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Journal articles on the topic 'European aviation safety agency'
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1
Oktay Huseynova, Gunel. "AVIATION SECURITY IN EUROPEAN UNION. EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/297-300.
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Faced with a massive increase in air traffic resulting from the successful implementation of the single aviation market, the European Union ensures that all European citizens can enjoy the high level of safety in the sky. The European Commission developed a set of basic civil aviation security standards with the Regulation (EC) No 2320/2002, establishing common rules in the field of civil aviation security which was adopted on 16th December 2002 by the European Parliament. In 2008, Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 repealed this Regulation and introduced a series of new measures aimed to improve, streamline and simplify existing procedures. In 2002, the Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 was the founding document of a new entity, the European Aviation Safety Agency. Areas of activity were Certification and Maintenance of aircraft. On 18 March the new Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, repealing the original Basic Regulation was published and applicable from 08 April on. By virtue of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, the EU extended the common aviation safety rules and the corresponding responsibilities of EASA to aircraft operations and aircrew licensing and training. Key words: aviation, security, European Aviation Safety Agency, Joint Aviation Authorities, Joint Aviation Requirements
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Fortońska, Agnieszka. "Measures Taken by the European Union Agency for Aviation Safety to Ensure Aviation Safety." Journal of KONBiN 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2021-0026.
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Abstract The author will discuss the subject of aviation safety. The measures taken by EASA to maintain the high standard of aviation safety will be identified. At the same time, the paper will present the genesis of the establishment of the European Union Agency for Aviation Safety.
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Uva, Rita Sousa, and Mikolaj Ratajczyk. "COVID-19 Pandemic and the Measures Taken by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency." Air and Space Law 45, Special issue (July 1, 2020): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2020051.
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As the European Union (EU) regulator for aviation safety with competences of certification, oversight and support to Member States, the European Union Aviation safety Agency (EASA) took from the very beginning of the crisis a proactive stance to help mitigating, as much as possible, the devastating impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the aviation sector. This article provides an overview of the measures taken by EASA within its mandate, in light of the general EU framework applicable to air transport, in view of the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, EASA, Covid 19, safety, air travel.
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Ashford, R. "European Civil Aviation Safety Regulation—an Update of the Joint Aviation Authorities." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 209, no. 4 (December 1995): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_299_02.
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The paper reviews airline safety in recent years and argues the case for a need to ensure a continuing improving trend. The role of the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) is described and the need for the JAA and the United States agency, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), to harmonize their safety regulations is explained. The approach to new technology and the case for the application of some of the latest requirements to derivative' aircraft are discussed. Some recent controversial issues related to new technology are described and general conclusions drawn.
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Chatzi, Anna V. "Safety management systems: an opportunity and a challenge for military aviation organisations." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 1 (January 7, 2018): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-05-2018-0146.
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Purpose Most military aviation organisations today have not evolved their safety management approach towards harmonising with civil aviation. Safety culture is the base for any civil aviation organisation, enabling employees to communicate effectively and be fully aware and extrovert on safety. Just culture and reporting culture both are related to safety culture. Both are parts of the awareness process, enhancing safety promotion. These distinct elements and the safety management systems (SMS) can serve well the military aviation. This paper aims to present and discuss the SMS philosophy, structure and elements as a solution for military aviation organisations. Design/methodology/approach The feature of civil aviation SMSs are presented and discussed, with reference to the applicable frameworks and regulations governing the SMS operation. A discussion on the challenges faced within the military aviation organisations, with a brief examination of a European Union military aviation organisation, is presented. Findings The European Military Airworthiness Requirements, which are based on the European Aviation Safety Agency set of rules, can act the basis for establishing military aviation SMSs. A civil-based approach, blended, as necessary, with military culture is workable, as this is the case for many defence forces that have adopted such aviation safety systems. Originality/value This viewpoint paper discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of SMS by military aviation organisations. This is the first time that this issue is openly discussed and presented to the wider aviation community, outside military aviation.
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Scott, Benjamyn I. "Open Skies for Unmanned Aircraft in Europe: An Outlier or a New Approach?" Air and Space Law 46, Issue 1 (January 1, 2021): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2021003.
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Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/947 and Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/945 contain, inter alia, the detailed rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft. The rules were developed by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency with the goal of ensuring a high level of safety for all unmanned operations as the number one priority. The two regulations, in addition to providing safety-based rules rooted within the European aviation safety acquis, can also be seen as a set of rules providing access to the single European sky for both EU and third-country operators. This article will analyse the relevant access to the airspace articles in both regulations in order to show how they facilitate unmanned aircraft operations; how they deviate from the typical modus operandi of manned aviation rules; and what the wider consequences are for both manned and unmanned aviation. Unmanned Aircraft, Access to the Single European Sky, Open, Specific and Certified Category, Competent Authority, Cabotage, Tenth Freedom of the Air
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Uva, Rita Sousa. "The International Dimension of EASA Under the New Basic Regulation." Air and Space Law 43, Issue 4/5 (September 1, 2018): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018028.
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With an expected date of publication to occur in 2018, the new European Union (EU) Regulation on common rules in the field of civil aviation (hereinafter referred to as the New Basic Regulation) will consolidate the international dimension of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), opening up interesting perspectives to its coordinating role. This article will briefly describe the evolution of the international framework of EASA since the founding Regulation in 2002 and offer a summary of the expected regulatory changes. (The article refers to the proposed Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and amending Regulations (EC) No 2111/2005, (EC) No 1008/2008, (EU) No 996/2010, (EU) No 376/2014 and Directives 2014/30/EU and 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Regulations -(EC) No 552/2004 and (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91, Interinstitutional file 2015/0277 (COD), Brussels, 15 June 2018, publicly available and last consulted on 18 July 2018, at http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/PE-2-2018-INIT/en/pdf.)
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Linka, Anita, Marta Galant, and Agnieszka Wróblewska. "Analysis of the safety situation in Polish General Aviation." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 123 (December 1, 2018): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7464.
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Every year there is an increase in the number of aircraft operations in the General Aviation (GA). This is, among other things, as a result of the greater availability and popularity of this method of transportation. The paper presents the number of general aviation operations performed on Polish territory (included data for every sector of the Flight Information Service). Then the safety situation in Poland is assessed on the basis of National Commission for Aviation Accidents Investigation (PKBWL) and referenced to the data of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Article also presents the main directions of development of the GA in Poland and Europe. The summary takes into consideration the future of general aviation in Poland.
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Zeltina, Sintija, and Irena Chatys. "Supply of Technical Materials for the Aviation Warehouse in Accordance with the Basic Principles of Safe Flight." Transport and Aerospace Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tae-2019-0006.
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Abstract aviation industry develops so fast that manufacturers are unable to supply components in time. Aviation companies work on improvement of their warehouses by introducing various mathematical and statistical methods. These methods calculate component safety life. In accordance with the regulations of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) all suppliers and maintenance organizations shall comply with certain restrictions. The study provides information on the basic principles of mathematical and statistical methods of component safety life. The article gives information about the warehouse work in accordance with EASA requirements.
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Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. "Improving Aviation Safety in Indonesia: How Many More Accidents?" Hasanuddin Law Review 2, no. 3 (December 26, 2016): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v2i3.321.
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Numerous and consecutive aircraft accidents combined with a consistent failure to meet international safety standards in Indonesia, namely from the International Civil Aviation Organization and the European Aviation Safety Agency have proven a nightmare for the country’s aviation safety reputation. There is an urgent need for bureaucracy reform, harmonization of legislation, and especially ensuring legal enforcement, to bring Indonesian aviation safety back to world standards. The Indonesian Aviation Law of 2009 was enacted to reform the situation in Indonesia. The law has become the ground for drafting legal framework under decrees of the Minister of Transportation, which have allowed the government to perform follow-up actions such as establishing a single air navigation service provider and guaranteeing the independency of the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee. A comparison with Thailand is made to enrich the perspective. Finally, foreign aviation entities have a role to assist states, in this case Indonesia, in improving its aviation safety, considering the global nature of air travel.
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Schout, Adriaan. "Assessing the Added Value of an EU Agency for Aviation Safety." Journal of Public Policy 31, no. 3 (December 2011): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x11000110.
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AbstractIrrespective of the level of government, public officials increasingly face the challenge of evaluating and making choices between more instruments. Agencies are intended to be a new and different type of governance instrument offering prospects for stronger input from experts, greater transparency and depoliticised decisions. Using ‘legitimacy’ as the framework, this study compares an agency (European Aviation Safety Agency) to comitology and its predecessor (a sui generis intergovernmental regulatory network). Although EASA is often heralded as a major change, the conclusions here are that its predecessor was quite effective and that comitology has been greatly improved and could have been explored as alternative instrument. Therefore, the agency solution was neither unavoidable nor necessarily better.
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Masson-Zwaan, Tanja. "Regulation of Sub-orbital Space Tourism in Europe: A Role for EU/EASA?" Air and Space Law 35, Issue 3 (June 1, 2010): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2010025.
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Taking into account that several plans related to sub-orbital space tourism exist within European Union (EU) Member States, the article outlines the European Space Agency’s (ESA) position about this activity and how that may influence the way space tourism will be treated under EU law. The extent of the competence and legislative powers of the EU under the Lisbon Treaty will be addressed according to three scenarios, that is, treating sub-orbital space tourism as tourism, as aviation or as space activity under the Treaty. Observing that sub-orbital space tourism will probably be regarded as aviation within the EU context, the possible involvement of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will then be discussed.
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Moshnayga, L. "Criminal responsibility for crimes against aviation transport safety: international legal approach." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.62.
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The article deals with crimes against air transport, which can be divided into two groups: seizures of aircraft and other crimes against civil aviation safety.
The normative and legal definition of the classification of international crimes, disagreement in legal qualification and terminological definition of these crimes under the legislation of foreign states, as well as the lack of practical application of legal norms of conventions in combating international crimes, in part of the extradition, creates certain difficulties for the legislation. further extradition of persons hiding from investigation and court in a foreign state.
In the crime of international character, similar to the internal state, the composition of the crime of international character is allocated, which is a set of objective and subjective features, based on which individuals attracted to criminal responsibility. But it should be noted that the elements of the crime of international character do not always coincide with elements of a crime in domestic criminal law.
Basic normative acts aimed at providing aviation safety, operate on three levels: global level (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), basic documents: Crimes Convention and some other acts committed on board aircraft (Tokyo, 1963) ; Convention on the fight against illegal capture of aircraft (GAAGA, 1971); Convention on the fight against illegal acts directed against the safety of civil aviation (Montreal, 1971); Protocol on the fight against acts of violence at airports serving civil aviation (Montreal, 1988, complements the Montreal Convention in 1971); Convention on the marking of plastic explosives in order to detect (Montreal, 1991); Convention on the fight against illegal acts concerning international civil aviation (Beijing, 2010) ; regional level (European Aviation Security Agency (EASA), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), European and North Atlantic Bureau of ICAO (Paris), Found Documents - Politics of the European Civil Aviation Conference in Aviation Safety; National Level - State Aviation Administration (SAA), Basic Documents: Air Code of Ukraine of 19.05.2011, Law of Ukraine "On the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation" dated 20.02.2003, Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine No. 390 dated May 11, 2007, instructions for assessing the risk of security of civil aviation of Ukraine.
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Polyanska, A. "State flight safety of civil aircraft." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 68 (March 24, 2022): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.68.32.
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The article is devoted to the study of the system of state regulation and management of flight safety, the definition of the subjects of such activities. The research methodology is based on the methods of documentary analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, objective truth, which allows to systematically trace the impact of legal regulation in the field of air transport. As a result, it was stated that state regulation is an important component in ensuring the safety of flights of civil aircraft. With proper legal regulation, a high level of aircraft safety will be ensured. The state policy of ensuring the safety of aircraft in civil aviation is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned measures developed and implemented by public authorities, which allows the state to achieve its goals in the aviation industry, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, based on available resources. The peculiarity of this public policy is that, first, it is closely linked to both foreign and domestic processes in the country; secondly, has a great influence on the development of all socio-economic
relations; thirdly, it is provided by a system of public administration bodies headed by the head of state; fourth, it is quite dynamic and costly; fifth, it needs constant control and adjustment by the state. State regulation of flight safety of civil aircraft consists in the formation of state policy and development strategy, defining tasks, functions, conditions of state bodies and use of Ukrainian airspace, application of aviation security measures, adoption of mandatory aviation rules of Ukraine, state control over their implementation and establishing responsibility for their violation. Analysis of flight safety and aviation statistics in recent publications and studies.
The results of the analysis of statistical data on aviation events that have occurred over the past six years indicate a significant deterioration in flight safety during aviation operations, both in absolute and relative accident rates.
To increase the level of flight safety, public authorities and aviation entities should take effective measures to implement a safety management system in accordance with the requirements of ICAO, the European Aviation Safety Agency and the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) [4, с. 117].
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Ongaro, Edoardo, and Ewan Ferlie. "Strategic Management in Public Organizations: Profiling the Public Entrepreneur as Strategist." American Review of Public Administration 50, no. 4-5 (March 3, 2020): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074020909514.
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Our core argument is that the entrepreneurial school of thought in strategic management as conceptualized by Mintzberg and colleagues holds explanatory value for advancing knowledge about the behavior of public sector organizations, as it does for private firms, albeit with important qualifications when applied to public services: chiefly, the temporal limitation in post for the office-holder of a public organization. After describing our methods, we present qualitative data from a longitudinal case study of strategy making in an European Union (EU) agency, the European Aviation Safety Agency, which has become a key actor globally in civil aviation. Our interpretation of the case suggests the additional usefulness of the entrepreneurial school of strategy, suitably adapted for public agency settings, as an explanatory prism to enlarge the repertoire of conceptual tools for the study of public agencies. Our broader argument is that the field of strategic management may provide theoretical resources for the study of public agencies, provided its theoretical lenses are properly selected and adapted.
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Emanuilov, Ivo, and Orian Dheu. "Flying High for AI? Perspectives on EASA’s Roadmap for AI in Aviation." Air and Space Law 46, Issue 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2021001.
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In early 2020, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published its long anticipated ‘Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence in Aviation’. This document builds upon previous European initiatives such as the High-Level Expert Group’s Ethical Guidelines on artificial intelligence (‘AI’), where the concept of ‘trustworthiness’ is embedded as a key pillar and a pre-requisite for developing and deploying AI technologies. The roadmap assesses the associated ethical, safety and regulatory challenges that may arise from the deployment and use of AI applications in aviation. This article provides an overview of the main takeaways, strengths and weaknesses of this roadmap. It critically analyses the main challenges of AI-driven technologies throughout the entire aviation domain. The article argues the roadmap would benefit from considering new regulatory tools and processes, such as regulatory sandboxing and AI-driven certification, and contends any efforts for standardization of AI in aviation must be reconciled with existing standardization of automation and that this may not always be a straightforward process as far as interoperability is concerned. Finally, the article argues that further exploration of the identification and allocation of liability will be indispensable in fostering increased levels of trust in AI-enabled aviation. AI, Innovation, Regulation, Aviation, Autonomous Systems, Regulatory Sandboxing
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Kasprzyk, Piotr, and Mikołaj Doskocz. "Extension of the competence of the European Aviation Safety Agency to public use airports." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2018, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_18_01_05.
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The article discusses issues related to European Aviation Safety Agency competences in reference to public aerodromes. The article includes, among others the introduction of the aerodromes regulations to the EU legal order. Also, it describes in detail the Commission Regulation (EC) No 139/2014. In addition, new legal instruments and institutions for public aerodromes and the main areas of EASA regulation in this respect have been discussed. Finally, the article discusses the issues of derogations, acceptable means of compliance and flexibility for aerodrome operators.
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Clare, James, and Kyriakos I. Kourousis. "Learning from incidents in aircraft maintenance and continuing airworthiness: regulation, practice and gaps." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-06-2020-0114.
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Purpose The ability to learn from previous events in support of preventing future similar events is a valuable attribute of aviation safety systems. A primary constituent of this mechanism is the reporting of incidents and its importance in support of developing learning material. Many regulatory requirements clearly define a structure for the use of learning material through organisational and procedural continuation training programmes. This paper aims to review aviation regulation and practice, highlighting the importance of learning as a key tenet of safety performance. Design/methodology/approach Applicable International Civil Aviation Organisation requirements and the European Union (EU) regulation in aircraft maintenance and continuing airworthiness management have been critically reviewed through content analysis. Findings This review has identified gaps in the European implementing rules that could be addressed in the future to support a more effective approach to the delivery of lessons in the aircraft maintenance and continuing airworthiness management sector. These include light-touch of learning and guidance requirements, lack of methodologies for the augmentation of safety culture assessment, absence of competence requirements for human factors trainers and lack of guidance on standardised root-cause analyses. Practical implications This paper offers aviation safety practitioners working within the European Aviation Safety Agency regulatory regime an insight into important matters affecting the ability to learn from incidents. Originality/value This paper evaluates critically and independently the regulation and practice that can affect the ability of EU regulated aircraft maintenance and continuing airworthiness management organisations to learn from incidents. The outputs from this research present a fresh and independent view of organisational practices that, if left unchecked, are capable of impeding the incident learning process.
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Stewart, Simon, Floor Koornneef, and Roland Akselsson. "Establishment of the Global International Fatigue Risk Management Forum." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 1, no. 2 (January 2011): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000017.
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For many years, fatigue-related risk has been recognized as a significant issue for aircraft operators. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) states that a basic building block underlying the process of managing safety is “sharing safety lessons learned and best practices through the active exchange of safety information.” An example of this organized active exchange is the global Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) Forum which was launched in 2009 and includes 65 organizations (2011) (regulators, airline operators, and academic institutions). The Forum is apolitical and facilitates better communication between these bodies. New information from the ICAO and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) cites the fact that operators can no longer interpret binary compliance with prescriptive flight time limitations as ensuring “legality” or safety. This paper describes how the FRMS Forum can help.
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Sulocki, Thaddée. "Continuing Airworthiness in the Framework of the Transition from the Joint Aviation Authorities to the European Aviation Safety Agency." Air and Space Law 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2003): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2003035.
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MARKIEWICZ, PhD, Assoc Prof Telesfor Marek. "POLISH EXPERIENCE IN OPERATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN AIRSPACE INTEGRATION." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 112, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0873.
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The continued air traffic growth in Polish airspace requires continuous improvement of the efficiency of the air traffic management (ATM) system in order to meet the needs of all its users and to guarantee the highest level of safety of air operations. Activities in this respect undertaken by the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA) in cooperation with military aviation authorities are in line with the objectives of the EU Single European Sky (SES) initiative. In addition to the provision of air navigation services (ANS) for civil aviation (commercial air transport and general aviation), PANSA also provides navigation services for the crews of military aircraft and other state aircraft flying in operational air traffic (OAT). The article describes in general terms flights in operational air traffic, presents the evolution of European regulations concerning this category of air traffic and discusses in detail selected procedures for planning and protecting military aviation flights in Polish airspace.
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Lutek, Michał Wojciech. "Legal aspects of safety management in civil aviation." International Journal of Synergy and Research 7 (March 2, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ijsr.2018.7.0.49-57.
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<p><strong></strong>The article aims to show selected issues related to safety management system with particular reference to its legal aspects. It is composed of seven parts. The first one outlines the general overview on the problem of aviation safety. In the following passage, substance of safety management in civil aviation is presented. Third part describes key factors determining safety in aviation. In the fourth subtitle, selected issues regarding international regulations concerning safety management systems are discussed with reference to Chicago Convention and Annex 19 which established detailed arrangements for safety management. Subsequently, the author describes the EU legislation related to subject matter as well as major institution in charge of ensuring safety like European Aviation Safety Agency. The las but one subtitle refers to some legal aspects of safety management in civil aviation in Polish law. The summary contains conclusions drawn from the analysis of the both international and polish regulations.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong> - The paper’s main purpose is to present legal framework of aviation safety management at the level of international, European and polish law. The author also investigates the role of legal regulations in the process of keeping aviation safe with reference to other factors which have a negative influence on aviation safety. </p><p><strong>Design/Methodology/Approach </strong>- A comprehensive analysis of legislation was conducted along with literature review including international publications focused both on the area of management and law. The reference list was selected in such way to show an objective and impartial approach to the subject matter.</p><p><strong>Findings </strong>- The laws regarding safety management in aviation are subject to harmonization but we can observe that the regulations are becoming more and more technical and complex.</p><p><strong>Research limitations/implications </strong>- The limitations of this paper lie in the lack of review of the studies of practical part of the safety management system regulations.</p><p><strong>Practical implications</strong>-The review shows a profound review of legislation which may be used by both managers and lawyer from aviation industry. Moreover, some statistical data is provided in order to emphasize the importance of safety management in the current world.</p><p><strong>Originality/Value</strong>-The article presents analysis carried at three levels of legal regulations, i.e. international, European and local (Polish) which is the best way to show similarities and point out differences. </p><br />
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Murphy, Gráinne, and Marina Efthymiou. "AVIATION SAFETY REGULATION IN THE MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ENVIRONMENT OF AN AIRPORT." Journal of Air Transport Studies 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v8i2.30.
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Safety is at the heart of the aviation system, accident rates are on a steady downward trend with 2.1 accidents per million departures in 2016, representing the lowest annual aviation accident rate. It is predicted that globally the airline industry will grow, expecting 7.2 billion passengers to travel in 2035 (IATA, 2016). The airport domain is a complex socio technical environment where an airline receives a range of services and is the focal point for the convergence of ground activities, part of its role is creating the ‘safety picture’ and a ‘safety space’ for its industry customers to provide these services to aircraft operators. All operators (excluding ground-handling service providers) at European Union (EU) airports are regulated by European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations and now all have Safety Management Systems in place. Using Dublin Airport as a case study, the paper explores safety culture and safety challenges amongst operators in the multi stakeholder context of Dublin airport’s airside operations. In particular, the paper argues that (i) the attitudes of airport stakeholders on the effectiveness of Safety Management Systems were positive with good indicators of an engaged safety culture, (ii) operators strive for safe airport operations as well as achieving compliance operations and (iii) attitudes towards multi stakeholder safety management depend on the primary relationship held by each party. Finally, the paper recommends strategies to be adopted to enhance and improve multi stakeholder safety culture at Dublin Airport.
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Shvetsova, S. V., and A. V. Shvetsov. "SAFETY ANALYSIS OF GOODS TRANSPORTATION BY UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 5 (June 7, 2020): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-5-286-297.
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Modern transport companies around the world actively study the possibility of intra-urban transportation of goods using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).The objective of the study is to reveal the existing problems preventing full-scale introducing of UAVs into the operations of logistics centers that accomplish cargo delivery in modern megacities as well as to propose a possible option for their solution.The study conducted applying the methods of comparative analysis and generalization showed that the main obstacle to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for cargo delivery is currently unsettled problem of safety when UAVs operate in the urban environment.The study has analyzed the worldwide UAV traffic safety management programs. Among the programs reviewed were U-Space (the program is implemented by the European Commission and other participants); NASA Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (the program is implemented by NASA and the US Federal Aviation Administration); European Aviation Safety Agency drone categories (the program is implemented by European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)); Urban Traffic Management of Unmanned Aircraft System (the program is implemented by Air Traffic Management Research Institute (ATMRI) and other participants). The analysis showed that these programs paid a lot of attention to preventing the UAVs collisions with other air vehicles. But almost no attention was paid to the fact that the flight routes of unmanned aerial vehicles would intersect with the ground highways.The analysis carried out in the article allows us to conclude that one of the solutions to the problem of UAV implementation in the field of cargo delivery is the development of a new concept of UAV traffic safety in the urban conditions, which will take into account the threat of collision of cargo UAV not only with air vehicles but also with ground ones. The concept should determine the requirements for thetechnology for safe traffic of drones over the main surface transport routes including highways, highspeed railways, etc. The development of such a concept will be a turning point for starting the fullscale use of UAVs as a new and effective means of cargo delivery in the city, which, in its turn, willcreate the next-generation transport infrastructure in the cities.
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Simoncini, Marta. "The Erosion of the Meroni Doctrine: The Case of the European Aviation Safety Agency." European Public Law 21, Issue 2 (May 1, 2015): 309–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2015016.
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The non-delegation doctrine developed since the Meroni case has been the main constraint to the full development of EU agencies' powers. In recent years, however, the doctrine is showing its permeability to administrative innovation in the area of internal market regulation. This article aims to contribute to the debate about the sustainability of the Meroni doctrine, by focusing on the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)'s rule-making powers as an illustrative case study. In doing so, the article addresses the main issues of the Meroni doctrine and contextualizes these in the specific domain of EASA, with a view to apply, mutatis mutandis, the inferences to other policy domains.
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Castellanos Ruiz, María José. "Régimen jurídico de los drones: el nuevo Reglamento (UE) 2018/1139 = Drones legal framework: the new Regulation (UE) 2018/1139." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4618.
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Resumen: Los drones son una realidad en los cielos de muchos países. Existen muchas diferencias entre los distintos tipos de drones, no sólo en cuanto a si dicha aeronave es autónoma o pilotada por control remoto; sino en cuanto a otros aspectos como su tamaño, o el uso que se le vaya a dar al dron, que bien puede destinarse a operaciones especializadas (trabajos técnicos, científicos o aéreos), a uso recreativo, o en el futuro, incluso al transporte.La regulación existente de los Estados miembros en materia de drones se circunscribía al ámbito nacional y en relación con determinados tipos de drones. En España, al igual que en los países de nuestro entorno se había desarrollado una regulación limitada a algunos tipos de drones, concretamente los que tienen una masa máxima en el despegue inferior a 150 kg. También la FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) en Estados Unidos desarrolló su propia normativa sobre drones, que posteriormente ha ido modificando.Sin embargo, dada la fragmentación legal en esta materia, se desarrolló por parte de la Unión Europea, concretamente por la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Aérea o EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency), un marco regulatorio para el desarrollo de un mercado único europeo y favorecer así las operaciones transfronterizas de drones.Finalmente, el nuevo Reglamento (UE) 2018/1139 ha venido a establecer una regulación europea que es de aplicación a todos los drones, de manera que las legislaciones internas de los Estados miembros quedarían desplazadas por instrumento internacional. Por tanto, su objetivo es abarcar las aeronaves no tripuladas, puesto que las aeronaves no tripuladas también operan dentro del espacio aéreo junto con las aeronaves tripuladas. Como las tecnologías de las aeronaves no tripuladas actualmente hacen posible una amplia gama de operaciones, éstas deben ser objeto de normas que sean proporcionales al riesgo de la operación o del tipo de operación en concreto, porque su regulación no se puede hacer depender únicamente del peso de la aeronave.Palabras clave: aeronaves, drones, aeronaves no tripuladas, aeronaves pilotadas por control remoto, aeronaves autónomas, RPAS, UAS, UAV, regulación, transporte aéreo, espacio aéreo, aviación civil, FAA, EASA, incidentes, accidentes.Abstract: Drones are a reality in the skies of many countries. There are many differences between the different types of drones, not only as to whether the aircraft is autonomous or piloted by remote control; but in other aspects such as its size, or the use to be given to the drone, which may well be used for specialized operations (technical, scientific or aerial), for recreational use, or in the future, for transportation.The existing regulation of the Member States on drone matters was confined to the national level and in relation to certain types of drones. In Spain, as others Member States, a regulation limited to some types of drones had been developed, which have a maximum take-off mass below than 150 kg. Also the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) in the United States developed its own regulation on drones, which has subsequently been modified.However, given the legal fragmentation in this area, it was developed by the European Union, specifically by the European Aviation Safety Agency or EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency), a regulatory framework for the development of a European single market and promote thus cross-border drone operations.Finally, the new Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 has come to establish a European regulation that is applicable to all drones, so that the internal legislations of the Member States would be displaced by that international instrument. Therefore, its objective is to cover unmanned aircraft, since unmanned aircraft also operate within the airspace together with manned aircraft. As the technologies of unmanned aircraft currently make possible a wide range of operations, they must be subject to standards that are proportional to the risk of the operation or the type of operation in particular, because its regulation can not be made to depend solely on the weight of the aircraft.Keywords: aircrafts, drones, unmanned aircrafts, remotely piloted aircrafts, autonomous aircrafts, RPAS, UAS, UAV, regulation, air transport, airspace, civil aviation, FAA, EASA, incidents, accidents.
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Öz, Emrehan, Eetu Heikkilä, and Risto Tiusanen. "Development of an Organisational Certification Process for Specific Category Drone Operations." Drones 6, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6100278.
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To govern and ensure the safety of increasing drone operations, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has defined three risk-based categories of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations. A large part of commercial UAS operations fall into the Specific category, which includes operations with medium risk that require an authority approval. One possible way to gain approval for these operations is the light UAS operator certificate (LUC) awarded by a national aviation authority. It offers organisations the privilege to assess and approve operations without applying for authorisation from an authority. However, only general information regarding the LUC is available in the European regulatory publications. Thus, there is currently a lack of detailed guidelines and practical information about the process and requirements for acquiring LUC status. This paper describes the development of a LUC application process model following a design science research approach. The model supports organisations to assess their LUC capabilities, develop their organisation, create the documentation to fulfil relevant requirements, and to apply for the certificate. Finally, the results of a case study where the process model was applied are presented.
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De Bellis, Maurizia. "Multi-level Administration, Inspections and Fundamental Rights: Is Judicial Protection Full and Effective?" German Law Journal 22, no. 3 (May 2021): 416–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.14.
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AbstractIn the last decades, an increasing number of EU institutions and agencies have been given the power to conduct administrative inspections. While the legal literature has traditionally focused on the Commission’s inspection powers in competition proceedings, the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA) are also entrusted with such powers. The Commission has also been granted inspection powers in the field of Food Safety. Inspection powers can have a crucial impact on the fundamental right of the inviolability of the home, recognized by the Court of Justice as a general principle of EU law, and protected under Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) and Article 7 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (ECFR). This Article argues that the current remedies do not fulfill all the criteria set forth by the Strasbourg Court for ex post judicial control vis-à vis inspections to be full and effective, in particular when these powers are used in the context of composite procedures, and suggests remedies to improve the system of review, in order to effectively protect fundamental rights.
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Hospodka, Jakub, Helena Bínová, and Stanislav Pleninger. "Assessment of All-Electric General Aviation Aircraft." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236206.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the upcoming changes that will bring the transition from piston engines to all-electric aircrafts. The article focuses on the differences in operation of small general aviation aircrafts. This topic is timely, as the first all-electric aircraft was certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in 2019. As there are no data concerning this new type of operation available, the data have been derived from other applicable sources. At first, we compared the energy consumption of the same aircraft with the piston engine, and then afterwards with the retrofitted all-electric variant. Our results focus on the difference in fuel price, which is discussed in the context of electricity price comparison with AVGAS prices. Moreover, we discuss the environmental impacts, especially concerning electricity source mix and emissions produced (we estimate both with and without life-cycle assessment). In the discussion, we compare the results and identify the benefits of an all-electric solution. Furthermore, several operational restrictions of all-electric aircrafts are discussed.
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Nikodem, F., and S. Kaltenhäuser. "Operation and operation approval of high-altitude platforms." CEAS Aeronautical Journal 11, no. 4 (September 3, 2020): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-020-00464-9.
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Abstract Recently, the European Aviation Safety Agency and other civil aviation authorities introduced a regulatory framework for low- and medium-risk operations of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) where medium-risk operations fall into the ‘specific’ category. Other introduced categories are the ‘open’ category for very-low-risk operations and the ‘certified’ category for high-risk operations that are comparable to manned aviation. This framework has the potential to reduce the certification costs compared to manned civil aviation. This paper discusses the challenges for operators of high-altitude platforms who aim for medium-risk UAS operations in the ‘specific’ category. It also shows ways to obtain an operation approval in the ‘specific’ category and how to deal with the associated operational requirements to perform such long-endurance UAS missions. Moreover, problems the high-altitude platform operator has to face when applying SORA are discussed. The paper closes with a promising approach to further enable high-altitude operations and to face some of the problems that occurred in the applicability of SORA to high-altitude platform operations by the use of 4D-operational volumes and unmanned traffic management (UTM) services.
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Kourousis, Kyriakos I., and Anthony Comer. "Indian and Chinese aviation industry: the EASA framework option." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-03-2017-0083.
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Purpose This viewpoint aims to increase the awareness on the demand faced by the technical sector of the Indian and Chinese aviation industry and how this can be met by the adoption of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulatory framework. Design/methodology/approach A brief overview of the challenges that the Indian and the Chinese aviation industry is facing is provided, in terms of meeting the demand for sustainable growth. A description of the structure of the EASA framework and its main characteristics is presented, along with a focussed discussion on the framework’s applicability to the Indian and the Chinese aviation maintenance and broader continuing airworthiness sector. Findings The EASA regulatory framework can offer a safe and business-effective solution for the Indian and the Chinese aviation industry, aligning with world’s best practice. Practical implications A discussion in adopting the EASA framework in India and China can be helpful in increasing awareness and assisting decision makers realise that this is a possible option. Originality/value This viewpoint can be useful in provoking discussion, by summarising the key issues and points surrounding aviation regulation standardisation in India and China, along the lines of the EASA framework. Moreover, some possible ways to increase awareness around EASA in India and China are discussed from the point of view of influencing tomorrow’s decision makers.
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Abu Zarim, Mohamad Abu Ubaidah Amir, and Marja Azlima Omar. "Dynamic Mechanics of Rigid Helicopter Systems During Ditching." Transactions on Maritime Science 10, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n02.013.
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Aircraft and helicopter often fly above open waters and thus have to observe regulations to ensure safe water landing under emergency conditions. This practice is also referred to as ditching - one of several types of slamming problems that are under review by the current regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Ditching is related to the controlled landing on water, with distinctive features such as hydrodynamic slamming loads, complex hydromechanics at tremendous forward speeds, as well as the interaction of multiphase fluid dynamics (air, water, and vapor). This paper presents the knowledge on system mechanics during helicopter ditching. The discussion begins with the fundamental kinetics of the rigid body, and then delves into dynamic relations to describe the effect of forces on motions. In the end, the paper discusses several relevant theories to further contribute to the understanding of the problem of impact.
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Scott, Benjamyn I. "Roadable Aircraft: An Analysis of the Current Legal Environment." Air and Space Law 40, Issue 3 (May 1, 2015): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2015018.
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The scope of aviation activities has been expanding into new and fascinating areas and a potentially significant development, one which has been flying mostly under the radar until recently, is roadable aircraft. A roadable aircraft is a vehicle that is capable of being both flown in the airspace and driven on public roads. The industry is coming into full commercial fruition and the regulators are becoming more involved. For example, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is actively engaging with roadable aircraft and in Europe the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has recently participated in a round table with the industry. Due to the recent revitalization of this topic and because it is relatively unexplored from a legal perspective, this article will critically examine the current laws that are in place that would allow a member of the public to operate a roadable aircraft. This will require certification, licensing and insurance to be examined, and this will be done within the context of three of the most prominent companies; Terrafugia, PAL-V and AeroMobil. The article will focus primarily on European Union air law; however, due to the nature of the roadable aircraft, reference will also be made the United States and road law. This will allow for the current legal situation to be highlighted and for any legal issues to be exposed.
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Huttunen, Mikko. "Unmanned, Remotely Piloted, or Something Else? Analysing the Terminological Dogfight." Air and Space Law 42, Issue 3 (May 1, 2017): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2017023.
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Throughout their existence, several attempts have been made at naming and categorizing aircraft which are flown without a pilot on board. Regulatory documents by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have called them unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft (systems), drones, and other less popular names. This has resulted in a risk of gaps and incoherence being introduced into the system of international aviation law. The growing field of unmanned aviation has proved difficult to encapsulate in a single term which would serve as a regulatory basis. This article seeks to analyse the terminological dogfight between the most established terms used to regulate the aircraft in question. It presents the legal basis, meaning, implications, and relevance of each term and their mutual relationship. The article recommends doing away with the concept of model aircraft, as it has become difficult to distinguish recreational from non-recreational use of the aircraft in question. A critical angle is taken at the concept of pilotless aircraft, employed in the Chicago Convention. The article acknowledges that both unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft are viable regulatory concepts, but preference is given to the former due to its simplicity and wide scope. The concept of a system is seen as necessary due to the distributed nature of the aircraft.
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Fernández Suarez, Daniela. "Diseño de un Banco de Pruebas Experimental para Simulación del Comportamiento de la Estructura Alar de un MUAV." Journal Boliviano de Ciencias 15, no. 47 (December 31, 2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52428/20758944.v15i47.305.
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Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados conocidos como UAVs fueron creados con propósito militar en el campo aeronáutico, surgiendo grandes avances en el área de diseño de UAVs en los últimos años. Este documento presenta los diferentes parámetros que debe ser considerado en el diseño alar de un Mini vehículo aéreo no tripulado bajo la normativa de FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) y EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency).El objetivo del presente estudio fue proponer el diseño conceptual de un banco de pruebas experimental para la simulación del comportamiento de la estructura alar de un MUAV (Miniature Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado en Miniatura). El diseño fue realizado utilizando diferentes softwares: tales como SolidWorks, en la parte de diseño del ala; XFLR5, para simulaciones aerodinámicas, y ANSYS-Workbench para el análisis estructural del ala. Todo esto se elaboró para obtener las cargas aerodinámicas (sustentación) más críticas distribuidas en superficie alar durante vuelo.
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Markiewicz, PhD, Assoc Prof Telesfor Marek. "ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN POLISH AIRSPACE." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 114, no. 1 (November 17, 2019): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5763.
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The article discusses selected provisions of EU aviation law concerning economic issues of air traffic management. This process in European airspace is carried out by air navigation service providers, which, unlike airport operators and air carriers, have a monopolistic position and do not operate under market conditions. Consequently, the lack of competition between air navigation service providers replaces the common charging system for airspace users established by European Union law. In order to increase the cost-effectiveness of the services provided while maintaining a high level of safety of air operations, the navigation charges system was linked to the parallel implementation of the Single European Sky performance scheme for air navigation services in 2010. In 2019, the rules governing both systems were consolidated into a single legal act. The study also looks at the basic indicators of economic efficiency of air traffic management based on the example of the Polish Air Navigation Agency.
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Nešić, Aleksandra, Olja Čokorilo, and Sanja Steiner. "Aircraft Repair and Withdrawal Costs Generated by Bird Collision with the Windshield." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 29, no. 6 (December 22, 2017): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i6.2448.
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According to available data released by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in the period from 1990 to 2007, more than 94,743 collisions with birds occurred on the territory of US, UK and Canada. In some parts of the world bird population is significantly growing. Also, the number of aircraft operations has increased in recent decades, and more importantly, their increase is expected in the future as well. In these conditions, the number of aircraft collisions with birds is expected to grow. Bird strikes are affecting safety and also generate additional costs in air traffic. This paper will show what type of bird strike costs exist with focus on repair and withdrawal of bird strike costs. Repair and withdrawal costs due to bird strike are specific because they could vary from insignificant amount up to millions of dollars and because of its unpredictability.
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Ahn, Byeongseon, and Ho-Yon Hwang. "Design Criteria and Accommodating Capacity Analysis of Vertiports for Urban Air Mobility and Its Application at Gimpo Airport in Korea." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 6077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126077.
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This study establishes design criteria for touchdown and liftoff (TLOF) pads, final approach and takeoff (FATO), safety areas, gates, and taxiways, which are components necessary for the operation of vertiports for urban air mobility (UAM), and analyzed vertiport capacity compliant with the arrangement of the components in a limited space. We used new vertiport design regulations from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) for the vertiport design criteria. Vertiport components were sized based on Hyundai Motor’s S-A1 aircraft, and the layouts were classified as linear, satellite, and pier according to the arrangement of the TLOF pad and gate. The characteristics of each layout were analyzed for the same area. Based on these layouts, the parking space of Gimpo Airport that will be used for operating airport shuttles in the Seoul metropolitan area was measured and each layout was arranged to validate the characteristics of the layouts. Using the MATLAB program, we selected the most efficient layout among linear, satellite, and pier layouts, and estimated the TLOF pad and gate utilization rate. In addition, we evaluated the capacity of the two-story vertiport proposed by the Korea Airports Corporation for efficient use of space.
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Kalina, Steffen, and Jochen Hinkelbein. "Notfallmedizinische Ausstattung an Bord von Flugzeugen großer europäischer Fluggesellschaften." Flugmedizin · Tropenmedizin · Reisemedizin - FTR 24, no. 03 (June 2017): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-110827.
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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGZiel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Analyse des notfallmedizinischen Equipments von Flugzeugen großer europäischer Fluggesellschaften. Basierend auf einer vorherigen Umfrage für deutsche Fluggesellschaften wurden europäische, schweizerische und norwegische Fluggesellschaften kontaktiert. Zur Datenanalyse und -interpretation wurden deskriptive Methoden genutzt. Von insgesamt 52 angeschriebenen europäischen Fluggesellschaften antworteten 23, 22 davon nannten Details zum medizinischen Equipment. Alle gaben an, ein First-Aid-Kit mitzuführen. 82 % führten ein Emergency Medical Kit mit. Sieben Airlines führten alle, von der European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) als Minimalstandard definierten Dinge mit, wohingegen nur 2 das vollständige Material für die EMKs mitführten. Das von europäischen Fluggesellschaften mitgeführte Notfallequipment unterscheidet sich signifikant. Für eine standardisierte Versorgung ist es zukünftig unerlässlich, eine Vereinheitlichung des notfallmedizinischen Equipments an Bord europäischer Luftfahrtgesellschaften vorzuhalten.
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Alonso Castilla, Raquel, Florent Lutz, Joël Jézégou, and Emmanuel Bénard. "Wing Structural Model for Overall Aircraft Design of Distributed Electric Propulsion General Aviation and Regional Aircraft." Aerospace 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010005.
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In the context of reducing the environmental footprint of tomorrow’s aviation, Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) has become an increasingly interesting concept. With the strong coupling between disciplines that this technology brings forth, multiple benefits are expected for the overall aircraft design. These interests have been observed not only in the aerodynamic properties of the aircraft but also in the structural design. However, current statistical models used in conceptual design have shown limitations regarding the benefits and challenges coming from these new design trends. As for other methods, they are either not adapted for use in a conceptual design phase or do not cover CS-23 category aircraft. This paper details a semi-analytical methodology compliant with the performance-based certification criteria presented by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to predict the structural mass breakdown of a wing. This makes the method applicable to any aircraft regulated by EASA CS-23. Results have been validated with the conventional twin-engine aircraft Beechcraft 76, the innovative NASA X-57 Maxwell concept using DEP, and the commuter aircraft Beechcraft 1900.
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Markiewicz, Telesfor Marek. "Institutional aspects of military engagement in the process of the European air traffic management system modernisation." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 125 (June 1, 2019): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6573.
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At the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union (EU) started work to modernise air traffic management systems and create a pan-European airspace independent of national borders. The initiated SES and SESAR programmes aim to better meet the forecasted needs of the air transport sector in the areas of safety, capacity, economic efficiency and environmental protection. These programmes are not directly applicable to military operations and training, but their implementation has a significant impact on the technical and operational issues of military aviation and the defence budgets of the EU Member States and NATO. Therefore, it is necessary to involve military authorities and experts at the earliest possible stage in all legislative and technological projects carried out under the SES initiative and the SESAR programme. The political views and decisions of allied and national military authorities regarding the Single European Sky are shaped by the institutional context in which they take place. This article reviews the participation of NATO and the European Defence Agency (EDA), the main organisations representing the military side in both programmes, and evaluates their contribution to the successful completion of the European air traffic management system reform projects.
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Purton, L., R. Clothier, K. Kourousis, and K. Massey. "The PBP Bow-Tie framework for the systematic representation and comparison of military aviation regulatory frameworks." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1210 (December 2014): 1433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000010137.
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Abstract This paper presents a novel framework, based on traditional system safety modelling approaches, for the representation and comparison of airworthiness aviation frameworks. A disparate array of military airworthiness frameworks have emerged due to a lack of standardisation and the absence of a recognised organisation needed for the harmonisation of military regulatory frameworks.. The complexity and subsequent cost in inter-agency recognition of existing certification programs has led to the establishment of a European forum of military airworthiness authorities. The forum is working towards establishing a common regulatory framework across its European member states. The common framework provides the systematic basis for a certification of military aircraft that can be readily recognised by all of the member states. This will have many cost and efficiency benefits for the EU. The framework and recognition process have recently been accepted as a method for establishing recognition outside of Europe, with some identified shortfalls. This paper establishes a method for overcoming these shortfalls for nations outside of europe. The Product-Behaviour-Process (PBP) Bow-Tie, which is a novel application of the traditional bowtie risk modelling tool, derives test points that capture the airworthiness attestations for the high-level engineering lifecycle processes of design, production and maintenance. The proposed framework is used to provide a comparison between the Australian Defence Force and United States Army regulatory frameworks. The comparative case-study clearly demonstrates the benefit of the PBP Bow-Tie model in its ability to systematically represent the disparate regulatory frameworks. A novel representation of the output is also described, which facilitates a visual comparison of the results. The application of the PBP Bow-Tie framework to the case-study of regulatory frameworks reveals significant differences that need to be addressed in order for inter-agency recognition.
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Kourousis, Kyriakos I., Anna V. Chatzi, and Ioannis K. Giannopoulos. "The airbus A320 family fan cowl door safety modification: a human factors scenario analysis." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 6 (September 3, 2018): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-08-2017-0191.
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Purpose The Airbus A320 family engine fan cowl doors (FCDs) safety issue is known to the industry for almost 18 years; however, it has not been addressed adequately by the aircraft manufacturer and the various operators and regulating authorities. The purpose of this paper is to examine in a systematic way the possible operational and safety implications of a new modification on the engine FCDs. Design/methodology/approach An array of error-prone scenarios is presented and analysed under the prism of human factors in a non-exhaustive qualitative scenario analysis. Findings All examined scenarios are considered more or less probable. A number of accident prevention solutions are proposed for each of the scenario examined, in view of the acceptance and implementation of this modification by operators. Research limitations/implications As these scenarios are neither exhaustive nor have been tested/validated in actual aircraft maintenance practice, the further analysis is necessary. A substantial follow-up survey should take place, which should include a wider array of scenarios. This would allow obtaining the necessary data for a quantitative (statistical) analysis. Practical implications This case study identifies issues in relation to this modification, introduced by Airbus and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which may prove problematic from the point of view of safety effectiveness and disruption of operations. Originality/value This case study examines a long-standing aviation safety issue and the implications of a solution proposed by the aircraft manufacturer and adopted by EASA. This can be useful in increasing the awareness around these issues and highlight the importance of a human-centric and scenario-based design of engineering modifications towards minimising error in aircraft technical operations.
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Yakti, Probo Darono. "The Effectiveness of the Global Governance of the EU through EASA in its Grounding Boeing 737 MAX Decision on Member Countries." WIMAYA 3, no. 02 (December 26, 2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/wimaya.v3i02.79.
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This paper will discuss the effectiveness of the European Union (EU) within the framework of global governance to recommend a grounding policy for Boeing 737 MAX 8 to countries that are members of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Through the EU's global governance approach, this paper will fully elaborate on the domino effect of the recommendations on member countries. Previously, we will discuss the background, the regional governance currently underway in the EU, the chronology of the incident of the accident of two airlines B737-8 aircraft that are outside of EASA and the EASA response in the form of US product grounding recommendations, and then the state response member countries against EASA recommendations. So, in the end, it can be concluded that EASA gets 50 percent effectiveness because the distance between the event and the recommendations issued is considered too hasty so the joining of member countries with EU attitudes generally does not run simultaneously. The importance of this research is to try to test the effectiveness of regional organizations in administering governance through agencies that stand under it.
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Pérez-Castán, Javier A., Luis Pérez Sanz, Marta Fernández-Castellano, Tomislav Radišić, Kristina Samardžić, and Ivan Tukarić. "Learning Assurance Analysis for Further Certification Process of Machine Learning Techniques: Case-Study Air Traffic Conflict Detection Predictor." Sensors 22, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 7680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197680.
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Designing and developing artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems that can be trusted justifiably is one of the main issues aviation must face in the coming years. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has developed a user guide that could be potentially transformed as means of compliance for future AI-based regulation. Designers and developers must understand how the learning assurance process of any machine learning (ML) model impacts trust. ML is a narrow branch of AI that uses statistical models to perform predictions. This work deals with the learning assurance process for ML-based systems in the field of air traffic control. A conflict detection tool has been developed to identify separation infringements among aircraft pairs, and the ML algorithm used for classification and regression was extreme gradient boosting. This paper analyses the validity and adaptability of EASA W-shaped methodology for ML-based systems. The results have identified the lack of the EASA W-shaped methodology in time-dependent analysis, by showing how time can impact ML algorithms designed in the case where no time requirements are considered. Another meaningful conclusion is, for systems that depend highly on when the prediction is made, classification and regression metrics cannot be one-size-fits-all because they vary over time.
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Martinez, Carol, Pedro J. Sanchez-Cuevas, Simos Gerasimou, Abhishek Bera, and Miguel A. Olivares-Mendez. "SORA Methodology for Multi-UAS Airframe Inspections in an Airport." Drones 5, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5040141.
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Deploying Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in safety- and business-critical operations requires demonstrating compliance with applicable regulations and a comprehensive understanding of the residual risk associated with the UAS operation. To support these activities and enable the safe deployment of UAS into civil airspace, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has established a UAS regulatory framework that mandates the execution of safety risk assessment for UAS operations in order to gain authorization to carry out certain types of operations. Driven by this framework, the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) released the Specific Operation Risk Assessment (SORA) methodology that guides the systematic risk assessment for UAS operations. However, existing work on SORA and its applications focuses mainly on single UAS operations, offering limited support for assuring operations conducted with multiple UAS and with autonomous features. Therefore, the work presented in this paper analyzes the application of SORA for a Multi-UAS airframe inspection (AFI) operation, that involves deploying multiple UAS with autonomous features inside an airport. We present the decision-making process of each SORA step and its application to a multiple UAS scenario. The results shows that the procedures and safety features included in the Multi-AFI operation such as workspace segmentation, the independent multi-UAS AFI crew proposed, and the mitigation actions provide confidence that the operation can be conducted safely and can receive a positive evaluation from the competent authorities. We also present our key findings from the application of SORA and discuss how it can be extended to better support multi-UAS operations.
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Ayan, E., and S. Özgen. "In-flight ice accretion simulation in mixed-phase conditions." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1249 (December 6, 2017): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.127.
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ABSTRACTIcing in conditions where clouds contain both liquid and solid phase particles has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to numerous in-flight incidents including engine rollbacks in the vicinity of deep convective clouds in tropical regions. These incidents have prompted certification authorities to investigate and extend the icing conditions to include solid and mixed-phase clouds for airworthiness certification. These efforts have resulted in the amendments issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) to the certification specifications of large aircraft, FAR-25 and CS-25, respectively. Flight tests, laboratory tests and computer simulations are among the acceptable means to show compliance with these specifications. Considerable effort has been spent worldwide in order to develop icing simulation software for liquid phase clouds in the past four decades, but until recently, most of these software did not have the capability for solid- or mixed-phase clouds. One of the aims of the High Altitude Ice Crystals (HAIC) project funded by the European Commission within Framework Program 7 is to address this shortcoming. The present study combines the models related to solid- and mixed-phase icing that is developed within HAIC with an in-house numerical tool. The tool has four modules; a flow-field solution module that uses the Hess-Smith panel method, a module for computing droplet and ice crystal trajectories and collection efficiencies using the Lagrangian approach, a thermodynamic module, and an ice accretion module that utilises the Extended Messinger Model. The numerical tool is tested against experimental test cases including liquid and mixed-phase conditions for various aerofoil and axisymmetric intake geometries. The agreement of the obtained results with experimental data is encouraging.
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Perrin, Olivier, Maurizio Scaramuzza, Thomas Buchanan, and Daniel Brocard. "Flying EGNOS Approaches in the Swiss Alps." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 2 (April 6, 2006): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463306003754.
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The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) system is being developed in Europe to provide Global Positioning System (GPS) and GLONASS regional augmentation services to aviation, maritime and land users. The EGNOS system, as any other Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), relies on the broadcast of differential correction and integrity information in the pseudo-range domain, which are then used to provide a solution in the position domain. EGNOS is a major element of the European Satellite Navigation Program, which is jointly being implemented by the Commission of the European Union, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Eurocontrol (the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation). It is also the first European step to the GALILEO system.As part of the EGNOS validation activities, flight trials have been organised by ESA and the EGNOS Industrial Consortium at various locations in Europe during Spring 2005. To demonstrate the system capability in a challenging mountainous environment, tests have been conducted at Lugano airport in the Swiss Alps. Due to the difficult topography of the airport and its surroundings, the use of conventional ground based navigation aids present some limitations. For the trials, a new Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) procedure has been designed to take advantage of the system flexibility. In particular, a reduction of the approach glide path angle has been achieved, potentially allowing more aircraft types to fly the approach than today. This article presents the operational benefits that could be obtained with the new test procedure. The very impressive EGNOS performance is also described in details, showing that it can support Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV) operations even in a very challenging environment.
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Masat, Mehmet, Mehmet Ertuğrul, and Hakan Korul. "A carbon dioxide detector fabrication with screen printing technique for use in airplanes." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2020-0289.
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Purpose From the beginning of aviation history, fire has been a serious problem for aircrafts. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference document on current risks and proposed reductions for smoke and fire incidents in commercial transport aircrafts. For this purpose, metal oxide carbon dioxide (CO2) detector was produced with the screen printing technique to detect CO2 and carbon monoxide gases from the sensors required to observe the occurrence of fire that may occur in the aircraft and to take the necessary steps to control it. Design/methodology/approach The screen printing technique was used as the gas sensor production technique for the produced sensor and tin oxide was used as the metal oxide in the produced samples. The samples produced were examined under the gases with specified gas detecting properties, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase the detection reliability and decrease the alarm time with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts. Findings When the electrical characteristics of the sensor made were examined, it was observed that it meets the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and European Aviation Safety Agency standards (the fire should be detected within 1 min), and the false alarm situation experienced in the smoke sensors used today can be eliminated. Originality/value There is no other sensor than the smoke detectors that are used for fire detection in cargo section, lavatories and avionic compartment on aircrafts. With this study, the gas detecting feature of the produced samples was examined under the specified gases, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase detection reliability and decrease alarm time as compared to with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts.
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Brenot, H., N. Theys, L. Clarisse, J. van Geffen, J. van Gent, M. Van Roozendael, R. van der A, et al. "Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS): an online service for near-real-time satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 5 (May 15, 2014): 1099–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1099-2014.
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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions emit plumes of ash and gases into the atmosphere, potentially at very high altitudes. Ash-rich plumes are hazardous for airplanes as ash is very abrasive and easily melts inside their engines. With more than 50 active volcanoes per year and the ever-increasing number of commercial flights, the safety of airplanes is a real concern. Satellite measurements are ideal for monitoring global volcanic activity and, in combination with atmospheric dispersion models, to track and forecast volcanic plumes. Here we present the Support to Aviation Control Service (SACS, http://sacs.aeronomie.be), which is a free online service initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) for the near-real-time (NRT) satellite monitoring of volcanic plumes of SO2 and ash. It combines data from three ultraviolet (UV)-visible and three infrared (IR) spectrometers. The UV-vis sensors are the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) on-board the two polar orbiting meteorological satellites (MetOp-A & MetOp-B) operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The IR sensors are the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on-board MetOp-A & MetOp-B. This new multi-sensor warning system of volcanic emissions is based on the selective detection of SO2 and ash. This system is optimised to avoid false alerts while at the same time limiting the number of notifications in case of large plumes. A successful rate with more than 95% of notifications corresponding to true volcanic activity is obtained by the SACS system.