To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: European Coins.
Journal articles on the topic 'European Coins'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'European Coins.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mysko, Volodymyr. "Circular coins of European countries: history, description, systematization, methods of application in geography lessons." 33, no. 33 (August 1, 2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-1893-2021-33-04.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights the importance of the implementation of competency-based learning in modern school, which requires, above all, activation of mental activity of students and development of their creative abilities. The purpose of this article is to review and systematize circulation of coins of European countries, to study images of physical and socio-geographical objects, processes and phenomena on coins. It is important to highlight historical aspects of formation and functioning of the monetary system on the European continent, present their vision of optimal use of metal banknotes in geography lessons in general secondary education. Main material. The use of such visual aids as coins plays an important role in the development of visual thinking of schoolchildren, visual acuity, observation, visual memory. The author believes that one of the most important visual aids used successfully in general secondary education in geography lessons is metal banknotes - coins. Teachers can use them at almost every stage of learning. The article analyses peculiarities of the design development of circulating coins in European countries, their local lore and country orientation. We know that the coins depict political and historical fi gures, prominent representatives of culture or typical representatives of the organic world, the population of the country, nationalities. The article presents the analysis results of collections of circulation coins in European countries on the images of plants and plant ornaments, animals, astronomical, hydrological, social, historical, political, economic objects. Among 344 circulation coins of European countries, the image of socio-geographical objects accounts for 267 coins (77.6%), the image of physical-geographical objects – 77 units, which is 22.4% of all coins. The most common images on European coins are historical, political and social objects, plants and plant ornaments. Conclusions. The article off ers a number of methods and receptions of eff ective application of circulation coins of the European countries at the lessons of geography at the establishments of general secondary education, based on methodical and didactic researches. There is a table with a detailed description of images of all modern euro coins for the implementation of practical tasks during the study course «Geography: Regions and Countries».
2
Brianna Barbu. "Western European coins’ Byzantine origins." C&EN Global Enterprise 102, no. 12 (April 22, 2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10212-scicon4.
Full text
3
Grumeza, Lavinia. "Corpus of the Roman Finds in the European Barbaricum. Romania 1." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 26, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 332–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341377.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The goal of this paper is to present the Roman products found in Arad County (West Romania), to analyse the Roman-Dacians connections, and the avenues by which the Roman goods made their way into the Dacian world, west of the Carpathians. Excluding the coins, Italian goods are sporadically found in Dacian sites dating from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD: some fragmentary bronze and glass vessels, terra sigillata, and various ceramic plates. Most of the imports occur in settlements and hoards, but except for the coins, other types of Roman items were not treasured. The preponderance of the Republican denarii (and imitations) over the imperial ones can be easily distinguished – no matter where they were struck. The conspicuously high quantity of coins could indicate special donations received by the Dacians from the Romans, particularly during the reign of Burebista and Decebalus.
4
Kerremans, Bart, and Edith Drieskens. "Van euro naar uitbreiding : de Europese Unie in 2002." Res Publica 45, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2003): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v45i2-3.18482.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union stepped into the year 2002 with mixedfeelings. On the one hand, the anthraxcrisis and the war in Afghanistan remembered of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. On the other hand, the introduction of the euro notes and coins created a EU-wide feeling of euphoria. In the following twelve months, EU activity was mainly dominated by the impeding eastern enlargement. Moreover, in 2002, the institutional foundations were laid ofwhat will turn out to be one of the mostfundamental transformations ofthe European construction in EU history. As most of these activities will be settled in the years to come, asfor 2002, especially the starting point - the introduction of the euro coins and notes -and the end point- the decision ofthe Copenhagen European Council to welcome Cyprus, Estonza, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in 2004 into the European family - will remain printed in the European memory.
5
Dymowski, Arkadiusz. "A Graphical Method for Analysing Chronological Patterns of Coin Sets / Graficzna metoda analizy profili chronologicznych zestawów monet." Notae Numismaticae - Zapiski Numizmatyczne, no. 17 (June 30, 2023): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.17.a11.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a graphical method for analysing chronological patterns which can be successfully applied to coin sets (e.g. hoards) containing specimens dated within multiple, overlapping timespans of up to several dozen years. The timespans are considered rounded up to full years, i.e. the shortest timespan would be 1 year, while the longer ones could cover several, a dozen or more years. This works well, for example, with Roman coins from the Imperial period, or with some categories of medieval or modern European coinage. The method is based on a simple mathematical model and the values calculated for each year are presented in a graphical form (as values of a discrete function spread on a timeline) to show the chronological distribution of coins in percentage terms. Such distributions make sets of coins easy to compare. The method is much less effective when applied to precisely dated coins (e.g. with an accuracy of one year), like Roman coins from the Republican period, or certain categories of early medieval Islamic coins.
6
Novák, Vlastimil. "Coins of the Ottoman Sultans Found in the Territory of the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2018." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 41, no. 1 (2020): 15–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/anpm.2020.003.
Full textAbstract:
Ottoman coins have been registered in the Czech Lands since the beginning of the 18th century and have been systematically documented since the mid-19th century. The latest actualization comes from 1996, but the following massive use of metal detectors showed a serious need for a new summarization. Up until 2018, some 151 hoards/ single finds with the Ottoman coins, forgeries, and jetons have been registered in the territory of the Czech Republic. These coins came to the mentioned territory via the Ottoman European expansion since the 16th century, and their flow reached its peak in the 17th century. The massive appearance of the Ottoman coins in Bohemia, partly in Moravia and Silesia, in the 17th century represents a phenomenon connected with the Thirty Years War. In south and central Moravia, it is explained by the direct military impact of the Ottoman armies. The later import of these coins is associated with the Napoleonic Wars and with the Austro-Hungarian period through its Balkan connection.
7
Grigorkin, Vasily А. "European Financial Crisis of 1763." Economic History 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.060.019.202301.058-065.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The financial factor had its full effect during the next major pan-European conflict – the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). The Seven Years’ War can be considered as the “zero” World War of the 18th century. Its fighting took place in all parts of the world and oceans known then. All the major Christian powers of that time were drawn into it. In terms of the level of militarization, this war surpassed all previous coalition wars. The financial crisis caused by the Seven Years’ War was also very different from the previous ones and had a pan-European effect. The purpose of the article is to study the causes of the financial crisis of 1763. Materials and Methods. Comparative-historical, chronological and genealogical research methods were used, the principles of objectivity and historicism were observed. Results. The crisis was led by the confidence of some banks and financial firms in a win-win business related to the supply of military operations. Discussion and Conclusion. After Frederick II began defacing coins, according to the Copernicus – Gresham law, degraded money is forced out of circulation by full-weight ones, so the German princes, who were neighbors of Prussia, were forced to voluntarily lower the silver content in their coins. There was nothing left but to start the debasing process. This leads to the financial crisis of 1763.
8
Gaydukov, P., and E. Ushankov. "Finds of West-European coins of the 11th — early 12th century at Novgorod (Rurik’s) Gorodishche." Archaeological News 31 (2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-31-53-62.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is a publication of West-European denarii of the 11th — early 12th century and their imita- tions provenient from the territory of Novgorod Gorodishche (Rurik’s Hillfort). All the known coins are discussed — both those yielded by archaeological excavations (8 items) and single finds by private persons (13 items). The new numismatic materials expand and supplement the available information on the earliest and very important trade-handicraft and military-administrative centre of the Lake Ilmen region.
9
Bodzek, Jarosław, Kamil Kopij, Szymon Jellonek, and Barbara Zając. "Studies on Roman coin finds from the Central European Barbaricum in the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University – an overview." Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 10 (December 31, 2019): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.07.
Full textAbstract:
A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into European Barbaricum. The interest in Roman coinage at the Jagiellonian University pre-dates archaeology and can be traced back to the 16th century and the professors of the Kraków Academy (the name of the university at that time) Maciej of Miechów (1457–1523) and Stanisław Grzebski (1524–1570). In the 19th century, Roman coins discovered in the vicinity of Kraków attracted the interest of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke (1768–1835). However, the time when this area of research enjoyed particular development falls to the last years before WWII and the post-war period. A significant role in this respect was played by researchers either representing the JU Institute of Archaeology, like Professors Rudolf Jamka (1906–1972), Kazimierz Godłowski (1934–1995), and Piotr Kaczanowski (1944–2015), or those cooperating with the Institute like Professor Stefan Skowronek (1928–2019). Their activity laid the foundations for today’s research on the finds of Roman coins and their inflow into the territories of the Roman Period Barbaricum. Currently, this area of studies is within the focus of two of the departments of the Institute of Archaeology: the Department of Iron Age Archaeology and the Department of Classical Archaeology. The intensification of research on the inflow of Roman coins owes much to the Finds of Roman coins in Poland and connected with PL project, carried out in 2014–2018 under the leadership of Professor Aleksander Burshe, with important contributions provided by a group of scholars from the JU Institute of Archaeology. Despite the conclusion of the project, studies on the inflow of Roman coins will continue.12345
10
Nixon, Sam, Thilo Rehren, and Maria Filomena Guerra. "New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali." Antiquity 85, no. 330 (November 2011): 1353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062104.
Full textAbstract:
Tadmekka, a town at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, has produced good evidence for making gold coins in the ninth–tenth century AD, the first concrete proof of coinage in pre-colonial West Africa. These were produced by melting gold dust or nuggets in ceramic moulds, similar to those used for the first pellet-like coinage of the European Iron Age. The authors suggest these coins were not political statements, but were probably blank and intended to facilitate the busy early Islamic caravan trade to destinations north, south or east. On arrival at the Mediterranean coast, these blank pieces would have been melted down or converted into inscribed coins by the local authorities.
11
Pańczyk, Ewa, Bożena Sartowska, Lech Waliś, Jakub Dudek, Władysław Weker, and Maciej Widawski. "The origin and chronology of medieval silver coins based on the analysis of chemical composition." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0108.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Medieval Central Europe coins - the Saxon coins, also called as the Otto and Adelheid denarii, as well as the Polish ones, the Władysław Herman and Bolesław Śmiały coins - were examined to determine their provenance and dating. Their attribution and chronology often constitute a serious problem for historians and numismatists. For hundreds of years, coins were in uncontrolled conditions and in variable environment. Destructed and inhomogeneous surface were the effect of corrosion processes. Electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF)), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied. The results of these investigations are significant for our knowledge of the history of Central European coinage, especially of Polish coinage
12
Redish, Angela, and Warren E. Weber. "COIN SIZES AND PAYMENTS IN COMMODITY MONEY SYSTEMS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S1 (December 15, 2010): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000593.
Full textAbstract:
Contemporaries and economic historians have noted several features of medieval and early modern European monetary systems that are hard to analyze using models of centralized exchange. For example, contemporaries complained of recurrent shortages of small change and argued that an abundance/dearth of money had real effects on exchange, especially for the poor. To confront these facts, we build a random-matching monetary model with two indivisible coins with different intrinsic values. The model shows that small change shortages can exist, in the sense that adding small coins to an economy with only large coins is welfare-improving. This effect is amplified by increases in trading opportunities. Further, changes in the quantity of monetary metals affect the real economy and the amount of exchange as well as the optimal denomination size. Finally, the model shows that replacing full-bodied small coins with tokens is not necessarily welfare-improving.
13
Constans, Emmanuel. "La monnaie en France : présent et avenir." Revue française d'administration publique 92, no. 1 (1999): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1999.3338.
Full textAbstract:
Currency in France : Present and Future ; The move to the Euro does not put into question the competence of the currency and coins service to make coins, since this task belongs to member States while the European Central Bank is competent to issue paper notes. The change of currency represents a challenge for the Mint in Paris which is striving successfully to improve its competitiveness in the production of currency and is actively preparing for the introduction of Euro paper notes in 2002.
14
Kochkurkina, Svetlana. "Coins as a Chronological Indicator of the Ladoga Kurgan Culture." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp226161167.
Full textAbstract:
The area of the Kurgan culture at the turn of the 1 st —2 nd millennia included the South-Eastern Ladoga area with the basins of the Syas, Tikhvinka, Voronezhka, Pasha, Kapsha, Oyat, Svir rivers; the region of the Onega Lake with the system of rivers Olonka, Tuloksa, Vidlitsa, and the northern coast of Lake Onega. Several generations of archaeologists have investigated more than 700 mounds; English, German, Czech, Byzantine, and Oriental coins, as well as unspecified Western European products and their fragments were found in 91 of them. Coins with riveted ears were used together with beads as neck decorations, coins with holes could be sewn on clothes. Weights, scales accompanied by swords, spears, battle axes were found in male burials, which indicates the high status of the buried ones and the attributes of a merchant-warrior profession. In most cases, coins are a reliable temporary indicator of burial, but first of all, the archaeological method of dating by leading categories of items should be used.
15
Orlyk, Vasyl. "Copper Coins from Taulara of Mithridates VI Eupator Times from the Northern Black Sea Region and Eastern European Steppe and Forrest-Steppe." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 2022): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp226149159.
Full textAbstract:
In the Pontic state of Mithridates VI Eupator’s times, copper coins were minted in the cities, settlements, and fortresses. The royal fortress called Talaura, that is located on the border with Armenia Minor, was one of the centers of these emissions. The article analyses 5 types of Taulara coins which are known, the assumption about the possible period of their minting is argued. Based on the analysis of die, an assumption is made concerning the more centralized Pontic coinage in the period under study and perspective directions are identified for further studies of Pontic state’s numismatics of Mithridates VI Eupator’s period. Special attention is paid to the study of Taulara coins on the Nothern Black Sea Region and Eastern European Steppe and Forrest-Steppe areas.
16
Lajsner, Włodzimierz. "Wybrane motywy archeologiczne z zakresu archeologii śródziemnomorskiej na monetach europejskich z lat 1990–2005." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 28 (December 27, 2023): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2023.28.06.
Full textAbstract:
The role of coins is not limited only to a means of payment, but through the various iconographic and epigraphic contents they contain, coins are also a means of cultural communication. The obverse and reverse of coins are a specific form of image, which includes motifs understood as a repeating decorative element that is also a pattern or an iconographic element expressing specific symbolism and themes. Archaeological motifs reflect archaeological monuments or their elements, and their themes commemorate not only the monument itself, but also related aspects studied by archaeologists, e.g. the broadly understood context. The aim of the considerations was to examine the numismatic form of commemorating and popularizing archaeological heritage on the example of selected motifs referring to monuments of Mediterranean archeology appearing on European coins in the years 1990–2005. First, the motifs were analyzed in terms of the form of their depiction on coins, then the archaeological theme with which the motifs were connected was determined and, on its basis, axiological considerations were carried out, the aim of which was to learn a potential answer to the question – why a given motif was placed on a coin.
17
Kliuiev, A. M., and O. A. Chumachenko. "Ukrainian chronicles, diaries-chronicles of the 17th–18th centuries about the economy and money circulation of the Cossack Hetmanate." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 39 (2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.5.
Full textAbstract:
In the article the authors consider Cossack chronicles and diaries of the 17th–18th centuries. from the point of view of covering the issue of economy and money circulation of the Cossack Hetmanate. The source value of each of them is not the same, but they are united by a common idea such as the formation and strengthening of the Cossack Hetmanate of Ukraine, the establishment of economic independence and the struggle of the Ukrainian Hetmans to preserve their autonomy in the conditions of the “Ruin” and the attack on the rights of the Hetmanateby the Russian tsars in XVIII century. It has been investigated that during the reign of the Polish king Sigismund III (1587–1632), the expansion of trade relations led to the spread of gold and coarse silver coins (ducats and thalers) in Ukrainian lands from the countries of Western Europe. Permanent wars waged in the 17th century between Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey exhausted the Polish and Ukrainian economies, the prices of grain and other food products rose, and the value of the thaler and ducat gradually increased. Describing the period of the Russian orders spreading in the Hetmanate under Hetman Ivan Briukhovetskyi (1663–1668), HryhoriyHrabianka clarifies the newly introduced monetary and in-kind taxes introduced in the 60s of the 17th century. There are facts about the use of gold coins in the currency of the Hetmanship and their rate against the Russian ruble and Western European money in the Cossack annals. Another stable unit on the money market was the gold ducat, which was called “red gold” in Ukraine during the period. Chronicles of the beginning of the 18th century are increasingly called Russian small (denga and kopeck) and heavy silver coins and rubles which were introduced into monetary circulation by Peter I. But as M. Kotlyar testifies, were found and investigated 67 Ukrainian finds of this period which contained not only Russian coins but also Western European coins, mainly of the 17th century. Thus, we can make sure that S. Velychko exaggerated the rate of displacement of Western European coins by Russian from the Ukrainian market after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. The monetary figure of the Left Bank of the first third of the 18th century, as evidenced by the above-mentioned diaries, is rather complex: they counted both in the Lithuanian and Polish ways. Copies, gold coins, thalers and Russian kopecks and rubles were used as units of account. This reflected the state of the money market at the time, in which foreign coins and numerals were more common than Russian ones. In the written sources of Left Bank Ukraine, the largest number of references to the сzechs (one-and-a-half pennies) refers to the first quarter of the 18th century. This coincides with evidence of numismatic material regarding the greatest spread of сzechs in the circulation of the Left Bank of the mentioned period. However, in the next two or three decades сzechs remained one of the popular coins of the Ukrainian market.
18
Goncharov, E. Yu, and S. E. Malykh. "ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.
19
Ушанков, Е. М. "RINCE MSTISLAV'S SILVER: WHAT MONEY WAS USED TO BUILD THE SAINT GEORGE CATHEDRAL?" Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 265 (March 12, 2021): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.265.270-280.
Full textAbstract:
Статья посвящена денежному обращению Руси начала XII в. Хотя по данной теме существует не одна работа, их авторы уделяли недостаточно внимания периоду спада притока европейского денария на Русь и имеющемуся нумизматическому материалу. На основе количественного и качественного анализа композиций древнерусских кладов показана роль иностранной монеты в данный период. Приведенные в статье данные наглядно демонстрируют, что в денежном обращении Руси первых десятилетий XII в. все еще доминирует чеканенное серебро, европейские, в первую очередь германские, денарии, которые можно распределить на несколько подгрупп. Вероятно, именно эти монеты и представляли собой денежные средства, которыми княжеская власть располагала, реализовывая такие крупные строительные проекты, как сооружение Георгиевского собора Юрьева монастыря. The paper explores money circulation in Medieval Rus early in the 12 century. While there is more than one publication on this subject, their authors did not pay sufficient attention to the period when the flow of the European denarii to Medieval Russia decreased and did not give due consideration to available numismatic material. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the composition of Medieval Russia hoards have shown the role of foreign coins in this period. The data provided in the paper clearly demonstrate that silver struck coins, European denarii, primarily of Germanic origin, still dominated in circulation in Medieval Rus during the first decades of the 12 century. These coins can be referred to several subgroups. Apparently, it is these coins that the princely authorities had at their disposal to implement major construction projects such as the construction of the St. George Cathedral in the St. George's (Yuriev) Monastery in Novgorod.
20
Zirojevic, Mina, and Sanja Jelisavac. "The European monetary Union and euro." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 1-2 (2002): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0201005z.
Full textAbstract:
The authors present and analyses the effects of introducing EURO on the European Union Market. On 1 January 2002, the euro banknotes and coins are introduced in 12 Member States of the European Union. But what is the background to the euro? Which countries are involved? How did the euro evolve? On the following pages, you will find the answers to these and many other questions along with all the information you will need about the biggest monetary changeover in history. So, whether you are in Europe or elsewhere in the world, why not take a journey with us to discover how the euro evolved?
21
Chudziak, Wojciech, Adam Musiałowski, and Marcin Weinkauf. "A silver deposit from Niedźwiedź – another premise in the study of the origins and function of a stronghold in steklin in Dobrzyń region." Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, no. 64 (December 13, 2023): 275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2023.64.10.
Full textAbstract:
The article concerns an early medieval silver hoard, recently (and accidentally) discovered at a suburb settlement in Niedźwiedź in Dobrzyń region. The settlement is a part of a large complex with a stronghold and a developed lake shore, identified with the historical Steklin mentioned in the so-called Mogilno Falsification. The hoard, consisting of 28 coins and six pieces of jewelry, was deposited after 1080. The factual scope of the article includes primarily the results of numismatic analyses of one Arabic coin and the remaining Western European coins, including the prevailing group of so-called cross denarii. The discovery is interpreted in a broad socio-economic and political context
22
Lajsner, Włodzimierz. "Wybrane motywy archeologiczne z zakresu pradziejów i wczesnego średniowiecza na monetach europejskich z lat 1992-2022." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 28 (December 27, 2023): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2023.28.05.
Full textAbstract:
Coins are not only a means of payment, but also a means of cultural communication. Both their obverses and reverses contain epigraphic and iconographic elements that together create an image. Among the iconographic elements, there are motifs understood as a repeating decorative element, but also as an expression of a certain type of idea. Archaeological motifs reflect their form of archaeological monuments or their elements, while their subject matter commemorates not only the monument itself, but also various related aspects researched by archaeologists. The aim of the considerations was to examine the numismatic form of commemorating archaeological heritage. The presented prehistoric and early medieval motifs appearing on European coins in the years 1992–2022 were first analyzed in terms of the form of their depiction on coins, then the archaeological themes with which these motifs are connected were taken into account, and on this basis axiological considerations were possible, aimed at answering the question – why a given motif was placed on the coin.
23
Şaul, Mahir. "The circulation of coins and the Roman periphery." Archaeological Dialogues 12, no. 1 (June 2005): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203805231628.
Full textAbstract:
The discussion of coin finds in the European periphery and the light they throw on the nature of the Roman socio-economic complex is the most interesting part of this paper for me, because it is somewhat analogous to the relations of western Europe with west Africa in the 19th and early colonial 20th centuries. But this commentary steps over into the vast field of classical archaeology that is unfamiliar to me and instead of pursuing this analogy I find it more comfortable to make a few more general remarks on the use of social anthropological ideas and questions of method.
24
Spinks, Jennifer. "The Southern Indian “Devil in Calicut” in Early Modern Northern Europe: Images, Texts and Objects in Motion." Journal of Early Modern History 18, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2014): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342383.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract For sixteenth-century Europeans, the so-called demon and idol known as the “devil in Calicut” vividly epitomized the town of Calicut on India’s Malabar coast. Ludovico di Varthema’s textual invention of the devil in 1510 was rapidly followed by a range of visual images that circulated in print. This article explores how and why the most persistent and vigorous images of this devil emerged from Reformation and Counter-Reformation northern Europe. It further proposes that aspects of the visual and material culture of southern India—and specifically metal sculptures and coins—should be mined in order to better understand the European creation of the “devil in Calicut” and its constant reinvention and circulation. The article argues that the devil maintained its polemical usefulness to a northern European world view in which the heresy of non-Europeans mattered a great deal, but so too did religious changes in Europe that were shaping views about idolatry, materiality, and the role of religious images.
25
Grčar, Mina. "Ivan Skušek Jr. and His Collection of Chinese Coins." Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 47–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.3.47-83.
Full textAbstract:
Ivan Skušek Jr. (1877–1947), whose collection of Chinese and Japanese objects has been the subject of research and interest in recent years, can be considered the first collector of East Asian objects in the Slovene ethnic space to have built his collection systematically, examining and verifying the provenance, value, and significance of each item. His extensive collection can compare to Western European collections of East Asian objects while at the same time bearing a stamp of local uniqueness pertaining to the European periphery. Skušek’s legacy includes an important collection of Chinese money from all periods of Chinese history, which is introduced in this paper for the first time. A crucial distinction between this and other collections of Chinese coins is that evidence exists that tells us how Skušek collected the coins, and reveals a lot about his sources and advisors. It has long been known that during his stay in Beijing Skušek befriended many influential and knowledgeable people, including a Franciscan missionary, Fr. Maurus Kluge, who assisted him in assembling his numismatic collection. The paper presents the cooperation between the two in the light of a recent find––the original list and summary appraisal of the most valuable part of Skušek’s numismatic collection and Kluge’s letters to Skušek.
26
Ушанков, Е. М. "MEDIEVAL WEST EUROPEAN COINS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE SOFIYSKAYA STORONA OF VELIKY NOVGOROD IN 2019 (THE EXCAVATION PIT ON LITVINOVA-LUKINA STR., BUILDING 5)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 271 (October 3, 2023): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.271.321-340.
Full textAbstract:
Статья посвящена публикации комплекса средневековых монет из раскопок 2019 г. на Софийской стороне Великого Новгорода. В статье приводятся сведения о найденных и атрибутированных западноевропейских денариях, а также о подражаниях им. Находки таких монет в ходе археологических исследований Новгорода давно стали нормой. Среди публикуемых монет большинство относятся к широко известным типам германских денариев середины – второй половины XI в. Подавляющая часть атрибутированных монет была отчеканена на монетных дворах Нижней Лотарингии. Особую роль продукции этих монетных дворов в древнерусском денежном обращении неоднократно подчеркивали предыдущие исследователи. Помимо подлинных денариев в комплексе зафиксированы подражания им. На основе типологического анализа автор предлагает возможные прототипы для некоторых подражаний. Результаты рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа, опубликован ные в статье, расширяют и дополняют наши знания как о подлинных денариях, так и о подражаниях. Публикуемый комплекс монет отражает общие закономерности денежного обращения Великого Новгорода и его округи в XI в. The paper publishes an assemblage of medieval coins retrieved during the excavations in the Sofiyskaya Storona of Veliky Novgorod in 2019. The article provides information on discovered and attributed West European denarii as well as their imitations. The finds of such coins during archaeological excavations in Novgorod are rather frequent. Most published coins are attributed to well-known types of Germanic denarii of the middle – second half of the 11th century. The majority of the attributed coins came from the mints of Northern Lotharingia. Previously, a special role played by the coinage minted in Northern Lotharingia in the money circulation in Medieval Rus was emphasized repeatedly by other scholars. Along with genuine denarii, the assemblage also contains imitations. Employing a typological analysis, the author suggests possible prototypes for some imitations. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis published in the paper have greatly added to our knowledge of both genuine denarii and their imitations. The published assemblage of coins reflects a general pattern of circulation of money in Veliky Novgorod and its vicinities in the 11th century.
27
Hall, Mark A. "Status, Magic and Belief: Exploring Identity through Dress Accessories and Other Amulets in Medieval Scotland: A Perthshire Case-study." Scottish Historical Review 100, no. 3 (December 2021): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2021.0541.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores belief and identity as expressed through the material culture of dress. It focuses on supernatural engagements through material culture linked to human and animal bodies and offers a view of the means by which everyday ritual, habit and devotion were embodied and facilitated through dress and other amulets, including contextually re-purposed coins. The evidence is primarily archaeological and derives from medieval Perthshire, a place with wide connections, and so the discussion is presented in the context of Scottish and European practices. The key themes are status, magic and belief, all three of which speak to identity. The practices they elucidate are explored primarily through jewellery and dress fittings, pilgrimage souvenirs, coins and other amulets.
28
Choref, Mikhail M. "Fake cast florins from Kezlev." Crimean Historical Review, no. 2 (2020): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2020.2.161-171.
Full textAbstract:
It is not for the first century already, that the composition of the monetary circulation of the Crimean Khanate in different periods of its history has been studied. As a result was developed an objective and largely consistent scheme of attribution and dating of its coins. But on the territory of the Khanate were not developed only local issues. Coins of the Ottomans, Moscow state, as well as of European rulers came in abundance on its lands, including and colonial coinage. Evidence of their active use has been preserved in the materials of Kadiasker books. Those books give information about the banknotes, their fluctuations and their rates against the Crimean and Ottoman currencies. However, there is hardly any reason to believe that we know everything about those means of payment. Indeed, the problem of circulation of both, imported and counterfeit coins made in the Crimean Khanate, has not still been properly studied. We believe that the issue of replicas was due to the high demand for large silver coins both on the territory of the Crimean Khanate and beyond, on the lands of the Moscow state. The problem was complicated by the fact that the Crimean khans, before Shahin Giray, could not mint money of great dignity because of the restrictions, imposed on their vassals by the Ottoman sultans. At the same time, the Crimea was an important element of the “Turkish path”, through which silver entered the Moscow state. Thus, the deficit of a large coin in it was very noticeable. In turn, the movement of large volumes of precious metal across the territory of the khanate facilitated the task of importing or producing on the spot fake coins that came to end consumers along with real money. And, indeed, we were able to identify cast imitations of the florins of Zwolle and the county of Oldenburg. They were discovered on the territory of medieval Kezlev. Judged by the primitiveness of technology and low quality of products, we believe that these replicas could not be delivered to the peninsula. Most likely, we should talk about local imitations. We give an affirmative answer to the question of the possibility of issuing replicas of a European coin on the territory of the Crimean Khanate.
29
Spenciner, David B., and Theodore Dziemianowicz. "Survey of the Early (pre-1000 AD) Use of Christian Saints’ Names and Images on European Coins." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 6 (December 14, 2023): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v6i.2348.
Full textAbstract:
While the very earliest appearance of a Christian Saint has been well described as Saint Michael replacing winged Liberty on gold Tremisses of Lombardy in the late 7th and early 8th Century, other saints also appeared in multiple places across Europe very soon thereafter. The study goal was to identify and categorize this very early use of Christian saint’s names and images on European coins. In total, 19 numismatic books representing ten geographic regions were analyzed and the appearance of saints, either in the inscription or as a portrait, was noted. A total of 157 coin types mentioning 19 different saints were identified as dating to before the year 1000 AD. Mints in several regions were represented, including parts of Italy, France, England, the Low Countries, and Germany/Austria, with the very first coins minted starting in Pavia and featuring both an image and the name of Saint Michael.
30
Spencer, David B. "Numismatic Typeforms of the Numerals Zero through Ten in Medieval Europe: A Classification System." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 4 (December 31, 2021): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v4i.1117.
Full textAbstract:
While the shapes of Latin letters (i.e. ‘letterforms’) and Western Arabic numerals (i.e. ‘typeforms’) have been studied on medieval European parchments and stone monuments, similar studies on typeforms from coin inscriptions are lacking. Therefore, the study goal was to analyze numeric typeforms in the available numismatic literature relating to 9th to 15th century Europe and create a classification system. The hypothesis was that the shape of the numerals would vary based on the timeframe and geographic location of the coins on which they were present. In total, 12 numismatic books representing 22 geographic regions were analyzed and the numerals’ typeforms from more than 900 coins categorized. The numeral typeform frequency for the classification system was then compared with the typeform frequency for the author’s collection. The vast majority (>95%) of numerals found in the literature specified the date of the coins, with heavy representation from 15th century Netherlands, Germany, and Austria. There was good agreement in the relative frequencies of the numerals between the literature and the author’s collection, with the numerals one and four being most prevalent in both sources.
31
Belke, Ansgar, and Edoardo Beretta. "From cash to private and public digital currencies. The risk of financial instability and “modern monetary Middle ages”." Economics and Business Letters 9, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.9.3.2020.189-196.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the unstable equilibrium between further developing national monetary systems by means of (private/public) digital currencies while maintaining financial stability as secured by “tangible” store of values like notes/coins. Which are those elements of innovation improving today’s payments system? And, at the same time, which modern trends might destabilize the above-mentioned equilibrium? The paper will identify fundamental monetary principles to be respected, no matter what the innovation level in post-modern economies might soon look like. Cryptocurrencies will be also compared to central bank digital currencies (CBDC), which might soon complement or even replace notes and coins. But, is cash truly a “barbarous relic”? And, which impact might have its legal limitation (as occurring in several European countries)?
32
Guérin-Pace, France, and Marion Le Texier. "The circulation of euro coins as markers of European mobility in France." Revue européenne des sciences sociales, no. 54-1 (May 15, 2016): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ress.3484.
Full text
33
Travaini, Lucia. "Saints and sinners. Coins in medieval ritual context." Numismatické listy 72, no. 1-2 (2017): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nl-2017-0004.
Full textAbstract:
This article is a revised version of papers prepared for the conferences in Cambridge and Oslo. It is focused on the way how to interpret coins occurring in the medieval graves of saints as well as in the graves of ordinary people defined by L. Travaini as ‘sinners’. In the case of the term ‘ritual’, the author is interested in its general religious use, public and private, having in mind that medieval people had an uninterrupted relationship with the other world. Angels, saints and demons were integrated into any ritual, even in that which can appear as ‘civic’ today, including blessing and presence of clerics. In that way, any contexts – once seen as ‘ritual’ – must be seen as ‘economic’ in present numismatic research, and the author shows it on concrete examples from Italy and other European countries. Some finds, once seen as signs of economic activities, can be seen as rituals today.
34
Mitev, N. O. "МОНЕТЫ ЯГЕЛЛОНОВ ИЗ БОЛГАРСКИХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 15 (October 31, 2023): 873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2055.2023.36.37.036.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of the 14th century, a new actor appeared on the European scene, the Jagiellonian dynasty, which for two centuries played an important role in the political life of Central and Eastern Europe. The Jagiellons also was connected with the Balkans. Here, the coins of the Jagiellonian rulers, from the progenitor Władysław Jagiełło to the last representative Zygmunt II (including those who were on the Hungarian throne), which were found in present-day Bulgaria, are examined. Both individual finds and those found in the hoards have been analyzed. Compared to the issues of Władysław Warneńczyk, the coins of the other rulers are less common, which seems logical, given the specificity and the difficulty of the period; but in the 16th century, and more specifically around the middle of the century, the number of specimens began to increase. The cultural record like this is a good proof of the contacts between the Bulgarian lands and the nations of Central Europeduring this period. The article provides a basis we can stand upon in future research on the matter, since the sample of Jagiellonian coin finds in this geographical area is expected to increase. В конце XIV в. на европейской сцене появилось новое действующее лицо — династия Ягеллонов, игравшая на протяжении двух столетий важную роль в политической жизни Центральной и Восточной Европы. Ягеллоны были связаны и с Балканами. В статье рассматриваются монеты правителей Ягеллонов, от прародителя Владислава Ягайло до последнего представителя Сигизмунда II (включая королей, бывших на венгерском престоле), которые встречаются на современных болгарских землях. Проанализированы как единичные находки, так и клады. По сравнению с выпусками Владислава Варненчика, монеты других правителей встречаются реже. Это логично, учитывая специфику и сложность периода, но в XVI в., а особенно в его середине, выборка нарастает. Нумизматические памятники служат верным доказательством контактов болгарских земель со странами Центральной Европы в XIV—XVI вв. Статья является основой для будущих исследований по этому вопросу, поскольку в этом географическом районе можно ожидать новых находок монет Ягеллонов.
35
PASTOR-ABIA, LUIS, JOSÉ M. PÉREZ-JORDÁ, EMILIO SAN-FABIÁN, ENRIQUE LOUIS, and FERNANDO VEGA-REDONDO. "STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR AND INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN A STYLIZED (SO-CALLED CHINOS) GUESSING GAME." Advances in Complex Systems 04, no. 02n03 (June 2001): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000152.
Full textAbstract:
A guessing game very popular in some European countries involves several players hiding in their hands a number of coins (or pebbles) between zero and three, then attempting to guess in turn the total number of coins in the hands of everyone, with the restriction that no player can repeat the guess issued by any predecessor. After a full round, the player, if any, who guesses correctly wins. Of course, rounds without a winner are also possible, in which case a new round is started afresh. The purpose of the present article is to present an analysis of this game (called Chinos in Spain, as a perturbation of "chinas", i.e. pebbles), and some of its possible variants. Our primary aim is to show its potential to shed light on some issues of strategic behavior and information transmission that seem very germane to some social and economic problems.
36
Weber, Matthias. "Centralized archiving and recordkeeping in a new institution: the European Monetary Institute and its Archives 1994-1998." Comma 2019, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/comma.2019.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
In 1994, the European Monetary Institute (EMI) was established. Based first in Basel (Switzerland), and subsequently in Frankfurt am Main (Germany), the newly created institute was one of the most structurally significant outcomes of the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht and was intended to shepherd the creation of a new currency for the European Union - the Euro banknotes and coins - as well as to prepare for the establishment of the future European Central Bank (ECB). Unlike many other new institutions, recordkeeping was considered from the organization’s inception. The initial approach adopted was highly centralized and was deemed unsustainable in light of the experience of a fast-growing institution. While unsuccessful initially, the experience provided many insights and avenues of theoretical development when new recordkeeping functions were instituted upon the establishment of the ECB in 1998.
37
Belskiy, Stanislav, Konstantin Gorlov, and Gleb Danilov. "Coin-item Deposit near Village Asilan (Karelia, Russian Federation)." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp235353374.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the publication of the coin-item deposit discovered in 2020 in the North-Western Ladoga region (Republic of Karelia, RF). This is the first discovery of a hoard of silver items in the region over the past 100 years. The article analyzes numismatic items and artifacts of the hoard, presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the composition of artifact alloys. In total, the hoard included 16 items made of high-grade silver, preserved in the form of whole items and fragments. The numismatic part of the complex is represented by 10 silver coins in the form of Kufic dirhams, their imitations, as well as Western European denarii. The monetary collection of the hoard was probably completed no later than the beginning of the 11 th century. Then the coins continued their existence in the form of jewelry. The overall dating of the items in the hoard makes it possible to attribute its final formation to the 12 th century.
38
Ryzhkova, Anastasiia D., and Tatiana L. Makarova. "Images and Symbols in the Design of Modern Europe Banknotes." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 70 (2023): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2023-70-341-350.
Full textAbstract:
Money is one of the symbols of material wealth. From the images on modern banknotes and coins, one can study the history and culture of the people of a particular country, as well as learn about their values and traditions. The paper presents a study of the use of images and symbols in modern banknotes of European countries in circulation in 2021. The purpose of the research is a quantitative analysis of images and symbols in the design of European banknotes, using methods of mathematical statistics. This study examined 294 types of obverses and reverses of European banknotes. During the analysis, the absolute and relative frequency of occurrence of groups of images and symbols on the obverses of banknotes were calculated. The authors classified and grouped all symbols on banknotes according to common characteristics, collected statistics on the occurrence of groups of symbols on European banknotes, and displayed statistics on the frequency of use of colors in European banknotes. The study resulted in identifying the trends in the use of images and symbols in modern European banknotes. Many signs and symbols depicted on European banknotes have positive semantics; such semantics may be used in other types of design.
39
Koll, Willi, and Andrew Watt. "The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure at the Heart of EU Economic Governance Reform." Intereconomics 57, no. 1 (January 2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1028-7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWhile the euro officially came into being in 1999, it was the introduction of euro notes and coins 20 years ago in January 2002 that made the common currency a tangible reality for European citizens. The circle of member states has since grown from 11 to 19, and a growing section of the population no longer has any personal experience with a “national” currency, yet the debate on the legal and institutional framework underpinning the common currency has never gone away.
40
Smith, N. J. C. "The Kilwa Coins of Sultan al-Ḥasan ibn Sulaymān in their Historical Context." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 1 (January 1, 2018): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v1i.1165.
Full textAbstract:
The history of sub-Saharan Africa is one which is not well known before the coming of the European age of exploration. This is primarily due to a lack of written sources, as many African societies preserved their histories as oral stories and traditions, rather than through writing. While this would have the benefit of kings being able to control information (via their court historians), it has left us with a lack of reliable source material. The oral stories can be used, but only with extreme caution (think of them as a generations-long telephone game, and one can understand how oral tales can be problematic). However, some of East Africa’s oral traditions, which were recorded in the 16th century, have been confirmed by numismatics.
41
Wilkie, A. D. "Notes for a Discussion on the European Single Currency." British Actuarial Journal 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 277–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700004979.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis paper forms notes for discussions about the European single currency at the Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries. The author assumes (and hopes) that the single currency will start on time in 1999, with most of the Member States of the European Union included. The key dates are 1 January 1999, when the exchange rates between currencies will become irrevocably locked and become conversion rates, and 2002, when euro notes and coins will be introduced, and the retail banking sector will convert to euros. The advantages of a single currency are potentially very great; the costs are also considerable. Governments of Member States will no longer be able to get a competitive advantage by devaluing their currency, or be able to choose an inflation rate that is different from that of the E.U. as a whole. The key document is the Maastricht Treaty, and the conversion criteria included therein are discussed. The author concludes that, if governments choose to interpret the criteria leniently, all countries, except possibly Greece, will be included in 1999, with Greece joining a year or two later. Some of the practical considerations for actuaries, including life insurance, general insurance, pensions, banking and investment are mentioned. The paper is not comprehensive, and is a personal contribution to stimulate discussion.
42
Shilstein, S. S., and S. Shalev. "Making sense out of cents: compositional variations in European coins as a control model for archaeometallurgy." Journal of Archaeological Science 38, no. 7 (July 2011): 1690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.02.036.
Full text
43
Федан, Павел Владимирович, Джамиль Габдрахимович Мухаметшин, Резида Хавиловна Храмченкова, and Айрат Габитович Ситдиков. "ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ СЕРЕБРЯНЫХ МОНЕТ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XIV- ПЕРВОЙ ТРЕТИ XV ВВ., ИМЕВШИХ ХОЖДЕНИЕ В БОЛГАРСКОМ УЛУСЕ." Археология Евразийских степей, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.5.214.226.
Full textAbstract:
Целью представленной работы является определение динамики изменения серебряных монет Золотой Орды и Болгарского улуса второй половины XIV – первой трети XV вв. в контексте исторических событий и катаклизмов путем анализа нумизматического материала и определения химического состава. В изученную выборку из 23 фрагментов серебряных денег вошли монеты Болгарского чекана, подражания джучидским дангам, обрезанные и надчеканенные монеты, а также в качестве элемента сравнения – монета Крымского ханства. Концентрация элементов в металле образцов определялась двумя независимыми аналитическими методами – неразрушающим рентгенофлуоресцентным (XRF) и эмиссионным спектральным (ESA). XRF-анализ проводился как на поверхности, так и на изломе монет. Сравнение результатов по содержанию основных компонентов монетных сплавов выявило различие в концентрации серебра и меди, определенных на поверхности и изломе. Результаты ESA и XRF (на изломе) показали хорошую сопоставимость и позволили выявить тенденции в изменении химического состава в зависимости от времени и правителя. Библиографические ссылки Мухамадиев А.Г. Булгаро-татарская монетная система XII–XV вв. М.: Наука, 1983. 168 с. Храмченкова Р.Х., Беговатов Е.А., Шайхутдинова Е.Ф., Ситдиков А.Г. Предварительные результаты археометрических исследований серебряных монет 10 века Волжской Болгарии // Поволжская археология. 2015. № 3(13) . С. 176−188. Шайхутдинова Е.Ф. О химическом составе поверхностного слоя булгарских монет XV в. // Нумизматические чтения Государственного Исторического музея 2018 года. К 100- летию отдела нумизматики Государственного Исторического музея. Москва, 27 и 28 ноября 2018 года. . / Отв. ред. Е.В. Захаров. М.: ГИМ, 2018. С. 104−110. Шайхутдинова Е.Ф., Храмченкова Р.Х., Ситдиков А.Г. Компьютерная томография как метод изучения нумизматического материала: плюсы и минусы // НЗО № 6. 2016. С. 113–119. Ioanid E.G., Ioanid A., Rusu D.E., Doroftei F. Surface investigation of some medieval silver coins cleaned in high- frequency cold plasma // Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2018. 12 (2), pp. 220–226. Kantarelou V., Ager F. J., Eugenidou D., Chaves F., Andreou A., Kontou E., Katsikosta N., Respaldiza M.A., Serafi n P., Sokaras D., Zarkadas C., Polikreti K., Karydas A.G. X-ray Fluorescence analytical criteria to assess the fi neness of ancient silver coins: Application on Ptolemaic coinage // Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 2011. 66(9-10), P. 681–690. Khramchenkova R. , Safi na I., Drobyshev S., Batasheva S., Nuzhdin E., Fakhrullin R. Scanning Electron Microscopy for Investigation of Medieval Coins and Frescos from the Republic of Tatarstan // Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage. Advanced Nanomaterials. / Ed. Giuseppe Lazzara and Rawil Fakhrullin. Amsterdam, Kidlington, Camdridge: ELSEVIER, 2018, P. 1−23. Khramchenkova R.Kh., Degryze P., Sitdikov A.G., Kaplan P.Yu. Dynamics of Chemical Composition Variation of 18th – 19th Century Russian Glass // GlassCeram. 2017. No 74. P.180−184. Pitarch A., Queralt I., Alvarez- Perez A. Analysis of Catalonian silver coins from the Spanish War of Independence period (1808–1814) by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence // Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2011, (269 (3)), P. 308−312. Rezida Khramchenkova, Eugenia Shaykhutdinova, Aleksey Bugarchev, Bulat Gareev, Airat Sitdikov. Interdisciplinary study of 13th century silver coins of the Juchid (based on the materials of the Burundukovsky hoard, Tatarstan, Russia // ActaImeko. 2017. Vol 6. No 3. P. 87-93. Sitdikov A., Khramchenkova R., Shaykhutdinova E. Technological Characteristics In Manufacturing Of Cast Coins // European Research Studies Journal. 2017. Т. 20. № S. С. 170-176. Voropai E.S., Ermalitskaya K.F., Sidorovich V.M., Plavinsky A.N. Analysis of silver coins by double-pulse laser-atomic emission spectroscopy // BSU, Series 1: Physics. Mathematics. Computer science 2013. №1. PP. 11-16.
44
Bolesław Sprengel. "Fałszerstwa pieniędzy (banknotów i bilonu) oraz czeków i książeczek oszczędnościowych w Polsce w latach 1918-1939." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXIV (January 1, 2012): 569–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2012n.
Full textAbstract:
In interwar Poland (between 1918-39) banknotes, coins, saving books, and checks were counterfeited. Coins and banknotes were poor protected, some people have rarely dealt with them, and thereby mostly coins and banknotes were falsified. Foreign countries’ banknotes such as for example US dollars were also falsified. Forgery was done by organized crime groups with their own network of distributors who introduced forgeries into circulation. Skilful craftsmen and even manual workers moonlighted with forgery of coins and banknotes. Quick forgery of newly issued money proves the efficiency of the forgers. In addition to the methods used for centuries they invented also new ones. They showed a great invention in gaining similar or even the original paper to falsify money. Graphic designers, printers, lithographers and artists were employed in the production process. After their activities were exposed, they moved to other part of the country to continue their procedure there. The research shows that distributors where the ones most frequently caught by police. Forgers were seldom given away by the distributors who sometimes even did not each other as the criminal network consisted of several middlemen acting in conspiracy. As more and more people learned to recognize Polish money and the economic situation improved, the scale of counterfeiting of money slightly decreased. This tendency is especially visible in the last years of the Second Polish Republic, although the difficulty of verifying statistical data that show different trends in different sources should make one cautious about their credibility. Based on media reports it must be assumed with high probability that the largest size of this phenomenon took place in the early years of the Second Republic. The available data indicate different frequency of appearance of falsified money in the circulation. Most of it was probably not in Warsaw or other big cities but where people very poorely rec-ognized Polish coins and banknotes. Reports of forgeries from such areas are not most numerous. Regulation on the procedure for taking, sharing and retention of falsified currency and its implementing rules, issued in 1927 by the President of the Republic should be considered as belated. The fight against counterfeiting of money was one of the main tasks of the International Commission of the Criminal Police of which the Polish National Police was an active member. It also cooperated in this area with police forces from other European countries and even with the U.S. Federal Service of Investigation (FBI). In order to make the prosecution of money falsification more effective there was a special office and file of falsifiers and falsified money organized and maintained by the Police Headquarters. The instruments to motivate the police to prosecute counterfeiters were also introduced. Criminalist studies played an important role in the process of detection.
45
Kozubowskyi, Heorhii. "About One Debatable Question of Ukrainian History of the 14th Century." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.01.055.
Full textAbstract:
The major element of Mongolian epoch in the East Europe was obligation to pay a tribute — «vyhod». The historical consequences of the Koriatovych brothers’ rule from the end of the 40’s of the 14th century and the triumph of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the heading of the Lithuanian Prince Algirdas in the Syni Vody battle of the 1362 in Podolia have been examined. A conception has been argued according to which Podolian Principality at the time of the Koriatovych brothers’ rule was liberated from the Horde warriors. Based on the analysis of the documents, archaeological and numismatic sources a conception of the releasing on the great part of Podolian lands from the Golden Horde and stopping the tribute payment — «vyhod». Also, the terms «basqaq», «ataman», «toman», «gifts» and «commemoration» are discussed. The Koriatovych brothers’ rule on Podolian land and Syni Vody battle of the 1362 had led not only to the significant transformation of the tax-tribute system (Mongol tribute — «vyhod», «basqaqs» and etc.), but also had a great influence on the all processes in Central Ukraine and the Golden Horde in the second part of the 14th—15th centuries. Based on the analysis of the written and numismatic sources it is concluded that the equilateral heraldic shield with three beams on the first field and seven lilies on the second, on the Moldavian coins of Peter I Mușat (1375—1392) and Podolian coins of Koriatovych brothers’ of 1370—1380, there is a dynastic emblem of the Anjou family as a symbol of Hungarian kings of Louis the Hungarian (1342—1382) and Maria (1382—1387). However, these coins don’t have the Golden Horde symbols, as they were minted per sample of the European coins. The control of the trade routes in the Buh and Dnister rivers basins greatly reduced the economic resources of the Golden Horde and separate hordes of the Crimea, Western and Central Ukraine and Moldova. In the 14th century Kamianets and Smotrych were not only medieval capital towns of the Koriatovych brothers’, but also the most important centers on the international «tatar» trade route («Via Tatarica»). However, the most important routes functioned first of all between Galician and Podolian cites and also the Golden Horde centers in the Dnister and Southern Buh rivers basins.
46
Borges, Rui, R. Silva, Luís Alves, M. Araújo, António Candeias, Victoria Corregidor, and João Vieira. "European Silver Sources from the 15th to the 17th Century: The Influx of “New World” Silver in Portuguese Currency." Heritage 1, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage1020030.
Full textAbstract:
The circulation trading routes and the characterization of the silver metal used in the European continent in the 15–17th centuries are historical issues that are still open. This study aimed to bring an insight into the silver processed within a chronological framework in the Portuguese territory, relating the analytical data with the known historical information. This investigation developed on 230 high silver coins from two important Portuguese coin collections was based mainly on surface particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, complemented with a few energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses. The silver processed in different timelines was discriminated based on the variation of the impurity contents, namely Au and Bi. European silver with high Au and Hg and low Pb and Bi contents supplied the 15th century chronologies, being replaced at the dawn of the 16th century by a new metal entering the Portuguese capital. This new metal, with low Au and high Bi contents, was probably derived from European argentiferous copper ores. By the end of the 1500s, the Philippine chronologies reveal the newly discovered Potosí silver, identified for the first time based on PIXE minor and trace element surface contents, distinguishable from the European silver in use until 1578 in the Portuguese territory, by Au contents <100 ppm and very low Bi contents.
47
Belke, Ansgar, and Edoardo Beretta. "Not the Time for Central Bank Digital Currency." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 53, Issue 2 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.53.2.147.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This short article addresses several important (but less discussed) aspects of the introduction of central bank digital currency that give cause for concern, no matter whether such a currency is intended as a substitute or a complement to cash. It discusses potential effects, such as bank runs and capital flight, and analyzes possible interactions between central bank digital currency and the limits on cash payments that already exist in several European countries. What are the structural characteristics that still make paper money and coins (the only means of payment directly issued by central banks) irreplaceable? These and other issues (including effects of COVID-19 on cash payment limits) are explored through a discursive approach that is simultaneously grounded in rigorous macroeconomic analysis. JEL Classification: E51, E58, E71
48
Erhardt, Stefan, Martin Koch, Andreas Kiefer, Michael Veith, Robert Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "Mobile-BAT—A Novel Ultra-Low Power Wildlife Tracking System." Sensors 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 5236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115236.
Full textAbstract:
We introduce a novel ultra-low power system for tracking animal movements over long periods with an unprecedented high-temporal-resolution. The localization principle is based on the detection of cellular base stations using a miniaturized software-defined radio, weighing 2.0 g, including the battery, and having a size equivalent to two stacked 1-euro cent coins. Therefore, the system is small and lightweight enough to be deployed on small, wide-ranging, or migrating animals, such as European bats, for movement analysis with an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. The position estimation relies on a post-processing probabilistic RF pattern-matching method based on the acquired base stations and power levels. In several field tests, the system has been successfully verified, and a run-time of close to one year has been demonstrated.
49
Fischer, Svante. "Late Roman and Early Byzantine Solidi of the Stiernstedt Ancient Coin Collection." Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History, no. 28 (September 19, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/jaah.vi28.49.
Full textAbstract:
This is a study of 33 Late Roman and Early Byzantine solidi from the period 394-565 that are kept in the Stiernstedt Ancient Coin Collection. The solidi were acquired in the late nineteenth century by the co-founding president of the Swedish Numismatic the Stiernstedt Ancient Coin Collection (Heilborn 1882). The entire collection was acquired at a sale from the Bukowski auction house in Stockholm by the Swedish-Texan antebellum cattle baron and gilded age banker Swante Magnus Swenson the same year. Together with many other coins and various prehistoric objects acquired in Sweden, the Stiernstedt Ancient Coin Collection was donated by Swenson in 1891 to the State of Texas under the name of the Swenson Collection. The Stiernstedt Ancient Coin Collection is currentlykept at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin. The study concludes with a catalogue of the 33 solidi. In the commentary, I have tried to identify and recontextualize the solidi by comparing them to recorded hoards from Scandinavia and the European Continent as well as unprovenanced solidi in Swedish and European collections.
50
ÜNAL, Orçun. "SÖZDE KARCA GLOSSALAR İSKİT KÖKENLİ Mİ? BİR YENİDEN İNCELEME." Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi (HÜTAD), no. 39 (December 7, 2023): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.1275842.
Full textAbstract:
Carian is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, which is attested in numerous inscriptions, graffiti, and coins written in the so-called Carian script. The Carian glosses cited by Byzantine writers, mainly by Stephan of Byzantium, are the main secondary source for the Carian language. Despite the hundred-year-long search for etymologies and the almost completed decipherment of the Carian inscriptions, these pseudo-glosses have not been fully explained. The present study links three of the seven most certain of these glosses, namely κόον/κῶν/κοῖον ‘sheep’, γίσσα ‘stone’, and ἄλα ‘horse’, to some Altaic and Xiongnu words and traces their origin back to a non-Indo-European language spoken among the Scythians. The language in question is assumed to be the donor of Proto-Turkic *kōńï̆ ‘sheep’, Proto-Bulgar Turkic *kïsa ‘rock, cliff’, and Early Common Turkic *halan ‘horse’. These forms also entered the Mongolic, Tungusic, and other neighboring languages. The parallelism between the Carian pseudo-glosses and these word forms is the result of the linguistic contact at the two opposite ends of the Scythic culture.