Journal articles: 'European Economic Community'

1

Schuchart, Kelvin. "The European Economic Community." Social Studies 77, no. 1 (1986): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1944.11019771.

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Smil, Vaclav. "January 1958: European economic community." IEEE Spectrum 55, no. 1 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2018.8241724.

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Reynolds, Thomas H. "Introduction to the European Economic Community." Legal Reference Services Quarterly 8, no. 3-4 (1988): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j113v08n03_03.

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Henteleff, Thomas O., and Barbara A. Noah. "{BLR 1118} European Economic Community - Regulation." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 1 (1991): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.3.

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5

Steinherr, A. "Policy Coordination in the European Economic Community." Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, no. 3-4 (1985): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082646.

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Coordination of economic policies and convergence of economic performance within the European Community are objectives already laid out in the Treaty of Rome. A number of later decisions by the Council of Ministers reaffirm and specify these principles. The 1974 Convergence Decision provides a procedural framework for review of the economic situation and policy with the aim of bringing about greater convergence of macroeconomic performance. In this process a central place is given to the setting of budgetary policy guidelines. In addition, the EMS provides a potentially strong mechanism for coordinating monetary policy under the constraint of fixed, but adjustable, exchange rates and, in principle, free capital movements.

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Brown, William J. T. "Commercial Arbitration and the European Economic Community." Journal of International Arbitration 2, Issue 1 (1985): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia1985003.

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Jain, Rajendra K. "Jawaharlal Nehru and the European Economic Community." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 71, no. 1 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928414557999.

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8

Kondonassis, A. J. "The European Economic Community: Thirty Years Later." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i1.6312.

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The European Economic Community has been in operation for about 30 years. During this period an increased economic cooperation has been attained but the goal of a truly integrated Europe has remained elusive. The Single European Act, which was ratified in 1987, represents a recommitment to an integrated Europe by 1992. It is premised on a number of changes and reforms. Above all the effectiveness of the new effort will depend on the achievement of social cohesion and supranationalism among the EEC countries.

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Sherman, Richard L. "{BLR 1142} Commercial Partnering - European Economic Community." Biotechnology Law Report 10, no. 2 (1991): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.1991.10.97.

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10

Hudson, Ray. "The European community: Economic and political aspects." Journal of Rural Studies 8, no. 2 (1992): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90080-p.

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11

Barbier, E. "Geothermal energy in the European economic community." Geothermics 14, no. 5-6 (1985): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(85)90035-5.

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12

Scichilone, Laura. "L'Europa verde. La politica ambientale comunitaria dalle origini al riconoscimento formale dell'Atto unico (1972-1986)." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030007.

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- The article describes the main dynamics characterizing the beginnings of the European environmental policy in the Seventies. The author reconstructs the European institutions role and some aspects concerning their relations with the international context, which has deeply influenced the European Economic Community action in this sector. In particular, the author describes the first phase of this policy evolution, which ended in 1986, when the Single Act recognized the Community competence in the environmental field. During this time, the Community developed the environmental political action and it gradually changed its corrective approach into a preventive one. The article focuses on some important events of this transformation and some measures adopted by the European Economic Community in order to improve the environmental prevention standards in the member States.Parole chiave: Politica ambientale, Comunitŕ economica europea, Atto unico europeo, Crisi ecologica, Crisi energetica, Prevenzione ambientale Environmental Policy, European Economic Community, Single European Act, Environmental Crisis, Energy Crisis, Environmental Prevention

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13

Noël, Émile. "The European Community Today." Government and Opposition 22, no. 1 (1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1987.tb00036.x.

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THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE COMMUNITY IS ITS institutional system. The establishment of that system and the changes and distortions it has undergone have very much moulded its development. But the Community is also a complex ongoing process: the institutional side alone does not give the full picture. The economic, the financial and the institutional aspects are closely interwoven, and together determine the course of its affairs. I propose to consider the state of the Community today, its current crisis and the outlook for the years ahead from both these angles.

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Baker, James C., and John K. Ryans. "Multinational Executives Look at the European Economic Community." IEEE Engineering Management Review 14, no. 1 (1986): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emr.1986.4306170.

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15

Szegö, Giorgio P. "Risk-based capital in the European economic community." Journal of Banking & Finance 19, no. 3-4 (1995): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(94)00154-u.

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16

Benarie, Michel. "Attitudes to toxicology in the European Economic Community." Science of The Total Environment 74 (August 1988): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(88)90147-7.

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17

Jackson, S. J. "Attitudes to toxicology in the European Economic Community." Endeavour 12, no. 4 (1988): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(88)90168-8.

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18

Brantom, Paul. "Attitudes to toxicology in the European economic community." Food and Chemical Toxicology 26, no. 9 (1988): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(88)90220-7.

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19

Garrett, John R. "Monetary Policy Coordination in the European Economic Community." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (1988): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000225.

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20

Mebs, D. "Attitudes to toxicology in the European economic community." Toxicon 27, no. 9 (1989): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(89)90162-1.

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21

Eichenberg, Richard C., and Russell J. Dalton. "Europeans and the European Community: the dynamics of public support for European integration." International Organization 47, no. 4 (1993): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300028083.

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Europeans evaluate the European Community (EC) according to its economic performance, political salience, and role in international relations. During the last two decades their measured attitudes toward European integration warmed especially when inflation rates fell, as the EC share of the country's trade expanded, when EC elections and referenda increased attention to the community, and to some extend during periods when East-West relations were relaxed. Europeans did not vary their support according to their countries' shares of the Brussels budget. Thus, notwithstanding Denmark's 1992 rejection of the Maastricht treaty and the end of the cold war, recent EC reforms that increase monetary stability, intra-European trade and political attention are all likely to maintain or increase citizen support for the EC. These findings result from a model that blends comparative political economy with international relations in one of the first applications of pooled cross-sectional and time-series analysis to the comparative study of public opinion.

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22

Blake, David. "Striking Similarities: The Origins of the European Economic Community." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 1 (2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n1p1.

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A Plan for a European Economic Community was developed at the University of Berlin in 1942. There are striking similarities with the European Economic Community that was introduced in 1957—and which became the foundation stone of the European Union. Particularly striking is the innate hostility both to liberal economic values and to democracy—a hostility that permeates the EU to this very day.

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23

Podhalicz, Mateusz. "Caught in the grey area between European Economic Community and European Federation?" Vilnius University Open Series, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/os.law.2020.15.

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During the last decade of the EU history there has been an unprecedented increase of illiberal tendencies among certain EU Members – most notably Poland and Hungary, which in turn lead to violation of the values enshrined in Article 2 TEU. The present paper is brief attempt to determine whether the EU has any legal powers to confront rogue EU Members, which violate the rule of law and what these powers are.

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Alfiyah, Nur Inna, and Very Andrianingsih. "DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI YUNANI TERHADAP EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC)." PERFORMANCE: Jurnal Bisnis & Akuntansi 11, no. 1 (2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/feb.v11i1.1318.

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Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be separated from human life, where all international structures and orders change. Easy access to information, technology and the exchange of goods, services and ideology make globalization a very important part. Changing the structure and economic, political and social order at this time requires existing countries to adapt to all changes brought about by globalization. The birth of non-state actors in globalization then brought about its own changes, especially in the economic field. This study aims to explain how the impact of the Greek economic crisis on the European economic community. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the economic interdependence between European countries which has led to the birth of the European Economic Community (EEC) is very influential on one another. This can be seen from how the Greek crisis was able to change the economic policy order of member countries of the European Economic Community (EEC).

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25

Ponsard, C., and P. Tranqui. "Fuzzy Economic Regions in Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 17, no. 7 (1985): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170873.

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Economic regions are fuzzy spaces. A taxonomic method of fuzzy regionalization is presented to describe regions which maintain their imprecise characteristics and frontiers. All fuzzy aspects of elementary spatial units, from which regionalization is carried out, can thus be integrated at every stage of the classification process. This method is then applied to the member States of the European Economic Community. The results are original because they lead to interesting conclusions about the regional structures of the European Community.

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26

Rosato, Sebastian. "Europe's Troubles: Power Politics and the State of the European Project." International Security 35, no. 4 (2011): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00035.

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The 1990s were years of great optimism in Europe. As the Europeans were putting the finishing touches on their economic community, observers predicted that political and military integration would soon follow. Optimism has turned to pessimism since the turn of the century, however. Most analysts believe that the economic community is in crisis, and hardly anyone predicts the creation of a political or military counterpart to it. Why has the European project run into trouble and what does the future hold? The answers to these questions are largely to be found in the distribution of power. It was the overwhelming power of the Soviet Union that drove the Western Europeans to consider a variety of integration initiatives and to build and maintain the European Community (EC) during the Cold War. In 1991 the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived them of a compelling geostrategic reason to pursue further integration or even to preserve their economic community. As a result, the Europeans have made no real effort to establish a political or military community over the past two decades, and the EC has slowly started to fray. As long as there are no significant changes in the balance of power going forward, worse times lie ahead.

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27

Pomfret, Richard. "Measuring the economic consequences of British membership of the European Economic Community." Applied Economics 17, no. 4 (1985): 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758534700.

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28

Hudec, Martin. "The Development of International Economic and Monetary Cooperation in Europe." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 11, no. 39 (2018): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2018-0003.

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Abstract Since the end of the World War II, Europe has gone a long way on the path of a new era of socio-economic integration, continually battling and overcoming the political and economic fragmentation of earlier eras and less developed economies. The various difficulties and interruptions of the process involved, the European integration, since the 1952 European Coal and Steel Community, ranged from an initial small group to a large community comprising most European countries, the gradual removal of market barriers leading to the introduction of a customs union to the single market. Furthermore, the creation of Economic and Monetary Union and the adoption of the common currency have become the culmination of the whole process of economic integration, since the euro is used daily by 338.6 million Europeans in 19 EU member states. The aim of our research article is to closely analyze the development of the economic and monetary integration of Europe, since we believe that the single currency project represents a great success for the European Union as the result of long-term efforts on currency and economy stability, progress and economic growth.

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29

Ash, R. F. "China and the European Economic Community: the new connection." International Affairs 63, no. 1 (1986): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620327.

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30

Satzky, Horst. "The Merger Control Regulation of the European Economic Community." American Journal of Comparative Law 38, no. 4 (1990): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840617.

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31

DUNNING, JOHN H. "TRANSATLANTIC FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY." International Economic Journal 6, no. 1 (1992): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168739200080004.

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32

Sen, S. R. "India's Foreign Trade with the European Economic Community (EEC)." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 51, no. 2-3 (1995): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849505100210.

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33

de Bertoldi, Marco. "Composting Food Processing Waste in the European Economic Community." Compost Science & Utilization 3, no. 2 (1995): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1995.10701786.

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34

Klein, Donald W., and Harish Kapur. "China and the European Economic Community: The New Connection." Pacific Affairs 60, no. 1 (1987): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2758837.

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35

Wathern, P., I. W. Brown, D. A. Roberts, and S. N. Young. "Assessing the environmental impact of european economic community policy." Landscape Research 10, no. 2 (1985): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426398508706144.

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36

Kapur, Harish. "China and the European Economic Community: The New Connection." Review of Socialist Law 12, no. 1 (1986): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529886x00051.

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37

Ghelijns, A. T. "Economic appraisal of health technology in the european community." Health Policy 9, no. 2 (1988): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(88)90039-5.

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38

Rosenthal, Glenda G. "Review: Europe: Foreign Economic Relations of the European Community." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 47, no. 1 (1992): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209204700113.

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39

Kay, J. A., and M. V. Posner. "Routes to Economic Integration: 1992 in the European Community." National Institute Economic Review 129 (August 1989): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018912900108.

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1992 is a staging post on the route to European economic integration. For Britain, the real issues are not national sovereignty versus supranationalism, but the choice between a liberal, market oriented path to integration and a planned, centralised one. The paper assesses these options as they arise in regulatory policies, in industrial strategy, and in the monetary and fiscal policies facing the Community. It recognises that there are major policy areas where the creation of a central authority is essential but concludes that the market route is often the right—and the only feasible—approach.This is the third article from members of the CLARE Group to appear in the Review. Future articles will normally appear about twice a year. The Review is pleased to give hospitality to the deliberations of the CLARE Group but is not necessarily in agreement with the views expressed. Members of the CLARE Group are M.J. Artis, A.J.C. Britton, W.A. Brown, C.H. Feinstein, C.A.E Goodhart, D.A. Hay, J.A. Kay, R.C.O. Matthews, M.H. Miller, P.M. Oppenheimer, M.V. Posner, W.B. Reddaway, J.R. Sargent, M.F-G. Scott, Z.A. Silberston, J.H.B. Tew, J.S. Vickers, S. Wadhwani.

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40

MacDougall, Donald. "Economic and Monetary Union and the European Community Budget." National Institute Economic Review 140, no. 1 (1992): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019214000105.

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41

Gatrell, T. "Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the European Economic Community." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 48, no. 1 (1994): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.48.1.103.

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42

Adriaenssens, Niels, Robin Bruyndonckx, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of quinolones in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii37—ii44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab176.

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Abstract Objectives Data on quinolone consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of main subgroups of quinolones. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of quinolones, i.e. ATC group J01M, in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Quinolone consumption was analysed by subgroups based on pharmacokinetic profile, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, quinolone consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 8.2 between countries with the highest (Bulgaria) and the lowest (Norway) consumption. The second-generation quinolones accounted for &gt;50% of quinolone consumption in most countries. Quinolone consumption significantly increased up to 2001, and did not change significantly afterwards. Seasonal variation increased significantly over time. Proportional consumption of third-generation quinolones significantly increased over time relative to that of second-generation quinolones, while proportional consumption of both third- and second-generation quinolones significantly increased relative to that of first-generation quinolones. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin represented &gt;40% of quinolone consumption in the community in southern EU/EEA countries. Conclusions Quinolone consumption in the community is no longer increasing in the EU/EEA, but its seasonal variation continues to increase significantly as is the proportion of quinolones to treat respiratory infections.

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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Ann Versporten, et al. "Consumption of antibiotics in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii7—ii13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab172.

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Abstract Objectives Data on antibiotic consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main antibiotic groups. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of antibiotics, i.e. antibacterials for systemic use (ATC group J01), in the community, aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Antibiotic consumption was analysed based on ATC-3 groups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, antibiotic consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor 3.6 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. Antibiotic consumption in the EU/EEA did not change significantly over time. Antibiotic consumption showed a significant seasonal variation, which decreased over time. The number of DDD per package significantly increased over time. The proportional consumption of sulphonamides and trimethoprim (J01E) relative to other groups significantly decreased over time, while the proportional consumption of other antibacterials (J01X) relative to other groups significantly increased over time. Conclusions Overall, antibiotic consumption in the community in the EU/EEA did not change during 1997–2017, while seasonal variation consistently decreased over time. The number of DDD per package increased during 1997–2017.

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Versporten, Ann, Robin Bruyndonckx, Niels Adriaenssens, et al. "Consumption of cephalosporins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii22—ii29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab174.

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Abstract Objectives Data on cephalosporin consumption in the community were collected from 30 EU/EEA countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of cephalosporins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of cephalosporins (i.e. first-, second-, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins; ATC subgroups J01DB, J01DC, J01DD and J01DE, respectively) in the community and aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Cephalosporin consumption was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroup, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, cephalosporin consumption in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 285 between countries with the highest (Greece) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. Cephalosporin consumption did not change significantly between the first quarter of 1997 and the last quarter of 2017. Seasonal variation decreased significantly over time. Proportional consumption of second- and third-generation cephalosporins significantly increased over time compared with that of first-generation cephalosporins, and proportional consumption of fourth-generation cephalosporins significantly decreased compared with that of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Conclusions Despite considerable variation between countries in the composition of cephalosporin consumption and trends over time, a significant shift towards consumption of more broad-spectrum cephalosporins in the community was observed across the EU/EEA during 1997–2017.

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Bruyndonckx, Robin, Niels Adriaenssens, Niel Hens, et al. "Consumption of penicillins in the community, European Union/European Economic Area, 1997–2017." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, Supplement_2 (2021): ii14—ii21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab173.

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Abstract Objectives Data on consumption of penicillins in the community were collected from 30 EU/European Economic Area (EEA) countries over two decades. This article reviews temporal trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and changes in the composition of the main subgroups of penicillins. Methods For the period 1997–2017, data on consumption of penicillins, i.e. β-lactam antibacterials, penicillins (ATC group J01C), in the community aggregated at the level of the active substance, were collected using the WHO ATC/DDD methodology (ATC/DDD index 2019). Consumption was expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day and in packages per 1000 inhabitants per day. Consumption of penicillins was analysed based on ATC-4 subgroups, and presented as trends, seasonal variation, presence of change-points and compositional changes. Results In 2017, consumption of penicillins in the community expressed in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day varied by a factor of 4.9 between countries with the highest (Spain) and the lowest (the Netherlands) consumption. An increase in consumption of penicillins, which was not statistically significant, was observed between 1997 and 2003 and up to 2010. A decrease, which was not statistically significant, was observed from 2010 onwards. Proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) increased during 1997–2017, which coincided with a decrease in the proportional consumption of extended-spectrum penicillins (J01CA) and narrow-spectrum penicillins (J01CE). Conclusions Considerable variation in the patterns of consumption of penicillins was observed between EU/EEA countries. The consumption of penicillins in the EU/EEA community did not change significantly over time, while the proportional consumption of combinations of penicillins increased.

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Heckart, Beverly. "The Cities of Avignon and Worms as Expressions of the European Community." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 3 (1989): 462–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500016005.

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At the end of 1978, the German art critic Walter Frentz, introducing a film and public lecture in the city of Worms, postulated that Europeans could breathe new life into the idea of European unity by devoting greater care and attention to the shape and form of European cities. The theme of his remarks that night specifically encouraged the preservation of historic urban cores, but more striking was his general concept linking the development of the European Community with the treatment of the European city. As a growing literature on architectural symbolism and urban imagery suggests, cities take the shapes that are expressions of a total society, reflecting the spectrum of their political, economic and cultural life. As Europeans rebuilt and developed their cities in the period after World War II, they also charted the course of their unification.

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Deng, Haoran, Tzuhan Lin, Zihao Ma, and Yixi Wang. "The impact of European Monetary Union on different countries within the EU." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2371.

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The decision on the establishment of economic and Monetary Union will be regarded as a major event in the economic history of Europe. A stable European monetary structure will affect the future not only of the Member States of the Community, but also of the whole world. It is likely to serve as a guidepost for the economic policies of future members of the European Community, such as Austria, Sweden and Finland, as well as the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe. These countries are looking forward to closer links with the European Community. Monetary union would also provide a currency for the European Community. The creation of economic and monetary union is a complex undertaking from both a technical and a political point of view. It requires a high degree of consistency between economic policy and performance. At the same time, it would greatly reduce the economic autonomy of participating countries. The traditional differences in the economic and monetary policies of the member states of the European Community also have different effects. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the influence of EMU on different EU countries by studying the EU's political ideology, historical and economic development, economic main body structure and cultures of different EU countries.

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Mishchenko, M. I. "Organizational-economic principles of reforming of the railway transportation." Science and Transport Progress, no. 42 (December 25, 2012): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2012/9420.

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Results of vertical division of railways of the countries of the European community are investigated. The received effects and factors which influence increase of competitiveness and efficiency of activity of a railway transportation with the account of the current legislation of the European community are analyzed.

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Pogorelsky, Alexander Valerevich. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION IN WESTERN EUROPE AFTER THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research 11 (13), 2021 (August 22, 2021): 68–75. https://doi.org/10.52270/26585561_2021_11_13_68.

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The article examines the development of integration processes in Western Europe in the 40-50s of the XX-th century. During this period, the main objectives of the Western European states were to restore the economy destroyed by the war, regain their former political influence and ensure their security. The answer to the question of how to achieve lasting peace and economic prosperity in the future is the beginning of the processes of political and economic integration. The signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 marked a turning point in the history of European integration and laid the foundations for its further development in the following decades.

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Raul, Didier. "Islamic Economy as an Alternative Solution of European Economic Crisis." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 1 (2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.67.

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The problem of the economic crisis reoccurred again in the global territory that began with the economic crisis in the country of Greece. The crisis arising from the country's financial deficit due to enormous state debt has an impact on the economic crisis in the European region. This phase of the economic crisis is a manifestation of the failure of the capitalist economic system imposed by western countries. Many economists began to open a discourse to review the existing economic system because it did not provide welfare for the community. Islamic economics starting in the 1970s has begun to be widely studied by various universities in the world, which was eventually implemented with the establishment of the first Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in Jeddah. This then continued with the establishment of an institution for how to distribute the wealth in the financial community (tauzi'ul tsarwah bayna an-ill-fated) with the Islamic economic system. There are 3 (three) principles of Islamic economics which include: the principle of how to obtain assets (al milkiyah), how to manage the ownership of assets that are already owned (tasharuruf fil milkiyah). Ownership of assets in the Islamic economic system consists of balanced individual, state and general ownership. So it is expected that there will be more equitable welfare and of course the existence of moral values for all economic actors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European Economic Community'

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