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Academic literature on the topic 'European contacts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "European contacts"

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Azmukhanova, A., and D. Aitmagambetov. "Kazakhstan-European cultural contacts." Journal of history 97, no. 2 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jh.2020.v97.i2.12.

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Shinnie, Peter. "Early Asante and European Contacts." Journal des Africanistes, no. 75-2 (December 15, 2005): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.113.

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Haarmann, Harald. "Indo-Europeanization – the seven dimensions in the study of a never-ending process." Documenta Praehistorica 34 (December 31, 2007): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.34.12.

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This contribution focuses on the multifaceted process of Indo-Europeanization which started out, in the Pontic-Caspian region, with the formation of a distinct ethno-cultural epicenter, the Proto-Indo-European complex. Since the late Neolithic, the Indo-Europeanization of Europe and parts of Asia produced various scenarios of contact and conflict. Altogether seven dimensions are highlighted as essential for the study of the contacts which unfolded between Indo-Europeans and non-Indo-European populations (i.e. Uralians, Caucasians, ancient populations in southern and central Europe). Selective aspects of cultural and linguistic fusion processes during the Neolithic and subsequent periods are discussed, and the controversial term ‘migration’ is redefined.

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Vansina, Jan, and Paul E. H. Hair. "Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence 1450-1700." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 2/3 (1999): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220395.

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (February 1, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.

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Jones, Adam, and Paul E. H. Hair. "Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence 1450-1700." African Studies Review 41, no. 2 (September 1998): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524842.

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Nijaz, Musić. "FRAMEWORK FOCAL CONTACTS IN EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EUROPEAN UNION PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 6, no. 1 (April 2016): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041609.

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The paper describes the role and representation of framework focus contacts in private international law, and their function in collision regulation on determining the binding law in private law with an element of foreignness.The introduction provides a brief overview on the division of focus contacts and their representation in collision regulations in the contemporary private international law. It also lays out various solutions for the application of collision regulations in national legislations in certain European countries, such as: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, Macedonia, Slovenia, as well as the solutions offered by the European Union regulations and international conventions.

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Sage, Lucas, Marco Albertini, and Stefani Scherer. "The spreading of SARS-CoV-2: Interage contacts and networks degree distribution." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256036.

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Notable cross-country differences exist in the diffusion of the Covid-19 and in its lethality. Contact patterns in populations, and in particular intergenerational contacts, have been argued to be responsible for the most vulnerable, the elderly, getting infected more often and thus driving up mortality in some context, like in the southern European one. This paper asks a simple question: is it between whom contacts occur that matters or is it simply how many contacts people have? Due to the high number of confounding factors, it is extremely difficult to empirically assess the impact of single network features separately. This is why we rely on a simulation exercise in which we counterfactually manipulate single aspects of countries’ age distribution and network structures. We disentangle the contributions of the kind and of the number of contacts while holding constant the age structure. More precisely, we isolate the respective effects of inter-age contact patterns, degree distribution and clustering on the virus propagation across age groups. We use survey data on face-to-face contacts for Great Britain, Italy, and Germany, to reconstruct networks that mirror empirical contact patterns in these three countries. It turns out that the number of social contacts (degree distribution) largely accounts for the higher infection rates of the elderly in the Italian context, while differences in inter-age contacts patterns are only responsible for minor differences. This suggests that policies specifically targeting inter-age contacts would be little effective.

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REINISCH, JESSICA. "Introduction: Agents of Internationalism." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000035.

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In 2005Contemporary European Historypublished a special issue on transnationalism, edited by Patricia Clavin and Jens-Wilhelm Wessels. The articles presented six examples of ‘transnational’ connections between Europeans from different countries, focusing primarily on contacts in the political and economic realms, and documenting a multitude of ties and links between Europeans at all levels from the end of the First World War to the early 1960s.

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Leroy, Thibault, Camille Roux, Laure Villate, Catherine Bodénès, Jonathan Romiguier, Jorge A. P. Paiva, Carole Dossat, Jean-Marc Aury, Christophe Plomion, and Antoine Kremer. "Extensive recent secondary contacts between four European white oak species." New Phytologist 214, no. 2 (January 13, 2017): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14413.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European contacts"

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Hodacs, Hanna. "Converging world views : the European expansion and early-nineteenth-century Anglo-Swedish contacts /." Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399622233.

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Hoffman, Stefan. "How information received from the foreign contacts of the German resistance influenced the development of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement from May 1937 to September 1938." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18443.

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The objective of this thesis is to provide a substantial examination of the foreign contacts of the German resistance with the British government, specifically between Prime Minister Chamberlain's accession to power in May 1937 and the Munich Agreement of 30 September 1938. The contacts under examination will include Carl Goerdeler, Ludwig Beck, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker, and Erich and Theodor Kordt. The central motivation of this thesis is an attempt to understand the development of Chamberlain's policy of appeasement until the Munich Agreement, and how information received from German resistance contacts influenced official British policy. Similarly, a study of the September Plot within Germany will be included in an attempt to ascertain the readiness of the resistance to remove Adolf Hitler in the event of a positive response from the British Government.
L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'examiner en profondeur les contacts étrangers de la résistance allemande avec le gouvernement britannique, plus précisément entre l'arrivée au pouvoir du Premier Ministre Chamberlain en mai 1937 et les Accords de Munich du 30 septembre 1938. Les contacts examinés incluent Carl Goerdeler, Ludwig Beck, Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker, ainsi qu'Erich et Theodor Kordt. Le but primordial de ce mémoire est de tenter de comprendre le développement de la politique d'apaisement de Chamberlain jusqu'aux Accords de Munich, et comment l'information reçue par l'entremise de ses contacts dans la résistance allemande a influencé la politique officielle du gouvernement britannique. Une analyse du complot de septembre en Allemagne sera également offerte afin de déterminer si la résistance allemande aurait été prête à éliminer Hitler si le gouvernement britannique lui avait donné une réponse positive.

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Perret, Audrey. "Les contacts sociaux, une nécessité vitale ? : une étude des préférences sensorielles chez l'étourneau sansonnet (Sturnus vulgaris)." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S189.

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Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les phénomènes associés à l'attraction sociale chez une espèce d'oiseau chanteur hautement sociale : l’étourneau sansonnet, Sturnus vulgaris. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés à la nécessité d'être en contact (au moins visuel) avec des congénères. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence que les étourneaux sansonnets recherchaient activement le contact visuel avec des congénères, et par conséquent que les contacts sociaux semblaient perçus comme essentiels par ces animaux. Nous avons également démontré que la recherche active de contact visuel avec des congénères était dépendante de l'expérience sociale précoce des individus. Les individus élevés sans modèle adulte n'étaient pas toujours motivés par des stimulations sociales. Ainsi, le contact social aurait perdu son appétence chez des individus s'étant développés sans adulte. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux caractéristiques des contacts sociaux qui attirent les étourneaux. Nous avons montré un choix très clair pour des images de congénères plutôt que des chants de congénères. Ce résultat montre une préférence pour la modalité visuelle chez une espèce qui communique principalement par des signaux acoustiques. Nous avons approfondi cette découverte en présentant la modalité visuelle sous deux formes différentes (interactive ou statique). Les résultats montrent une préférence très marquée pour les stimulations visuelles présentées sous une forme interactive, i.e. sous la forme d'un miroir. Par conséquent, la proximité visuelle ainsi que la présence de mouvement semblent être deux critères essentiels de l'attraction sociale
This work investigates the phenomena underlying social attraction in a highly social species of songbirds: The European starling, Sturnus vulgaris. We investigated first whether contact (at least visual contact) with conspecifics can be considered as necessary. We showed that starlings actively seek visual contact with conspecifics, which suggests that social contacts are perceived as essential by these animals. We also showed that the active search for visual contact with conspecifics is experience-dependent. Fully grown adult-deprived starlings are thus not always attracted by social stimulations. Social contact can therefore lose its appetitive value when young are reared without adult models. Finally, we investigated what features of social stimulations may be attractive for starlings. We showed that starlings clearly prefer pictures of conspecifics to conspecifics' songs. A strong preference for the visual modality is thus evidenced in a species that communicates mainly through acoustic signals. We further explored this preference by confronting starlings to static and interactivevisual stimulation. Results showed a strong preference for interactive stimulation, that is for a mirror. Visual proximity and interactivity therefore seem to be two essential features of social attraction

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Garriga, Alsina Anna. "Consequences of parental divorce and family structure on children's outcomes in European societies: individual, cohort and country explanations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7256.

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The aim of this dissertation is to expand the European literature on the effects of parental divorce and family structure on children's well-being, paying special attention to micro and macro-level explanations. In chapter one is analyzed the mediating and moderating role of family income, parental supervision and children's psychological problems on the effect of parental divorce on children's educational level in the United Kingdom. In another chapter is studied the mediating and moderating role of several types of family's resources on arriving late for school in seventeen western countries. In the other three chapters, the hypothesis of whether the impact of parental divorce on children's well-being decreases when it becomes more common and society becomes more adapted to it is tested. Two strategies are used to test this hypothesis: 1- comparing the effect of parental divorce and family structure on parent-child contacts and on arriving late for school between countries and; 2- comparing the effect of parental divorce on adult-children psychological well-being between two Swedish generations. No evidence in favour of the hypothesis mentioned above is presented in this dissertation. Taking into account these findings, several innovative policies for helping children and families are suggested in the conclusion.
L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és ampliar la literatura europea sobre les conseqüències del divorci i de l'estructura familiar en els fills posant especial èmfasi en les explicacions micro nivell i macro nivell. En el primer s'estudia si els ingressos familiars, la supervisió dels pares, i els problemes psicològics dels fills expliquen o moderen l'efecte del divorci en el nivell educatiu dels fills en el Regne Unit. En un altre, s'analitza si diferents tipus de recursos familiars expliquen o moderen l'efecte de l'estructura familiar en arribar tard a l'escola. En la resta es contrasta la hipòtesi segons la qual les conseqüències del divorci i de l'estructura familiar disminueixen en una societat quan el divorci és més freqüent i aquesta s'ha adaptat més a aquest canvi social. Aquesta es comprova utilitzant dues estratègies: 1- es compara si l'efecte del divorci i de l'estructura familiar en els contactes entre pares i fills i en arribar tard a l'escola en diferents països; 2- s'analitza la magnitud de l'associació entre el divorci dels pares i el benestar psicològic dels fills entre dues generacions sueques. No es troba cap evidència a favor d'aquesta hipòtesi. En la conclusió es proposen diferents polítiques innovadores pels nens i les famílies.

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Heathcote, Robert James Phillip. "Secondary contact in the European wall lizard." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:664d8615-7980-4e10-89b0-785cd7e7f0e3.

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A critical mechanism underpinning current biological diversity is the extent to which one species mates with, or avoids mating with, another. However, little is known about the factors that mediate hybridisation, especially during the initial and rarely observed stages of secondary contact when interspecific interactions have not responded to selection. In particular, whilst hybridisation is ultimately a behavioural phenomenon, the role of behaviour in mediating hybridisation and how it is influenced by environmental and circumstantial factors is rarely investigated. Recently introduced species provide us with unequalled opportunities to study these factors. In this thesis I examine the role of behavioural mechanisms, in particular male-male competition and mate choice, in mediating mating patterns between two genetically and phenotypically distinct lineages of European wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) that have come into recent secondary contact through human introductions. In Chapter Two, I investigated how sexual selection during allopatry is responsible for creating stark differences in phenotypic traits such as body size and weapon performance evident in the two lineages today, ultimately explaining the strong biases in dominance during territorial disputes between males. However, I also show that even given this asymmetry in male competitive ability, the extent to which it extrapolates into greater access to females in naturalistic, outdoor enclosures depends strongly on the spatial clustering of basking sites, a critically important resource for many ectotherms. In contrast to initial predictions suggested by asymmetries in male competition outlined in the previous chapter, in Chapter Three I show that both paternity and courtship behaviour was strongly assortative in the outdoor enclosures. Further investigation through staged experiments on olfactory mate choice, mating trials and analyses on specific behavioural data obtained in an enclosure experiment, I show that lineage based dominance actually contributes to assortative mating patterns in conjunction with weak conspecific male choice. In contrast, female choice seems to play no role in mediating the mating patterns observed between the two lineages. In Chapter Four I had the rare opportunity to examine the morphological and behavioural factors that predict why animals should hybridise in the first place, using the data obtained in the enclosure experiment above. I found that hybridisation was particularly common between small individuals of the larger lineage and large individuals of the smaller lineage; a result that corroborates the mechanisms determining the assortative patterns uncovered in Chapter Three. Additionally, hybridisation rates were particularly high in less dominant individuals, which I suggest is due to subordinate males having reduced opportunities for courting conspecific females due to male-male competition, requiring them to become less ‘choosy’ and therefore more likely to mate with heterospecifics. Finally, secondary contact cannot occur without at least one lineage coming into a new environment, and yet relatively little attention is paid to how this environmental change can affect the signals involved in intraspecific communication and mate choice. In Chapter Five I show that a change in the amount of time male lizards spend thermoregulating (a likely consequence of arriving in a new environment) significantly changes the chemical composition of their scent marks. However, whilst female lizards were able to detect these effects, they did not seem to base their mating decisions on them. Nevertheless, this result raises interesting questions about the potential function and consequences of this plasticity, and highlights the importance of considering plasticity in chemical communication in heterogeneous environments. Overall, this thesis shows the critically important role of behaviour in mediating intra- and interspecific mating patterns during recent secondary contact. In particular, it highlights how the direction and extent of hybridisation and competition are influenced by the degree to which differing morphological and behavioural phenotypes interact over a heterogeneous environment, particularly during the initial stage of secondary contact when mate choice has not had the chance to respond to the selective pressures of hybridisation.

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Vay, Mélanie. "La mise en problème européen de l'économie publique : socio-histoire des mondes de l'entreprise publique au contact de la politique européenne (1957-1997)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247210497.

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« L'Europe » aura-t-elle commandé les privatisations ? Est-ce à « Bruxelles » que s'est jouée la crise du service public « à la française » ? En partant des conflits politiques et juridiques autour des catégories d' « entreprise publique » et de « service d'intérêt économique général », la thèse éclaire les formes précaires de reconnaissance d'une « économie publique » à l'échelle de l'Union européenne. En faisant l'hypothèse que l'échec à faire émerger un statut à part renvoie à l'impossible agrégation d'un réseau européen de professionnels et de savoirs du secteur public économique pouvant faire pièce au puissant monde de la concurrence, elle révèle un processus historique de « mise en problème » de l'économie publique à l’échelon européen. Né comme une contre-mobilisation institutionnelle visant à juguler les risques d’un dirigisme européen, le programme concurrentiel s’affirme d’abord dans des controverses politiques et doctrinales qui placent le secteur public en position « dérogatoire ». Il se déploie ensuite sur divers fronts bureaucratiques, judiciaires, professionnels et académiques qui contribuent à consacrer un principe d’égale application de l’impératif concurrentiel à tous les agents économiques. L’entreprise de re-mobilisation transnationale impulsée dans les années 1980-1990 par les réseaux politiques et professionnels du secteur public, EDF en tête, permet d’éprouver l’ancrage social et institutionnel de ce nouvel acquis communautaire. En suivant cette trajectoire, on saisit les conditions d’arrimage du paradigme concurrentiel au Marché commun et ses conséquences sur l’articulation du secteur public au projet européen
Is it “Europe” that ordered the privatisations ? Is it in “Brussels” that the crisis of the “service public à la française” has been played out ? Starting from the political and legal conflicts surrounding the categories of “public undertaking” and “service of general economic interest”, this dissertation illuminates the precarious forms of recognition of a “public economy” at the level of the European Union. Assuming that the failure to bring out a separate status refers to the impossible aggregation of a European network of professionals and knowledge of the public economic sector, it reveals an historical process of “problematisation” of the public economy at European stage. Born as an institutional counter-mobilisation aimed at curbing the risks of European dirigisme, the competitive program first asserts itself in political and doctrinal controversies that place the public sector in a “derogatory” position. It then unfolds on various bureaucratic, judicial, professional and academic fronts that contribute to a principle of equal application of the competitive imperative to all economic agents. The transnational re-mobilisation enterprise, launched in the 1980s and 1990s by the political and professional networks of the public sector, led by Electricté de France, provides a test of the social and institutional anchoring of this new acquis communautaire. Following this historical trajectory, one can grasp the conditions of the stowage of the competitive paradigm to the Common Market and its consequences for the articulation of the public sector with the European project

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Gullason, Lynda. "Engendering interaction : Inuit-European contact in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35893.

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This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms.
The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks.
Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities.
Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era.
Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants.
By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.

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Gullason, Lynda. "Engendering interaction, Inuit-European contact in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50180.pdf.

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Fink, Blair Ashton. "CONTACT ON THE JERSEY SHORE: ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AMERICAN PRESENCE AT THE WEST CREEK SITE DURING THE CONTACT PERIOD." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/458904.

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Anthropology
M.A.
This research addresses the identification of a Native American presence at the 18th century homestead of the Pharo family in coastal New Jersey, and what it reveals about life during the Contact period. Various stratigraphic contexts were excavated at the site that contain both European-made and Native-made artifacts. The foundation of this research is the definition and assessment of the contemporaneity of excavated contexts that include colonial and native-made artifacts at the West Creek site. By examining these contexts, conclusions can be drawn about the persistence of Native American technologies and settlement patterns into the 18th Century, as well as the interactions between Europeans and Native Americans at the site. Spatial distribution analysis utilizing ArcGIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of diagnostic artifact types throughout the site. Individual distribution maps were created for each of the selected artifact types. These maps were then compared to discern any site-wide patterns that exist. The spatial analysis conducted as part of this project demonstrates that Native Americans occupied areas at the West Creek site very close to one another. Native Americans and the Pharo family were interacting with one another on a regular basis for at least a short period of time. These interactions show no evidence of being violent or forceful. Despite the evidence of interactions, the Native Americans residing at the West Creek site maintained many Late Woodland technologies, including ceramics and projectile points. Furthermore, Native Americans continue to settle in settings similar to what is seen during the Late Woodland period.
Temple University--Theses

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Curtis, Matthew Cowan. "Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338406907.

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Books on the topic "European contacts"

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Hans, Martens. EC direct: A comprehensive directory of EC contacts. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992.

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Africa encountered: European contacts and evidence, 1450-1700. Hampshire: Variorum, 1997.

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Caribbean/European, Contacts (2nd 1987 Fort-de-France Martinique). Contacts Europe/Caraïbes: Fort-de-France 1987 = Caribbean/European Contacts : Fort-de-France 1987. Fort de France: Commissariat général des Contacts Europe/Caraïbes, 1987.

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Briginshaw, Valerie A. A directory of dance contacts in European higher education. [Chichester]: West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, 1991.

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Barratt, Glynn. Carolinean contacts with the Islands of the Marianas: The European record. Saipan, MP: Micronesian Archaeological Survey, Division of Historic Preservation, Dept. of Community and Cultural Affairs, 1988.

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Books, Time-Life, ed. The European Challenge (The American Indians). Alexandria, Va: Time-Life Books, 1992.

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Martin, Michael. 1992 guide to grants for business: U.K. government grants, European Community grants : local grant contacts. Swindon: Associated Management Services, 1992.

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Hogan, Jim. EEC contacts 85/86: Sources of information on European Community aspects of policy and legislation affecting business. Northill, Beds: Eurofi (UK), 1986.

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Hogan, James. EEC contacts 87/88: Sources of information on European Community aspects of policy and legislation affecting business. 3rd ed. Newbury: Eurofi (UK) Ltd., 1987.

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Cottam, S. Barry. Aboriginal peoples and archives: A brief history of aboriginal and European relations in Canada. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "European contacts"

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Andersen, Henning. "Slavic and the Indo-European migrations." In Language Contacts in Prehistory, 45–76. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.239.05and.

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Mingelgrün, Albert. "Rencontres et contacts." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 979. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.v.15min.

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Drinka, Bridget. "The development of the perfect in Indo-European." In Language Contacts in Prehistory, 77–105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.239.06dri.

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Groot, Joanna de. "War, Empire and the ‘Other’: Iranian-European Contacts in the ‘Napoleonic’ Era." In War, Empire and Slavery, 1770–1830, 235–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230282698_13.

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Szende, Katalin. "Laws, Loans, Literates: Trust in Writing in the Context of Jewish-Christian Contacts in Medieval Hungary." In Religious cohabitation in European towns (10th-15th centuries), 243–71. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.relmin-eb.5.103872.

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Haider-Wilson, Barbara. "Continuities and Discontinuities in the Austrian Catholic Orient Mission to Palestine, 1915–1938." In European Cultural Diplomacy and Arab Christians in Palestine, 1918–1948, 303–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55540-5_15.

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AbstractThe Habsburg Monarchy had a long history of relations with Palestine. In the nineteenth century, Austria participated in the “peaceful crusade” forming a special “Jerusalem milieu”. Its actors collected donations to establish several institutions. After 1918, the meaning of “Austria” was completely different from before the First World War. Yet, the (Christian Social) elites of the small Austrian First Republic and the politicians of authoritarian Austria still took an interest in matters concerning the Holy Land. In 1927, an Austrian consulate re-opened in the Holy City. The hospice in Jerusalem and the hospital of the Order of St John of God in Nazareth survived the years of turmoil. Austrian cultural diplomacy in the Mandate period continued to maintain good contacts with the local Arab population and gained new dimensions.

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Uter, Wolfgang, Mark Wilkinson, and Margarida Gonçalo. "The European Baseline Series." In Contact Dermatitis, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_64-1.

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Uter, Wolfgang, Mark Wilkinson, and Margarida Gonçalo. "The European Baseline Series." In Contact Dermatitis, 679–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_64.

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Andersen, Klaus E., Ian R. White, and An Goossens. "Allergens from the European Baseline Series." In Contact Dermatitis, 545–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_31.

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Kala, Tiina. "Manuscript fragments as testimony of intellectual contacts between Tallinn and European learning centres in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries." In Making Livonia, 170–86. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, [2020]: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429296000-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "European contacts"

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Gahoi, A., S. Kataria, and M. C. Lemme. "Temperature dependence of contact resistance for gold-graphene contacts." In ESSDERC 2017 - 47th IEEE European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2017.8066604.

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Ragi, R., J. Manzoli, M. Romero, and B. Nabet. "Modeling the C-V Characteristics of Heterodimensional Schottky Contacts." In 32nd European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2002.195008.

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Trofimenko, Tamara B., Ksenia D. Mukhina, and Alexander A. Visheratin. "Mobile Contacts Network Reconstruction Using Call Domain Records Data." In 2016 Third European Network Intelligence Conference (ENIC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/enic.2016.016.

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García-Cañadas, Jorge, and Gao Min. "Preparation and characterisation of contacts for high temperature thermoelectric modules." In 9TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON THERMOELECTRICS: ECT2011. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4731594.

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El-Gamal, A., and M. Al-lmam. "Decomposition algorithm for double patterning of contacts and via layers." In 25th European Mask and Lithography Conference, edited by Uwe F. W. Behringer. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.835169.

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Gahoi, A., V. Passi, S. Kataria, S. Wagner, A. Bablich, and M. C. Lemme. "Systematic comparison of metal contacts on CVD graphene." In 45th European Solid-State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC 2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324744.

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Popa, Ioan, Ioan Cautil, Gheorghe Manolea, Florin Ocoleanu, Dan Floricau, and Serghie Vlase. "Numerical Modeling And Experimental Results Of High Currents Dismountable Contacts." In 23rd European Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2009-0745-0750.

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Mandracchia, B., O. Gennari, M. Paturzo, and P. Ferrara. "Digital holography of total internal reflection to image cell/substrate contacts." In 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8087204.

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Karayiannidis, Yiannis, Leonidas Droukas, and Zoe Doulgeri. "Operational space robot control for motion performance and safe interaction under Unintentional Contacts." In 2016 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecc.2016.7810319.

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Holzner, Felix. "Phonon lithography enabling fabrication of superior high-resolution electrical contacts on 1D and 2D materials." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.40.

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Reports on the topic "European contacts"

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Dugan, John P. Points of Contact for Oceanographic Institutes in Europe and Russia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269892.

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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth, and Luis Tejerina. Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.

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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.

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Znojek, Bartłomiej. América Latina en la política de los países del Grupo de Visegrado desde 2004. Fundación Carolina, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt52.

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América Latina nunca ha sido un área prioritaria para los miembros del Grupo de Visegrado (o V4): Chequia, Eslovaquia, Hungría y Polonia. No obstante, la cooperación de todos ellos con sus socios latinoamericanos ha ido avanzando sustancialmente. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la evolución del lugar de América Latina en la política de los cuatro países centroeuropeos desde su adhesión a la Unión Europea (UE) en 2004. Se analizan tres dimensiones de esta cooperación: la bilateral, la de la UE y la del V4, como conjunto. El trabajo muestra los principales factores que influyen en la posición de los países V4 sobre América Latina y las concepciones de la política de estos países hacia la región. Después se presenta el desarrollo de esas relaciones en tres ámbitos: el diálogo político, la cooperación comercial y las relaciones socioculturales. En las conclusiones se compara la evolución de las relaciones entre los países del V4 y América Latina, y se hacen recomendaciones sobre cómo se podrían intensificar estos contactos.

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Camós, Gibet, Fabio Gordillo, and Adriana Palacio. Lineamientos para la implementación de sistemas de recaudo interoperables para transporte público. Edited by Fanny Bertossi, Juanita Concha, and Paula Melisa Cruz. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003051.

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La masificación de los sistemas de transporte, debido al crecimiento de la población y las ciudades, ha generado la necesidad de implementar sistemas de recaudo electrónico para mejorar su eficiencia operativa, y poder controlar y fiscalizar adecuadamente sus ingresos. Esta publicación presenta principios y condiciones técnicas, operativas y de seguridad, recomendados para el diseño de un sistema de recaudo para servicios de movilidad, con el fin de garantizar su interoperabilidad y flexibilidad. Asimismo, expone unos lineamientos generales que se recomiendan sean aplicados por las autoridades para el desarrollo de sistemas que permitan la interacción de distintos medios de pago y múltiples proveedores tecnológicos y/o de servicios. Se definen lineamientos específicos para la implementación de diferentes medios de pago: tarjetas bancarias sin contacto que satisfacen el estándar Europay Mastercard Visa (EMV), tarjeta de transporte, códigos de barras 2D y efectivo con validación electrónica. Para ilustrar estos lineamientos, se desarrollan casos de estudio de la puesta en marcha de los medios de pago en diferentes países: Costa Rica, Paraguay y República Dominicana.

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Gromyko, Alexey. Comments on the Brussels Summit Communique, 14 June 2021. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/analytics32220211922.

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All in all, the document sadly contains few tangibles on NATO-Russia military risk reduction even on practical issues of obvious mutual interest. At the same time, it has incorporated a new dose of harsh rhetoric against Russia, which in some instances runs counter to the results of the Geneva summit. Some parts of the documents contradict each other. There is an impression that as far as Russia is concerned the task of the document was to strengthen even further its “hard talk” on Russia while keeping a minimal set of formal references about selective engagement. The Communique tilts further in the direction of raising stakes and showing no interest of NATO in playing its own or at least supportive role in military de-escalation in Europe. It seems that in this regard the Alliance’s intention is to wait and see what will happen next in Russia – US relations.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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Milek, Karen, and Richard Jones, eds. Science in Scottish Archaeology: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four key headings:  High quality, high impact research: the importance of archaeological science is reflected in work that explores issues connected to important contemporary topics, including: the demography of, the nature of movement of, and contact between peoples; societal resilience; living on the Atlantic edge of Europe; and coping with environmental and climatic change. A series of large-scale and integrated archaeological science projects are required to stimulate research into these important topics. To engage fully with Science in Scottish Archaeology iv these questions data of sufficient richness is required that is accessible, both within Scotland and internationally. The RCAHMS’ database Canmore provides a model for digital dissemination that should be built on.  Integration: Archaeological science should be involved early in the process of archaeological investigation and as a matter of routine. Resultant data needs to be securely stored, made accessible and the research results widely disseminated. Sources of advice and its communication must be developed and promoted to support work in the commercial, academic, research, governmental and 3rd sectors.  Knowledge exchange and transfer: knowledge, data and skills need to be routinely transferred and embedded across the archaeological sector. This will enable the archaeological science community to better work together, establishing routes of communication and improving infrastructure. Improvements should be made to communication between different groups including peers, press and the wider public. Mechanisms exist to enable the wider community to engage with, and to feed into, the development of the archaeological and scientific database and to engage with current debates. Projects involving the wider community in data generation should be encouraged and opportunities for public engagement should be pursued through, for example, National Science Week and Scottish Archaeology Month.  Networks and forums: A network of specialists should be promoted to aid collaboration, provide access to the best advice, and raise awareness of current work. This would be complemented by creating a series inter-disciplinary working groups, to discuss and articulate archaeological science issues. An online service to match people (i.e. specialist or student) to material (whether e.g. environmental sample, artefactual assemblage, or skeletal assemblage) is also recommended. An annual meeting should also be held at which researchers would be able to promote current and future work, and draw attention to materials available for analysis, and to specialists/students looking to work on particular assemblages or projects. Such meetings could be rolled into a suitable public outreach event.

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