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Burke, Maria. "European governments urged to consider environmental benchmarks." Environmental Science & Technology 34, no. 3 (February 2000): 70A—71A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es003104i.
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AHAPOVA, Viktoriia, Oleksandr IVASHYNA, and Svitlana IVASHYNA. "Potential of commodity benchmarks regulation in Ukraine: EU experience." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 1/1 (January 27, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.1(1).7.
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In their activities, state bodies and state-owned enterprises of Ukraine constantly turn to reference prices published by national and foreign news agencies, as evidenced by both regulations and data from the e-procurement system. However, the lack of definition or established practice of translation and application of terms related to this area indicates the underdevelopment or initial stage of harmonization of Ukraine's and other countries’ economic practice. We state that the issue of benchmarks regulation is relevant at the level of state economic decisions, given the specific impact of specialized news agencies on economic processes. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present ways of possible state regulation of commodity benchmarks in Ukraine. We determined that relations in the field of benchmarks in Ukraine are not provided with a legislative framework in full measure. Thus, it is characterized by discreteness, although the reference to benchmarks is carried out not only by business entities but also by government agencies. Therefore, some measures are proposed to regulate the field of benchmarks. Ukraine has a possibility to rely on the European experience, critically evaluate it and take the most important aspects of regulation, given the initial stage of development of the benchmark system in Ukraine. In particular, one of the possible actions is to establish a reference register of benchmarks. Furthermore, price reporting agencies and other benchmark-related economic actors might be recommended to bring their methodology and activities in line with IOSCO principles, as the clarity and transparency of market assessment are, among other things, a guarantee of objectively effective performance of tasks for taxation and in the public procurement.
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Petrovic, Marijana, Natasa Bojkovic, and Mladen Stamenkovic. "A DEA-based tool for tracking best practice exemplars: The case of telecommunications in EBRD countries." Ekonomski anali 63, no. 218 (2018): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1818105p.
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Benchmarking is a strategic management tool that can help to gain competitive advantage, but the question is how to decide the relevant practice exemplars to be used as role models. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a very helpful method for tracking corresponding benchmarks, but the question remains of how to record them when performance is fluctuating and unstable, as is the case in a transition period to an open market. To address this issue a new DEA-based tool is proposed, the Corresponding Benchmark Matrix (CBM), which helps to reveal ?leader? countries and the most suitable benchmarks for less successful countries. The approach is illustrated for telecommunications in 22 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) countries.
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Castellani, Carlo, Milan Macek, Jean-Jacques Cassiman, Alistair Duff, John Massie, Leo P. ten Kate, David Barton, et al. "Benchmarks for Cystic Fibrosis carrier screening: A European consensus document." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 9, no. 3 (May 2010): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2010.02.005.
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Ferreira, Cândida. "European and global financial integration: some panel evidence of the convergence of interest rates." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(4-1).2016.06.
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This paper seeks to contribute to the literature on financial integration using panel estimates to test beta- and sigma-convergence across the European Union countries’ interest rates and towards two specific benchmarks — the German and US rates — covering the time interval between 1999 and 2014 and taking into account the recent international financial crisis. The findings point to the existence of a process of convergence of interest rates and this process may be considered as part of the global process of integration. Furthermore, there is evidence of convergence to the chosen benchmarks, in particular of short-term real interest rates; the speed of this convergence towards the German rates clearly increased in the EU as a response to the financial crisis. Keywords: financial integration, banking market, European interest rates, beta-convergence, sigma-convergence, panel data estimates. JEL Classification: C2, E4, F3, G1, G2
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Raepsaet, X., F. Damian, U. A. Ohlig, H. J. Brockmann, J. B. M. de Haas, and E. M. Wallerbos. "Analysis of the European results on the HTTR’s core physics benchmarks." Nuclear Engineering and Design 222, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(03)00026-8.
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Vandenplas, Caroline, Geert Loosveldt, and Koen Beullens. "Fieldwork Monitoring for the European Social Survey: An illustration with Belgium and the Czech Republic in Round 7." Journal of Official Statistics 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 659–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0031.
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Abstract Adaptive and responsive survey designs rely on monitoring indicators based on paradata. This process can better inform fieldwork management if the indicators are paired with a benchmark, which relies on empirical information collected in the first phase of the fieldwork or, for repeated or longitudinal surveys, in previous rounds or waves. We propose the “fieldwork power” (fieldwork production per time unit) as an indicator for monitoring, and we simulate this for the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 7 in Belgium and in the Czech Republic. We operationalize the fieldwork power as the weekly number of completed interviews and of contacts, the ratio of the number of completed interviews to the number of contact attempts and to the number of refusals. We use a repeated measurement multilevel model, with surveys in the previous rounds of the European Social Survey as the macro level and the weekly fieldwork power as repeated measurements to create benchmarks. We also monitor effort and data quality metrics. The results show how problems in the fieldwork evolution can be detected by monitoring the fieldwork power and by comparing it with the benchmarks. The analysis also proves helpful regarding post-survey fieldwork evaluation, and links effort, productivity, and data quality.
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Warren, Lorraine, and Alan Toft. "Book Review: Benchmarks for European Entrepreneurship; Snapshot of a Fast-Moving Target." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1, no. 3 (October 2000): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000000101298720.
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Parasyuk, N. V., T. P. Nechaieva, and M. V. Lebid. "Evaluations of benchmarks for greenhouse gas emission in engineering under the emissions trading system of Ukraine." Problems of General Energy 2020, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2020.04.050.
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This article presents the application of benchmarks of greenhouse gas emission for free allocations between installations (plants) in the promising emission trading system in Ukraine. The basic concepts and definitions, as well as the principles of approach applied to the development of benchmarks are presented. The summarized data on the calculated values of benchmarks in comparison with values that are accepted now in the European emission trading system are resulted. Certain differences in the construction and application of benchmarks in Ukraine and the EU, caused by the structure and state of economy, as well as the characteristics of the industries covered by the system are analyzed. Certain limitations are specified, first of all in the presence of required basic data which cause the necessity of recalculation. We performed an assessment of the introduction of free allocation for greenhouse gas emissions in the production of electricity at coal-fired power plants in Ukraine with using specific CO2 emission factors. The calculations were carried out under the condition of technical re-equipment of thermal power units with increase in their efficiency and under the condition of absence of re-equipment. We also compared the estimates obtained on the basis of a predetermined emission control indicator for coal-fired power plants with the European level and calculated the volume of free allocation of quotas for Ukrainian thermal power plants based on the results of their activities. Keywords: benchmarks, allocations, electricity, heat, emissions trading system
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KUZEMKO, CAROLINE. "Climate change benchmarking: Constructing a sustainable future?" Review of International Studies 41, no. 5 (November 25, 2015): 969–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000418.
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AbstractThis article analyses discourses on climate change and mitigation through the deconstruction of European Union (EU) rhetoric and practices on climate benchmarking. It critically examines the motivations behind climate benchmarking, the methods used to construct international benchmarks, and the reasons for variety in domestic compliance. Germany and the United Kingdom are analysed as cases where domestic politics drive very different reactions to the practice of climate mitigation, differences that have been largely hidden by the type of quantification that EU benchmarking involves. Through an exploration of the methods used to formulate climate benchmarks, the article demonstrates that these commitments have privileged certain responses over others, and thus helped to paint a picture of EU benchmarks as ‘reformist’ but not ‘radical’. EU climate benchmarks often end up concealing more than they reveal, making it difficult to fully engage with the scale and complexity of the far-reaching domestic changes that are required in order to comply with agreed international benchmarks. The deficiencies of benchmarks as a mechanism for driving long-term sustainable change, and importantly discouraging harmful policies, may ultimately undermine their credibility as a means for governing climate change at a distance in the EU.
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Kukavčić, Jasena, Ivo Bićanić, and Vjerana Spajić. "The Post Recession Growth Prospects of South East European Economies." Southeastern Europe 34, no. 2 (2010): 193–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633310x507475.
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AbstractThis paper starts with a discussion of how the world recession as an external shock influenced the already vulnerable South East European (SEE) economies. All countries except Albania and Kosovo experienced a recession as well as a termination of the foreign debt based heating-up that generated high growth rates after 2000. The paper provides an overview of states' policy responses, with individual countries surveyed in the appendix. We argue that, with the exception of Albania, all SEE economies started with a fiscal expansion, which coincided with elections in which the existing governments were not re-elected. This was followed by public finance crises, fiscal consolidation and more active monetary policy which averted a financial crisis, with only three of these economies turning to the IMF for help. Nevertheless, the cumulative effect was an extended trough. The paper then discusses the recession's impact on growth in terms of three growth projections derived from historical experience and two ad hoc benchmarks. We examine the consequences of returning to a lower post recession growth trajectory and calculate the time required to return to secular growth and achieve chosen benchmarks. The conclusion for both is that convergence time varies from less than a decade to no convergence before 2040, with the exception of Albania.
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Pomponi, Francesco, and Poorang A. E. Piroozfar. "Double skin façade (DSF) technologies for UK office refurbishments." Structural Survey 33, no. 4/5 (November 9, 2015): 372–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-04-2015-0025.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish how UK offices and double skin façade (DSF) technologies can be best matched for refurbishment purposes. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses a mixed methodology including primary and secondary data collection, analysis and interpolation through document analysis, comprehensive critical literature review, and case study approach. Findings – In total, 22 benchmarks have been developed to represent 75 per cent of the existing office stock in the UK. Through a comparison with 36 case studies of European buildings refurbished with DSFs, two benchmarks showed to be most suitable for a DSF refurbishment and most appropriate configurations for a successful DSF refurbishment have been identified. Findings have been also checked against a large sample of DSF buildings in the UK. Research limitations/implications – The benchmarks delivered in this study can be developed further into parametric models, where variations can be obtained by changing the parameters provided. A follow-up study can be designed to help define the exact share of existing stock represented by each benchmark and to foster research where a more typological or statistical approach might be intended. Practical implications – Findings from this research can be of practical use to academics and practitioners alike involved in research related to office refurbishments, DSFs, and the UK existing office stock. The design for this research can also be adapted to similar studies on its own or further developed to suit different contexts. Social implications – Improvements to existing buildings can preserve established communities, with a clear social advantage. Originality/value – This paper represents the first attempt to systemically shed light on how existing UK offices and DSF technologies can be best matched in refurbishments. The benchmarks developed, the DSF case studies, and guidelines for suitable DSF technologies in UK office refurbishments represent the original contribution of this research.
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Kaup, Christoph, and Jens Knissel. "European Study on heat recovery in non-residential buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102014.
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The HR (heat recovery) is generally assessed very positively from a business and economic point of view. In order to demonstrate this development, a first study will evaluate around 5,000 design data elements. First, the designs are evaluated with the question of how the key efficiency characteristics of the HR have changed throughout the course of the years 2014 to 2017. Afterwards, all relevant design files are subjected to an economic efficiency calculation under defined conditions, in order to determine the potential for a multidimensional optimization. Furthermore, the impact of the EU 1253/2014 benchmarks from 2020 onwards will also be examined. In order to demonstrate this development in europe, a second study will evaluate around 3,300 design data elements. First, the designs are evaluated with the question of how the key efficiency characteristics of the HR have changed throughout the course of the years 2015 to 2018. Primary, all relevant design files are subjected to an economic efficiency calculation under defined conditions, in order to determine the potential for a multidimensional optimization. Then, the impact of the EU 1253/2014 benchmarks from 2020 onwards will also be examined. The influence of the climate is thereby also taken into account by examining three European sites (North-South view). At the same time, the influence of the run time of the systems will be calculated. Ultimately, the analyses will provide recommendations for the future design of the Ecodesign regulation.
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Styles, David, Harald Schoenberger, and José Luis Galvez-Martos. "Water management in the European hospitality sector: Best practice, performance benchmarks and improvement potential." Tourism Management 46 (February 2015): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.005.
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Schaub, Mark. "Country and Industry-Level Performance of NASDAQ-Listed European and Asia Pacific ADRs." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 6 (May 9, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n6p122.
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This study examines the 3-year performance of NASDAQ-Listed Asia Pacific and European ADRs versus the NASDAQ Index and their respective regional indexes from 1990-2010. Country specific performance results show ADRs from China, Japan and Ireland performed best versus the US and regional benchmarks. Industry-level results show the best industry performers were in the Technology Hardware & Services industry and in Energy companies.
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Christodoulou, Anastasia, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Aykut I. Ölçer, and Peyman Ghaforian Masodzadeh. "Inclusion of Shipping in the EU-ETS: Assessing the Direct Costs for the Maritime Sector Using the MRV Data." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133915.
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This paper aims to assess the direct economic impact on the maritime sector from its inclusion in the European Union-Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). The Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) data are analysed for the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the European Economic Area (EEA). The economic impact assessment model used is scenario-based, and includes different price incentives, geographical coverage and emission allowances allocation methods. According to our findings, in case the emission allowances are fully auctioned or partially free allocated on the basis of a uniform benchmark, the increased costs would be disproportional among the maritime segments. Such a scheme would penalise Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) and Roll-On/Roll-Off/Passenger (RoPax) segments due their high fuel consumption per transport work in relation to oil tankers and bulkers. The establishment of differentiated benchmarks per segment seems to be a prerequisite for the effective inclusion of shipping in the EU-ETS that will reward energy efficient vessels in each segment and avoid competition distortion within the maritime industry.
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Pandey, Asheesh, Sanjay Sehgal, Amiya Kumar Mohapatra, and Pradeepta Kumar Samanta. "Equity market anomalies in major European economies." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.20.
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This paper investigates five leading equity market anomalies – size, value, momentum, profitability, and asset growth, for four Western European markets, namely, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, from January 2002 to March 2018. The study tests whether these anomalies reverse under different macro-economic uncertainty conditions, and evaluates if strategies based on time diversification can be formed using these equity market anomalies. Market anomalies were tested using four major asset pricing models – the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Fama-French three-factor model, the Carhart model, and the Fama-French five-factor model. Macro-economic uncertainty was tested using two proxies, namely VIX and default premiums. Time diversified strategies were examined by estimating Sharpe ratios of combined portfolios formed by combining winner univariate portfolios. Value effect in Germany, Size effect in France and Profitability effect in Italy and Spain provide the highest unadjusted returns on long side strategies. No significant reversal of these anomalies was found under different macroeconomic uncertainties. Asset pricing tests show that CAPM works well for Spain and Italy, while Carhart’s model explains returns in Germany. The Fama-French five factor model does not seem to be a good descriptor of asset pricing for data. No suitable model for explaining asset returns is identified for France. Finally, it is observed that some of the equity market anomalies seem to be countercyclical and therefore provide time diversification opportunities. The study has implications for academicians, investors, and policy makers by providing insights for developing profitable investment strategies and highlighting the efficacy of alternative models as performance benchmarks.
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Ribeiro, Henrique B., and Pedro A. Lemos. "Seeking actual benchmarks in acute coronary syndromes for European countries: insights from the EURHOBOP registry." Heart 100, no. 15 (May 14, 2014): 1147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305957.
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Barrell, Ray, and Ian Hurst. "Benchmarks and Targets Under the SGP: Evaluating Safe Deficit Targets Using NiGEM." National Institute Economic Review 185 (July 2003): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501031851007.
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Fiscal pacts and automatic stabilisers are widely discussed in the policy debate. Pacts put bounds on borrowing, and the bounds have to be evaluated. We use our model, NiGEM, to set safe targets for European deficits. Although there are many issues to consider, we conclude that cyclically adjusted target deficits of 1 per cent of GDP would ensure that governments seldom had to borrow more than 3 per cent of GDP, especially if they stood ready to raise taxes when the deficit deteriorated either for reasons separate from cyclical developments or because supply shocks had occurred. Offsetting the automatic stabilisers when supply shocks occur is shown to help stabilise output volatility.
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Tsalikis, George, and Simeon Papadopoulos. "Assessing the performance of American and European Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.15.
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Leveraged Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) (LETFs) are a recent and highly successful financial innovation; yet, investors and several studies criticized them for not performing as advertised, especially in the long term. Τhis paper discusses their unique characteristics and their path-dependent price dynamics, which may result in unexpected returns. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the performance of a large sample of European and American leveraged ETFs since each fund’s inception and show that they perform as intended for daily holding periods. Leveraged ETFs are also successful in delivering the promised performance over holding periods of up to one week, their performance starts to deviate when the holding period increases to one month. Empirical evidence suggests that bear (short) ETFs deviate from their target return more quickly than their bull (long) counterparts as the holding period lengthens. A possible explanation for this is that transaction costs, which are related to daily re-balancing activity, are higher for bear funds. When comparing the daily performance of European vs American funds, the authors find them both to be equally efficient in replicating their benchmarks, although European leveraged ETFs are much smaller in their Assets Under Management (AUM) compared to US LETFs.
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Valla, Natacha. "Boosting the Economic Recovery or Closing a Green Deal in Europe? Or Both?" Intereconomics 55, no. 6 (November 2020): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0930-0.
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AbstractThe recovery measures announced by Europe in parallel with the Green Deal are the perfect opportunity to step up the effort to measure the impact of public expenditure, both in the short and in the long term. To that aim, it is essential to quickly stabilise benchmarks to measure the financial and non-financial impact of investments in the European recovery plan.
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Lokshyna, Olena, Alina Dzhurylo, Oksana Hlushko, and Oksana Shparyk. "Secondary education reform priorities under globalisation: the case of Ukraine in comparison with China, Germany and Poland." SHS Web of Conferences 104 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110401004.
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The paper presents the analysis of the secondary education reform priorities in Ukraine in comparison with China, Germany and Poland under globalization. The following research questions were asked: (1) What are the education development benchmarks at the global and European levels? (2) What are the common characteristics of the reforms that countries are implementing guided by global and European benchmarks? (3) Is secondary education reform in Ukraine harmonized with the reforms implementing worldwide? The desk research was used. This manuscript targets the international (UN, EU) and national institutional plans/strategies/movements that have attempted to bring or are bringing systemic change into educational practices (curriculum reforms and operational structures). The study confirms the methodological proposition that globalization changes the very format of educational policy development – the national level is complemented by the supranational level in the face of international organizations. A comparative analysis of the education reforms directions in the analysed countries showed that the countries takes into account the key benchmarks of the international organizations, i.e. ensuring equal access to education and improving its quality. In Ukraine, the new legislation guarantees the enrolment in primary school without a competition; territorial accessibility of general secondary education; financing of educational institutions at the expense of state and local budgets in the amount sufficient to meet state standards; compliance with the requirements of the legislation on the accessibility of educational institutions for persons with special educational needs. The transformation of the content of education into competence bases is another important component of the current Ukrainian secondary education reform. It involves the change of the traditional philosophy – from the transfer of knowledge to the formation of students’ vital/key skills/competences (interdisciplinary, transversal competences, ICT skills, learning to learn, working with information, teamwork skills, participation in society, moral values, etc.). It is stated that Ukraine is to continue the reforms in order to further harmonise its education with the European and world education developments.
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de Paor, Aisling. "Genetic Discrimination: A Case for a European Legislative Response?" European Journal of Health Law 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12453366.
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With rapid scientific and technological advances, a new genetic era is emerging. However, these advances raise ethical and legal issues, particularly genetic discrimination, that may threaten advancing science in the absence of appropriate regulation. There is currently no concrete legislative position in this area at eu level, but rather a patchwork of diverging legislative approaches amongst Member States. Genetic discrimination has been singled out as an area of reform in Europe as evidenced, for example in eu Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 21.1 prohibiting discrimination based on ‘genetic features.’ The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also informs this debate and may spur legislative action. From a transatlantic perspective, the United States’ federal legislation (Genetic Information Non Discrimination Act) is noteworthy. Considering scientific and technological developments, the rights at stake and the various regulatory benchmarks, this paper explores the regulation of genetic information in the eu.
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Cieszyński, Kazimierz, Andrzej Minasowicz, and José Cardoso Teixeira. "MANAGEMENT LEARNING FOR CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS. INQUIRES BENCHMARKS AND EXPERIENCES FROM POLAND, UNITED KINGDOM AND PORTUGAL." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2006.9637733.
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Management qualification of construction staff is an essential step towards Polish market development. Inquiries revealed the framework for qualification requirements that led to the establishment of a matrix of learning subjects. Learning requirements followed from that matrix and allowed for the definition of management learning profiles for construction professionals. These profiles have been compared to frameworks from other European institutions and lay the basis for defining training structures and learning programmes.
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Parvu, Oana. "Consumption and Participation to Culture among the European Youth." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p112-117.
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Culture defines a society's identity and pegs its history with benchmarks, codes, norms and models, attitudes about life and knowledge products full of symbols. A number of researches into cultural anthropology have highlighted the distinct role culture plays in the process of building and maintaining the balance both at social and individual levels. Part of one's identity, culture is also embedded into one's quality of life. in the same time, the culture playing "a substantial role in adolescent development. Development scientists have shown increasing interest in how culture and religion are involved in the processes through which adolescents adapt to environments." . This paper is made and published under the aegis of the Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy as a part of programme co-funded by the European Union within the Operational Sectorial Programme for Human Resources Development through the project for Pluri and interdisciplinary in doctoral and post-doctoral programmes Project Code: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/141086
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Ziemele, Jelena, Girts Vigants, Valdis Vitolins, Dagnija Blumberga, and Ivars Veidenbergs. "District Heating Systems Performance Analyses. Heat Energy Tariff." Environmental and Climate Technologies 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2014-0005.
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Abstract The paper addresses an important element of the European energy sector: the evaluation of district heating (DH) system operations from the standpoint of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy resources. This has been done by developing a new methodology for the evaluation of the heat tariff. The paper presents an algorithm of this methodology, which includes not only a data base and calculation equation systems, but also an integrated multi-criteria analysis module using MADM/MCDM (Multi-Attribute Decision Making / Multi-Criteria Decision Making) based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results of the multi-criteria analysis are used to set the tariff benchmarks. The evaluation methodology has been tested for Latvian heat tariffs, and the obtained results show that only half of heating companies reach a benchmark value equal to 0.5 for the efficiency closeness to the ideal solution indicator. This means that the proposed evaluation methodology would not only allow companies to determine how they perform with regard to the proposed benchmark, but also to identify their need to restructure so that they may reach the level of a low-carbon business.
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van Lent, W. A. M., R. D. de Beer, B. van Triest, and W. H. van Harten. "Selecting indicators for international benchmarking of radiotherapy centres." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2012): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396911000513.
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AbstractIntroduction: Benchmarking can be used to improve hospital performance. It is however not easy to develop a concise and meaningful set of indicators on aspects related to operations management. We developed an indicator set for managers and evaluated its use in an international benchmark of radiotherapy centres. The indicator set assessed the efficiency, patient-centeredness and timeliness of the services delivered.Methods: We identified possible indicators from literature and professionals. Stakeholders’ feedback helped to produce a shortlist of indicators. For this indicator set, data were obtained in a pilot that included four European radiotherapy centres. With these data, the indicators were evaluated on definition clarity, data availability, reliability and discriminative value.Results: Literature produced a gross list of 81 indicators. Based on stakeholder feedback, 33 indicators were selected and evaluated in the benchmark. Six negatively evaluated indicators were adapted, together with eight positively evaluated indicators 14 indicators seemed feasible. Examples of indicators concerned utilisation, waiting times, patient satisfaction and risk analysis.Conclusions: This study provides a pragmatic indicator development process for international benchmarks on operations management. The presented indicators showed to be feasible for use in international benchmarking of radiotherapy centres. The pilot identified attainable performance levels and provided leads for improvements.
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de Wet, Erika. "The African Union’s Struggle Against ‘Unconstitutional Change of Government’: From a Moral Prescription to a Requirement under International Law?" European Journal of International Law 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 199–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab015.
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Abstract In 1992 Thomas Franck proclaimed an emerging right to democratic governance in international law. With reference to developments in the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, he identified free and fair elections as the core benchmark of this right, possessing significant legitimacy in terms of its pedigree, determinacy, coherence and adherence. The current contribution examines Franck’s understanding of the right to democratic governance within the African context, notably in relation to those institutional developments that have occurred since the adoption of the Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) in 2000. Specifically, the article assesses the benchmarks of the notion of ‘unconstitutional changes of government’ in Article 4(p) of the AU Constitutive Act and their inter-linkage with free and fair elections. In so doing, it critically questions the response of the AU to unconstitutional changes of government and its implications for the normative maturity of the benchmark in question. It places the analysis in a broader context by drawing some parallels with the current back-sliding in democratic governance that is occurring also within the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union.
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Born, Dennis-Peter, Joris Kuger, Marek Polach, and Michael Romann. "Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers." Sports 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9090122.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of start and turn performances on race times in top-elite female swimmers and provide benchmarks for all performance levels, all swimming strokes, and all race distances of the European Short-Course Championships (EC). The individual races (n = 798) of all female competitors (age: 20.6 ± 3.9 years, FINA points: 792 ± 78) were video-monitored for subsequent analysis of start and turn performances. Benchmarks were established across all competitors of each event based on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. Start and turn performances contributed up to 27.43% and 56.37% to total race time, respectively. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the fastest swimmers had the lowest contribution of the acyclic phases to race time. Therefore, relative to their faster race times, these swimmers were even faster during starts and turns. Multiple linear regression analysis showed large effects of turn performance on 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m race times (β = 0.616, 0.813, 0.988, 1.004, and 1.011, respectively), while the effect of start performance continuously decreased the longer the race distance. As turn performance may be the distinguishing factor in modern short-course races, benchmarks should be used to set goals and establish training guidelines depending on the targeted race time.
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ZABLOTSKYY, F., B. DZHUMAN, and I. BRUSAK. "On the accuracy of (quasi) geoid models relatively UELN/EVRS2000 height systems." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (April 1, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-29-36.
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Nowadays the Baltic Height System 1977 operates in Ukraine, the starting point of which is the zero of the Kronstadt banchmark. However, the current height system in Ukraine is morally obsolete primarily due to the great distance from the zero-point of height (about 2 thousand km) and the difficulty of adapting to the use of satellite surveying methods. Therefore, today it does not correspond to the level of development of modern geospatial technologies and it needs to be modernized. The most optimal way to modernize the height network of Ukraine is its integration into the United European Leveling Network UELN, the zero point of which is the Amsterdam banchmark. Within the framework of such integration it is necessary to create a high-precision geoid model for the territory of Ukraine, connected to the UELN/EVRS2000 height system. Aim. The purpose of the work is to compare the accuracy of different geoid/quasigeoid models and the global gravitational field of the Earth on the Western Ukraine area (border region) relative to the heights of points in the height system UELN/EVRS2000, where GNSSleveling is performed, and to determine the most optimal model in relation to which a high-precision geoid model can be created, consistent with the UELN/EVRS2000 height system.Method. To obtain the heights of leveling points on the Ukraine area in the UELN/EVRS2000 height system we performed I class leveling on two lines from the fundamental benchmarks on the territory of Ukraine (heights are known in the Baltic height system 1977) to I class benchmarks on the Poland area (UELN/EVRS2000 height system). GNSS-leveling in static mode (1-second sampling observations for more than 6 hours) was performed on all fundamental and ground benchmarks, as well as horizontal marks. Results. The heights of the quasigeoid at 26 points are obtained from the performed measurements. The heights are compared with three global models of the Earth’s gravitational field: EGM2008, EIGEN-6C4 and XGM2019e_2159 (the maximum order of all these models is 2190), as well as with the European geoid EGG2015. It is established that the best accuracy (≈ 7 cm) allows to obtain the European geoid EGG2015. Scientific novelty and practical significance. For the first time the accuracy of the Earth’s gravitational field models and geoid models on the Ukraine area is investigated at points where the height in the UELN/EVRS2000 height system is known. We established that when constructing a high-precision quasigeoid using the “Remove–Restore” procedure, it is best to use the European geoid EGG2015 as a systematic component.
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Dragomir, Larisa. "The ECB’s accountability: Adjusting accountability arrangements to the ECB’s evolving roles." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 26, no. 1 (February 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x19840927.
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This article examines the European Central Bank’s accountability holistically, ascertaining the multitude of accountability arrangements corresponding to the different tasks, as well as the different angles of accountability with a view to determining the capacity of the existing framework to respond to the frequent calls for increased scrutiny of the European Central Bank’s actions in the aftermath of the financial crisis. In this vein, the paper focuses on identifying those elements of the accountability arrangements that are flexible and therefore allow for adjusting the intensity, form and consequences of scrutiny over the European Central Bank’s actions in relation to its various functions. The first section identifies the multitude of principals to whom the European Central Bank is accountable when performing its various functions. The second section discusses what the European Central Bank is accountable for, whereas the third section analyses the different legal frameworks that represent benchmarks for holding the European Central Bank accountable in the context of its various functions. The fourth section discusses the channels that allow principals to influence the European Central Bank’s behaviour following accountability checks. The last section highlights the resilience inherent in the existing framework, which permits adjusting accountability arrangements to respond to calls for increased accountability. 1
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Rammig, A., M. Wiedermann, J. F. Donges, F. Babst, W. von Bloh, D. Frank, K. Thonicke, and M. D. Mahecha. "Tree-ring responses to extreme climate events as benchmarks for terrestrial dynamic vegetation models." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2014): 2537–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2537-2014.
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Abstract. Climate extremes can trigger exceptional responses in terrestrial ecosystems, for instance by altering growth or mortality rates. Effects of this kind are often manifested in reductions of the local net primary production (NPP). Investigating a set of European long-term data on annual radial tree growth confirms this pattern: we find that 53% of tree ring width (TRW) indices are below one standard deviation, and up to 16% of the TRW values are below two standard deviations in years with extremely high temperatures and low precipitation. Based on these findings we investigate if climate driven patterns in long-term tree growth data may serve as benchmarks for state-of-the-art dynamic vegetation models such as LPJmL. The model simulates NPP but not explicitly the radial tree ring growth, hence requiring a generic method to ensure an objective comparison. Here we propose an analysis scheme that quantifies the coincidence rate of climate extremes with some biotic responses (here TRW or simulated NPP). We find that the reduction in tree-ring width during drought extremes is lower than the corresponding reduction of simulated NPP. We identify ten extreme years during the 20th century in which both, model and measurements indicate high coincidence rates across Europe. However, we detect substantial regional differences in simulated and observed responses to extreme events. One explanation for this discrepancy could be that the tree-ring data have preferentially been sampled at more climatically stressed sites. The model-data difference is amplified by the fact that dynamic vegetation models are designed to simulate mean ecosystem responses at landscape or regional scale. However, we find that both model-data and measurements display carry-over effects from the previous year. We conclude that using radial tree growth is a good basis for generic model-benchmarks if the data are analyzed by scale-free measures such as coincidence analysis. Our study shows strong reductions in carbon sequestration during extreme years. However, for a better understanding of the impact of extreme events on e.g. the long-term fate of the European carbon balance, more long-term measurement data and improved process-based models are needed.
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Thijs, Bart, and Wolfgang Glänzela. "A structural analysis of benchmarks on different bibliometrical indicators for European research institutes based on their research profile." Scientometrics 79, no. 2 (October 11, 2008): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0425-z.
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Zavertiaeva, Marina. "Portfolio forming decisions: the role of intellectual capital." Journal of Intellectual Capital 17, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-10-2015-0087.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a tool to categorize companies as potentially profitable on the basis of an intellectual capital (IC) analysis. Design/methodology/approach – The paper distinguishes two crucial attributions for picking shares: IC and capitalization of IC-based growth potential. Using these two attributions, the author creates a portfolio from a sample of European companies and annually rebalances it. To test its attractiveness, the author then compares the portfolio with benchmarks and random portfolios during the period from 2006 to 2013 using a Sharpe coefficient. Findings – The comparison of the constructed portfolio with the benchmarks demonstrates the importance of IC for market investors and the validity of the proposed tool. The Sharpe ratio of the portfolio is significantly higher than the mean and median Sharpe ratios of random portfolios. In addition, the importance of IC for choosing proper investment goal increases in crisis. Research limitations/implications – This investigation can be improved by analysing other IC such as the qualification of CEOs, participation of the company in business alliances, and a company’s innovation activity. In addition, the paper considers only European companies. Practical implications – The proposed tool provides a method to construct investment-attractive portfolios on the basis of IC. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the literature by identifying the underestimated shares on the basis of a company’s IC and by developing an algorithm to create an IC-based investment portfolio.
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Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, Niel Hens, Dominique L. Monnet, Geert Molenberghs, Herman Goossens, et al. "Quality appraisal of antibiotic consumption in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 2009 and 2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (July 1, 2021): ii60—ii67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab178.
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Abstract Objectives The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community can be assessed using 12 drug-specific quality indicators (DSQIs) developed by the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project. We compared quality in 2009 and 2017 in the EU/European Economic Area (EEA) and evaluated the impact of using different DDD values (ATC/DDD indices 2011 and 2019) for the 2009 quality assessment using these DSQIs and a joint scientific opinion (JSO) indicator. Methods We calculated the 12 DSQIs and the JSO indicator for 2017 and for 2009 for EU/EEA countries able to deliver values. For each of the indicators we grouped the 2017 and 2009 indicator values into four quartiles. To evaluate changes in quality between 2009 and 2017, we used the quartile distribution of the 2009 indicator values in 30 EU/EEA countries as benchmarks. In addition, we compared the quality assessment for 2009 using the ATC/DDD indices 2011 and 2019. Results In 2017, a difference in the quality of antibiotic consumption in the community between northern and southern EU/EEA countries remained, but also several eastern EU/EEA countries shifted towards lower quality. Quality of antibiotic consumption decreased between 2009 and 2017 in particular indicator values for penicillin, quinolone, relative β-lactam and broad- versus narrow-spectrum antibiotic consumption, and seasonal variation. Using different ATC/DDD indices did not substantially change countries’ ranking based on their DSQI values. Conclusions The quality of antibiotic consumption in the community as measured by the DSQIs further decreased between 2009 and 2017, especially in Southern and Eastern European countries. A continuous effort to improve antibiotic consumption is essential to reduce antibiotic consumption in general and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in particular.
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Boriani, Giuseppe, Marco Vitolo, David Justin Wright, Mauro Biffi, Benedict Brown, Khaldoun G. Tarakji, and Bruce L. Wilkoff. "Infections associated with cardiac electronic implantable devices: economic perspectives and impact of the TYRX™ antibacterial envelope." EP Europace 23, Supplement_4 (June 1, 2021): iv33—iv44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab126.
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Abstract The occurrence of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) infections and related adverse outcomes have an important financial impact on the healthcare system, with hospitalization length of stay (2–3 weeks on average) being the largest cost driver, including the cost of device system extraction and device replacement accounting for more than half of total costs. In the recent literature, the economic profile of the TYRX™ absorbable antibacterial envelope was analysed taking into account both randomized and non-randomized trial data. Economic analysis found that the envelope is associated with cost-effectiveness ratios below USA and European benchmarks in selected patients at increased risk of infection. Therefore, the TYRX™ envelope, by effectively reducing CIED infections, provides value according to the criteria of affordability currently adopted by USA and European healthcare systems.
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Popadynets, Nazariy, Inna Irtyshcheva, Iryna Kramarenko, Svitlana Danylo, and Yuliya Zhuravel. "Strategic benchmarks in public regulation of the domestic consumer goods market." Regional Economy, no. 2(96) (2020): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2020-2-11.
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Nowadays, the domestic consumer goods market plays an important role in maintaining the living standards of the population. Its development is an important precondition of accelerated economic growth in the country. Yet, the current condition of the domestic market is characterized by the availability of many negative trends that are stipulated by the bottlenecks in the public regulation of the consumer market and lack of controllability of its certain development processes. An objective need to search for the ways and tools to efficiently manage the development of the domestic consumer market on the system basis requires the thorough scientific-methodological substantiation of a range of important issues like defining the goals and priorities of the consumer market development and elaborating the tactics of its development in times of European integration as a set of measures directed at the implementation of strategic goals. The paper aims to determine the strategic priorities in public regulation of the domestic consumer goods market. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of the consumer market’s public regulation. The functioning of enterprises on the domestic market is analyzed, and on this basis, their operating efficiency is determined. The regulative framework related to the issues of the economic development and trade processes in particular in the times of COVID-19 is analyzed. The priorities and tasks of regulation of the competitive process at the domestic market in the short-term and middle-term perspectives in conditions of the pandemic are suggested based on examining the foreign sector of Ukraine in 2013-2019 and the consensus-prognosis for 2020-2021. The place of the domestic consumer goods market’s development strategy in maintaining the sustainable development in Ukraine is determined, and the main tasks of implementation of the domestic consumer goods market’s development policy are outlined. In the course of examining the main trends of the domestic market functioning in current economic conditions, the problems hampering their development were identified. The strategy of the domestic consumer goods market development is characterized.
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Benacchio, Gian. "European law, national law and (un)certainty of law." Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava 2, no. 2 (2020): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rkspp2002155b.
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One of the fundamental values of any legal system is the principle of certainty of law, whose highest expression is its encoding in the various bodies of law. However, today this value is strongly, albeit inadvertently, called into question by the European Union - in particular, by a set of principles, and related mechanisms, designed to ensure uniformity of law across the EU Member States. These include the principle of primacy of EU law over the laws of its Member States, the principle of the disapplication of national laws that are incompatible with EU law (including the provisions of directives that have not yet been implemented, or that have implemented in a manner deemed incorrect), the principle of interpretation of national law in conformity with EU law and, above all, the conclusive and binding effect of the judgments of the EU Court of Justice even when they provide a 'unique' or unusual interpretation, not expressly provided for in EU law. These principles are now well-established benchmarks in supreme and national courts as well, to the extent that there has been a radical shift in the system and hierarchy of sources of law in each legal system of the EU Member States, at the expense of citizens, businesspeople and legal practitioners, who all find it hard to identify the exact rule to apply to specific cases.
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Schulte, Bernd. "The New European ‘Buzzword’: ‘Open Method of Co-Ordination’." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 4 (December 2002): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270200400404.
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“1. Implementation of the strategic goal will be facilitated by applying a new open method of co-ordination as the means of spreading best practices and achieving greater convergence towards the main EU goals. This method, which is designed to help Member States to progressively develop their own policies, involves: – fixing guidelines for the Union combined with specific timetables for achieving the goals which they set in the short, medium and long terms; – establishing, where appropriate, quantitative and qualitative indicators and benchmarks against the best in the world and tailored to the needs of different Member States and sectors as a means of comparing best practices; – translating these European guidelines into national and regional policies by setting specific targets and adopting measures, taking into account national and regional differences; – periodic monitoring, evaluation and peer review organised as mutual learning processes. 2. A fully decentralised approach will be applied in line with the principle of subsidiarity in which the Union, the Member States, the regional and local levels, as well as the social partners and civil society, will be actively involved using varied forms of partnership. A method of benchmarking best practices on managing change will be devised by the European Commission networking with different providers and users, namely the social partners, companies and NGOs.” (Conclusions of the Lisbon Summit, 23–24 March 2000, paragraph 37 ‘Implementing a new open method of co-ordination’).
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Savchenko, Oleksandra, and Olena Lokshyna. "Implementation of the competence idea into the primary education in Ukraine – the reflective analysis based on the European Union benchmarks." SHS Web of Conferences 75 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207501003.
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The generation of the competence education idea in Ukraine based on the EU benchmarks is studied. It is underlined that the transformation of the national education into the competence base is a component of the European integration of Ukraine. The authors made conclusion that the Ukrainian education has gone from proclaiming the idea of the competence education, its conceptual justification to implementation. The research results evidence that the support of the competence idea at the level of educational policy is the most successful in Ukraine. At the same time, at the implementation level the competence idea meets a number of challenges due to the novelty of a clear correlation between strategic, didactic and methodological levels. The authors conclude that the problem of the formation of key competences, firstly of transversal or cross-curricular ones, remains underdeveloped; the aspects of crosscurricular links and integration of the education content requires further development; the level of assessing younger students in competencies is even more underdeveloped. On the other hand, the authors generalise that common globalization challenges, powerful integration processes in Europe, Europeanization affecting the European countries outside the EU borders contribute greatly to the synchronization of the education in Ukraine with EU standards.
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Bevz, T. A. "FOREIGN POLICY VECTOR OF DNIPROPETROVSK REGION ACTIVITIES: EUROPEAN VALUES AND LANDMARKS." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1 (2) (2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2018.1(2).14.
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The article analyzes the foreign policy vector of Dnipropetrovsk region. The emphasis is put on European values and benchmarks in regional politics. Regions are dynamic socio-systems, which combine past, present and future. The region is an important actor within the political processes that influences the decision-making process in the state. It is noted that Dnipropetrovsk region is a leader in the "level of business development", "infrastructure" and "innovation" segments that promote the European values and landmarks establishment. The European canon of values is not limited by national boundaries, and it is valid beyond our national, ethnic, cultural and religious peculiarities. To some extent, the value changes depend on the characteristics of the regions. However, European values remain the inalienable. In fact, the foundation on which the European Union stands, namely, the headship of law, democracy, freedom of speech, honesty / transparency, the desire to provide equal opportunities for all citizens, and so on. Celebrating Europe Day in the region and holding various events has already started being traditional. Dnipropetrovsk region has become the first member of the Assembly of European Regions in Ukraine, also the first representative office of the Assembly in Ukraine has been opened here. The foreign policy vector of activity in Dnipropetrovsk region is aimed at relations with the European Union and its institutions, and above all, with the Assembly of European Regions. A definite trend in recent decades is concentrated in inter-civilizational dialogues, both at the global and regional levels, by trying to implement individual policies, concluding individual / personalized agreements, treaties, becoming member of international organizations.
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Lokshyna, Olena. "“TRENDS OF SCHOOL EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU COUNTRIES, USA AND CHINA” (2018-2020): RESEARCH RESULTS OF THE COMPARATIVE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGY OF NAES OF UKRAINE." Education: Modern Discourses, no. 3 (December 26, 2020): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37472/2617-3107-2020-3-15.
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The aim of the paper is the presentation of the research results of the scientific work of the Comparative Education Department (Institute of Pedagogy NAES of Ukraine) “Trends of School Education Development in the EU countries, USA and China (2018-2020). The Department staff – O. Lokshyna, Dr. Sc., Prof. (research director); O. Glushko; A. Dzhurylo, PhD; S. Kravchenko, Ph.D; N. Nikolska, PhD; M. Tymenko, PhD; O. Shparyk, PhD – studied the transformations of the school education in the European Countries (Germant, Poland UK) in USA and in China/ The authors recealed the unification character of the globalization on the development of education in these countries; stated the impact of the strategic benchmarks of the international organisations (UN, UNESCO, OECD, EU) on education policies; underlined the importance for Ukraine to harmonise its education development with the global and European tendencies within the framework of equal access to education and quality education.
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Lokshyna, Olena. "Quality assurance of higher education under europeanization of Ukraine." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 3-4 (2018): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2018.3-4.127132.
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The article highlights the European progress of the Ukrainian higher education within the framework of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and on the basis of Ukrainian legislation (Laws of Ukraine «On Higher Education» (2014) and «On Education» (2017), underlines that European integration of Ukraine is the strategy of development of the Ukrainian state, and the integration of the higher education system of Ukraine into the European Higher Education Area is recognized as one of the principles of state policy in the field of higher education. It is determined that the quality assurance system of education, defined by the Ukrainian legislation, consists of a quality assurance system in educational institutions (internal quality assurance system); external quality education system; quality assurance systems in the activities of the governing bodies and institutions that carry out external quality assurance of education. It corresponds to the European philosophy and practice of ensuring the quality of education. The characterization of the essence of Europeanization and Europeanization of higher education, European benchmarks in the field of higher education in the European Higher Education Area are provided. The author emphasizes that the dynamics of the implementation of these standards by the countries varies, although the commonality is the introduction of systems of internal quality assurance, external quality assurance, creation of an institution for the quality assurance of higher education. The challenges that exist on the way of synchronization of the quality assurance system of higher education in Ukraine with the European standards, as outlined in the Standards and Recommendations for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area, are highlighted. A conclusion is made about the dynamic progress of the Europeanization of higher education in Ukraine and the need for further synchronization with European standards.
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Tench, Ralph, and Angeles Moreno. "Mapping communication management competencies for European practitioners." Journal of Communication Management 19, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-11-2013-0078.
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Purpose – The principle focus of the European Communication Professional Skills and Innovation (ECOPSI) Research project reported in this paper is to develop understanding of the competences held by senior communication practitioners and the contributing knowledge, skills and personal attributes that are relevant to their role. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on 24 months of desk and empirical work by the research team in three core phases: the benchmarking report based on literature reviews in each country region; quantitative data collection from communication practitioners in 42 countries across Europe; qualitative data from 53 interviews across four senior practitioner roles in the six regions of the study’s focus. Findings – The findings highlight the competencies needed by senior practitioners through the creation of the Communication Role Matrix with critical evaluation of the current contemporary issues faced by the sector. Research limitations/implications – The authors acknowledge a limitation of the study regarding the selection of the four studied professional roles. ECOPSI has proven a common understanding of theses four studied roles in Europe, but further research on the competencies of diverse roles performed in the profession would need to be explored for a more comprehensive appreciation of the full spectrum of public relations and strategic communication practice. Practical implications – The paper draws together findings from across Europe and presents a practical interpretation of the project in the form of an online self-diagnostic tool based on an online portal for practitioners to self-complete. Social implications – The programme improves the professionalism of practitioners across Europe and their ability to work across borders in a European and wider international community of communication practitioners. Originality/value – This study benchmarks the educational and practice landscape in six key regions of Europe to demonstrate that the elements focusing on skills, knowledge and personal attributes of European communication professionals can be synthesised using competences as the foundational element. The originality is also reflected in the self-diagnostic tool for the project based on an online portal.
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Yu, Xisheng. "Risk-Neutrality of RND and Option Pricing within an Entropy Framework." Entropy 22, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22080836.
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This article constructs an entropy pricing framework by incorporating a set of informative risk-neutral moments (RNMs) extracted from the market-available options as constraints. Within the RNM-constrained entropic framework, a unique distribution close enough to the correct one is obtained, and its risk-neutrality is deeply verified based on simulations. Using this resultant risk-neutral distribution (RND), a sample of risk-neutral paths of the underlying price is generated and ultimately the European option’s prices are computed. The pricing performance and analysis in simulations demonstrate that this proposed valuation is comparable to the benchmarks and can produce fairly accurate prices for options.
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Cai, Ning, S. G. Kou, and Zongjian Liu. "A Two-Sided Laplace Inversion Algorithm with Computable Error Bounds and its Applications in Financial Engineering." Advances in Applied Probability 46, no. 03 (September 2014): 766–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800007369.
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Transform-based algorithms have wide applications in applied probability, but rarely provide computable error bounds to guarantee the accuracy. We propose an inversion algorithm for two-sided Laplace transforms with computable error bounds. The algorithm involves a discretization parameterCand a truncation parameterN. By choosingCandNusing the error bounds, the algorithm can achieve any desired accuracy. In many cases, the bounds decay exponentially, leading to fast computation. Therefore, the algorithm is especially suitable to provide benchmarks. Examples from financial engineering, including valuation of cumulative distribution functions of asset returns and pricing of European and exotic options, show that our algorithm is fast and easy to implement.
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Cai, Ning, S. G. Kou, and Zongjian Liu. "A Two-Sided Laplace Inversion Algorithm with Computable Error Bounds and its Applications in Financial Engineering." Advances in Applied Probability 46, no. 3 (September 2014): 766–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1409319559.
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Transform-based algorithms have wide applications in applied probability, but rarely provide computable error bounds to guarantee the accuracy. We propose an inversion algorithm for two-sided Laplace transforms with computable error bounds. The algorithm involves a discretization parameter C and a truncation parameter N. By choosing C and N using the error bounds, the algorithm can achieve any desired accuracy. In many cases, the bounds decay exponentially, leading to fast computation. Therefore, the algorithm is especially suitable to provide benchmarks. Examples from financial engineering, including valuation of cumulative distribution functions of asset returns and pricing of European and exotic options, show that our algorithm is fast and easy to implement.
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Borowski, Łukasz, and Piotr Banasik. "The conversion of heights of the benchmarks of the detailed vertical reference network into the PL-EVRF2007-NH frame." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 109, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2020-0001.
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AbstractThe paper describes the problem of conversion of heights to the European Vertical Reference Frame 2007 for Poland (PL-EVRF2007-NH). The subject of the study is height data, and especially the detailed vertical reference network. The aim of the article is to present an alternative method of conversion to the one recommended by the Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. The proposed approach is characterised by a low implementation cost while maintaining the required accuracy.The publication is illustrated by the case of Kętrzyn district (in the north-east part of Poland). The local reference network was converted from Kronstad’60 to PL-EVRF2007-NH in 2017.
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den Heijer, Maarten. "Visas and Non-discrimination." European Journal of Migration and Law 20, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 470–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340039.
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Abstract The article examines whether the EU visa policy discriminates on racial or religious grounds. That the EU’s selection of countries whose nationals are subject to the visa obligation strongly correlates with global ethnic and religious demarcations fuels concerns about discrimination. The article juxtaposes the standards that have evolved in European non-discrimination law for justifying disparate racial and religious effects of immigration policies with the legislative history of the Visa list regulation. It argues that the progressive refinement of visa liberalisation dialogues by the European Commission including benchmarks on risks associated with visa travel provides no basis for allegations that current decision-making is based on ulterior motives. However, the placement of the large majority of countries on the ‘black list’ dates from the intergovernmental Schengen era and has never been properly justified. The article recommends to rectify this omission and to fundamentally rethink the balancing of the positive and negative criteria for the visa obligation.
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Tackney, Charles T., Toyoko Sato, and Ole Stromgren. "Benchmarks in tacit knowledge skills instruction: the European Union-Research Oriented Participatory Education (EU-ROPE) model of Copenhagen Business School." International Journal of Management in Education 4, no. 4 (2010): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmie.2010.035611.
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