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1
Ledford, Kenneth F. "Codification and Normativity: Catalan “Exception” and European “Norm”." Law and History Review 20, no. 2 (2002): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744039.
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At the crossroads of sociology and history, scholars trained in different disciplines write legal history while engaged in a protracted guerilla war that focuses upon notions of normativity. Law and legal development as objects of investigation evoke in the sociology of law the very essence of normativity: what is law if not codified norms, and thus itself subject, perhaps, to norms of development or at least rationality? Conversely, legal historians trained in history departments, who subscribe to the particularizing norms cherished by that discipline, consciously pride themselves on their power to resist the temptations of normativity and, perversely in the view of some, insist upon examining, even celebrating, the deviant, the limiting case, the “exception to the rule.” At different times, one approach or the other has dominated the scholarly literature. Notoriously, the Parsonianism of the 1950s and early 1960s elevated a neo-Weberian normativity to hegemony in legal history as well as in social theory; now the chastened decades at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries have tipped the balance within legal history to social history's focus on people, ideas, and experience on the margin, a focus so full of potential to erode general schemes of normative development.
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Rezaev, Andrey V., Dmitrii M. Zhikharevich, and Pavel P. Lisitsyn. "The Marxian Materialist Interpretation of History and Comparative Sociology." Comparative Sociology 14, no. 4 (2015): 452–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341354.
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The paper argues that a materialistic understanding of history as Marx’s sociological research program has effectively been implemented in the comparative analysis of bourgeois societies. Both qualitative/case-oriented and quantitative/variable-oriented strategies of comparison were employed by Marx in his scholarship. The authors see the crucial dimension of the classical status of Marx in his engagement with historical comparisons – an analytical tendency he shares with Weber and, to some extent, Durkheim. A short historical exposition tracing the early reception of Marx in sociology continues with the most important contemporary criticisms of Marx’s comparative-historical analysis, focusing on the issues of Asiatic mode of production, the nature of European feudalism and the problem of capitalist rationality.
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Pasquinucci, Daniele. "In/formare gli Europei. Le origini della politica di informazione comunitaria (1951-1972)." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030008.
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- This article analyses the evolution of the European Community information policy from the birth of the European Coal and Steel Community established in 1951 to the Seventies. Since the beginning, the EC information policy has aimed at "making the Europeans", namely to foster the development of a European identity among the EEC citizens. This aim was consistent with the europeanist attitude of the EEC officers in charge of the information policy. The article analyses successes and failures of the EC information policy in its early stage. However, an evaluation of this policy must take into account the scarce funds and permanent staff the European Community had available for such activity.Parole chiave: Comunitŕ europee, Politica dell'informazione delle Comunitŕ europee, Identitŕ europea, Cittadinanza europea, Consenso verso l'integrazione europea, Bilancio CEE European Communities, EC Information Policy, European Identity, European Citizenship, Consensus towards European integration, EEC Budget
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Morris-Reich, Amos. "Racial Type: history of German and European science in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; history and sociology of photography." Impact 2017, no. 5 (2017): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2017.5.93.
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Sovič, Silvia. "European Family History." Cultural and Social History 5, no. 2 (2008): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/147800408x299602.
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Măndiţă, Mădălina. "Ancient Judaism and Its Sociological Analysis. A Classical Perspective." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (2020): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenss/9.2/45.
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The scientific analysis concerning Jewish history is a challenging task from the point of view of human studies, especially for those concerned with the spiritual uniqueness of a community that marked European history and culture. Here, we try to benefit from the contribution of Max Weber, and his research of Ancient Judaism, a major work written at the height of his sociological thinking, viewed in the mirror with the French sociology, marked by a functionalist perspective over social world, using the study of Antonin Causse. In the end, we try the weidening of classical sociology with Eric Voegelin’s philosophical perspective, for which the order of history begins with Israel and Revelation. Thus, it can be said that starting from a sociology of immanence it could be forseen a sociology of transcendence, through a perspective that asserts the axial role of spiritual identity in understanding people and their history throught religious manifestations.
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Hoerder, Dirk. "Migration History as a Transcultural History of Societies." Journal of Migration History 1, no. 2 (2015): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00102005.
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As ‘ethnic’ history — the nation-to-ethnic-ghetto version of migrant strategies — came to include the process of migration and the socialization, the ‘roots’ of the field were still traced to the Chicago School and Oscar Handlin. European scholarship in the initial stages centred on emigration to North America and followed us approaches. I discuss, to the 1950s, European and Canadian epistemologies of the field and briefly refer to research in other parts of the world. The essays discuss neglected, theoretically and conceptually complex origins of migration studies and history in the us: (1) the Chicago Women’s School of Sociology of Hull House reformers and women economists from the 1880s and the cluster of interdisciplinary scholars at Columbia University (Franz Boas et al.); (2) scholars at the University of Minnesota who included the migrants’ societies of origin; as well as (3) scholars in California (Bogardus, social distance scale) and (4) British Columbia who recovered data collected in the 1920s and read them in modern multicultural perspectives. Against these many threads the emphasis by Chicago scholars, E. Park in particular, and O. Handlin on disorganization and ‘marginal men’ are assessed.
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Zunz, Olivier. "Toward a Dialogue with Historical Sociology." Social Science History 11, no. 1 (1987): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015662.
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A Commitment to interdisciplinary dialogue should not mask the unwieldy complexity of “social science history,” this strange-sounding compound word invented to stress the equality of partners in their joint enterprise. Some of the benefits as well as the difficulties inherent in crossing disciplinary boundaries can be detected, from a historian’s point of view, in Theda Skocpol’s Vision and Method in Historical Sociology (1984) in which a group of young historical sociologists and two “sociologically acclimated social historians” reassess the work of major figures in the subfield of historical sociology. approached this book with considerable excitement, for at the time of its publication, I had just sent to press the manuscript of Reliving the Past (1985), a volume in which five historians of different regions of the world reappraise the use of social-scientific models in historical analysis, examine the ways in which these models are applicable to different geographic areas and take a fresh look at the place of social history within history. To add to my excitement, Charles Tilly, who contributed an essay on European social history to Reliving the Past, was one of the nine major figures whose work was examined in Vision and Method, a testament to the influential role this scholar has played in the two disciplines of sociology and history.
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Müller, Jan-Werner. "European Intellectual History as Contemporary History." Journal of Contemporary History 46, no. 3 (2011): 574–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009411403339.
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The first part of this essay examines the peculiar role European intellectual history played in coming to terms with the twentieth century as an ‘Age of Extremes’ and the different weight it was given for that task at different times and in different national contexts up to the 1970s. The second part looks at the contemporary history of politically focused intellectual history — and the possible impact of the latter on the writing of contemporary history in general: it will be asked how the three great innovative movements in the history of political thought which emerged in the last fifty years have related to the practice of contemporary history: the German school of conceptual history, the ‘Cambridge School’, and the ‘linguistic turn’. The third part focuses on recent trends to understand processes of liberalization — as opposed to the older search for causes of political extremism. It is also in the third part that the so far rather Euro-centric perspective is left behind, as attempts to create an intellectual history of the more or less new enemies of the West are examined. Finally, the author pleads for a contemporary intellectual history that seeks novel ways of understanding the twentieth century and the ‘newest history’ since 1989 by combining tools from conceptual history and the Cambridge School.
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Connell, Raewyn. "CANONS AND COLONIES: THE GLOBAL TRAJECTORY OF SOCIOLOGY." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 32, no. 67 (2019): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942019000200002.
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Abstract The history of sociology as a field of knowledge, especially in the English-speaking world, has been obscured by the discipline’s own origin myth in the form of a canon of “classical theory” concerned with European modernity. Sociology was involved in the world of empire from the start. Making the canon more inclusive, in gender, race, and even global terms, is not an adequate correction. Important types of social knowledge, including movement-based and indigenous knowledges, resist canonization. The turn towards decolonial and Southern perspectives, now happening across the social sciences, opens up new perspectives on the history of knowledge. These can be linked with a more sophisticated view of the collective production of knowledge by the workforces that are increasingly, though unequally, interacting. Potentials for a more effectively engaged sociology emerge.
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Landuyt, Ariane. "Il "valore aggiunto" di un approccio storico allo studio delle politiche comunitarie." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030001.
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- This paper deals with analytical and methodological problems which are currently at the core of historical studies about European integration. It also reminds that history of European integration went through different periods which fostered various thematic conceptualizations. Indeed, the "essence" of the European construction, as a diachronic and in fieri process, furthered a renew of the object of study, gradually widening its importance, enriching and renewing historiographical interpretations. The definition of research lines about origins and development of EEC/EU policies, in particular those "second generation" policies promoted since the beginning of the Seventies, is placed in a complex historiographical background. The author shows the reasons to study this topic through a diachronic approach, highlighting that policies are fundamental to understand properly many relevant political and social dynamics at national, infranational, European and also international level.Parole chiave: Integrazione europea; storiografia integrazione europea; identitŕ europea; politiche comunitarie; istituzioni europee; governance multilivel European Integration; European Integration Historiography; European Identity; EEC/EU policies; European Institutions; Multilevel Governance
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Freyer, Hans. "Sociology as a Science of Reality: A Logical Foundation for the System of Sociology." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 20, no. 2 (2021): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2021-2-290-299.
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The Centre for Fundamental Sociology (HSE University, Moscow) and Vladimir Dal Publishing House (St. Petersburg) have initiated the Russian translation and publication of Sociology as a Science of Reality: A Logical Foundation for the System of Sociology (1930), a key work of the famous German philosopher and sociologist, Hans Freyer. In the early 1920s, Freyer, who became the first full professor of sociology in Germany, published several seminal works covering a wide range of topics in social science and political philosophy. The Introduction to the thinker’s first work on sociology in its proper meaning, published here, has the characteristics of a program manifesto outlining the basic principles for comprehending the discipline and its subject matter as a social and historical phenomenon. Freyer argues that sociology as a scholarly discipline emerges in a society that is being detached from the state; now, instead of an obvious and stable order, an insecure, precarious and unpredictable society arises, becoming a problem for itself. Consequently, alongside the formation of sociology, its object emerges; it is a heterogeneous “society” that has gained autonomy from the state while sharply divergent from that same society regarding the principles of the organization of social life. Meanwhile, the distinctive feature of European sociology is not simply its embeddedness in history, but its immediate substantial connection with the preceding philosophical tradition. This enables Freyer to raise the question of the philosophical basis of sociology as a scientific system. He also formulates the task of defining the forms of this system and outlining its primary lines. The structural and methodological comparison between the European sociology version and the American version of the discipline is particularly interesting from the perspective of the academic history.
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Spohn, Willfried. "World history, civilizational analysis and historical sociology: Interpretations of non-Western civilizations in the work of Johann Arnason." European Journal of Social Theory 14, no. 1 (2011): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431010394506.
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The aim of this article is to assess Arnason’s civilizational theory and methodology and their application to non-Western civilizations from a historical-comparative sociological perspective. Although civilizational analysis and historical sociology as historical-comparative orientations in sociology are closely connected, civilizational analysis concentrates particularly on the macro-history of civilizations, whereas historical-comparative sociology (particularly in its American variety) is orientated rather to a meso- and micro-analytical foundation of societal developments and therefore is more time- and context-sensitive. From such a perspective, the article reconstructs, first, Arnason’s theoretical and methodological approach to civilizational analysis and discusses his contribution to the civilizational origins and dynamics of the West as a measuring rod for non-European societies. Second, it then assesses Arnason’s two major exemplary civilizational studies: the Soviet model in Russia, Eastern Europe and the non-European world as well as the Japanese civilization in the broader East Asian civilizational context. The article concludes with a critical summary of Arnason’s highly innovative approach from the vantage point of a recently developing global orientation in historical and comparative sociology.
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Heirbaut, Dirk. "A source of inspiration for legal historians: Raoul van Caenegem’s views on legal history." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 88, no. 1-2 (2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00880a09.
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Summary Although Raoul van Caenegem claimed otherwise, he had very strong views on what legal history should be. In his opinion, legal history belonged to the disciplinary field of history, not to law. The legal historian should not only chronicle past evolutions of the law, but also explain them. To this purpose, van Caenegem himself turned to sociology, trying to work with types and models in order to generalise. Van Caenegem rejected the idea of a Volksgeist and advocated to look at the European context in a comparative legal history. Nevertheless, his ‘Europe’ was limited to the founding members of the European Union, joined by England. He constructed legal history as a history of power and preferred to study groups of law makers instead of individuals. In his legal history, the European ‘Second Middle Ages’, from 1100 until 1750, stand out as the cradle of the modern rule of law, with a special role for the cities of medieval Flanders. Although well-known for a leading handbook promoting the idea of the ius commune, the common law of Europe, van Caenegem actually deemed custom to have been the primary source of law in medieval Europe, whereas the role of the ius commune had been, in his opinion, overestimated. As he showed many times during his distinguished career, van Caenegem wanted legal historians to take part in current debates. In the end, his main lesson from legal history was a plea for moderation, as taking a sound idea to its extreme leads to absurd or unintended consequences.
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Houe, Poul. "European stories—European confessions." History of European Ideas 19, no. 1-3 (1994): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(94)90242-9.
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Massard-Guilbaud, Geneviève, and Peter Thorsheim. "Cities, Environments, and European History." Journal of Urban History 33, no. 5 (2007): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144207301414.
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Yearwood, Peter J. "Continents and consequences: the history of a concept." Journal of Global History 9, no. 3 (2014): 329–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000151.
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AbstractOriginally intended to provide an accessible overview for colleagues in Papua New Guinea, this article outlines the emergence of the continental division of the world in classical antiquity. In medieval Europe this survived as a learned conception which eventually acquired emotional content. Nevertheless, the division was still within the context of universal Christianity, which did not privilege any continent. Contrary to the views of recent critics, the European sense of world geography was not inherently ‘Eurocentric’. While Europeans did develop a sense of continental superiority, Americans, Africans, and many Asians also came to identify themselves with their continents and to use them as weapons against European domination. The application of the division to Melanesia is also considered.
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Eley, Geoff. "Problems with Culture: German History After the Linguistic Turn." Central European History 31, no. 3 (1998): 197–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900016666.
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I recently edited a volume of essays on the Kaiserreich, under the titleSociety, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870–1930(Ann Arbor, 1996), which set out deliberately to explore the possible forms of new approaches to the history of the Second Empire; and in the circumstances it’s hard for me to approach this topic without saying something about Hans–Ulrich Wehler’s extended review of this volume inCentral European History, which came out during the summer. Wehler’s response is interesting. He actually likes most of the fifteen contributions to this collection, but reserves extended hostility for the ones by Geroge Stainmetz and Elisabetn Domansky, who clearly placed themselves beyond the pale of tolerable discourse by opting for non-Weberian sociology, Foucauldian perspectives, and gender critique.
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Dhondt, Frederik. "La représentation du droit dans la communauté des diplomates européens des « Trente Heureuses » (1713–1740)." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 81, no. 3-4 (2013): 595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08134p11.
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Diplomatic representation in the community of the European diplomacy of the ‘Trente heureuses’ (1713–1740). – The study of Ancien Régime public international law compels researchers to broaden the traditional scope of legal history (treaties and doctrine). A broader understanding of normativity in international relations, inspired by sociology, cultural or international relations history leads to an analysis of diplomatic behaviour. Practice is of paramount importance to grasp the working of implicit principles, expressed in correspondence and legal memoranda. The three decades following the Peace of Utrecht (1713) illustrate how state consent-based international organisation operated in the 18th century, separate from doctrinal concepts. French and British archival material and existing prosopographic literature sketch a map of the European arena. Treaty interpretation and legal reasoning were the backbone of international relations. Consequently, jurists were more than apologists, and fulfilled an indispensable role in an interactional system.
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Alaimo, K. "Childhood and Adolescence in Modern European History." Journal of Social History 24, no. 3 (1991): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/24.3.591.
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Risch, William Jay. "European Dreams and European Nightmares in Prewar Donetsk." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 47, no. 1 (2019): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04603008.
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Abstract This article is based on interviews with and questionnaires completed by Donetsk area residents when the author visited the city January 7–17, 2014. They demonstrate that, at least among Donbas area residents with higher education, there were possibilities for building a “European dream” that Euromaidan protesters in Kyiv championed. Fighting for the rule of law, human rights, and an end to corruption—values identified with the Euromaidan—could have transcended Ukraine’s regional divisions. Even those skeptical of “European values” still agreed that they belonged to one nation with differing political objectives. Yet the manipulation of the Kyiv protests by politicians, outbursts of violence in Kyiv, continued stereotypes of Ukraine’s regions, and complex economic ties with Russia and Europe made this European dream elusive. Escalating violence in January 2014 and the sudden implosion of the regime of Viktor Yanukovych the next month polarized public opinion in Donetsk. Due to manipulations by local politicians, pro-Russian activists, and pro-Russian propaganda in local media, Donetsk residents and others in the Donbas protested the Kyiv “Junta” and demanded greater rights for their region. The ensuing geopolitical battle brought about greater Russian intervention, both politically and militarily, making it impossible for civil society to resist the sudden emergence of separatist republics. As pro-Russian activists and armed militants, some from across the Russian border, terrorized pro-Ukrainian citizens and Euromaidan activists, the European dream in Donetsk came to an end for the foreseeable future.
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Heckart, Beverly. "The Cities of Avignon and Worms as Expressions of the European Community." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 3 (1989): 462–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500016005.
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At the end of 1978, the German art critic Walter Frentz, introducing a film and public lecture in the city of Worms, postulated that Europeans could breathe new life into the idea of European unity by devoting greater care and attention to the shape and form of European cities. The theme of his remarks that night specifically encouraged the preservation of historic urban cores, but more striking was his general concept linking the development of the European Community with the treatment of the European city. As a growing literature on architectural symbolism and urban imagery suggests, cities take the shapes that are expressions of a total society, reflecting the spectrum of their political, economic and cultural life. As Europeans rebuilt and developed their cities in the period after World War II, they also charted the course of their unification.
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Cole, Juan R. I. "Of Crowds and Empires: Afro-Asian Riots and European Expansion, 1857–1882." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 1 (1989): 106–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015681.
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Comparative studies pose special problems for historians, given their long tradition of being wed to the political history of individual countries and given the limitations of their methods, which lend themselves to (at most) middlerange generalizations. Sociology and anthropology have always seemed better poised to deal with the big questions across cultures. The rise of social history, however, provides new opportunities for comparative studies, insofar as such social entities and processes as cities, social classes, crowds, and women lend themselves better to comparison than do micropolitics within the framework of a single country's history. Despite these new possibilities, most historians demand intense contextualization and mistrust secondary sources, making it difficult for one scholar to master the relevant languages and archives in more than one culture, or to pose a broad enough question for comparative analysis. Much social history, even by the most sociologically minded historian, is likely to be based on archives and concerned largely with a single country or culture. Social historians can, however, legitimately inject a comparative element into their writing by paying special attention to the international aspects of their subject and by considering their works about particular social groups in individual countries as case studies in related phenomena.
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Nikulin, Alexander M., and Ekaterina S. Nikulina. "Chayanov’s sociology of art. [Rew.] Chayanov A.V. Selected Art Heritage. Moscow: Izdatelskiy dom TONCHU publ., 2018." Sociological Journal 25, no. 1 (2019): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.25.1.6286.
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A.V. Chayanov was primarily an agrarian economist, but he also possessed encyclopedic interests and knowledge and wrote a series of articles on the history of art, which reflect his peculiar sociology of art. This article is a review of the collection of works which include articles written by this outstanding social thinker. The author considers that Chayanov’s articles on the history of collecting artwork in Moscow and on the history of West-European engraving show the original features of his sociological interdisciplinary analysis. Chayanov studied various aspects of social life — history and economics, art and culture — to identify the historical-social types of collectors of fine artwork, the impact of social crises on the nature of collecting, the problems of elitism and egalitarianism in art, and the directions of people’s cultural development. All of these issues are still relevant to contemporary studies of art.
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Scichilone, Laura. "L'Europa verde. La politica ambientale comunitaria dalle origini al riconoscimento formale dell'Atto unico (1972-1986)." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030007.
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- The article describes the main dynamics characterizing the beginnings of the European environmental policy in the Seventies. The author reconstructs the European institutions role and some aspects concerning their relations with the international context, which has deeply influenced the European Economic Community action in this sector. In particular, the author describes the first phase of this policy evolution, which ended in 1986, when the Single Act recognized the Community competence in the environmental field. During this time, the Community developed the environmental political action and it gradually changed its corrective approach into a preventive one. The article focuses on some important events of this transformation and some measures adopted by the European Economic Community in order to improve the environmental prevention standards in the member States.Parole chiave: Politica ambientale, Comunitŕ economica europea, Atto unico europeo, Crisi ecologica, Crisi energetica, Prevenzione ambientale Environmental Policy, European Economic Community, Single European Act, Environmental Crisis, Energy Crisis, Environmental Prevention
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Arnason, Johann P. "Sociology, Critique and Modernity: Views Across the European Divide." Comparative Sociology 2, no. 3 (2003): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-00203003.
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Questions raised by the collapse of Communist power and ideology have major implications for the self-understanding of sociology as a mode of inquiry. These questions are linked to unresolved disputes and incomplete projects, inherited from earlier phases of the sociological tradition but still relevant to the central issues of theoretical and substantive debates. In that context, the idea of comparative analysis is a defining characteristic of sociological inquiry rather than one research strategy among others. Social theory and comparative history need each other for mutual information, as well as for protection against the danger of disciplinary closure. The idea of sociology as a critique of modernity – or at least a possible foundation for such a critique – should be reconsidered in light of comparative and historical perspectives. Both the predicament of Marxian critique and the question of alternatives to it should be considered from the East Central European angle. It provides a compelling case for re-examining the very idea of critique, the arguments on behalf of rival versions, and the role of critical perspectives in sociological analysis. A civilizational frame of reference will broaden our perspectives on the antinomies of modernity beyond the partial views of earlier sociological theory.
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Warlouzet, Laurent. "La politica di concorrenza comunitaria: un successo tardivo (1950-1989)." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030002.
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- This articles shows that the development of the European Competition Policy was both progressive and based on a supranational dynamic. Whereas important powers were devoted to the European institutions in this field in the Treaties of Paris (1951) and Rome (1957) and in an important regulation of 1962, the Commission was not able to create a strong Competition Policy in those years. However, these decisions were important to lay the basis of the strengthening of the Commission's powers in the Eighties. This confirms the historical institutionalism of Paul Pierson. The strengthening of the European Competition Policy stems from a supranational dynamic as it is based on the Commission's initiatives, the Court of Justice's ruling and on the activism of European companies. The Commission couldn't control the whole process but it was able to take advantage of a favorable environment to strengthen its powers in the Eighties. This process has eventually peaked in the 1989 merger regulation.Parole chiave: Politica di concorrenza, Intese, Cartelli, Commissione europea, Corte di Giustizia delle Comunitŕ europee, Atto unico europeo Competition Policy, Ententes, Cartels, European Commission, Court of Justice of the European Community, Single European Act
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Andrade, Tonio. "An Accelerating Divergence? The Revisionist Model of World History and the Question of Eurasian Military Parity: Data from East Asia." Canadian Journal of Sociology 36, no. 2 (2010): 185–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs8873.
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Over the past few years, this journal has hosted a debate central to world history and historical sociology: Joseph M. Bryant’s bold assault on the revisionist model of global history and the revisionists’ equally trenchant defense. A key point of disagreement concerns Europeans' relative military advantages vis-a-vis Asians. Both sides cite literature from historians’ Military Revolution Model, but each takes different lessons from that literature. The revisionists see a slight military imbalance in favor of Europe but deny that it reflects a general European technological lead. Bryant believes that the European technological lead is significant and reflects a more general modernizing trend. This article tries to resolve the disagreement by appealing to data from East Asia. First, it argues that recent work in Asian history points to what we can call a Chinese Military Revolution, which compels us to place the European Military Revolution in a larger, Eurasian context: not just western European but also East Asian societies were undergoing rapid military change and modernization during the gunpowder age. Second, it adduces evidence from a new study of the Sino-Dutch War of 1661-1668 (a war that both Bryant and the revisionists cite, each, again, taking divergent lessons) to come to a more precise evaluation of the military balance between China and western Europe in the early modern period: western cannons and muskets didn’t provide a discernible advantage, but western war ships and renaissance forts did. The article concludes that the revisionists are correct in their belief that Asian societies were undergoing rapid changes in military technology and practices along the lines of those taking place in western Europe and that the standard model Bryant defends is incorrect because it presumes that Asian societies are more stagnant than is warranted by the evidence. At the same time, the article argues that counter-revisionists like Bryant are correct in their belief that military modernization was proceeding more quickly in Europe than that in Asia, which may indicate that the counter-revisionists are correct on a basic point: there was an early divergence between the west and the rest of Eurasia. At first this divergence was slight – so slight, indeed, that it probably left little clear evidence in the noisy and poor early modern data we have available. But the divergence increased over time. Thus, we can speak of a small but accelerating divergence.
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Wodak, Ruth, and Salomi Boukala. "European identities and the revival of nationalism in the European Union." Discourse analysis, policy analysis, and the borders of EU identity 14, no. 1 (2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.1.05wod.
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To date, the concept of ‘European identity’ remains quite vague and obscure. Who is European and who is not? What values do Europeans share, and who is included in or excluded from the European community? This paper deals with the renegotiation of European identity/ies and the simultaneous increase of discourses about national security and nationalism in Europe, especially during the financial crisis since 2008. We first discuss a range of theoretical approaches to European identity from an interdisciplinary perspective. In a second step, after summarising the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and especially the concept of topos, we illustrate the link between discursive constructions of European identities and cultural ‘Others’ via some recent examples of European and national debates on migration and economic issues. More specifically, we first analyse a speech by Geert Wilders on immigration and multiculturalism after the clashes in Tunisia in 2011 and the subsequent arrival of many refugees in Italy; secondly, we focus on a speech about British relations to the European Union in the 21st century by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron. It becomes apparent that debates about European identities – especially since the financial crisis of 2008 – have increasingly been accompanied by debates about both more traditional racialised cultural concerns and more recently, about economic security, leading to new distinctions between ‘Us’, the ‘real Europeans’, and ‘Them’, the ‘Others’. In this way, the socio-political unification of Europe is challenged – once again.
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Diefendorf, Jeffry M. "European Urban Social History by the Numbers." Journal of Urban History 26, no. 3 (2000): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614420002600306.
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Lynch, Katherine A. "European Migration History Writ Large and Small." Journal of Urban History 23, no. 4 (1997): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300404.
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Merger, Michčle. "La politica ferroviaria europea: dalla prudenza alla liberalizzazione (1957-2007)*." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030010.
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- This article analyses the European Commission's efforts to encourage the development of efficient rail sector. The potential of railways for expanding their share of both passenger and freight transport was seriously limited by rail systems fragmented into national market shaped by national transport policies. The Commission stressed the importance of the necessary transformation of railway market that requires the following priorities: liberalization, free access market and competition, interoperability including both high speed and conventional rail networks. The European Commission's action (i.e. directive 91/440 and the railway packages) is intended to a renaissance of rail traffic, but the European States and the "historical" railway operators seem reluctant to apply these ambitious and "revolutionary" initiatives.Parole chiave: Commissione Europea, Politica di liberalizzazione, Sistema ferrociario, Politiche di trasporto statali, Operatori ferroviari, Politica regionale della CEE European Commission, Liberalization Policy, Rail System, National Transport Policies, Railway Operators, EEC Regional Policy
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Hansen, Peo, and Stefan Jonsson. "Another Colonialism: Africa in the History of European Integration." Journal of Historical Sociology 27, no. 3 (2014): 442–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/johs.12055.
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MAYHEW, ROBERT. "Mapping science's imagined community: geography as a Republic of Letters, 1600–1800." British Journal for the History of Science 38, no. 1 (2005): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087404006478.
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This paper extends discussions of the sociology of the early modern scientific community by paying particular attention to the geography of that community. The paper approaches the issue in terms of the scientific community's self image as a Republic of Letters. Detailed analysis of patterns of citation in two British geography books is used to map the ‘imagined community’ of geographers from the late Renaissance to the age of Enlightenment. What were the geographical origins of authors cited in geography books and how did this change over time? To what extent was scholarship from other cultural arenas integrated into European geography? Such an analysis draws on and interrogates recent work in the history of science and in the history of scholarship more broadly, work which has made important contributions to our understanding of the historical geography of scholarly communities in early modern Europe.
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Baturenko, S. A. "Intellectual prerequisites of a feminist discourse’s formation in the history of the Russian sociology." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 4 (2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-4-193-208.
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The article considers intellectual premises of forming of a feministic discourse in the Russian sociology are considered. The origin perspective in Russia of feminism as social phenomenon and theory of feminism in the history of the Russian social thought begins with them. The developed prerequisites promoted an indication of interest of the first Russian sociologists to this problem. The specifics of historical and cultural development exerted impact on judgment of a set of questions within social sciences including on need of a research of “women’s issue”. Many outstanding sociologists actively worked at a turn of the 19–20th centuries in the field of studying of this problem. The question of social position and role of women attracted a keen interest of representatives of the most different directions of sociological science of the classical period of development in Russia: positivistic, neopositivistic, subjective sociology, genetic, neokantian, Marxist, geographical direction. The author notes that judgment of a women’s issue in Russia began much earlier, namely in the first half of the 19th century to what a huge number of books and articles on this perspective testifies. The problem of position of women in society is considerably expressed in the context of the Russian culture, and widely reveals in the Russian literature in works of the famous writers, poets, publicists, philosophers. Statement of a problem of inequality, overcoming a dependency of the woman, providing her rights in Russia differs from western in original specifics. These specifics are caused by historical and social development of society, formation of legal system, religious consciousness. On the one hand, considerable impact was exerted by the European social thinkers. On the other hand, it is possible to speak about the Russian philosophers of this period who developed a problem of female equality in the works and in many respects defined the general direction of development of domestic sociology. In article the process of intellectual development of the Russian social thought which is directly preceding emergence of sociology in Russia and to forming of a feministic discourse within some leading schools of sciences is analyzed.
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Grazi, Laura. "Origini e sfide della politica regionale comunitaria: dagli studi preliminari all'Atto unico europeo (1957-1986)." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030005.
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- The article describes the different stages which marked the elaboration of the EEC regional policy starting from the preliminary studies in the Sixties to the formal inclusion of this domain in the Single European Act (1986). The creation of the European Regional Development Fund (1975) and its reforms are crucial events in the definition of the EEC regional policy which highlight the slow and difficult passage from a system redistributing money among Member States to the launch of new form of supranational territorial solidarity. The ERDF, that was initially linked to the need to rearrange the financial benefits of membership/accession to the EEC for some members States (in particular, Italy and Great Britain), was later rearranged in order to allow more autonomous policy choices at the Community level (Community programmes). The Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, adopted in the Eighties, are the symbol of this new approach because they linked EEC regional measures to common problems arising from economic integration and increased the coordinating functions of the Commission.Parole chiave: Politica regionale della CEE, Commissione europea, Economie regionali, FESR, Programmi comunitari, PIM EEC Regional Policy; European Commission, Regional Economies, European Regional Development Fund, Community Programmes, Integrated Mediterranean Programmes
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Marco Belfanti, Carlo. "Was fashion a European invention?" Journal of Global History 3, no. 3 (2008): 419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022808002787.
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AbstractFashion was arguably a social phenomenon that emerged in Europe during early modern times, and this paper seeks to determine whether it was unknown in the refined civilizations of the East. The conclusion is that fashion was not a European invention. The analysis of the evolution of Indian, Chinese, and Japanese clothing systems underlines how these societies underwent phases in which, thanks to propitious economic conditions, the accentuated propensity towards consumption stimulated behaviour that challenged the traditional hierarchies of appearance, usually regulated by canons of a prescriptive nature. Fashion was not, therefore, a European invention, but it only fully developed as a social institution in Europe, while in India, China, and Japan it only evolved partially, without being able to obtain full social recognition.
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Whittaker, C. R. "Roman Frontiers and European Perceptions." Journal of Historical Sociology 13, no. 4 (2000): 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6443.00127.
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Bogain, Ariane. "Reflections on Macron’s Proposals for a Renewed EU." Araucaria, no. 45 (October 8, 2020): 207–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2020.i45.09.
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Emmanuel Macron, elected French President on a pro-European platform against a staunchly Eurosceptic opponent in 2017, has sought to reinvigorate the European construction shaken by a decade of multiple crises. Whether lauded or vilified for being a passionate believer in the European project, he has laid out a comprehensive vision for the future of the EU through a series of key speeches. This article aims to discuss and assess Macron’s contribution to the debate on the future of the EU. After outlining the global and EU context in which Macron has been operating, it argues that his vision, whilst comprehensive and offering avenues for pro-Europeans, contains a series of blind spots that undermines it and which needs to be tackled if the European project is to advance.
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Herf, Jeffrey. "Mosse's Recasting of European Intellectual and Cultural History." German Politics and Society 18, no. 4 (2000): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503000782486435.
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George Mosse wrote European intellectual and cultural history in a way that recast its meaning. Because he did so without a specific theoretical program, the extent of his accomplishment in this regard at times went unnoticed. He was a member of the remarkable generation of European refugee historians who together formed the core of the American study of European culture and ideas in the postwar era. For his contemporaries, such as H. Stuart Hughes, Peter Gay, Leonard Krieger, Carl Schorske, and Fritz Stern, writing European intellectual history meant two things. First, it was a salvage operation, an effort to recall and preserve the traditions of humanism and liberalism destroyed by fascism and Nazism. Second, and related to that task, it entailed writing about other intellectuals—philosophers, social theorists, and novelists and artists of the first rank—who represented the best that had been thought in Europe.
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Silver, Hilary. "Book Reviews." German Politics and Society 37, no. 1 (2019): 66–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370104.
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Rafaela Dancygier, Dilemmas of Inclusion: Muslims in European Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017) Reviewed by Hilary Silver, Sociology, George Washington University Thomas Großbölting, Losing Heaven: Religion in Germany since 1945; translated by Alex Skinner (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. Reviewed by Jeffrey Luppes, World Languages, Indiana University South Bend Hans Vorländer, Maik Herold, and Steven Schäller, PEGIDA and New Right-Wing Populism In Germany (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Reviewed by Joyce Mushaben, Political Science, University of Missouri St. Louis Kara L. Ritzheimer, “Trash,” Censorship, and National Identity in Early Twentieth-Century Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016) Reviewed by Ambika Natarajan, History, Philosophy, and Religion, Oregon State University Anna Saunders, Memorializing the GDR: Monuments and Memory After 1989 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2018) Reviewed by Jeffrey Luppes, World Languages, Indiana University South Bend Desmond Dinan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson, eds., The European Union in Crisis (London: Palgrave, 2017) Reviewed by Helge F. Jani, Hamburg, Germany Noah Benezra Strote, Lions and Lambs: Conflict in Weimar and the Creation of Post-Nazi Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017). Reviewed by Darren O’Byrne, History, University of Cambridge Chunjie Zhang, Transculturality and German Discourse in the Age of European Colonialism (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017) Reviewed by Christopher Thomas Goodwin, History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Marcel Fratzscher, The Germany Illusion: Between Economic Euphoria and Despair (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). Reviewed by Stephen J. Silvia, International Relations, American University
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Goldin, Vladislav. "History of GUPVI in the European North of the USSR." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 3 (2019): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870005110-2.
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Delanty, Gerard. "The frontier and identities of exclusion in European history." History of European Ideas 22, no. 2 (1996): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(95)00077-1.
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Lisitsyna, Galina G. "The History of the Moscow Institute of Social Psychology (Based on Materials from Institute Meeting Reports. 1917–1924)." Sociological Journal 26, no. 3 (2020): 172–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.3.7400.
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The purpose of this article is to draw the attention of specialists in the field of social sciences to a unique collection of documents at Moscow’s Institute of social psychology (1917–1924) created by V.M. Khvostov — a legislative science expert, philosopher, sociologist, who set himself the task of separating sociology and making it a specialized scientific discipline. The only work to date devoted to the Institute was an article written by its employee L.A. Byzov in 1923 (published in 2011), where he speaks about the history of the Institute, its development, achievements and failures from the point of view of a person who knows the situation from the inside. This makes it invaluable in terms of studying the history of the Institute of social psychology, in this work in particular, which provides more detailed information about the activities of V.M. Khvostov, the Institute’s employees and specialists involved in its work. These people were actually performing a scientific feat, creating a new direction in the field of social sciences, working in the extremely difficult conditions of the post-revolutionary era. The content and completeness of those of the Institute’s protocols which found their way into our hands, them currently being stored in the archives of the European University in St. Petersburg, are worthy of a full-fledged scientific publication that could write another page in the history of Russian sociology.
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MOSHER, MICHAEL A. "The Judgmental Gaze of European Women." Political Theory 22, no. 1 (1994): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591794022001003.
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KOSHAR, RUDY. "WHERE IS KARL BARTH IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY?" Modern Intellectual History 5, no. 2 (2008): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244308001674.
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Anglophone historians of modern Europe know Karl Barth primarily as the intellectual leader of the anti-Nazi Church Struggle and the principle author of the Barmen Declaration of 1934, which spoke a dramatic “No” to National Socialism's attack on the German churches. But Barth was also arguably the most important—and most prolific—theologian of the twentieth century. Aside from his unfinished magnum opus, the fourteen-volumeChurch Dogmatics, he published more than one hundred books and articles, and he quite literally wrote until the day he died in 1968. Barth's output has elicited an equally impressive secondary literature, produced mostly by students of theology and amounting to around fourteen thousand titles in twenty-five languages. As might be expected, theologians differ in their interpretations of Barth, seeing him as a formative voice in “neo-orthodox” Protestantism, a left-wing socialist, a fitting subject of deconstructionist philosophical theology, a thinker who showed the way “past the modern,” or a “critically realistic dialectical theologian.” In view of this record it may come as a surprise to find that until recently the Swiss was still “habitually honored but not much read,” as theologian George Hunsinger wrote in 1991. Hunsinger was not the only observer to see that Barth's work was never fully integrated into the corpus of theological culture in Europe and the United States despite the scholarly interest in his thought. This situation may be changing, as a transatlantic “Barth renaissance” now gathers momentum, nearly forty years after the great theologian's death.
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Trautmann, Thomas R. "Does India Have History? Does History Have India?" Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 1 (2012): 174–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417511000636.
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It was the unanimous opinion of the early Orientalists of British India that India had no history, at least in the sense of historical writings. Like every consensus, it contained many variations of detail, as we shall see, but as the view of experts it was widely influential for a long time. For example, R. C. Majumdar gave a thoughtful version of this view at the beginning of the multivolumeHistory and Culture of the Indian People(Majumdar 1951) by Indian scholars, published shortly after independence. But the consensus was eroded by the rise of what we may call the “colonial knowledge” paradigm, which asserted a close connection between European rule and European knowledge of India. It tended to discredit the old consensus and to lighten the specific gravity of Orientalist knowledge, simplifying it as an object of historical explanation. This development has cleared an opening, in recent decades, for a rush of new studies tending to create an opposing consensus, that Indiadidhave history of a kind, it being the task of scholars to explicate what kind, exactly, that was (for example, Pathak 1966; Warder 1972; Thapar 1992; Wagoner 1993; Ali, ed. 1999; Narayana Rao, Shulman, and Subrahmanyam 2001; Guha 2004; Mantena 2007). This in itself has been very much to the good, by reopening questions that had been closed by the old consensus. The old consensus itself, by contrast, was dismissed without much examination, and was attributed to colonial interest, cultural misunderstanding, or insufficient grasp of Indian languages and literatures. The old consensus now is seen as a simple ideological projection, easily explained and dismissed, with little complexity or interest for historical investigation. But this simplifying action of the prevailing paradigm renders invisible some of the very real effects of the old consensus, effects whose explanation can be very valuable to us. In order to gain the benefit it holds we have to take it seriously, trying both to explain it historically and to decide whether or in what way it is true.
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Kauppi, Niilo. "Bourdieu’s political sociology and the politics of European integration." Theory and Society 32, no. 5/6 (2003): 775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ryso.0000004919.28417.7c.
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Bulvinska, Oksana. "SYSTEM OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES: EXPIRIENCE OF EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 1 (2020): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2020.1.10.
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The article is devoted to the system of science of education in the European Universities. For analyzes were provided 16 European Universities from Finland, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, which are in top 50 in QA World Rankings 2019, and also Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna. The main study is the analysis of the study programs about the education in the universities that are listed above. The conclusion, that in most European Universities offered educational programs «Educational studies», which are mainly not for professional, but academic level (especially the Master’s degree). The programs «Educational studies» focused on the study of educational systems and the practical studying in a wide social, cultural, political and economic areas. As usual, this educational program combines the ideas and the study of the educational systems, psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, politics, the management of education, history and culture of education, comparative educational studies, and also the critical analysis of different educational theories and innovative methods. The pedagogical science is one of the educational discipline, which is focused only on the pedagogical problems, which are learning, teaching and development: the educational programs, the measurement and evaluation in education and training, the special pedagogic, which is focused on prevention, research, diagnosis, development and education of children, teenagers or adults with behavioral and emotional problems and their psychosocial consequences. The pedagogical study programs also are focused on development and education of the kids and teenagers in a different social groups (families, schools, groups of friends etc.).
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Dawson, Matt. "The war against forgetfulness: Sociological lessons from Bauman’s writings on European Jewry." Thesis Eleven 156, no. 1 (2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619898288.
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This paper argues against assigning Zygmunt Bauman to the category of a ‘white’, ‘European’ theorist and the tendency to speak of an undifferentiated ‘Eurocentrism’. To argue this, I return to a set of articles by Bauman which reflected on the history of European Jewry. These encourage us to place Bauman in a historical and social context in which he is best identified as emerging from the racialized and classed politics of East European Jewry. Bauman traces how this group were made the outsiders of the assimilatory project of West European Jewry then, as Jewish socialists, were victims of the political anti-Semitism of communist regimes. Not only does this encourages us to be critical of the claims that he spoke from an elite ‘white European’ position, it also has further lessons for sociology which, in its own ‘war against forgetfulness’, has tended to impose simplistic racialized and political categories onto theorists.