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Journal articles on the topic 'European Economic Community countries - Commercial policy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

PĂUN, Nicolae. "The EEC and Comecon: A Difficult Relationship, 1960-1974." Journal of European Integration History 26, no. 1 (2020): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2020-1-127.

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The degree of economic integration attained within Comecon never came close to the one fostered by the policies within the European Economic Community, notably the Common Commercial Policy. Moreover, the relations between the two entities were hindered by the fact that the Moscow-driven bloc fell short of granting recognition to the EEC, with trade relations being organized in the form of bilateral agreements between countries from both sides of the Iron Curtain, until the mid-1970s. This study chiefly relies on Romanian archives, which demonstrate the specific interests of socialist countries

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2

Nacewska-Twardowska, Aleksandra. "Regionalism and multilateralism in trade policy of the European Union." Equilibrium 4, no. 1 (2010): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.012.

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Foreign trade is one of the main expressions of international cooperation in the world, which indicates the specific location of trade policy in the policy of the countries or organizations. The history of trade shows the existence of two opposite trade coordinating practices: regional and multilateral. In the post-war history, there can be seen the coexistence of both trends. An excellent example of this is the European Union, where both practice of coordination the trade policy unite. On the one hand, the Community is in itself an exception to the principle of trade liberalization on a multi

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Gotsova, Boryana. "The Gordian Knot of European Union Competence: Commercial Aspects of Intellectual Property After the Judgment in Case C-414/11Daiichi Sankyo." German Law Journal 15, no. 3 (2014): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019027.

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The division of external competences between the European Union and the Member States is a long-standing object of contention for constitutional and practical reasons. The competence to negotiate and conclude international agreements in a given area has as many highly political implications as concrete policy-making ones. This tension is well illustrated by the field of the commercial aspects of intellectual property. Community, and later Union, competence over this area was established only gradually. After multiple Treaty revisions and legal disputes over competence, the Treaty of Lisbon now

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BAGRAM, MUHAMMAD MAJID MAHMOOD, AKBAR ABBAS BANGASH, and ZARA KIRAN. "Aspects of Corporate Governance in Developing Countries." International Review of Management and Business Research 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/10-1(2021)-1.

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This research article throws light on the impacts of Corporate Governance in the developing countries particularly to Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil and Bangladesh. The paper starts with discussions on how and when there is an alteration in different features of company administration during the practice of financial advancing in Mexico. It encompasses ultimately the impact of transforms in the replica of business control regarding the expansion of the state e.g. enlargement in purchaser commodities in favour of central group buyers, growth revelation through home firms, fewer help in favour of comm

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Sherman, Richard L. "{BLR 1142} Commercial Partnering - European Economic Community." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 2 (1991): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.97.

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Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.

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Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic cr

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CZECH, Mirosław. "PAN – EUROPEAN TRANSPORT CORRIDORS IN THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.4.

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The issue of organising efficient transport within Europe is one of the areas of a common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative process since May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and the economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community but also have a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimed at improving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic develo

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CZECH, Mirosław. "Pan-European transport corridors in the policy of the European Union." Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.100.

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The issue of organizing efficient transport with in Europe is one of the areas of the common policy of the European Union, shaped for over 30 years. Poland has been participating in this creative processsince May 1, 2004. The intensity of the development of transport and economy of individual countries that do not only belong to the Community has a significant impact on changes in the European Union's transport policy aimedatimproving the course of pan-European transport corridors. In parallel with the creation of an effective European transport network, the rapid economic development of the r

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9

McMahon, Joseph A. "International Agricultural Trade Reform and Developing Countries: The Case of the European Community." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1998): 632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062205.

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We are all aware that agriculture is important to developing countries as a source of income, employment and export earnings. To a far greater extent than in the OECD countries, agriculture it central to the economic performance of developing countries and the livelihood of their inhabitants. Rural societies in developing countries are directly dependent on the agricultural sector and urban dwellers rely on agriculture to provide food security and sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, many developing countries heavily rely on the export earnings or are highly dependent on food imports. Giv

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10

Schaad, Martin. "Plan G – A ‘Counterblast’? British Policy towards the Messina Countries, 1956." Contemporary European History 7, no. 01 (1998): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004756.

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As the new Labour government has declared its intention to enhance Britain's role in Europe, there is renewed interest in the chequered history of Anglo-European relations. Of particular relevance in view of the present policy reappraisal is the period between 1955 and 1963, as the challenge here is to account for perhaps the most fundamental policy reversal: from Britain's refusal to take part in the common market project launched by the six member countries of the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC) at the Messina conference to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's effort to negotiate entry

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11

Kovacevic, Maja. "International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 2 (2018): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.

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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the

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12

Basov, F. "German Policy towards EU Enlargement." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-18-22.

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This article is dedicated to the German policy towards the EU enlargement. Its history as well as the current German policy towards prospective enlargements are analyzed in this paper. The article offers party-political and sociological analysis of Germany`s attitude towards the EU enlargement, also the reasons for it are determined. FRG supported all of the European Community and European Union enlargements. This line is being continued, but nowadays only step to step approach is being supported. Germany‘s motives to the EU enlargement are based on the liberal concept of the common security.

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13

Perrons, D. "Measuring Equal Opportunities in European Employment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (1994): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261195.

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The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place arou

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14

Ruda, Victoria. "Emergence and Development of the Foreign Political Dimension of the EU: PreMaastricht Period." European Historical Studies, no. 7 (2017): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.07.6-16.

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Almost from the very outset the development of the common foreign policy and establishing the common defense have been the main aims of the European Community, but the real cooperation in these fields turned out to be quite complex and run into certain obstacles. As part of the European Community, the member states realize the necessity to comply with the common policy in order to become a full-fledged member on the political arena, but this does not take their fears to lose their national sovereignty and to give up some political advantages acquired through either the geographical position or

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Grieco, Joseph M. "The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the neo-realist research programme." Review of International Studies 21, no. 1 (1995): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117504.

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With the Treaty on European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, into force in November 1993, the member-states of the European Community (EC) appeared to be embarking on a far-reaching enterprise to enhance the authority of Community institutions. Continuing a process that had begun with the Single European Act (SEA), into force in 1987, Maastricht increased the powers of the European Parliament. It established mechanisms whereby EC countries were to seek to improve policy coordination in such diverse areas as social affairs, high technology, border controls, immigration, and anti-crime efforts.

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16

Leczykiewicz, Dorota. "Common Commercial Policy: The Expanding Competence of the European Union in the Area of International Trade." German Law Journal 6, no. 11 (2005): 1673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200014607.

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The European Union (EU) acts in the area of international trade through the community's commercial policy regulated by the European Community (EC) Treaty. The position of the Union in external trade relations is dependant on the unique legal character of this entity. By developing a legal order which is supreme to the law of its Member States, and creating a complex system of institutions and modes of decision-making, the Community has ceased to be a mere representative of the countries it comprises. The increasing transfer of competences from the Member States onto the community allowed it to

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Stojanovic, Boban, and Snezana Radukic. "EU environmental policy and competitiveness." Panoeconomicus 53, no. 4 (2006): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0604471s.

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Protection of the environment was not a specific importance to the Community although the Treaty of Rome expressly specified that "health, safety environmental protection" shall be based on "a high level of protection". In deciding upon a framework for a European environmental policy, the Community was also responding to increased public awareness of the problem and concerns about the state of the natural and man-made environment. During the past years, competitiveness concerns have dominated the EU policy debate, in the course of which a growing consensus is being developed on the importance

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18

Sobczak, Wioleta, and Elżbieta Radziewicz. "CORRELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC DEBT LEVEL IN SELECT COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 20, no. 1 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2021.20.1.6.

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The complex correlation between public debt and economic growth is very important and is a focus of research within the scientific community and among policy makers. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between the level of public debt and the level of economic growth in select European Union countries. It is an empirical study of the transmission mechanisms and impact of public debt on economic growth in countries which joined the European Union in 2004 or later. The time range of the analyses covers the years 2000–2019. Estimation of the model parameters shows that t

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19

Paixão Casaca, Ana Cristina, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Protectionist vs liberalised maritime cabotage policies: a review." Maritime Business Review 3, no. 3 (2018): 210–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-03-2018-0011.

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Purpose The development of the current European economic area maritime cabotage market occurred when, at a policy level, the European Union forced the opening of its member-states cabotage markets to Community shipowners and extended this openness, in 1997, to the european free trade area countries. A two-tier cabotage market emerged, where a European economic area legislative framework co-exists with the legislative acts of each member-state. With such a unique background, this paper aims to investigate both the European economic area member-states and the rest of the world cabotage regimes a

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20

Pedersen, Knud. "Prostitution or Sex Work in the Common Market?" International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 4 (1994): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/geww-82bn-f5v6-837e.

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Prostitution has recently come under public and political scrutiny in the countries of the European Economic Community. A “pro-prostitution” lobby is promoting a program that portrays prostitution as sex work, which has provoked much debate. The author describes the debate, putting forward two paradigms of prostitution: the functionalist versus the socially critical views.

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21

Gavrilov, Doina. "Europeanization of Turkey and the Long Way to EU Membership." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 86 (March 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.86.1.

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For a few decades, Europe watches Turkey evolution in a matter of politics, policy, policies, human rights and so on. Everything begins in 1959 when Turkey applies to associate membership to the European Economic Community. But unfortunately for Turkey, the accession to the Community was not to accomplish. In time, the European Economic Community became the European Union. The organization pass through the enlargement process multiple times that today it is the Union of the 28 countries, but still without Turkey as a member. After all this time, a question is raised: what drags Turkey from ach

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22

Noiriel, Gérard. "“Civil Rights” Policy in the United States and the Policy of “Integration” in Europe: Divergent Approaches to a Similar Issue." Journal of Policy History 6, no. 1 (1994): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003651.

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Comparing European and North American policies with respect to “civil rights” is a difficult exercise for two reasons. First, it is important to emphasize that Europe and the United States are not political entities of a same nature. Granted, the fact that the nations that today comprise Europe are heirs of common history explains in part the similarities in their political behavior and distinguishes them as a group from the “New World.” Yet in the American case, despite the country's federalist structure and the existence of fifty states within the Union, we are dealing with a single nation,

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23

Bošković, Gorica, and Ana Stojković. "Industrial Policy As The European Union Competitiveness Factor On The Global Market." Economic Themes 52, no. 3 (2014): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0019.

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Abstract The union of the most developed European countries and their heavy industry based economies after the World War II, seemed like the only answer to USA’s and Japan’s powerful economies. At the same time, it was the only chance for Europe to become competitive in the global market. That was achieved through various forms of economic communities, formed in Europe in the second half of XX century. Since the 1992. Maastricht Treaty, they are known as the European Union. European Union industrial policy had the same priorities since the very beginning – to make Europe the leader of global e

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Haase-Kromwijk, Bernadette, Frans du Pré, and Bernard Cohen. "Organ Transplantation and European Community Law: The Case of Non-Residents." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 3 (1997): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200308.

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Objectives: The role of the European Union in influencing health care policies in member states is of increasing importance. The Eurotransplant Foundation is an organization which provides donor organs to the most suitable transplant recipients. It covers a region of five countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands). As there is a severe shortage of donor organs within its region, registration of so-called non-resident patients on the waiting lists aggravates this shortage. Could European Community law, especially rules on competition, limit Eurotransplant's freedom to in

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Moravcsik, Andrew. "De Gaulle Between Grain and Grandeur: The Political Economy of French EC Policy, 1958–1970 (Part 1)." Journal of Cold War Studies 2, no. 2 (2000): 3–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15203970051032291.

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The thousands of books and articles on President Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration all accord primary explanatory importance to his distinctive geopolitical ideology. These analyses place secondary significance, if any at all, on commercial considerations. This two-part article seeks to revise that historiographical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration taken by France during de Gaulle's presidency: to remain in the Common Market and promote the Common Agricultural Policy, to propose the Fouchet Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British

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Coulmas, Florian. "Language Policy and Planning: Political Perspectives." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002804.

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Since World War II, the political order that divided the world into nationstates has been remarkably stable. The balance of terror during the Cold War prevented major changes in the world system. With minor exceptions, such as the emergence of Singapore as an independent polity shortly after the foundation of Malaysia and the breakup of highly artificial geographically divided Pakistan into two separate states, even most of the countries that had come into existence as the result of decolonization did not change their borders. However, while the bi-polar system of the political and military st

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Teixeira, Sergio Jesus, Carla Maria Lopes Casteleiro, Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues, and Maria Dulce Guerra. "Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship in European countries." International Journal of Innovation Science 10, no. 1 (2018): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-07-2017-0062.

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Purpose This study aims to pursue better understanding and investigation of the factor that can have an impact on the level of entrepreneurial activity. To achieve this, statistical analysis was conducted. Indicators from 22 countries of the European Union were reunited to compare the differences between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach To analyse entrepreneurial intentions in Europe, two databases of the Global Databases Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) were used, namely, “GEM NES Key Indicators 2007-2015” and “GEM APS Key Indicators 2001-2015”, availa

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Derado, Dražen. "THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALISATION AMONG THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Tourism and hospitality management 12, no. 1 (2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.12.1.1.

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Trade liberalisation brings long-term benefits. Nonetheless, in order to be able to realise those benefits, a creation of a competitive economic structure is required, which would make it possible to successfully participate in the international division of labour. Building from this fact, this paper analyzes the effects of trade liberalisation between the SEEC. To that end, a method of intra-industry trade has been applied on the example of Croatia, in order to establish dynamic effects of changes in trade flows. Low level of trade integration and weak midterm growth prospects in inter-sector

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Dielini, Maryna. "STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESPONSIBILITY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE." Economic Analysis, no. 27(4) (2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.04.036.

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Introduction. The Ukraine’s integration into the European community is impossible without learning the experience of European countries in many spheres. Social responsibility of business becomes a significant element in strengthening the competitiveness of our enterprises and the state in general on the world level. The development of socially responsible practices can influence not only the society, but also business representatives themselves, namely: improving the image of the company, increasing the number of consumers, attracting and retaining more skilled personnel, etc. In Ukraine, the

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Wallace, Helen. "Pan‐European Integration: A Real or Imagined Community?" Government and Opposition 32, no. 2 (1997): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00159.x.

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EUROPEAN INTEGRATION — THE PHRASE WAS USED SO EASILY TO connote a process that might, over a period, incorporate most of the continent. But in the four decades when the cold war segmented Europe the notion of extensive integration seemed irrelevant; in practice integration has been consolidated as an essentially West European phenomenon. The policy scope, the economic application, the security implications and the institutional frameworks of integration became concentrated around the core countries of Western Europe. Similarly the underpinning understandings about solidarity and mutual commitm

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Fatalski, Marcin. "Foreign Policy of the Polish People’s Republic on Mexico 1945-1989." Ad Americam 19 (February 8, 2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.19.2018.19.04.

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In the period between 1945-1989, Polish-Mexican relations were determined by the Cold War rivalry. Poland remained in the Soviet sphere of influence and its sovereignty was limited by Moscow. Although controlled by the Kremlin, Poland had its own initiatives in foreign policy. Warsaw considered Mexico to be the most important partner in Latin America (not to mention the communist ally, Castro of Cuba), thus Polish diplomacy made many efforts to strengthen mutual political, cultural and economic relations. Mexico, with its independent foreign policy, progressive state ideology and tremendous ma

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Rudner, Martin. "European Community Development Assistance to Asia: Policies, Programs and Performance." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (1992): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015912.

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The European Community is distinctive among the donors of international development assistance. Although it is categorized officially as a multilateral aid institution, the Community differs in structure, purpose and role compared to other, more familiar organizations of that genre. Like other multilaterals, the European Community derives its aid budget, as well as its other financial resources, from the fiscal contributions of its Member states (each of which provides its own bilateral assistance to developing countries). Yet, to be sure, the Community represents more than just a multilateral

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Béresné Mártha, Bernadett. "Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2818.

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Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to red

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Janků, Martin. "The Lisbon Treaty and Changes in the Legal Rules on the Common Commercial Policy." EU agrarian Law 6, no. 1 (2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2017-0002.

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Abstract The EU Lisbon Treaty 2007 (LT) brings some changes for the common commercial policy (CCP) and the decision-making processes related to it. CCP is newly included in the one area with all the external activities of the EU, with foreign and security policy, international environmental policy, development aid and economic, financial and technical cooperation with third countries. The fundamental areas of the CCP have been expanded to include foreign direct investment, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. The EU’s exclusive competence for external negotiation

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De Bièvre, Aline, and J. F. Kemp. "The Environment, COST-301 and Coastal State Policy." Journal of Navigation 39, no. 3 (1986): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000795.

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This paper was presented at a seminar entitled a European Concerted Approach to Vessel Traffic Services for Safe Navigation – EEC Project COST-301, sponsored jointly by the Institute's Netherlands branch and the Royal Institute of Engineers, Delft University of Technology and the Netherlands Directorate General for Shipping and Maritime Affairs held in Delft on 20 January 1986. It was published under the auspices of the European Environmental Bureau, an independent coalition body of leading environmental organizations in all the European Economic Community countries (with a total membership of

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Valantiejus, Gediminas. "Legal Aspects of the Implementation of European Union’s Common Commercial Policy: Lithuanian Experience and Practice." Economics and Culture 13, no. 2 (2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jec-2016-0008.

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Abstract The Common Commercial Policy is the essential basis of the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), which, in particular, is a free trade area between the 28 Member States with a common external customs tariff and a common foreign trade policy as well as common trade rules with the third countries. Implementation of this policy is characterized by the fact that it is based on an exclusive competence of the EU, which after the Treaty of Lisbon (2009) became even more apparent. Therefore the countries of the EU should follow the same legal principles and rules in the regulation of their f

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Kaivo-oja, Jari, Samuli Aho, and Theresa Lauraéus. "European COVID -19 Pandemic Data and Social Inclusion Policy in the European Union: Drivers-Driven Trend Analysis." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (2021): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0007.

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Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the European Union. This study investigates the current driving trends and trade-offs of the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon and social inclusion trends in the European countries. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The study investigates cases, deaths, and key Covid-19 statistics. The research design combines key social inclusion statistics of the Eurostat and the official Covid-19 statistics of the European Centre for Disease Preventio

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Stępień, Sebastian, and Andrzej Czyżewski. "Quo vadis Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union?" Management 23, no. 2 (2019): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0032.

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Summary The agricultural policy of the European Union - Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - was introduced in the 1960s as the first EU policy. Over the next decades it constituted the largest share in the expenditure of the EU budget. Today, although cohesion policy has replaced it in the first place, it is still being prioritized by the countries of the Community. Observation of the next financial perspectives, however, allows to conclude that the nature of the CAP is changing, which is a manifestation of the evolution of views on the role of the food sector in the economic development of the

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Dragomir, Elena. "Romania and the Beginning of CMEA Controversies over a Common Trade Policy Towards the EEC, 1969–1972." European History Quarterly 50, no. 3 (2020): 495–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420938656.

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This article examines Romania’s opposition to the attempts of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the early 1970s to adopt a common trade policy towards the European Economic Community (EEC). The article covers the period between 1969, when the CMEA embarked on negotiations regarding the deepening of the intra-bloc cooperation and integration, and 1 January 1973, which is the date marking the end of the derogations that the Eastern European states received with regard to the implementation of the EEC’s Common Commercial Policy. The article focuses on Romania’s reasons and tact

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KURZER, PAULETTE. "Unemployment in Open Economies." Comparative Political Studies 24, no. 1 (1991): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414091024001001.

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This article compares variations in the level of unemployment in four small, open economies-Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Rather than focusing on the political-institutional differences between these four countries, the article examines international economic variables such as the role of the European Monetary System, the structure of foreign trade, and linkages to international markets to understand the greater deterioration of employment in Belgium and the Netherlands. In turn, the decision to join the European Community and to seek firmer integration into financial markets

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Zaidan, Saja Fattah. "The most prominent political ideas of the BRICS group." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 14 (March 2, 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i14.120.

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BRICS is a model of intellectual diversity. The group comprises five countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), which are the initials of the names of these countries, and the intellectual diversity emanating from the ideas of the systems and societies of these countries individually, as well as their ideas combined Through joint action within this international community, the constituent countries of this group are culturally diverse (Asian, Latin, African and European civilizations), and these civilizations carry a dynamic and effective intellectual structure in the internati

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Lymar, Margaryta. "European integration in the foreign policy of Dwight Eisenhower." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 7 (2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.27-36.

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The article deals with European integration processes through the prism of the President Eisenhower foreign policy. The transatlantic relations are explored considering the geopolitical transformations in Europe. It is noted that after the end of World War II, Europe needed assistance on the path to economic recovery. Eisenhower initially as Commander in Chief of NATO forces in Europe, and later as the U.S. President, directed his foreign policy efforts to unite the states of Western Europe in their post-war renovating and confronting the communist threat. For that reason, Eisenhower deserved

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Hofmann, Benjamin, Torbjørg Jevnaker, and Philipp Thaler. "Following, Challenging, or Shaping: Can Third Countries Influence EU Energy Policy?" Politics and Governance 7, no. 1 (2019): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1853.

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Can non-EU member states influence the EU’s energy policy? The Europeanization of energy policy in third countries is often described as a one-directional process in which these countries essentially adopt the EU <em>energy acquis</em>. Our article questions this dominant view by exploring whether and how third countries can influence the formulation and implementation of EU energy policy. We argue that relative differences in third country influence depend on their access to relevant venues and actors of EU policy-making as well as their structural power resources. We develop a ty

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Courtis, Kenneth S. "La politique industrielle dans la Communauté économique européenne : Crise et changement." Études internationales 12, no. 2 (2005): 269–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701195ar.

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The ultimate goal of industrial policy is to allow constant improvement in both the quality and standard of living. Necessary conditions to such improvement are full employment at both high, real wages and at increasing rates of productivity. For the European Economic Community, productivity must not only increase absolutely but also relatively, in comparison to other international competitors. Yet during the 60's and early 70's, Europe's competitive position in a number of major industrial sectors weakened, such that the energy shock, when it did come, signaled a reversal in established terms

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Ershov, Vitalii F. "EUROPEAN UNION FINANCIAL POLICY IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY. EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 3 (2020): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-3-10-28.

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The paper deals with the formation of a modern style of financial relations between the European Union and post-Soviet states. The author explores the objectives and features of the implementation of two main components of the European financial policy in the post-Soviet space: investment in the development and commercial activities of private capital. The EU financial policy in the post-Soviet states advances in the context of pan-European humanitarian, geopolitical and energy concepts established at the beginning of the 21st century. Despite certain differences that exist in the approaches o

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Mikita, József, and János Nagy. "Open Method of Coordination in the European research policy." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 27 (November 15, 2007): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/27/3123.

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Research, development and innovation (R+D) are of great importance nowadays as regards the competetiveness and economic growth of any given country. In the European Union the Lisbon Strategy considers R+D as a crutial means to enhance european competetiveness. The EU is substansially lagging behind its main competitors (USA, Japan) in this domain, furthermore developing countries (China, India) have recently been makinggreat progress, thus posing additional challanges to our continent. The EU needs to assess the present situation as soon as possible and meet the latest challenges in the most e

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Anghelache, Constantin, Gabriela Victoria Anghelache, and Mădălina-Gabriela Anghel. "Model of analysis of the evolution of international economic exchanges." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (2019): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0006.

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Abstract The economic activity of a country is achieved both by domestic activity and by international economic and technical-scientific exchanges. International commercial activity is a necessary one nowadays. This is because there is no state capable of performing an autarchic activity. Regardless of of the technical, scientific, resource, and level of development, any state needs to participate in international economic, technical and scientific exchanges. Through international economic exchanges, the need for resources, means of production, labor resources or goods and services is complete

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Ślęzak, Jarosław. "Polityka migracyjna Unii Europejskiej a problem integracji imigrantów w Niemczech, Francji i Holandii." Cywilizacja i Polityka 16, no. 16 (2018): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1598.

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Several stages can be distinguished in the EU migration policy. Member States within the European Communities have adopted internal regulations on economic migrants. Since the 1980s, the process of regulating the migration problem by the countries of the European Community has begun. The most important activities are TREVI agreement, Schengen, the TAMPERE Program, the Hague Program, FRONTEX, EURODAC, the Integrated Border Management Fund and the European Return Fund. The European Union has demonstrated a global approach to migration. The migration crisis has influenced the emergence of a new i

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Majone, Giandomenico. "Cross-National Sources of Regulatory Policymaking in Europe and the United States." Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 1 (1991): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004943.

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ABSTRACTBecause events occur too fast and ideas mature too slowly for responses to be designed anew for each pressing problem, policy innovation often relies on pre-existing models, foreign or domestic. This seems to be especially true for regulatory policymaking, since public regulation is typically introduced in conditions of crisis. In this paper we examine several cases of policy innovation in the area of economic and social regulation where the influence of foreign models is quite clear: the development of competition policy in Europe in the 1950s, the growth of European Community regulat

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Stojanović, Ivana. "The Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union on the General Price Level of Countries that Joined in the Period from 2004 to 2007." Economic Themes 57, no. 2 (2019): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2019-0014.

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AbstractApplication of The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implies the existence of a single market (without customs duties on mutual trade), the community’s priority in meeting the needs for agricultural products (protection against imports) and the existence of financial solidarity (joint financing). Joining the European Union for new member states implies the termination of the implementation of the existing national agricultural policy and the the beginning of the implementation of the CAP. Although membership in the European Union implies many advantages, the period

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