Journal articles: 'European contacts'

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Azmukhanova, A., and D. Aitmagambetov. "Kazakhstan-European cultural contacts." Journal of history 97, no. 2 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/jh.2020.v97.i2.12.

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Shinnie, Peter. "Early Asante and European Contacts." Journal des Africanistes, no. 75-2 (December 15, 2005): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.113.

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Haarmann, Harald. "Indo-Europeanization – the seven dimensions in the study of a never-ending process." Documenta Praehistorica 34 (December 31, 2007): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.34.12.

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This contribution focuses on the multifaceted process of Indo-Europeanization which started out, in the Pontic-Caspian region, with the formation of a distinct ethno-cultural epicenter, the Proto-Indo-European complex. Since the late Neolithic, the Indo-Europeanization of Europe and parts of Asia produced various scenarios of contact and conflict. Altogether seven dimensions are highlighted as essential for the study of the contacts which unfolded between Indo-Europeans and non-Indo-European populations (i.e. Uralians, Caucasians, ancient populations in southern and central Europe). Selective aspects of cultural and linguistic fusion processes during the Neolithic and subsequent periods are discussed, and the controversial term ‘migration’ is redefined.

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Vansina, Jan, and Paul E. H. Hair. "Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence 1450-1700." International Journal of African Historical Studies 32, no. 2/3 (1999): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220395.

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (February 1, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and transhipment of goods, payment transfers for purchased goods and services. This has led to increased trade between the European Union and Azerbaijan. The most important trade partners of Azerbaijan in the years 2000-2017 were the following members of the European Union: Italy, France and Germany. The exports were dominated by Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain. The opening of the oil and gas sector to foreign companies has contributed to a significant inflow of foreign direct investment. More than 80% of the incoming investment is in the oil sector and the main activities are focused the construction of new gas and oil pipelines. The leading investors in this group in the years 2000-2013 were the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, France and Cyprus.

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Jones, Adam, and Paul E. H. Hair. "Africa Encountered: European Contacts and Evidence 1450-1700." African Studies Review 41, no. 2 (September 1998): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524842.

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Nijaz, Musić. "FRAMEWORK FOCAL CONTACTS IN EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EUROPEAN UNION PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 6, no. 1 (April 2016): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041609.

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The paper describes the role and representation of framework focus contacts in private international law, and their function in collision regulation on determining the binding law in private law with an element of foreignness.The introduction provides a brief overview on the division of focus contacts and their representation in collision regulations in the contemporary private international law. It also lays out various solutions for the application of collision regulations in national legislations in certain European countries, such as: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, Macedonia, Slovenia, as well as the solutions offered by the European Union regulations and international conventions.

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Sage, Lucas, Marco Albertini, and Stefani Scherer. "The spreading of SARS-CoV-2: Interage contacts and networks degree distribution." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): e0256036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256036.

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Notable cross-country differences exist in the diffusion of the Covid-19 and in its lethality. Contact patterns in populations, and in particular intergenerational contacts, have been argued to be responsible for the most vulnerable, the elderly, getting infected more often and thus driving up mortality in some context, like in the southern European one. This paper asks a simple question: is it between whom contacts occur that matters or is it simply how many contacts people have? Due to the high number of confounding factors, it is extremely difficult to empirically assess the impact of single network features separately. This is why we rely on a simulation exercise in which we counterfactually manipulate single aspects of countries’ age distribution and network structures. We disentangle the contributions of the kind and of the number of contacts while holding constant the age structure. More precisely, we isolate the respective effects of inter-age contact patterns, degree distribution and clustering on the virus propagation across age groups. We use survey data on face-to-face contacts for Great Britain, Italy, and Germany, to reconstruct networks that mirror empirical contact patterns in these three countries. It turns out that the number of social contacts (degree distribution) largely accounts for the higher infection rates of the elderly in the Italian context, while differences in inter-age contacts patterns are only responsible for minor differences. This suggests that policies specifically targeting inter-age contacts would be little effective.

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REINISCH, JESSICA. "Introduction: Agents of Internationalism." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000035.

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In 2005Contemporary European Historypublished a special issue on transnationalism, edited by Patricia Clavin and Jens-Wilhelm Wessels. The articles presented six examples of ‘transnational’ connections between Europeans from different countries, focusing primarily on contacts in the political and economic realms, and documenting a multitude of ties and links between Europeans at all levels from the end of the First World War to the early 1960s.

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Leroy, Thibault, Camille Roux, Laure Villate, Catherine Bodénès, Jonathan Romiguier, Jorge A. P. Paiva, Carole Dossat, Jean-Marc Aury, Christophe Plomion, and Antoine Kremer. "Extensive recent secondary contacts between four European white oak species." New Phytologist 214, no. 2 (January 13, 2017): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14413.

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Peyrot, Michaël. "The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence." Indo-European Linguistics 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 72–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00701007.

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Abstract Tocharian agglutinative case inflexion as well as its single series of voiceless stops, the two most striking typological deviations from Proto-Indo-European, can be explained through influence from Uralic. A number of other typological features of Tocharian may likewise be interpreted as due to contact with a Uralic language. The supposed contacts are likely to be associated with the Afanas’evo Culture of South Siberia. This Indo-European culture probably represents an intermediate phase in the movement of speakers of early Tocharian from the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Eastern European steppe to the Tarim Basin in Northwest China. At the same time, the Proto-Samoyedic homeland must have been in or close to the Afanas’evo area. A close match between the Pre-Proto-Tocharian and Pre-Proto-Samoyedic vowel systems is a strong indication that the Uralic contact language was an early form of Samoyedic.

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TAKUMI, K., P. H. C. LINA, W. H. M. VAN DER POEL, J. A. KRAMPS, and J. W. B. VAN DER GIESSEN. "Public health risk analysis of European bat lyssavirus infection in The Netherlands." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 6 (January 21, 2008): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807000167.

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SUMMARYWe present the frequency and the nature of contact incidents of the Serotine bat,Eptesicus serotinus, with humans and with companion animals (specifically cats and dogs), in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2005. Out of 17 bats in bite contact with humans, five tested positive for European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 1a. Cats had the most numerous contacts with bats (49 times) but a relatively low number of these bats were EBLV positive (six times). We estimated that the average incidence of human bat rabies infection might be between once per year and once per 700 years, depending mainly on the number of infectious viral particles in bat saliva. The risk of bat rabies is higher between April and October, and in the northern half of the country. This is the first study in Europe describing the risk of human bat rabies after bat contact incidents.

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Bhattacharya, Bhaswati. "Armenian European Relationship in India, 1500–1800: No Armenian Foundation for European Empire?" Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 2 (2005): 277–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520054127112.

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AbstractHistorical evidence points to the existence of Armenians in India in small numbers at least since the sixteenth century. Beginning with the Portuguese in that century, Europeans entered the spheres of Euro-Asian and intra-Asian trade in an increasing volume. Armenian contact with India received a boost following the settlement of a large number of Armenians in New Julfa that coincided with the coming of the European companies in India. The arrival of the Europeans opened up various possibilities for the Armenians. Consequently, Armenian trade, based to a great extent on various forms of community-based network and partnership, was not 'exclusive' in nature. In their social life too Armenians formed part of the pluralistic Christian community in India. Les données historiques suggèrent l'existence en Inde d'un petit nombre d'Arméniens depuis le XVIe siècle. A partir de l'arrivée des Portugais à cette époque, les Européens ont développé les échanges avec l'Asie et en ont pénétré de plus en plus le commerce intérieur. Les contacts des Arméniens avec l'Inde ont connu une rapide expansion à la suite de l'établissement d'un nombre important d'entre eux à New Julfa, dans la mouvance de l'arrivée des compagnies européennes qui leur offraient des possibilités variées. De ce fait, le commerce arménien, largement fondé sur diverses formes de réseaux et de partenariats internes à leur communauté, n'était pas de nature « exclusive » . Dans leur vie sociale, aussi, les Arméniens étaient partie prenante de la communauté chrétienne indienne, pluraliste.

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Andryeyeva, Svitlana, Mykhaylo Lashko, and Iryna Yakovleva. "BORYS GRINCHENKO IN THE EUROPEAN SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2020): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.20.

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In the article is highlighted the views of a famous Ukrainian writer, social and political figure, educator and humanitarian scientist Borys Grinchenko (1863–1910) concerning the problem of the modern Ukrainian nation civilization choice and its place in the European socio-cultural space. It is determined his main contacts with the European sciences and artists (especially in the spheres of publishing, linguistic, Ukrainian history and culture, problems of the national development of Ukrainians, their presentation in the European community, personal contacts etc.). The authors have came to the conclusion, that Borys Grinchenko preferred European values, democracy and parliamentarism as a way of resolving the problems of national and cultural development of Ukrainians in Russian Empire. Borys Grinchenko collaborated with cultural leaders in numerous European countries, published his works abroad and otherwise introduced Ukraine, its culture and history to the European community. The authors summarize the complex of historical and historiographical sources, the creative and scientific heritage of Borys Grinchenko. Some materials were first introduced into scientific circulation. He actively promoted the achievements of European civilization in Ukrainian society.

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Koch, Ebba. "The Symbolic Possession of the World: European Cartography in Mughal Allegory and History Painting." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 55, no. 2-3 (2012): 547–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341245.

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Abstract From their earliest contacts with Europeans, the Mughals sought to obtain maps, atlases, and globes. They were, however, concerned with cartography less as a scientific tool than as a means to convey messages of status and power. Both cartographically correct and cartographically manipulated globes feature prominently in the allegories of Emperor Jahāngīr. Emperor Shāh Jahān added another dimension: European cartographical devices were introduced into history painting, to structure the imperial landscape and to document the emperor’s conquests.

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Smutek, Małgorzata. "Madame Europe czy dziewczynka do bicia – prasa europejska o wysokiej przedstawiciel Unii do spraw zagranicznych i polityki bezpieczeństwa Catherine Ashton." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3-2014 (December 18, 2014): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.14.6.

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In this article the opinions about Catherine Ashton as the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy expressed in Polish and foreign media as well as some editorialised statements by politicians will be presented. The analysis will cover the opinions on Ashton as a person and her actions as the High Representative, as well as the perception of the European Union as a whole through the prism of her work. The High Representative’s contacts with media and her efforts at creating her image will also be presented.

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Koops, Judith, Borja Martinovic, and Jeroen Weesie. "Are Inter-Minority Contacts Guided by the Same Mechanisms as Minority–Majority Contacts? A Comparative Study of Two Types of Inter-Ethnic Ties in the Netherlands." International Migration Review 51, no. 3 (September 2017): 701–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12247.

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Research on inter-ethnic contacts in European countries has mainly focused on the interaction between ethnic minorities and the native majority. Our contribution is to examine inter-minority contacts and compare them to minority–majority contacts. Drawing on a theory of preferences, opportunities, and third parties, we expected some determinants of contacts with natives to relate similarly and others differently to inter-minority contacts. Using data on four non-Western minorities in the Netherlands, we found that education, Dutch language proficiency, and outgroup size are positively associated with both inter-minority and minority–majority contacts. Further, occupational status relates positively to contacts with natives and negatively to contacts with other minorities, whereas ingroup identification is positively associated with inter-minority contacts and negatively with contacts with natives. These diverging findings underline the importance of studying interaction between minorities as a separate phenomenon.

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van der Werf, Marieke J., Andreas Sandgren, and Davide Manissero. "Management of contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in the European Union and European Economic Area [Correspondence]." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0605.

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Pickel, Gert, and Cemal Öztürk. "Islamophobia Without Muslims? The “Contact Hypothesis” as an Explanation for Anti-Muslim Attitudes – Eastern European Societies in a Comparative Perspective." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 162–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0009.

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AbstractEven though Muslim communities are virtually absent in most Eastern European societies new research shows that Islamophobia is more widespread in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. The existence of ‘Islamophobia without Muslims’ is surprising prima facie, but in fact this empirical pattern reflects the assumption of the contact hypothesis. In a nutshell, the contact hypothesis argues that an individual’s contact with members of an ‘outgroup’ is conducive to refute existing prejudice and stereotypes. We test the explanatory power of the contact hypothesis on both the individual and the societal level. Empirically, we draw our data from the European Social Survey (2014), which allows us to conduct a systematic comparison of Eastern and Western European societies and to account for other well-established social psychological theories of prejudice and stereotyping (e. g. Social Identity Theory, Integrated Threat Theory). Our empirical results show that people with less or no contact are more prone to Islamophobic attitudes. This pattern is characteristic for Eastern European countries as the sheer absence of Muslim communities in these societies turns out to be a relevant explanation for anti-Muslim prejudice. Eastern European citizens tend to have para-social-contacts with Muslims. In general, they rely on media and statements of (populist) politicians, to build their opinions about Muslims. Negative news coverage fueled by terrorist attacks shapes the prevailing image of all Muslims, media consumption therefore intensifies already existing anti-Muslim sentiments. As a result, Eastern European countries have been comparatively unpopular choices for migrants to settle.

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Devorkin, David H. "Takamine and Saha: Contacts with Western Astrophysics." Highlights of Astronomy 11, no. 2 (1998): 732–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600018621.

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In the fall of 1920 two young scholars happened to meet in London and found they had many interests in common in laboratory spectroscopy and astrophysics. One was an Indian and the other a Japanese, and their paths crossed as they visited American and European centers to learn the tools and techniques of the quantum theory. The young Japanese scholar, T. Takamine, whose home base was then the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Tokyo, was delighted to have met Meghnad Saha, from Calcutta, who was just putting the finishing touches on his fourth paper on ionization equilibrium in the atmospheres of the sun and stars. When they met, Takamine and Saha spoke of Sommerfeld’s theories, and pledged to keep in touch. Thus began a correspondence that lasted for some twenty years, as Takamine returned to Japan from his long visits to American and European observatories and spectroscopic laboratories, and Saha returned to India. Of the two, Takamine had stayed the longer time in the West, mainly at Mount Wilson where he was in residence through much of 1919 working with John Anderson and A. S. King, and published on the ”The Stark Effect for Metals.” Takamine also returned to Mount Wilson in 1924, and toured many spectroscopic laboratories in the United States continuing to hone his interests and technique. Elsewhere I have examined Saha’s contacts with western astrophysics. Here I examine briefly how Takamine established and maintained contacts in the West and why he did so.

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Hank, Karsten. "Proximity and Contacts Between Older Parents and Their Children: A European Comparison." Journal of Marriage and Family 69, no. 1 (February 2007): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00351.x.

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Marcantonio, Angela. "Uralic vs Indo-European contacts: borrowing vs local emergence vs chance resemblances." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2014): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.2.02.

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In this article I shall review the field of studies: “Uralic vs Indo-European contacts”. I shall report the thesis of what can be called the “old” and the “new” school, respectively, dealing with this topic. According to the old school, the contacts took place, essentially, among the historical languages, whereby the criteria for identifying loanwords are often unclear. According to the new school, instead, the (intensive) Uralic vs Indo-European contacts took place, essentially, at the level of protolanguages, and the loanwords are easily identifiable, thanks to the regularity of the relevant sound changes and substitutions. I shall claim that the thesis of new school is unlikely to be correct, on methodological and factual grounds: borrowing among proto-languages is impossible a priori; sound changes and substitutions are not always regular and systematic; the “binary” analysis “borrowing vs inherited” is out-of-date; the Uralic and Indo-European languages belong to different, distant “areal contexts”.Kokkuvõte. Angela Marcantonio: Uurali ja indoeuroopa keelte kontaktid: laenamine, kohalik kujunemine, juhuslik sarnasus. Artiklis annan ülevaate uurimisteemast “Uurali ja indoeuroopa keelte kontaktid”. Käsitlen küsimust, mida võib selle teemaga seoses nimetada “uueks” ja “vanaks” koolkonnaks. Vana koolkonna järgi toimusid kontaktid ajalooliste keelte vahel, kusjuures laensõnade kindlakstegemise kriteeriumid on sageli ebaselged. Uue koolkonna järgi aga toimusid (intensiivsed) uurali ja indoeuroopa kontaktid algkeelte tasandil ja laensõnu on lihtne kindlaks teha tänu oluliste häälikumuutuste ja häälikuasenduste reeglipärasusele. Väidan, et uue koolkonna tees ei näi metodoloogiliselt ja faktiliselt aluselt korrektne: algkeelte vaheline laenamine on a priori võimatu, häälikumuutused ja -asendused ei ole alati reeglipärased ja süsteemsed, “binaarne” jaotus “laenatud või genuiinne” on aegunud, uurali ja indoeuroopa keeled kuuluvad erinevasse, teineteisest kaugesse “areaalsesse konteksti”.Märksõnad: uurali keeled, indoeuroopa keeled, konvergents, divergents, juhuslik sarnasus, sugulassõnad, laensõnad, keeleareaalid

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Semyonov, M., and A. Glikman. "Ethnic Residential Segregation, Social Contacts, and Anti-Minority Attitudes in European Societies." European Sociological Review 25, no. 6 (December 16, 2008): 693–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn075.

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Butzer, Paul L., and François Jongmans. "P. L. Chebyshev (1821–1894) and his contacts with Western European scientists." Historia Mathematica 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(89)90098-0.

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ERDEM, ESRA, VLADIMIR LIFSCHITZ, and DON RINGE. "Temporal phylogenetic networks and logic programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 6, no. 5 (August 2, 2006): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068406002729.

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The concept of a temporal phylogenetic network is a mathematical model of evolution of a family of natural languages. It takes into account the fact that languages can trade their characteristics with each other when linguistic communities are in contact, and also that a contact is only possible when the languages are spoken at the same time. We show how computational methods of answer set programming and constraint logic programming can be used to generate plausible conjectures about contacts between prehistoric linguistic communities, and illustrate our approach by applying it to the evolutionary history of Indo-European languages.

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Berkhout, Joost, Marcel Hanegraaff, and Patrick Statsch. "Interest Groups in Multi-Level Contexts: European Integration as Cross-Cutting Issue in Party-Interest Group Contacts." Politics and Governance 8, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2516.

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Policy-specific actor-constellations consisting of party- and group-representatives commonly drive the effective establishment of new policy programmes or changes in existing policies. In the EU multi-level system, the creation of such constellations is complicated because it practically requires consensus on two dimensions: the European public policy at stake and the issue of European integration. This means that, for interest groups with interests in particular policy domains, and with limited interest in the actual issue of European integration, non-Eurosceptic parties must be their main ally in their policy battles. We hypothesise that interest groups with relevant European domain-specific interests will ally with non-Eurosceptic parties, whereas interest groups whose interests are hardly affected by the European policy process will have party-political allies across the full range of positions on European integration. We assess this argument on the basis of an elite-survey of interest group leaders and study group-party dyads in several European countries (i.e., Belgium, Lithuania, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Slovenia) in a large number of policy domains. Our dependent variable is the group-party dyad and the main independent variables are the European policy interests of the group and the level of Euroscepticism of the party. We broadly find support for our hypotheses. The findings of our study speak to the debate concerning the implications of the politicisation of European integration and, more specifically, the way in which party-political polarisation of Europe may divide domestic interest group systems and potentially drive group and party systems apart.

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Bothamley, Graham. "The Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET): new directions in the management of tuberculosis." Breathe 13, no. 3 (September 2017): e65-e71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.005517.

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The Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET) is the largest clinical research organisation in Europe. Educational activities include the TBNET Academy and the European Advanced Course in Clinical Tuberculosis. Four of their publications are reviewed to show how the clinical management of tuberculosis is changing.Key pointsMost tuberculosis (TB) in contacts is found at their first visit.In contacts of pulmonary TB patients, the likelihood of later TB is ≤3%.Genetic tests can indicate when another antimycobacterial drug in the same class might be effective (e.g.rifabutin when there is rifampicin resistance or which injectable to choose).The short-course “Bangladesh” regimen can only be rarely used in Europe.Treatment completion in multidrug-resistant TB should not be included as a successful outcome.

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Hjorth, Poul G. "Innovative and collaborative industrial mathematics in Europe." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2201 (May 2017): 20170083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0083.

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This paper presents a brief review of how industrial mathematics, inspired by the Oxford Study Group activity, organized itself in Europe, gave rise to the European Consortium for Mathematics in Industry, the series of European Study Groups with Industry, and to new modes of productive contacts between industry and applied mathematicians in academia.

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Romaniuc, Anatole. "Aboriginal population of Canada: growth dynamics under conditions of encounter of civilisations." Canadian Studies in Population 30, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6b605.

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This paper endeavours to capture the broad configuration of demographic evolution of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada from the early contacts with Europeans to the present. The main stages thereof are identified and the underlying factors explored, against the historical background of Aboriginal and European civilisations' encounter. While taking stock of the past, the paper takes a glimpse into the future. It concludes with a review of demographically-driven policy issues that the First Nations are likely to confront as they step into the 21s Century.

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Ciocchetti, Marco. "Contacts between the Mongols and the Latin West from the Point of View of the Italian Chronicles in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century." Eurasian Studies 17, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 244–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340075.

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Abstract When the news of the Mongol invasions in eastern Europe and western Asia reached the European courts in the first half of the thirteenth century, the papal court was the first to send embassies to the Mongols. The reports of missionaries and papal envoys, alongside the famous account of Marco Polo, provided Europeans with the first accounts on these terrible warriors. Italian chroniclers of the period included the information provided by these accounts in their works, including in their local chronicles the achievements and habits of these mysterious warriors from the east. Other chroniclers were eyewitnesses to the first diplomatic contacts between European and Mongolian sovereigns. Their testimonies offer interesting elements to observe the first rudimentary diplomatic approaches between two worlds so far apart. Comparing various medieval chronicles, this paper investigates a fundamental psychological difference in the way how Italian and Central European authors of the time perceived the Mongols. If on the one hand Central European sources describe the Mongol warriors with terror and fear, the Italian ones are more optimistic, as they consider them as a possible resource to definitively drive out the Muslim infidels from the Holy Land.

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Slepak, V. Yu, and A. A. Ariyants. "Formation of a European Research Area in Evolution of Legal Regulation of European Research." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.142-152.

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Since the end of the 20th century in Europe, there has been a tendency to accumulate scientific knowledge, increase the level of competitiveness of European research and the mobility of scientists themselves. The goals and objectives set by the European Union are realized through the creation of a single European research area and the implementation of special framework programs. It is determined that today the European Union is one of the world leaders in research and innovation. It is scientific knowledge, experience, high standards of research, developed research infrastructure that guarantee many years of successful cooperation between the EU and other countries. Contacts between Russia and the EU in the field of scientific and technical cooperation are developing quite actively. Both in the EU and in Russia, the development of effective innovation policies and programs is important for the development of a knowledge-based economy and an increase in the efficiency of investments in research and development.

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Tranmer, Catherine. "Community of interest: ARCLIB, the architecture school librarians’ group1." Art Libraries Journal 26, no. 2 (2001): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200012141.

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Originally set up in 1988, ARCLIB has become a lively pressure group involving not only architecture school librarians in the United Kingdom but also those in other European countries and the USA. National conferences have provided an annual focus and these are listed in the appendix, but there have also been active international contacts over the years, the current hosting of the ARCLIB discussion list in Venice being one example. ARCLIB also publishes its own Bulletin, which reports on the Group’s activities and keeps members in contact with one another.

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BOERMA, WIENKE G. W., and PETER F. M. VERHAAK. "The general practitioner as the first contacted health professional by patients with psychosocial problems: a European study." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179900851x.

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Background. There are considerable differences between and within countries in the involvement of general practitioners (GPs) in psychosocial care. This study aimed to describe the self-perceived role of GPs in 30 European countries as the first contacted professional for patients with psychosocial problems, and to examine the relationship with characteristics of the health care system, practice organization and doctors.Methods. Data collected in the European Study of GP Task Profiles were analysed in relation to the self-perceived involvement of GPs in psychosocial care. In 30 countries 7233 GPs answered standardized questionnaires in their own languages about seven brief case scenarios. The questions focused on care given as the first health care professional contacted, and were answered in a scored scale (1–4) ranging from ‘never’ to ‘almost always’. Independent variables examined were both on a national level and on an individual level, including: listed practice population, referral system, employment status of GPs, workload, measures of practice organization, contacts with social workers and urbanization of practice area. Data were analysed using multi-level techniques.Results. Self-perceived involvement in psychosocial care was much higher in Western than in Eastern Europe and also in countries with a referral system. Cooperation with social workers, rural practice, keeping medical records, presence of an appointment system and high workload were positively associated with this perceived involvement.Conclusions. In countries with self-employed doctors and a referral system, GPs are in a better position to provide psychosocial care. GPs should be encouraged to cooperate with social workers and to keep medical records of their patient contacts routinely.

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Yarotskiy, Petro. "The Vatican and the European Union: an understanding on the basis of the establishment of human dignity as a transcendental value." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 74-75 (September 8, 2015): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2015.74-75.566.

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This article analyzes the problems, raised by Pope Francis in the European institutions, regarding the development of modern Europe, including the European Union and the place and role of person in this process. Attitude to the historical heritage of contemporary Europe and ways of its development takes priority place in contacts and cooperation of the Vatican and Council Conference of European episcopate of the Catholic Church with the European Parliament and the Council of Europe in the context of modern cultural multipolarity of Europe and strengthening human dignity as the transcendent value.

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Grzybowski, Kazimierz. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the European Community." American Journal of International Law 84, no. 1 (January 1990): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203032.

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After nearly 15 years of official and unofficial contacts and negotiations, on June 25, 1988, representatives of the European Community (EC) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON), meeting in Luxembourg, signed a Declaration establishing official relations between the two parties so as to “develop cooperation in areas which fall within their respective spheres of competence, and where there is common interest.”

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Silk, Matthew J., Julian A. Drewe, Richard J. Delahay, Nicola Weber, Lucy C. Steward, Jared Wilson-Aggarwal, Mike Boots, David J. Hodgson, Darren P. Croft, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Quantifying direct and indirect contacts for the potential transmission of infection between species using a multilayer contact network." Behaviour 155, no. 7-9 (2018): 731–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003493.

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Abstract Detecting opportunities for between-species transmission of pathogens can be challenging, particularly if rare behaviours or environmental transmission are involved. We present a multilayer network framework to quantify transmission potential in multi-host systems, incorporating environmental transmission, by using empirical data on direct and indirect contacts between European badgers Meles meles and domestic cattle. We identify that indirect contacts via the environment at badger latrines on pasture are likely to be important for transmission within badger populations and between badgers and cattle. We also find a positive correlation between the role of individual badgers within the badger social network, and their role in the overall badger-cattle-environment network, suggesting that the same behavioural traits contribute to the role of individual badgers in within- and between-species transmission. These findings have implications for disease management interventions in this system, and our novel network approach can provide general insights into transmission in other multi-host disease systems.

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Fischer, Jérémie. "Les Juifs vus par un prêtre français en exil: l’antijudaïsme dans les Mémoires de l’abbé Pochard (1796-1830)." Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne, no. 30 (August 24, 2018): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pst.2016.30.06.

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The article is an attempt to show the leading elements of the attitude towards Jews, the attitude of Father Claude-Antoine Pochard (1766-1833), tutor in the family of a Gniezno governor Joseph Skórzewski. Numerous trips across Polish territories and neighboring countries enabled him to come into direct contact with Jewish issues in Central and Eastern Europe, and his up till now unpublished memoirs shed light on some interesting aspects of the history of European Jews.The article consists of three parts. The first part presents direct or indirect contacts of Father Pochard with Jews during his trip to Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Wielkopolska, the land annexed by Russia and Lithuania. The second part shows Fr. Pochard’s reactions to the presence of Jews – dislike and avoiding closer contacts. There is also an attempt to show the difference in the positions of both the Catholic side, represented by Fr. Pochard, and the Jewish side, the climate of hostility and mutual prejudices. The third and last part shows cases where Fr. Pochard revises his views in contact with professionalism and honesty encountered in traveling Jewish innkeepers and merchants, and also other specific moments when there was escalation of tension in his relations with the Jews. The whole article is an interesting panorama of Christian-Jewish relations in the first half of the nineteenth century, when there were economic contacts but no cultural exchange.

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Jančić, Davor. "World Diplomacy of the European Parliament." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 11, no. 2-3 (March 11, 2016): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341330.

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This article examines the role of the European Parliament in ensuring democratic participation in European Union external relations and global governance. Although the Lisbon Treaty has reinforced the European Parliament’s foreign affairs prerogatives, many obstacles hinder its influence. This prompts the European Parliament to invest considerable institutional resources not only to counterbalance the Commission and the Council and reduce information asymmetry, but also to enhance its posture on the world stage through value-oriented and region-oriented parliamentary diplomacy. The article argues that by conducting world diplomacy, the European Parliament generates critical mass for its institutional empowerment by a crafty application of its treaty rights, by means of non-legislative instruments, and by establishing bilateral and multilateral diplomatic contacts with parliamentary and executive bodies worldwide. The European Parliament thereby attempts to portray itself as an actor without which decisions cannot be made.

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Shukusheva, E. V. "DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC CONTACTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2020): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2020-04-03-139-148.

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Harris, Mark. "Revisiting first contacts on the Amazon 1500-1562." Tempo 23, no. 3 (December 2017): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230306.

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Abstract: This article revisits four well-known accounts of the first European encounters with Amerindians in the Amazon. The sporadic character of these encounters make the impact on Amerindian societies irregular and uneven. My analysis is directed to the present condition as encountered, especially the variety of contacts. This approach obliges the text be treated as a whole, rather than being read selectively. Maintaining the integrity of the text allows us to see the different kinds of relations in their contexts. My intention is to use these reports to search for the bridges across cultural separations. Each drew the other towards them, in their own ways. These steps opened the way for the “refounding” of indigenous riverine societies in the seventeenth century.

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Böhme, Wolfgang. "On the Russian-German Hepetological Connections between St. Petersburg and Bonn — a Personal View." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-1-4-14.

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The zoological relationships between the Zoological Institute and the Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZISP), and the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK), started with Alexander Koenig who was born in St. Petersburg in 1858. Together with his family he moved to Bonn in 1867 where he later became an ornithologist who founded his own zoological museum in this city in 1912. 11 years after his death (1940), a herpetological department was founded, and a close cooperation between the herpetology departments of his museum and that of his home city began to develop, first only by correspondence. In 1981 a first personal contact became possible in Budapest and could be intensified after 1988 by several mutual visits to St. Petersburg and Bonn, respectively. Further contacts happened during congresses, primarily those of the European Herpetological Society (SEH) where representatives of both institutions served also as presidents. Scientific contacts culminated in two well-attended international symposia on agamid lizards in both cities.

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Bursche, Aleksander. "Contacts between the Late Roman Empire and North-Central Europe." Antiquaries Journal 76 (March 1996): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500047417.

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The concept of Central Europe is understood here to cover the geographical centre of the European continent (i.e. the territory between the Elbe, Bug and Neman rivers, that is, eastern Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia and Lithuania), formerly treated in much of the English-speaking world as ‘Eastern Europe’. In the past six years, however, this area has been moving closer to the West. This paper shall concentrate on the region north of the Carpathian mountains, particularly the Vistula river-basin and Scandinavia (without Norway), in other words the territory round the Baltic Sea.

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Melegaro, Alessia, Mark Jit, Nigel Gay, Emilio Zagheni, and W. John Edmunds. "What types of contacts are important for the spread of infections? Using contact survey data to explore European mixing patterns." Epidemics 3, no. 3-4 (September 2011): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2011.04.001.

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Dоmina, Viktoriia, and Anna Kovalenko. "Bilingual Culture of a Future Translator – a Requirement of Modern European Education." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 5 (336) (2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-5(336)-69-76.

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The processes of globalization, modern educational trends, changing values, rapid development of science, increasing business and personal contacts with speakers of other cultures necessitate the education of bilingual culture of communication in future translators and other educators. The proposed article reveals the concepts of bilingualism, bilingual personality, bilingual culture of communication and its features, establishes the content characteristics and relationships. The peculiarities of the bilingual personality of the translator are substantiated, which promotes the assimilation of norms and values of another culture as important landmarks of intercultural communication and is the basis of successful adaptation to world educational and information processes. One of the possible ways of educating bilingual culture of communication in the process of preparing future translators for professional activity, which is to use the model of formation of communicative-linguistic bilingual skills, is presented. It is this system of bilingual training that allows to determine the specifics of bilingual communication by knowing the general laws of communication culture and specifying their basic provisions.

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Rougemont, Quentin, Camille Roux, Samuel Neuenschwander, Jerome Goudet, Sophie Launey, and Guillaume Evanno. "Reconstructing the demographic history of divergence between European river and brook lampreys using approximate Bayesian computations." PeerJ 4 (April 7, 2016): e1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1910.

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Inferring the history of isolation and gene flow during species divergence is a central question in evolutionary biology. The European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and brook lamprey(L. planeri)show a low reproductive isolation but have highly distinct life histories, the former being parasitic-anadromous and the latter non-parasitic and freshwater resident. Here we used microsatellite data from six replicated population pairs to reconstruct their history of divergence using an approximate Bayesian computation framework combined with a random forest model. In most population pairs, scenarios of divergence with recent isolation were outcompeted by scenarios proposing ongoing gene flow, namely the Secondary Contact (SC) and Isolation with Migration (IM) models. The estimation of demographic parameters under the SC model indicated a time of secondary contact close to the time of speciation, explaining why SC and IM models could not be discriminated. In case of an ancient secondary contact, the historical signal of divergence is lost and neutral markers converge to the same equilibrium as under the less parameterized model allowing ongoing gene flow. Our results imply that models of secondary contacts should be systematically compared to models of divergence with gene flow; given the difficulty to discriminate among these models, we suggest that genome-wide data are needed to adequately reconstruct divergence history.

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Subotić, Irina. "Research on the avant-garde(s): Case study: Zenitism and the Central European contacts." Zbornik Akademije umetnosti, no. 7 (2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbakum1907018s.

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Smirnova, Engelina. "Contacts and Opposition between Russian and European Art in the 16th Century: Some Observations." Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art 6 (2016): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa166-3-25.

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Silk, Matthew J., Nicola Weber, Lucy C. Steward, Richard J. Delahay, Darren P. Croft, David J. Hodgson, Mike Boots, and Robbie A. McDonald. "Seasonal variation in daily patterns of social contacts in the European badger Meles meles." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 21 (September 25, 2017): 9006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3402.

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Geiger, Till, and Michael Kennedy. "The lost origins of Ireland’s involvement in Europe: the Irish response to the Briand Plan, 1929–30." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 126 (November 2000): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400014863.

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In a collected volume assessing Ireland’s involvement in European integration Gearóid Mac Niocaill and Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh wrote that With the establishment of an Irish National State in 1922 the opportunities for expanding Irish links with Europe seemed greatly enhanced. It remained to be seen if these opportunities would be taken.However, Patrick Keatinge reminded readers of the same volume that ‘Up to the late 1950s Ireland’s diplomatic persona was only slightly “European”.’ Most Irish diplomatic historians would agree with this interpretation, arguing that Britain, the Commonwealth and the League of Nations remained the primary focus of Irish foreign policy in the inter-war period. Supporting Keatinge’s interpretation, the existing historical literature suggests that Irish diplomats were rather slow in renewing the perceived longstanding contacts with continental Europe before the Second World War. Indeed, Roy Foster has criticised the discursive claim of Ireland’s longstanding contacts with continental Europe, made by many Irish policy-makers at the time of Ireland’s entry into the European Economic Community in 1973, as a ‘grandiose self-delusion’. Most historical accounts, therefore, suggest that Ireland’s involvement in Europe tentatively started with the involvement in the Marshall Plan and participation in the Council of Europe.

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Li, Su. "Language Contacts as a Source of Borrowing." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(3).256-264.

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Borrowings are the evidence of cultural contacts. They play a positive role in political, economic, cultural and linguistic contacts. Then closer the contacts between countries, then more borrowings mutually penetrate in the language system. Territorial proximity always facilitates the penetration of linguistic units and their elements into the lexicology. Today, a large number of borrowings comes from the eastern side of Russia, including China. A new wave of Chinese-Russian relations has actively introduced lexemes in both languages that have no analogue. The article analyzes groups of borrowings of morphological, etymological and semantic types, explores the reasons for borrowing a new layer of vocabulary from Chinese into Russian. The survey determined the frequency of use of the old and new wave of borrowings from the Chinese language in the Russian lexical base. The results of the survey showed that, along with such old borrowings as tea, pearls, silk, etc., such tokens as kunya, tofu, wushu, etc., which entered in the everyday Russians life. It should be noted that some lexical borrowings did not linger in Russian and, having not had time to assimilate, they disappeared. The Chinese language has a much lesser impact on Russian than English and other European languages, but it has a significant impact on the lexical composition and culture of Russian society nowadays.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European contacts'

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