Academic literature on the topic 'European and Bengali'

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Journal articles on the topic "European and Bengali"

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Heehs, Peter. "Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902–1908." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 3 (1994): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011859.

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Writing to John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, a few days after the first terrorist bomb was thrown by a Bengali, the Viceroy Lord Minto declared that the conspirators aimed ‘at the furtherance of murderous methods hitherto unknown in India which have been imported from the West, and which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted’.This notion later was taken up and developed by Times correspondent Valentine Chirol, who wrote that Bengalis had ‘of all Indians been the most slavish imitators of the West, as represented, at any rate, by the Irish Fenian and the Russian anarchist’. Chirol went on to say that ‘European works on various periods of revolutionary history figure almost invariably amongst seizures of a far more compromising character whenever the Indian police raids some centre of Nationalist activity.’ This indicated that Bengali revolutionary terrorism was simply a takeoff on the European variety. The only indigenous element in it was the dangerous infusion of Hindu religious fanaticism.
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Davini, Roberto. "Bengali raw silk, the East India Company and the European global market, 1770–1833." Journal of Global History 4, no. 1 (2009): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809002952.

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AbstractIn 1769, the East India Company decided to transform the Bengali silk industry, and introduced Piedmontese reeling technologies and spatially concentrated working practices into the area. Although Bengali raw silk reeled with the new methods never reached the standards of Piedmontese silks, the Company was able to produce huge quantities of low-quality raw silks, and to gain market share in London from the 1770s to the 1830s. By investigating the reasons behind this partial success, this article shows that some features of Piedmontese technologies had a crucial impact on peasants who specialized in the mulberry cultivation and the rearing of silkworms. The Company had to cope with resistance from some rural economic agents in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Bengal, but other elements in local society were able to profit from the Company's interest in producing raw silk.
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Khan, Sameer ud Dowla. "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (2010): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000071.

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Bengali ( /baŋla/) is an Indo-European language (Indic branch) spoken by over 175 million people in Bangladesh and eastern India (Dasgupta 2003: 352; Lewis 2009). The speech illustrated below is representative of the standard variety widely spoken in Dhaka and other urban areas of Bangladesh.
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Chakraborty, Swarnendu. "The partition of Bengal in 1947 and The Role of the Hindu MahaSabha." British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History 2, no. 1 (2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjpsh.2022.2.1.5.

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According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the English word “De-colonization” means liberation of colonies from their foreign overlords. After the 2nd world war, the De-colonization of the Asia African continent began due to different economic-political-strategic factors. However, in many instances, this process brings partition of an undivided country into 2\3 smaller successor States with forceful mass migration, refugee crisis, loss of monetary and human resources due to violent civil wars between different ethno-religious groups. After the battle of Plessey (1757) granting of Dewani to the English East India Company (1765), Bengal became the center of the British power in East India. The British city of Calcutta became the most prominent city in Asia as the capital of British India. Through the efforts of some European and native academicians, a mixture of Anglo-British culture happened. The Bengali thinkers taught the nation the first lessons of patriotism during the colonial period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, divided Bengal into two parts in 1905. The Bengali masses protested publicly against the partition. R.Tagore and other Bengali thinkers guided the agitation. This protest movement was known as the Swadeshi movement. In 1911, the division was cancelled, but the capital of British India had been shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. After the establishment of the Muslim League. (1906), The Hindu MohaSabha (1915) and enactment of the Morle-Minto (1909), Montegu-Chamesford (1919), the communal harmony between the Bengali Hindu and Muslim community decreased. After the 2nd world war, it became clear that the British Empire in the Indian sub-continent would collapse soon. During the power transfer process, the division of the sub-continent into two different countries became inventible. My aim in this study is to point out the role of the Hindu MahaSabha in the partition of Bengal in 1947. I will try to point out whether the division of Bengal was necessary or the rise of Bengali communalism forced it. I will try both analytical and descriptive research methods to answer my questions.
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SENGUPTA, JAYANTA. "Nation on a Platter: the Culture and Politics of Food and Cuisine in Colonial Bengal." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 1 (2009): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09990072.

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AbstractThis paper examines themes related to cooking, food, nutrition, and the relationship between dietary practice and health in late-nineteenth century and early-twentieth century Bengal, and argues that food and cuisine represented a vibrant site on which a complex rhetorical struggle between colonialism and nationalism was played out. Insofar as they carried symbolic meanings and ‘civilisational attributes’, cooking and eating transcended their functionality and became cultural practices, with a strong ideological-pedagogical content. The Bengali/Indian kitchen, so strongly reviled in European colonialist discourses as a veritable purgatory, became a critically important symbolic space in the emerging ideology of domesticity during the colonial period. The gastronomic excesses of gluttonous British officials—crucial in asserting the physical superiority of a ‘masculine’ Raj—became an object of ridicule in Bengali culinary texts, signifying the grossness of a materialistic. The cooking and eating of food thus became deeply implicated in the cultural politics of bhadralok nationalism.
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Firoze Basu. "Goethe’s “Welt” poet in Bengal: The Influence of World Literature on Jibanananda Das and other Bengali Poets of the 1930s-40s." Creative Launcher 6, no. 3 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.3.01.

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This study aims to establish a link between the concept of “Weltliteratur” or World Literature, in terms of the free movement of literary themes and ideas between nations in original form or translation, and the Bengali poets of the thirties and forties who actively translated French and German poets. It identifies Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's (1749-1832) concept of World Literature as a vehicle for the Kallol Jug poets. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe introduced the concept of “Weltliteratur” in a few of his essays in the first half of the nineteenth century to describe the international circulation and reception of literary works in Europe, including works of non-Western origin. My emphasis will be on Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) arguably the most celebrated poet in Bengali literature who was well versed in the contemporary Western Canons of Poetry. Jibanananda’s defamiliarization of the rural Bengal Landscape, his use of exotic foreign images owe a debt to contemporary European poets. Interestingly, Jibanananda had reviewed an English translation of German author Thomas Mann’s novel “Dr Faustus’ for a Bengali magazine “Chaturanga”. In the Bengali review he states that despite prevalent misconceptions (some critics considering the novel to be superior to the original Faust epic by Goethe) Goethe’s Faust was the first text to capture the hope, despair and crisis in the modern world and articulate it in such a manner that “true” literature of the age was created in its new light. In Jibanananda’s estimation, Thomas Mann deserves credit for treating the Faust legend in a unique and creative way.
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van Schendel, Willem. "The Invention of the ‘Jummas’: State Formation and Ethnicity in Southeastern Bangladesh." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (1992): 95–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015961.

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This paper deals with socio-cultural innovation in the hills of southeastern Bangladesh. Outsiders have always been struck by the ethnic diversity of this area. The literature—written mainly by British civil servants, Bengali men of letters, and European anthropologists—presents a picture of twelve distinct ‘tribes’, all practising swidden or shifting agriculture, locally known asjhumcultivation. In addition, there are Bengali immigrants who do not engage in swidden cultivation.
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Dutta Ain, Anwesha. "A Reading of Satyajit’s Pather Panchali and Agantuk as Subtexts of Fictional Ethnography." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 83 (2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.83.06.

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This essay focuses on Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road, 1955) and Agantuk (The Stranger, 1991) and discusses the style of Satyajit Ray’s filmmaking which combined the aesthetics of European verisimilitude with suggestive symbolism based on conventional Indian iconography. The paper will concentrate on the authentic representation of a poor family in rural Bengal in Pather Panchali and the urban setting, in his last film Agantuk. The main aim is to explore how the detailing of the shots and the dialogues in these films engage in the ethnographic study of the Bengali society through these cinematographic fictional narratives
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Datta, Hia. "First-Language Attrition in Bengali-English–Speaking Individuals." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 19, no. 1 (2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds19.1.21.

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Multilingual immigrants who live in an environment that does not support their first language (L1) can experience changes in their L1. Such changes, over long periods of time, can lead to attrition in L1. Existing studies examining L1 attrition have been focused on European languages and immigrants between the European and American continents. A group of researchers at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) sought to understand L1 attrition in South Asian immigrants with L1s that are very different in structure from English. In this study, we examined the relationship between language-use and language-immersion patterns that affect first and second language (L2) performance in Bengali-English speaking multilinguals. Language performance was measured by two lexical tasks—a picture-word task and verbal fluency measures—in both Bengali and English. Results indicated that decreased L1 use and low self-reported ratings of L1 predicted L1 attrition in these Bengali-English speaking individuals. Results also indicated that the earlier individuals are immersed in an L2 environment, the more likely it is that their first language will be affected by attrition. Thus, frequent use of L1 is important in order to maintain it, especially for immigrants who wish to pass their L1 on to future generations.
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Ivbulis, Viktors. "Only Western influence? The birth of literary Romantic aesthetics in Bengal." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 9, no. 2 (2008): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2008.2.3703.

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University of LatviaMuch has been said about how fruitfully European aesthetics worked on the minds of Indian writers in the 19th century. For this reason Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), even before he turned twenty, in the eyes of some of his compatriots was already a Romanticist—‘the Shelley of Bengal’. Of course, he could not be Shelley because of the very different historical circumstances of India and England (in India at that time historically could not be born aesthetic rebels like Shelley). But what was implied in this assertion remains: in Bengali writing about Tagore and his embarkation upon new aesthetic approaches, almost always the view is expressed that this happened only because of foreign influences. The task of this paper is to show very summarily that such a conclusion may not be correct.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European and Bengali"

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Sen, Simonti. "Travels to Europe self and other in Bengali travel narratives, 1870-1910 /." New Delhi : Orient Longman, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/60534669.html.

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Dutta, Nilanjana Mazumdar Sucheta. "Scott of Bengal examining the European legacy in the historical novels of Bankimchandra Chatterjee /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2394.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department English and Comparative Literature." Discipline: English and Comparative Literature; Department/School: English and Comparative Literature.
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Stanley, Peter Alan. "White mutiny : the Bengal Europeans, 1825-75, a study in military social history." Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11262.

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In this thesis I seek to connect the military and social history of mid-Victorian Britain through a study of the East India Company's Bengal European regiments and their demise following the 'white mutiny' of 1859-60. I work from the contention that military and social history have been imperfectly integrated, and seek throughout to demonstrate the connections between the culture of the European force in itself, and their culture as the expression of aspects of the societies from which its members derived. The thesis is structured in four parts, based on concepts adapted from criticism of the work of E.P. Thompson. 'Culture' shows how the officers and men of the Bengal Europeans in the thirty years preceding the 1857 rebellion constituted a distinct community (the composition, values and expectations of which differed from those of the Queen's army) which was at the same time rooted in aspects of contemporary British society. 'Conflict' discusses how this community reacted to the Indian rebellion of 1857-58, and how its culture both determined its performance in battle and ensured its survival and expansion when an antagonistic Queen's army sought its suppression. 'Power1 examines in detail the soldiers' protest of 1859, demonstrating how the men acted in accordance with the force's culture, and how critical features of contemporary society - including 'populist' understandings of rights, occupational experience and ethnicity - shaped the outcome of the protest. Transformation' traces the effects of the protest, particularly the Bengal Europeans' incorporation into the Queen's army, and how officers and men accepted or resisted the suppression of their distinctive culture.
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Books on the topic "European and Bengali"

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Mukhopādhyāẏa, Taruṇa. Sāhitya, pūrba o paścima. Bhāshā o Sāhitya, 2006.

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Mukhopādhyāẏa, Taruṇa. Bāṃlā nāṭake paścimera ālo. Ebaṃ Muśāẏerā, 2007.

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Cakrabartī, Sudeshṇā. Svadeśe bideśe. Pramā Prakāśanī, 2006.

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Bhaṭṭācārya, Tapodhīra. Ādhunikatā, parba theke parbāntara. Pustaka Bipaṇi, 1995.

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Bhaṭṭācārya, Tapodhīra. Ādhunikatā, parba theke parbāntara. Pustaka Bipaṇi, 1995.

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Éliade, Mircea. Bengal nights. University of Chicago Press, 1994.

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Éliade, Mircea. Bengal nights. Rupa & Co., 1993.

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Bengal nights. Carcanet, 1993.

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Dutta, Abhijit. Glimpses of European life in 19th century Bengal. Minerva Associates (Publications), 1995.

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European trade and colonial conquest. Anthem, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "European and Bengali"

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Hancock, James F. "The Ottoman and Safavid silk trade." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0021.

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Abstract This chapter narrates the events during the economic and political rule of the Ottoman empire as well as the Persian silk trade. This section has eleven subchapters which are about the Ottomans in the centre, silk production and movement in Safavid Persia, France and the Ottomans, the Levant Company, Dutch in the Levant, growth of French impact in the Levant, raw silk around the horn, the VOC gets into the silk market, Bengali silk trade, luxury silks in Europe, and death of the worms due to a silkworm disease called 'pebrine'.
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Banerjee, Milinda. "Ocular Sovereignty, Acclamatory Rulership and Political Communication: Visits of Princes of Wales to Bengal." In Royal Heirs and the Uses of Soft Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59206-4_5.

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Chakrabarti, Gautam. ""In-Between" Religiosity: European Kāli-bhakti in Early Colonial Calcutta." In Translocal Lives and Religion: Connections between Asia and Europe in the Late Modern World. Equinox Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/equinox.31740.

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One of the most engaging socio-cultural traits in late 18th- and early 19th-century India was the disarmingly engaged and comparativist manner in which European travellers responded to the multi-layered and deeply syncretic field of devotional spirituality in eastern India. The predominantly-śākta orientation of early modern Bengali configurations of religious devotion led, especially in the vicinity of the rather-heterodox city of Calcutta, to the familiarization of European migrants to the Goddess Kālī, Herself representing a certain subaltern, tāntrika aspect of Hindu devotional practices. Antony Firingi, (Æntōnī Phiringī) originally Hensman Anthony (?‒1836), was a folk-poet/bard, who, despite being of Portuguese origin, was married to a Hindu Brahmin widow and well-known throughout Bengal for his celebrated Bengali devotional songs addressed to the Goddesses Kālī and Durgā, towards the beginning of the 19th century. He was also celebrated for his performance in literary contests known as kabigān (bardic duels) with the then elite of Bengali composers. His āgamani songs, celebrating the return of Goddess Durgā to her parental home are immensely-popular till today and he was associated with a temple to Goddess Kālī in the Bowbazar-area of North Calcutta that is nowadays famous as the Phiringī Kālibāri (foreigner’s Kālī temple). In this essay, the literary-cultural construction of a religious hybridity, operating between and cross-fertilizing Indo-European cultural conjunctions, is examined through the study of individual, “in-between” religious agency, in this case of Hensman Anthony, who comes across as a figure representing the condition of the transcultural subaltern.
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Johnson, K. Paul. "Theosophy in the Bengal Renaissance." In Imagining the East. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853884.003.0011.

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This chapter explores the Theosophical Society’s association with the Bengal Renaissance in India, which is a significant, yet quite unexplored, dimension of both movements. The chapter traces the rise and fall of Theosophical influence in Bengal, beginning with contacts between Bengali and American spiritualists in the early 1870s prior to the formation of the Theosophical Society. Two years before its move to India, the Society established correspondence with leaders of the Brahmo Samaj. After the move to India in 1879, personal contacts were developed through the travels to Bengal of Henry Steel Olcott and Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and the subsequent involvement of Bengalis in the Madras Theosophical Society headquarters. The role of Mohini Chatterji as an emissary of the Theosophical Society to Europe and America was the high point of this association, but by the early twentieth century, Aurobindo Ghose described the Theosophical Society as having lost its appeal to progressive young Indians.
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Hardiman, David. "‘Passive Resistance’ in India, 1905–09." In The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920678.003.0002.

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The first chapter examines the development of civil forms of protest in India under the rubric of ‘passive resistance’. This method was devised initially by nationalist activists who were impressed by the success of campaigns of what was then known as ‘passive resistance’ in Europe. These European campaigns are appraised in their historical context, showing how they inspired Indian nationalists involved in the Swadeshi Movement of 1905-09, with its rallying cry of Bande Mataram (Victory to the Motherland). The important contribution of the Bengali nationalist, Aurobindo Ghose, in the development of this strategy is analyzed. The focus in these campaigns was on efficacy rather than ethics. This tradition continued in India into the Gandhian period, and it is one of the tasks of this book to show how this created enduring tensions within the movement.
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Deluermoz, Quentin, and Pierre Singaravélou. "Testing Empire." In A Past of Possibilities. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300227543.003.0011.

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This chapter highlights the uchronic portrayal entitled The Scripture Read Backwards by the Bengali satirist Rajshekhar Basu, which staged a role inversion that revealed the very essence of forms of colonial domination. It outlines the symbolic violence through toponymy, production and diffusion of the great imperial narrative, circulation of new cultural practices, and the emergence of new social and political identities. Imperial and global historiographies have explicitly mobilized the tools of counterfactualism in order to study the causes and the forms of Western domination over the rest of the world. The chapter discusses how counterfactualism examines the net results of colonization in the metropoles and the former overseas possession, deconstructs the categories of the grand narratives of European expansion, rediscovers the capacities for action, and apprehends the future fears and hopes envisaged through the counterfactuals formulated by contemporaries. It uses counterfactualism to bring to light implicit categories of historical understanding.
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"9. Two Bengali Greeks." In Celebrating Europe. ISEAS Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789814311519-012.

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"THE PORTUGUESE IN BENGAL." In European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1gxp82m.14.

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Zastoupil, Lynn. "Intellectual flows and counterflows: the strange case of J. S. Mill." In Colonial Exchanges. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105646.003.0002.

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This essay re-examines the fact that J. S. Mill’s published work registers surprisingly few direct examples of influence from India, despite his lengthy East India Company career. Situating Mill’s contact with South Asia in the rich history of Anglo-Indian intellectual exchange that colonialism engendered, it argues that this missed opportunity to connect is striking because of the confluence of extraordinary motives and opportunity in Mill’s early life. During the 1830s, European intellectual influences and colonial imperatives combined to lead Mill to advocate a form of Einfühlung—sympathetic understanding of others—at the very moment when the visiting Indian reformer Rammohun Roy was being celebrated across Britain by many individuals close to Mill, such as Jeremy Bentham. Yet Mill never met Rammohun and he virtually ignored the celebrated Bengali in his correspondence and published work. This neglect, the chapter argues, is astounding: not only did Mill and Rammohun campaign alike for freedom of the press in the 1820s, but numerous people that Mill knew used Rammohun’s example to argue that social progress depends on such liberties, a view of progress that Mill shared at the time. The essay concludes that Mill’s rejection of this foundational idea of liberty in favour of the famously restrictive one espoused in On Liberty awaits proper investigation, as does the abandonment of Einfühlung in his later publications.
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"TRADE IN PRE-COLONIAL BENGAL." In European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1gxp82m.15.

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Conference papers on the topic "European and Bengali"

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Ganguli, N. R. "Acoustic phonetic study of bengali nasals." In First European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1989). ISCA, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1989-242.

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Datta, A. K., N. R. Ganguli, and B. Mukherjee. "Nasalisation in bengali speech sounds acoustic-phonetic study." In 2nd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1991). ISCA, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1991-34.

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Chowdhury, Radia Rayan, Mir Tafseer Nayeem, Tahsin Tasnim Mim, Md Saifur Rahman Chowdhury, and Taufiqul Jannat. "Unsupervised Abstractive Summarization of Bengali Text Documents." In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.224.

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Indika Devi, Maibam, and Bipul Syam Purkayastha. "An Analysis of Phrase based SMT for English to Manipuri Language." In 9th International Conference on Foundations of Computer Science & Technology (CST 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121904.

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Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is one ruling approach adopted for developing major translation systems today. Here, we report a phrase-based SMT system from English to Manipuri. The variance in the structure and morphology between English and Manipuri languages and the lack of resources for Manipuri languages pose a significant challenge in developing an MT system for the language pair. In comparison, English has poor morphology and SVO structure and belongs to the Indo-European family. Manipuri language has richer morphology and SOV structure and belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family. Manipuri has two scripts- Bengali script and Meitei script. Here the Bengali script is used for developing the system. Our system uses the Moses toolkit. We train and test the system using the tourism, agriculture and entertainment corpus. Further, we use the BLEU metric to evaluate the systems' performance.
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Dayal, A. "Exploration of Hydrocarbon in Bengal Basin." In 73rd EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2011. EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20149576.

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Ali, Hailana Ben. "Elements of Biophilic Interior Design in Healthcare Environments Case Study: The Libyan European Hospital (LEH), Benghazi." In 5th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 11-13 May 2022. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2022ar0507.

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Bandyopadhyay, Sumahan, та Doyel Chatterjee. "A Salvage Linguistic Anthropological Study of the Endangered Māṅgtā Language of West Bengal, India". У GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-2.

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The present paper is a salvage Linguistic Anthropology, in which attempt has been made to document a nearly-extinct language known as māṅgtā bhāsā, and to suggest appropriate measures for saving it from complete extinction. The word māṅgtā is said to have been derived from māṅā, which means ‘to ask for’ or ‘to beg’. The language is spoken by a few groups of the Bedia, which is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in India with a population of 88,772 as per Census of India, 2011(Risley [1891]1981; Bandyopadhyay 2012, 2016, 2017). Bedia is a generic name for a number of vagrant gypsy like groups which Risley has divided into seven types. They live by a number of professions such as snake-charming, selling of medicinal herbs, showing chameleon art or multi-forming. Almost all of them have become speakers of more than one language for interacting with speakers of different languages in the neighbourhood for the sake of their survival. Even the present generation has almost forgotten their native speech, and their unawareness of the language becoming extinct is of concern to us. Elders still remember it and use it sometimes in conversations with the fellow members of their community. The ability to speak this language is construed with regard to the origin of this particular group of Bedia. In fact, the language had given them the identity of a separate tribal community while they demanded the status of ST in the recent past. Thus, socio-historically, the māṅgtā language has a special significance. In spite of being a distinct speech, there has been almost no study conducted on this language. This is one of the major motives for taking up the present endeavour. This project conducts morphological, phonological, syntactical and semantic studies on the māṅgtā language. Sociolinguistic aspects of this language have also been considered. The language has its roots in the Indo-European language family with affinity to the Austro-Asiatic family. The paper interrogates whether māṅgtā can be called language or speech. The study required ethnographic field work, audio-visual archiving, and revitalization, along with sustainable livelihood protection of speakers of the language.
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Yao, G. S., Z. C. Xu, G. Z. Fan, and F. L. Lu. "Sequence Stratigraphy, Architectural Elements and Depositional Evolution of the Northeast Bengal Fan in Offshore Myanmar." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130317.

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