Relevant bibliographies by topics / European Economic Community

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'European Economic Community'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Schuchart, Kelvin. "The European Economic Community." Social Studies 77, no. 1 (1986): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1944.11019771.

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Smil, Vaclav. "January 1958: European economic community." IEEE Spectrum 55, no. 1 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2018.8241724.

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Reynolds, Thomas H. "Introduction to the European Economic Community." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 8, no. 3-4 (1988): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j113v08n03_03.

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Henteleff, Thomas O., and Barbara A. Noah. "{BLR 1118} European Economic Community - Regulation." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 1 (1991): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.3.

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Steinherr, A. "Policy Coordination in the European Economic Community." Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no. 3-4 (1985): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082646.

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Coordination of economic policies and convergence of economic performance within the European Community are objectives already laid out in the Treaty of Rome. A number of later decisions by the Council of Ministers reaffirm and specify these principles. The 1974 Convergence Decision provides a procedural framework for review of the economic situation and policy with the aim of bringing about greater convergence of macroeconomic performance. In this process a central place is given to the setting of budgetary policy guidelines. In addition, the EMS provides a potentially strong mechanism for coordinating monetary policy under the constraint of fixed, but adjustable, exchange rates and, in principle, free capital movements.
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Brown, William J. T. "Commercial Arbitration and the European Economic Community." Journal of International Arbitration 2, Issue 1 (1985): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1985003.

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Jain, Rajendra K. "Jawaharlal Nehru and the European Economic Community." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 71, no. 1 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928414557999.

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Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.

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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.
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Sherman, Richard L. "{BLR 1142} Commercial Partnering - European Economic Community." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 2 (1991): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.97.

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Hudson, Ray. "The European community: Economic and political aspects." Journal of Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (1992): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90080-p.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Le, Guen Delphine. "Merger control in the European Economic Community." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56895.

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The present thesis analyzes merger control in the European Economic Community, a topical domain on the eve of the completion of the internal market. After a definition according to three approaches (traditional, geographical, quantitative), the provisions of the Rome Treaty on competition law (articles 85 and 86) are elaborated upon, to underline the reinforcement of the Commission's control powers since the entry into force of Council Regulation N$ sp circ$4064/89, in September 1990. The air transport industry has been chosen to illustrate the concept of a priori control of concentrations and its modalities of application in different economic policies.<br>Jurisprudence and various regulations have promoted the application of EEC competition law to the air transport industry, and have contributed recently to the emergence of a common policy in this field. The Aerospatiale/de Havilland decision constitutes the first dismissal of a concentration notification, since the entry into force of the new provisions. It confirms the wide scope of the Commission's powers in the control of competition.
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Tyrrell, Nicola. "European identity beyond boundaries : conceptualising a future European community." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26128.

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This thesis maintains that the study and practice of European integration is hindered by an unquestioned and all-embracing conceptual foundation, derived from 17th/18th century political thought. By virtue of identity-related assumptions including 'nation-state', 'nationalism', and 'sovereignty', which rest on an exclusive binary distinction between "self" and "other", this foundation is inadequate and anachronistic as a theoretical lens through which to understand the dynamics of contemporary Europe.<br>Chapter 1 reveals the inadequacy of existing theories of European integration, and Chapter 2 traces this inadequacy to the issue of identity, tying it in with a modern identity crisis. It is argued that the theory and practice of European integration in the 1990's depends on a fundamental reconceptualisation of identity, to eliminate the conceptual rigidity of exclusive self/other binary distinction, and so to provide the basis for a new kind of European identity. In Chapter 3, the framework of a new "non-fixed", "non-essential" and pragmatic identity (and therefore European identity), beyond the self/other boundaries of contemporary thought, is elaborated through the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida, and its effect on the study and practice of European integration is assessed.
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Wilkes, George Richardson. "British attitudes to the European Economic Community, 1956-63." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619704.

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Waitt, G. R. "International specialisation of manufacturing activity and economic integration within the European Economic Community." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384256.

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Korres, George M. "Technological performance in Greece within the European community." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281667.

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Field, Heather. "Consequences of concentration on the CAP for European integration." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123114.

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This sub-thesis deals with the concentration of the European Community (EC) on the Common Agricultural Policy or CAP as its main policy to date, and the consequences of this for the process of integration. This process of integration is considered to be both economic and political, with both the economic welfare and the influence in international affairs of the integrated whole, the European Community, being greater than the sum of these from the individual parts, in this case the member states.
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Koh, Jae Bang. "Regional disadvantages and economic and political integration within the European Community /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487778663286902.

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Haidar, Abdulhassan Hassan. "The legal framework of the external relations of the European Economic Community and the European coal and steel community with Lebanon." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402691.

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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.

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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries.  The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement.  It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion.  They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion.  The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
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Klingensmith, James Meade Jr. "Reinventing Britain: British National Identity and the European Economic Community, 1967-1975." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1337116642.

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Books on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Hitiris, T. European Community economics. 2nd ed. St. Martin's Press, 1991.

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Hitiris, T. European Community economics. 3rd ed. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Assistance Committee., ed. European Community. O.E.C.D., 1996.

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Hitiris, Theodore. European Community economics. 2nd ed. Harverster Wheatsheaf, 1991.

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Hitiris, Theodore. European Community economics. 3rd ed. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994.

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Hitiris, Theodore. European Community economics. 2nd ed. St. Martin's Press, 1991.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Assistance Committee., ed. European Community. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.

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Commission of the European Communities. Spokesman's Service., ed. European Community: Economic indicators. Commission of the European Communities, Spokesman's Service, 1989.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., ed. European Community: Economic issues. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. European Community: Economic issues. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Goodman, S. F. "Economic Performance." In The European Community. Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20904-0_6.

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El-Agraa, Ali M. "The European Community." In International Economic Integration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09163-8_4.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Community." In International Economic Institutions. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_7.

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Grant, Wyn. "The European Community." In The Politics of Economic Policy. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14903-2_8.

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McCormick, John. "The European Economic Community." In European Union Politics. Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-45340-2_6.

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Peters, G. H. "The European Economic Community." In Agriculture. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3448-2_11.

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Macbean, A. I., and P. N. Snowden. "The European Economic Community." In International Institutions in Trade and Finance. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003226987-8.

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Shaw, Josephine. "Economic Integration and the Law: an Introduction." In European Community Law. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13078-8_11.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Community. Economic Union." In International Economic Institutions. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_8.

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Harvey, J. "The European Economic Community (EEC)." In Modern Economics Student’s Notebook. Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-81181-6_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Goitia-Zabaleta, Nerea, Ane Feijoo-Arostegui, Aitor Milo, Haizea Gaztañaga, and Elvira Fernandez. "Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Battery-as-a-Service Business Model in an Energy Community." In 2024 20th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem60825.2024.10608910.

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Mardache, Andreea �. Claudia, and Maria Catalina Ruptasu. "MIGRATION OF ROMANIANS TO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. REASONS, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s07/44.

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With the fall of the communist regime and Romania�s accession to the European Union, international migration of Romanians has increased. Romania is one of the countries with the most intense migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, significantly impacting both the Romanian society and destination countries. Although this social phenomenon has been studied from various perspectives, the present research aims to examine in depth the lives and experiences of those who have chosen to emigrate: the reasons for their decision to relocate, their perceptions of the host country, and of the country of origin, the difficulties and strategies of integration, as well as their prospects. In order to answer these questions, we conducted qualitative research using in-depth interviews as data collection method. Although economic reasons are among the main reasons why Romanians choose to emigrate, social and cultural factors also play an essential role in their decision not to return to Romania. For the country of origin, migration can have unintended consequences: a decrease in the country�s human capital and experts in certain fields. At the same time, migration can harm family life through separation from loved ones and difficulties in maintaining ties with the Romanian community and culture. A deeper understanding of this complex phenomenon can identify both the benefits and challenges of Romanian migration and ways to manage and maximise its potential for Romania and Romanians.
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Lekashvili, Eka. "CHALLENGES OF GEORGA�S ENERGY POLICY IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/4.2/s16.02.

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Georgia's positioning in the context of the European Union's foreign energy policy has become the subject of discussion in the context of the threats coming from the current Russia-Ukraine war. At the same time, determining the effectiveness of the country's energy policy is related to the seventh Sustainable Development Goal - affordable and safe energy. In 2016, Georgia signed the protocol of joining the Energy Community, which determines the conditions for the introduction of EU energy legislation in Georgia in order to deepen Georgia's energy integration with the EU. The purpose of the study is to offer recommendations for the formation of an effective energy policy of Georgia, taking into account the demand for integration with the EU. In terms of theoretical approach, the work is based on the views of the followers of the Neorealist School of international relations, where the issue of energy security dominates. In the research process, Georgian energy policy documents, projects, reports of national and international organizations on energy policy, as well as general directives of the European Union were studied, as they determine energy policy priorities, such as sustainable energy development, energy efficiency improvement and use of renewable energy sources. The research is based on using the political-economic analysis method. The research was conducted also using the method of bibliographic research and comparative analysis: the problems of Georgia's energy policy, their causes and consequences are analyzed; Recommendations for an effective policy of energy integration between Georgia and the European Union have been developed. The use of research foundlings will help to define differentiated tasks and activities for the development of energy development policy in Georgia.
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Mendes, Goncalo, Samuli Honkapuro, Chris Marnay, Christos Ioakimidis, and Paulo Ferrao. "Community Microgrid Systems: Economic Resilience and Challenges Ahead." In 2018 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2018.8469848.

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Antoci, Natalia, Pietro Ianquinta, Iris Cekani, and Francesco Favia. "Fostering growth: promoting economic relations in European Union for Moldova diaspora empowerment." In International Scientific Conference "Modern Paradigms in the Development of the National and World Economy", 17th Edition. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/mpdnwe2024.07.

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Purpose of the article: This article explores the influence of the evolving economic relationship between Italy and the Republic of Moldova on the strengthening of the Moldovan diaspora in Italy. By examining the multifaceted dimensions of this relationship, the study aims to highlight how economic ties can foster community cohesion and support among Moldovans living abroad. Methodology: The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. Surveys were conducted among members of the Moldovan diaspora in Italy to gather insights into their perceptions of economic opportunities and community dynamics. Additionally, interviews with key stakeholders, including policymakers and community leaders, were undertaken to contextualize the economic developments and their effects on diaspora consolidation. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the strengthening of economic ties between Italy and the Republic of Moldova significantly contributes to the cohesion of the Moldovan diaspora. Increased investment opportunities, remittances, and business collaborations have fostered a sense of community among Moldovans in Italy, enhancing their cultural identity and support networks. The article concludes that promoting economic relations is crucial for the diaspora's social and economic empowerment. Originality: This study offers a novel perspective on the interplay between economic relations and diaspora dynamics, emphasizing the importance of economic factors in shaping community identity and solidarity. It contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from the Moldovan context and highlighting the broader implications for similar diasporic communities.
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Beniuc, Liliana. "European integration through the prism of the federalization of the European Union." In Conferința științifică națională cu participare internațională "Integrare prin cercetare și inovare", dedicată Zilei Internaționale a Științei pentru Pace și Dezvoltare. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/spd2024s.29.

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The article explores the evolution of the idea of European federalism and the federalist movement in the first half of the 20th century, highlighting the concept of “Europeanism” as a political and ideological expression of various visions of European unity. The research methods include historical and comparative analysis of documents and writings by theorists such as Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and William Penn, alongside the study of contributions from major post-war European political figures. The main findings underscore the role of the Treaty of Paris (1951) and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Economic Community in shaping contemporary European federalism. The paper emphasizes the challenges of implementing federalism, such as harmonizing national legislations and the competencies of national governments with those of the European Union. Additionally, the success of EU federalization depends on respecting the historical, economic, and cultural traditions of member states and maintaining a balance between Union and national competencies to mitigate centrifugal forces and stimulate cooperation.
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Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.

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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
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Kaufmane, Dace. "Community cooperation for tourism development." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.54.018.

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Cooperation and research on related issues in the tourism sector is still topical as virtually no new tourism offer is possible without cooperation. This has been confirmed by previous studies. However, in the context of community initiatives, cooperation in tourism has not been analysed very much. The aim of the paper is to analyse community cooperation in rural tourism development on the basis of content analysis of the LEADER projects and previous studies on collaboration. Cooperation is based on the understanding and exchange of information facilitated by existing and new forms of common actions between public and private actors. The results reveal that community cooperation for the development of rural tourism in Latvia can be seen as structural with the Rural Support Service as a central actor, which is responsible for the uniform implementation of the state’s and European Union’s support policy in Latvia, monitors compliance with agricultural legislation and regulates the conditions of all involved. At regional level, cooperation is coordinated by rural partnerships and governed by their strategies that sets clear objectives for local action in communities.
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Gila, Cristina Iulia. "Challenges and Achievements of European Education Ministers on Information Exchange and Collaboration within the European Economic Community between 60s and 80s." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/25.

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This article examines the concerns of all national education systems in Europe regarding exchanges of information, ideas and collaborations since the beginning of the configuration of the European Community in the 1960s. The idea of working together member states for a better future for the younger generation was found both in the documents of the Conferences of Heads of State on Education and in the consultations of education experts. This was pointed out by education ministers, such as Edgar Faure or Olivier Guichard, in France, who made strong arguments, demonstrating responsibility for action for future generations. Although the beginning was difficult, in the 1960s the documents referred to the education of the children of migrant workers, the importance of learning modern languages, the recognition of diplomas. In the 1980s, meetings at the level of education ministers highlighted a deepening and strengthening of cooperation to adapt language teaching models, expand the study of European history and European institutions in secondary education increasing access to education for children with special needs, setting up school spaces for language learning, but especially the creation of a European Centre for Education.
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Gilca, Constantin. "Перспективы евроинтеграции Республики Молдова и конституционная составляющая". У International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2023.17.25.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages апd about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed for war (coal and steel). The founding members of ECSC have determined that this European project will not only be developed in order to share resources or to prevent various conflicts in the region. Thus, the Rome Treaty of 1957 created the European Economic Community (EEC), which strengthened the political and economic relations between The six founding states.
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Reports on the topic "European Economic Community"

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Torrent, Ramón. Looking to the Future of EU's External Economic Relations Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007898.

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Page, Sheila. How to Deepen the Dialogue between the Andean Community and the EU. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011123.

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This paper discusses the European Union trade policy making process and implications for the Andean community. The European Union (EU) divides its agreements with other countries into three types: neighbourhood, trade and development, and is currently classifying the negotiations with the Andean Community as development. The Andean Community must examine how the EU has approached its agreements in the past and what the Andean countries need from an agreement, and decide whether it wants to negotiate on the trade or development models. In the light of this choice, it must then identify the negotiating approaches, the non-governmental allies, and the economic and social information which will be most effective in convincing the EC and the EU member countries to sign a favourable agreement. This document was presented by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the Andean Subregional Meeting held on April 23rd and 24th, 2007 in Lima, Peru.
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Gafner, Stefan, and Josef Brinckmann. Adulteration of European Elder (Sambucus nigra) Berries and Berry Extracts. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/dgms7687.

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This bulletin aims to provide general information on European elder (Sambucus nigra, syn. S. nigra subsp. nigra) berry (often spelled “elderberry”) and berries from other Sambucus species in commerce, such as American elder (S. canadensis, syn. S. nigra subsp. canadensis), blue elder (S. cerulea, syn. S. nigra subsp. cerulea), and dwarf elder (S. ebulus), and berry extracts as ingredients in dietary supplements and food products and summarize the available information on adulteration, mislabeling, counterfeiting, and fraud of elder berry extract and its products (e.g. capsules, syrups, et al.). It also provides information on trade and market dynamics, laboratory methods for detecting adulteration, and economic and safety implications for the consumer, health professional, and industry. It may be used as guidance for quality control personnel, members of the international phytomedicine and botanical supplement industries, and the extended natural products community in general.
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4

Moccero, Diego, and Carlos Winograd. Macroeconomic Coordination Policies: Why and How?: From Europe to MERCOSUR. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011153.

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This paper was prepared within the framework of "Deeper Integration of MERCOSUR: Dealing with Disparities", a joint initiative between the Integration and Regional Programs Department and the Operations Department 1 of the Inter-American Development Bank. Given the relatively lower political incentives for interdependence in MERCOSUR than in the European experience, economic disturbances and economic lobbies may prevail in times of crisis increasing the risks of derailing the integration process. The authors of this paper draw from the lessons from the European experience of macroeconomic coordination since the early days of the European Economic Community and discuss the main differences between MERCOSUR and the European Union regarding the economic and institutional environment. In the first section of the paper, they combine the lessons obtained from the European experience and the fundamental disparities to be faced in the MERCOSUR to design a specific macroeconomic policy coordination agenda for the region. In the second section they account for the European history of macroeconomic coordination, whereas the third section analyses the main disparities constraining the cooperation policies in MERCOSUR. In light of the previous sections, the fourth part of the study will discuss the appropriate design of macroeconomic coordination in the region, with the fifth section containing the conclusions.
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Hosein, Roger, and Jeetendra Khadan. Trade, Economic and Welfare Impacts of the CARICOM-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011767.

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This paper estimates the trade, revenue, and welfare effects of the proposedCaribbean Community (CARICOM)-Canada free trade agreement (FTA) on CARICOM countries using a partial equilibrium model. The welfare analysis also takes into account the Economic Partnership Agreement, which was signed in 2008 by the CARIFORUM (CARICOM and the Dominican Republic) countries and the European Union. The revealed comparative advantage index, trade complementarity index, and transition probability matrices are used to examine the dynamics of comparative advantage for CARICOM countries' exports to Canada. The results obtained from the partial equilibrium model indicate adverse revenue and welfare effects for CARICOM member states. The results from various trade indices used do not provide evidence to suggest that an FTA between CARICOM countries and Canada can improve trade outcomes.
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Kaufmann, Joachim, Peter Kaufmann, Karin Petzlberger, and Harald Wieser. Lightweight construction in Austria. Status quo, trends, and policy options for the Austrian and European light-weight community, with a focus on mobility. BMK - Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.639.

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Lightweight construction, as a set of cross-sectional technologies, has the potential to contribute to several challenges, which are prevalent now and in the near future. Starting from the mobility sector, which has traditionally been a key driver for innovation for lightweighting, it has the potential to contribute to resource and energy efficiency in a broad set of sectors and locations as long as it does not contradict, i.e., complies with the principles of a circular economy. This study investigates lightweight construction in Austria. For that purpose, we identify relevant actors in Austria, show the economic significance of the lightweight construction sector, and present the development of applied research projects in different lightweight relevant technology fields supported by the Austrian R&amp;D agency FFG. Subsequently, we present the research and development potentials for Austrian companies as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks of lightweight construction in Austria. We finally set the Austrian lightweight construction ‘sector’ in an international context, based on Horizon research funding data, a comprehensive overview of lightweight topics at international congresses, and an investigation of the importance of lightweight construction at the strategic level in selected countries.
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7

Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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8

Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the context of growing debt burdens and lack of external support for country budgets. Such austerity has been built into IMF programmes in the region. Recovering from the pandemic, however, offers SADC governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to do what their citizens want: increase taxes on the wealthy and large corporations, boost public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), and increase workers’ rights as well as tackling joblessness and precarious work. With external support, including through debt relief and aid, they could reduce inequality drastically and eliminate extreme poverty by 2030.
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9

Mosquera, Stephania, and Macarena Larrea. The value of electricity grids for the competitiveness of the Basque Country. Universidad de Deusto, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18543/zhax2253.

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The energy transition to decarbonisation involves new investments in electricity grids to integrate renewables, electric vehicle charging, and active consumer engagement. However, while worldwide investment in renewables has almost doubled since 2010, investment in grids has remained stable at USD 300 billion per year, becoming a bottleneck for the transition. Considering this and the existing entrepreneurship in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (ACBC) around electricity grids, this report aims to present the value of electricity grids by applying the Orkestra competitiveness framework (2021). This framework includes economic-business and welfare results, referencing the dynamic levers on which it will be possible to influence (natural capital, physical capital, financing, knowledge, human capital, and social and institutional capital). It also includes references to investment needs in the European Union (EU) and Spain regarding grids and a reflection on the opportunities associated with these investments for the companies of the value chain of electricity grids in the Basque Country.
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Aguiar Borges, Luciane, and Ana de Jesus. SiEUGreen White Paper with best practices. Nordregio, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:81403-2503.

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This report explores the potential of Urban Agriculture (UA) to enhance food security, improve resource efficiency, and promote smart, resilient, and circular cities. The discussion is framed within the scope of the Horizon 2020 project ‘Sino-European Innovative Green and Smart Cities’ (SiEUGreen) which explored different pathways to turn waste into resources for growing food in cities through the combination of different technologies. These technologies were tested in five showcases: Campus Ås, in Ås, Norway; World Gardens and Brabrand Fællesgartneriet community gardens in Aarhus, Denmark; Turunçlu greenhouse in Atakya, Turkey; Sanyuan Farm, in Beijing, and Futiancangjun residential area in Changsha, China. The insights and knowledge gained with these showcases were the basis to discuss the barriers and drivers of UA in the transition to more sustainable and resilient circular cities, across five aspects (1) environmental, (2) technological, (3) economic, (4) social and cultural and (5) regulatory and institutional issues. The results suggest that city food provision and UA systems can be designed considering circular economy regenerative cycles, but it is important to promote local research that can highlight policy solutions to address context-related barriers and limitations. Among the main lessons learned across the different aspects, we highlight: - The need for more evidence-based research, clear monitoring tools and evaluation/assessment of the different UA typologies and their impact on the environment, society and economy; - The implementation of innovative technological developments that support and promote UA for reduce; reuse, recycle/recover resources require more experimentation, large-scale tests and validation both concerning their efficiency, positive environmental impacts, as well as economic viability; - The need for high investments, difficulties accessing financial support, underdeveloped business case for circular resource models, and limited recognition of the positive and indirect economic, environmental benefits of UA are among the main barriers that limit the uptake of agriculture in cities; - Despite the significant role UA can play in advancing a circular economy (e.g., by supporting sustainable local food systems, promoting community resilience and reducing waste), behaviour and cultural barriers were found to have a deep impact when fostering a closed-loop approach to UA, especially concerning overcoming prejudice against waste as a resource, - Local governance and public policy play a central role in framing and supporting UA (e.g., incentives, funding, regulatory frameworks) as a pathway that enables close loops in cities.
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