2009.108.716.131.

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Johnson, Paul. "Social Policy in Europe in the Twentieth Century." Contemporary European History 2, no. 2 (1993): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000424.

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The 1980s proved to be a tough decade for European welfare states. The post-war ‘welfare consensus’, which perhaps had never been quite so strong or coherent as many contemporary historians and commentators had assumed, was finally laid to rest. The five great spectres identified by Beveridge want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness had not been humbled by public welfare provision despite its ever growing scale and cost. At the beginning of the 1980s the OECD published a report on The Welfare State in Crisis which pointed out that as welfare state expenditure had roughly doubled as a per
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Sharp, James Roger, and Doron S. Ben-Atar. "The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy." Journal of Southern History 60, no. 4 (1994): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211078.

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Cooper, Richard N., Patrick A. Messerlin, and Michelle P. Egan. "Measuring the Costs of Protection in Europe: European Commercial Policy in the 2000s." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 2 (2002): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033099.

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Weeks, William Earl, and Doron S. Ben-Atar. "The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy." Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (1994): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081036.

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Dufour, Christian, Dieter Sadowski, and Otto Jacobi. "Employers' Associations in Europe: Policy and Organisation." Le Mouvement social, no. 162 (January 1993): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779523.

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Perkins, Edwin J., and Doron S. Ben-Atar. "The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy." American Historical Review 99, no. 4 (1994): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168920.

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Lint, Gregg L., and Doron S. Ben-Atar. "The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy." William and Mary Quarterly 51, no. 3 (1994): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947465.

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43

März, Julian W. "Challenges Posed by Transnational Commercial Surrogacy: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights." European Journal of Health Law 28, no. 3 (2021): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-bja10045.

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Abstract There is little consensus between European States regarding the legal treatment of surrogacy in general and of transnational commercial surrogacy in particular. Against this background, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in this matter is of particular significance since it provides some common ground for the legal treatment of transnational commercial surrogacy in Europe. For this reason, the present paper will outline the development of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on transnational commercial surrogacy, giving particular attention to the Mennesson and
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44

Croan, Melvin, and Sarah Meiklejohn Terry. "Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe." Russian Review 45, no. 3 (1986): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130124.

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45

Geiger, Vladimir, and Suzana Leček. "The Policy of Retribution in Europe after World War II." Journal of Contemporary History 50, no. 1 (2018): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/csp.v50i1.74.

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46

Neilson, K. "Orme Sargent, Appeasement and British Policy in Europe, 1933-39." Twentieth Century British History 21, no. 1 (2010): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwp059.

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47

Sturdy, S., R. Freeman, and J. Smith-Merry. "Making Knowledge for International Policy: WHO Europe and Mental Health Policy, 1970-2008." Social History of Medicine 26, no. 3 (2013): 532–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkt009.

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48

Øksendal, Lars Fredrik. "Dividend policy in Norwegian banking before 1914." Financial History Review 18, no. 2 (2011): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000314.

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This article discusses the dividend strategy adopted by Norwegian commercial banks before 1914. Based on a unique data set covering all banks in the period 1882– 1913 as well as six other institutions for the pre-1882 period, I identify the existence of a strong bias towards the payment of high and stable dividends to shareholders. The origins of such bias lie in the specific institutional set-up of commercial banking, the expectations of shareholders and the absence of developed securities markets. Combined with a strong preference for high gearing, this feature contributed to increase the fr
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Beale, Alison. "Development and ‘Désétatisation’ in European Cultural Policy." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (1999): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000111.

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An analysis of European cultural policy supports the argument that the European Union (EU) is first and foremost an economic union. This paper traces two policy styles in European cultural policy: one oriented to deregulation and privatisation; the other concentrating on social development. It argues that the creation of de facto cultural policy by the European Commission in its audiovisual policy is an important indicator of the direction of EU cultural policy. The paper examines some of the implications for national cultural sovereignty of both audiovisual policy and the move to deregulation
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50

Willis, F. Roy, and Wolfram F. Hanrieder. "Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy." American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (1991): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162467.

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