Journal articles: 'European history|Medieval history'

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Rogers, J. M. "A new view of medieval Persian history." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 121, no. 1 (1989): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00167905.

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A conspicuous feature of Ottoman history from the sixteenth century onwards, or even of fifteenth-century Mamluk Egypt, is that the mass of surviving administrative documents, well complemented by European sources, makes it possible to apply a range of economic and social concepts to illuminate their economy and society. For Persia the documents are far fewer and, even where, as in seventeenth-century Iṣfahān, the extant Safavid documents are exceptionally well complemented by European source material, doubts, often of a Marxian or Braudelian order, on the legitimacy of applying European concepts to Persian society are often entertained. In other periods the paucity of material is compounded by ethnic diversity – tribal versus settled populations; Turks versus Iranians or Iranians versus Turco-Mongols, all with deeply rooted authentic traditions – which is rarely documented, let alone explained, by the contemporary historians. It is almost as if the right kind of anthropologist could do more than the historian to exploit what material there is.

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Mell, Julie. "Twentieth-Century Jewish Émigrés and Medieval European Economic History." Religions 3, no. 3 (2012): 556–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel3030556.

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Kovalev, Roman K. "Reimagining Kievan Rus’ in Unimagined Europe." Russian History 42, no. 2 (2015): 158–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04202002.

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Russia’s place in Europe is an old question, one that is answered differently depending on its eras of history, the generations of scholars who study this issue, and their backgrounds. How the Kievan Rus’ period of Russian history may “fit” into medieval European history is perhaps not as well studied as are other epochs, although Soviet historiography is quite strong, as it nearly always attempted to situate Rus’ into “Feudal Europe.” Marxist historians had no doubts that Kievan Rus’ was European, as were West European medieval cartographers and geographers. Reasons for why, when, how, and where Russia came to be written out of medieval Europe, which has been generally understood as the Latin West, are still not clear. Recent scholarship has argued for the need to reevaluate the entire antiquated notion of “medieval Europe” being only the Latin West and include into it the “Other Europe,” or the Eastern-rite states that occupied the other half of the Continent. The new book by Christian Raffensperger attempts to find ways to situate Rus’ into “Europe” through reimagining its place in it. However, because the author does not reimagine “Europe,” he squeezes Rus’ into the Latin West, which compromises the former’s uniqueness as it also writes the rest of the Eastern-rite European states out of medieval Europe.

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Boldt, Andreas. "Past sense: Studies in medieval and early modern European history." Rethinking History 19, no. 4 (2015): 700–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642529.2015.1051322.

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Park, Joon-Chul. "Major Trends in the Studies of Medieval European History, 2017~2018." Korean Historical Review 243 (September 30, 2019): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.16912/tkhr.2019.09.243.243.

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Taylor, Anna Lisa. "Where are the wild things? Animals in western medieval European History." History Compass 16, no. 3 (2018): e12443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12443.

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Biddick, Kathleen. "Decolonizing the English Past: Readings in Medieval Archaeology and History." Journal of British Studies 32, no. 1 (1993): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386018.

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Historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and sociologists are accustomed to categorizing the inhabitants of the rural farming households of medieval England as peasants without questioning the disciplinary implications of imposing such a category on historical subjects. Foundational categories, such astheworker,thepeasant,thewoman, become so familiar that they appear natural and divert us from studying the historical and power-charged processes involved in their constructions, past and present. The century-old debate over views of medieval English peasants as bound statically by custom, on the one hand, or as dynamically diverse or mobile, on the other, perhaps expresses embedded disciplinary tensions in the historic division of labor between anthropology (including archaeology) and history. From their disciplinary formation in the early modern period, anthropology and history together have constructed and guarded an imaginary but nevertheless potent boundary between the historical and the primitive, a boundary that divided the European colonizer from the non-European colonized and that within Europe divided the historical past from the traditional past. Who gets an anthropology and who gets a history therefore becomes a question of historic and power-charged disciplinary practices. As a foundational category, “peasant” straddles both disciplines and both divisions of the past, historical and traditional.In this essay, I wish to examine the powerful yet unacknowledged ways in which these disciplinary practices inform medieval peasant studies. I shall focus especially on the study of the material culture of the medieval English peasantry. Both history and archaeology claim the medieval English peasant to justify disciplinary narratives.

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Amer, Sahar. "Reading Medieval French Literature from a Global Perspective." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 130, no. 2 (2015): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2015.130.2.367.

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Only in the last decade has the field of medieval french literature recognized the need for a critical gaze that looks outside France and beyond the persistent Eurocentric accounts of medieval French literary history. These accounts long viewed medieval French literary production primarily in relation to the Latin, Celtic, and Provençal traditions. My research over the last twenty years has called for a revisionist history of literature and of empires and has highlighted the fact that throughout the Middle Ages France entertained “inter-imperial” literary relations—not only with European traditions but also with extra-European cultures, specifically with the Islamicate world.

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Saghy, Marianne. "History of the Research Project: "Women and Power in Medieval East Central Europe"." East Central Europe 20, no. 1 (1993): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633093x00136.

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AbstractWomen have been generally relegated to the margins of traditional historiography. They have often been presented as romantic heroines - good or bad - but most of the time they were utterly neglected as historical actors. A prevalent tendency of the nouvelle histoire is the revision of these inherited and by now strongly dated approaches. Modern histori ans try to reconstruct how women lived and worked in the past; they analyze women's roles and functions as integral parts of larger socio-historical structures. While in Western Europe and in the United States women's history has become a research field on its own and produced remarkable results, in East Central Europe this change of attitude towards women in history has not yet happened. By launching a research project on "Women and Power in East Central Europe," the Central European University's Department of Medieval Studies sought to encourage young scholars of the region to study and to reevaluate the roles and positions of women in medieval history. We aimed at making the medieval experience of the region a little less "tiresome" and more interesting by including women's political and cultural presence - the role and function of queens, princesses, and aristocratic women - into the sphere of exploranda and explananda.

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Berkey, Jonathan P. "THE PROMISE AND PITFALLS OF MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC SOCIAL HISTORY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 2 (2014): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000191.

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When I was in graduate school, in the 1980s, one frequently heard complaints about the comparatively unsophisticated nature of the historiography of the medieval Middle East. There was considerable envy of historians in fields like early modern European history, who pushed broader disciplinary limits and whose works were read not just for content but also for historiographical and theoretical inspiration. There were some in our own corner of the profession blazing new methodological trails—Clifford Geertz, for example, who, though not a historian, had much to say to historians, and whose books were read eagerly by historians, and not just in Middle Eastern history; or Fedwa Malti-Douglas, as much at home in feminist literary theory as in medieval Arabic literature. But many graduate students in Middle Eastern history felt a bit underrepresented on the cutting edge of historical thought and practice.

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McWebb, Christine. "University of Alberta." Florilegium 20, no. 1 (2003): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.20.015.

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Apart from numerous survey courses such as the Histories of Medicine, of Technology, of Art, and the Literature of the European Tradition—all of which span several centuries including the Middle Ages, and are offered by various departments of the Faculty of Arts, there is a fairly strong contingent of special topics courses in medieval studies at the University of Alberta. For example, Martin Tweedale of the Department of Philosophy offers an undergraduate course on early medieval philosophy. There are currently three medievalists in the Department of History and Classics. Andrew Gow regularly teaches courses on late medieval and early modern Europe. John Kitchen is a specialist in medieval religion, medieval intellectual history, the history of Christian holy women and medieval Latin literature. Kitchen currently teaches an undergraduate course on early medieval Europe. Thirdly, J.L. Langdon, a specialist in British Medieval history, teaches a course on the formation of England in which he covers the political, social, economic and religious developments of England from the fifth to the twelfth century.

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Sybil M. Jack. "Rural History of Medieval European Societies: Trends and Perspectives (review)." Parergon 26, no. 1 (2009): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.0.0100.

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Mikhailova, Yulia. "Against the Last Bastion of the West-centric Master Narrative." Russian History 42, no. 2 (2015): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04202003.

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This review discusses Reimagining Europe by Christian Raffensperger in the context of the evolution of academic history writing during the past few decades. It notes relations between the current political agendas and historical interpretations of the seemingly distant past exemplified by influence that modern perceptions of Russia and Ukraine exert on representations of their medieval “ancestor,” and it argues that marginal status of Rus’ in general medieval histories is the last survival of a discourse of Western European superiority. The review supports Raffensperger’s call to “reimagine” medieval Europe in such a way as to make Rus’ its integral part.

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Ruys, Juanita Feros. "An Alternative History of Medieval Empathy: The Scholastics and compassio." Emotions: History, Culture, Society 2, no. 2 (2018): 192–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2208522x-02010019.

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AbstractThis essay contributes to the alternative history of empathy by complicating the current state of scholarship placing the birthplace of modern Western empathy in the European Middle Ages. In counterpoint, the essay argues that there endured throughout the Middle Ages a suspicion of empathy as a feeling state and a prompt to right action. This position was inherited from the ancient Stoics and was particularly expressed by the medieval philosopher-theologians known as the Scholastics. In making this case, the essay focuses on the Medieval Latin term compassio and takes as its material the writings of Bonaventure, scholastic exegesis of the Christian foundation myths of the fall of humans and the evil angels, and scholastic analyses of almsgiving.

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Heirbaut, Dirk. "A source of inspiration for legal historians: Raoul van Caenegem’s views on legal history." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 88, no. 1-2 (2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00880a09.

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Summary Although Raoul van Caenegem claimed otherwise, he had very strong views on what legal history should be. In his opinion, legal history belonged to the disciplinary field of history, not to law. The legal historian should not only chronicle past evolutions of the law, but also explain them. To this purpose, van Caenegem himself turned to sociology, trying to work with types and models in order to generalise. Van Caenegem rejected the idea of a Volksgeist and advocated to look at the European context in a comparative legal history. Nevertheless, his ‘Europe’ was limited to the founding members of the European Union, joined by England. He constructed legal history as a history of power and preferred to study groups of law makers instead of individuals. In his legal history, the European ‘Second Middle Ages’, from 1100 until 1750, stand out as the cradle of the modern rule of law, with a special role for the cities of medieval Flanders. Although well-known for a leading handbook promoting the idea of the ius commune, the common law of Europe, van Caenegem actually deemed custom to have been the primary source of law in medieval Europe, whereas the role of the ius commune had been, in his opinion, overestimated. As he showed many times during his distinguished career, van Caenegem wanted legal historians to take part in current debates. In the end, his main lesson from legal history was a plea for moderation, as taking a sound idea to its extreme leads to absurd or unintended consequences.

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Raffensperger, Christian. "Identity in Flux: Finding Boris Kolomanovich in the Interstices of Medieval European History." Medieval Globe 2, no. 1 (2016): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17302/tmg.2-1.3.

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Green, Monica H. "Integrative Medicine: Incorporating Medicine and Health into the Canon of Medieval European History." History Compass 7, no. 4 (2009): 1218–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00618.x.

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Candelaria, Marian Toledo. "Alice Taylor, The Shape of the State in Medieval Scotland, 1124–1290: Oxford Studies in Medieval European History." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 38, no. 2 (2018): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2018.0254.

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KOROLEV, Yu A. "THE PHENOMENON OF SWEDISH FREEMASONARY IN RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 10, no. 2 (2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2021-10-2-153-162.

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The purpose of the article is to study the history of one of the little-known Masonic organizations - the Swe-dish Rite of Freemasonry. A significant part of the work is devoted to the Swedish system development in Russia and the ties between Russian and Swedish Freemasonry. The author pays attention to the specific nature of the Swedish ritual, which differs in many respects from traditional Freemasonry. These con-cerns, first of all, the legend about the origin of Swe-dish Freemasonry from the medieval Knights Templar order. Based on this legend, the analysis of the hierarchy of Swedish ritual degrees is given and their inter-nal content is revealed. This article can become the basis for a great scientific research of the Swedish Masonic system and the peculiarities of its existence in various European countries.

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Bondarenko, Gennady, Gennady Gulko, and Oleksandr Demianyuk. "Congress of monarchs in Lutsk in the history and culture of European medieval civilization." Litopys Volyni, no. 20 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2305-9389/2020.20.04.

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dodds, ben. "The rural history of medieval European societies: trends and perspectives – Edited by Isabel Alfonso." Economic History Review 61, no. 1 (2008): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00419_19.x.

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Vaglienti, Francesca, and Cristina Cattaneo. "A medieval contribution to the history of legal medicine: the first European Necroscopic Registry." International Journal of Legal Medicine 124, no. 6 (2010): 669–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-009-0378-z.

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GELTNER, G. "Healthscaping a medieval city: Lucca'sCuria viarumand the future of public health history." Urban History 40, no. 3 (2013): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000321.

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ABSTRACT:In early fourteenth-century Lucca, one government organ began expanding its activities beyond the maintenance of public works to promoting public hygiene and safety, and in ways that suggest both a concern for and an appreciation of population-level preventative healthcare. Evidence for this shift (which is traceable in and beyond the Italian peninsula) is mostly found in documents of practice such as court and financial records, which augment and complicate the traditional view afforded by urban statutes and medical treatises. The revised if still nebulous picture emerging from this preliminary study challenges a lingering tendency among urban and public health historians to see pre-modern European cities as ignorant andapatheticdemographic black holes.

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Abulafia, David. "Islam in the History of Early Europe." Itinerario 20, no. 3 (1996): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003958.

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Virtually every account of European history after the fall of the Roman Empire identifies ‘Europe’ with Christian civilisation, echoing, consciously or otherwise, the universalist claims of the Byzantine emperors, the popes and the western Roman emperors. Yet it is also the case that Islam possessed a European presence from the eighth century onwards, first of all in Spain and the Mediterranean islands, and later, from the mid-fourteenth century, in the Balkans, where the Turks were able rapidly to establish an empire which directly threatened Hungary and Austria. The lands ruled by Islam on the European land mass have tended to be treated by historians as European only in geographical identity, but in human terms part of a victorious and alien ‘oriental’ civilisation, of which they were provincial dependencies, and from which medieval Spanish Christians or modern Greeks and Slavs had to liberate themselves. Yet this view is fallacious for several reasons. In the first place, there is a valid question about our use of the term ‘civilisation’, which Fred Halliday has expressed as follows:‘Civilisations’ are like nations, traditions, communities – terms that claim a reality and authority which is itself open to question, and appeal to a tradition that turns out, on closer inspection, to be a contemporary creation.

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Wickham, Chris. "Problems of Comparing Rural Societies in Early Medieval Western Europe." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2 (December 1992): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679106.

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There is surprisingly little early medieval social history being written. In recent years, more specifically economic history has had a remarkable rebirth, thanks to the (largely unconnected) efforts of archaeologists on the one side and Belgian and German historians on the other; but the study of society in general, outside the restricted spheres of the aristocracy and the church, has been neglected. I speak schematically; obviously, there are notable exceptions. But it is significant that noone, in any country, has thought it worthwhile to attempt a synthesis of early medieval European socio-economic history as a whole that could replace those of Alfons Dopsch or, maybe, André Déléage. It would be hard; but people have tried it for the centuries after 900, with interesting (even if inevitably controversial) results. Why not earlier? Richard Sullivan recently lamented the conservatism of most Carolingian scholarship; in the arena of social history, he could easily have extended his complaints back to 500.

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Sánchez Sánchez, Xosé M. "Medieval echoes. Reflection on political theories and cultural trends from European Middle Ages during American Wars of Independence and Between the States." Culture & History Digital Journal 10, no. 1 (2021): e011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2021.011.

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This article examines the influence of formulations and lines of European medieval thought and culture during the two main processes of American political history: the American Wars of Independence and Between the States. In these moments of enormous significance, we can perceive a series of formulations alive since Middle Age centuries; principles with a no evident but relevant influence in mentality and perception during the conflicts. These are: federalism, constitutionalism, canon law, the concept of war, the reception of the work of Dante Alighieri and his ‘Divina Commedia’ and the reception of chivalric medieval culture and the Arthurian tradition.

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MILWRIGHT, MARCUS. "The balsam of Matariyya: an exploration of a medieval panacea." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 66, no. 2 (2003): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x03000119.

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The products derived from the balsam tree (probably a cultivar of Commiphora opobalsamum [L.] Engl.) were employed extensively in medicine during the medieval period. This article presents a preliminary survey of the Arabic and European texts which discuss the varied medical uses of balsam. The analysis of the medical applications of balsam is organized into broad categories according to groups of illnesses and treatments. Although other sources of medicinal oleo-resin were available in the medieval period, the balsam gathered from the trees in the walled plantation at Matariyya in Egypt enjoyed a pre-eminent status. It is argued that the great regard shown to balsam in medieval medicine must be seen in the wider context of the history and legends associated with Matariyya and the earlier plantations in Palestine.

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Khan, Geoffrey. "A copy of a decree from the archives of the Fāṭimid Chancery in Egypt". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, № 3 (1986): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00045067.

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The medieval registers of the papal Chancery and of the royal Chanceries of Western Europe, which have preserved archival copies of outgoing documents, are an invaluable source for students of medieval European history and diplomatics. Analogous sources from medieval Islamic Chanceries are practically non-existent. We know from literary works, especially the handbooks for government secretaries, that the medieval Islamic Chanceries kept records of the documents they issued by meticulously copying them and filing them in an archive. Some of the surviving documents which emanated from the Egyptian chanceries also attest to this practice. These often contain annotations made by copyists certifying that the document had been copied in the Chancery and/or in other government offices. We also have a report by a clerk of the Ayyūbid Chancery concerning the search in the archives for the copy of a decree which had been issued several years previously. To this report is attached a reproduction of the archival copy. The original contents of the archives of the medieval Egyptian Chanceries, however, have perished almost without a trace.

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Meyer-Schlenkrich, Carla. "Paul Oldfield, Urban Panegyric and the Transformation of the Medieval City, 1100–1300. (Oxford Studies in Medieval European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2019." Historische Zeitschrift 311, no. 2 (2020): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2020-1363.

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Pamuk, Şevket. "Economic History, Institutions, and Institutional Change." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 3 (2012): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000475.

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Until recently the discipline of economic history was concerned mostly with the Industrial Revolution and the period since. A large majority of the research and writing focused on Great Britain, western Europe, and the United States. There has been a striking change in the last three decades. Economic historians today are much more interested in the earlier periods: the early modern and medieval eras and even the ancient economies of the Old World. They have been gathering empirical materials and employing various theories to make sense of the evolution of these economies. Equally important, there has been a resurgence in the studies of developing regions of the world. Global economic history, focusing on all regions of the world and their interconnectedness since ancient times, is on its way to becoming a major field of study. Even the Industrial Revolution, the most central event of economic history, is being studied and reinterpreted today not as a British or even western European event but as a breakthrough resulting from many centuries of interaction between Europe and the rest of the world.

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Rosser, Gervase, Mark Jenner, and Bill Luckin. "Review of periodical articles." Urban History 27, no. 1 (2000): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800000171.

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One of the attractions of medieval urban history is the fact that major conceptual problems in the field continue to be debated. In a stimulating review article by J.H. Mundy, ’Philip Jones and the medieval Italian city-state‘, J. of European Economic History, 28 (1999), 185–200, one distinguished scholar is taxed for holding views now dismissed by some, but of which he is by no means a unique surviving representative. One of these views assumes a clear distinction between the antique city, supposedly a bureaucratic centre with limited economic functions, and the medieval city, as the home of industrious artisans and nascent capitalism. The image of the non-profit-making ancient town may be overly indebted to the nature of the literary sources and to the prevalent interests of classicists; but, although many would now agree that both the elements in the above equation need qualifying, a more focused comparison is presently lacking, and a fine book is still waiting to be written on the transition from the ancient world to the middle ages in urban history.

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McCannon, Afrodesia. "Émile Mâle and Premodern Pleasures." English Language Notes 58, no. 2 (2020): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557923.

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Abstract For many European nations, the Middle Ages became the site of their national origins. However, in scholarship of the same era, the period has been subject to infantilizing defamation and dismissal, even by those who claimed to be medievalists. Studies of medieval art and literature, discussion of medieval music, historiography about the period, and so on have assessed the Middle Ages as a time of naïveté, superstition, and violence by individuals who were not fully formed. To this day, the term medieval carries the derogatory connotation of “primitive.” This language is strikingly similar to discourse about colonized and other peoples who were contemporary with the researchers of the period. Focusing on a luminary scholar of the Middle Ages, the art historian Émile Mâle, this essay explores the link between the study of the medieval sense of beauty and the discourse concerning the aesthetics of the art of colonized and indigenous peoples to consider a particular dynamic of European identity formation around the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that the medieval self, pushed away by the teleological model of history, pulled in by nationalism, ruptures and leads to recognition of an unstable European identity.

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Yılmaz Genç, Sema, and Hassan Syed. "The Medici’s Influence: Revival of Political and Financial Thought in Europe." Belleten 85, no. 302 (2021): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2021.29.

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The history of the European Renaissance has been written in many versions. The move from medieval to Renaissance period in world history shows clashes between empires and human nature. The contemporary scholars have many variants of history to choose from and form their own views about what actually transpired during the historical period. The most significant role of the Medici family was in the new era of European history that witnessed the art of administration on the Medici Bank in Florence/Italy. This paper portrays the point of view of the influence of Islamic Arab scholars as scribes in the re-introduction of Greek-Aristotelian philosophies to Renaissance Europe. This view is being increasingly challenged. The Islamic-Arab scholars such as Averroes and Avicenna were not mere scribes. Better translations of Arabic and Persian historical treasures reveal that the Islamic-Arab scholars during the golden age of Islam were globally accepted literary giants who made profound changes to the ideological shaping of Renaissance Europe.

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Kostuch, Lucyna, Beata Wojciechowska, and Sylwia Konarska-Zimnicka. "Ancient and Medieval Animals and Self-recognition: Observations from Early European Sources." Early Science and Medicine 24, no. 2 (2019): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00242p01.

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Abstract This article presents the oldest European accounts that describe the reactions of animals to their own reflections on the surface of a body of water or in a mirror. The analysed sources will encompass Greco-Roman accounts, including the reception of these accounts in the Middle Ages. While this article belongs to the field of the history of science, it seeks to provide a historical commentary with insights from contemporary studies (the mirror test, MSR). The article presents surviving ancient and medieval accounts about particular animal species that describe their ability or inability to recognise a mirror reflection. The species discussed are the horse, mule, dog, birds (sparrow, partridge, rooster, quail, jackdaw, starling and pheasant), the monkey and tiger. Brief mention is also made of the sheep, pigeon, goose, parrot, raven and cat.

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Petrocchi, Alessandra. "Medieval Literature in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Medieval Worlds 1, no. 2 (2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2019.120004.

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This paper provides a textual comparison of selected primary sources on medieval mathematics written in Sanskrit and medieval Latin for the first time. By emphasising literary features instead of purely mathematical ones, it attempts to shed light on a neglected area in the study of scientific treatises which concerns lexicon and argument strategies. The methodological perspective takes into account the intellectual context of knowledge production of the sources presented; the medieval Indian and Latin traditions are historically connected, in fact, by one of the most fascinating episodes in the history of knowledge transfer across cultures: the transmission of the decimal place value system. This cross-linguistic analysis compares and contrasts the versatile textuality and richness of forms defining the interplay between language and number in medieval Sanskrit and Latin works; it employs interdisciplinary methods (Philology, History of Science, and Literary Studies) and challenges disciplinary boundaries by putting side by side languages and textual cultures which are commonly treated separately. The purpose in writing this research is to expand upon recent scholarship on the Global Middle Ages by embracing an Eastern literary culture and, in doing so, to promote comparative studies which include non-European traditions. This research is intended as a further contribution to the field of Comparative Medieval Literature and Culture; it also aims to stimulate discussion on cross-linguistic and cross-cultural projects in Medieval Studies.

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Brown, Michael H. "War, Marriage, Tournament: Scottish Politics and the Anglo-French War, 1448–1450." Scottish Historical Review 98, no. 1 (2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2019.0377.

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The Scottish kingdom has often been portrayed as standing at the periphery of late medieval Europe. However, the events of 1448 to 1450 demonstrate that the Scots were capable of projecting their interests effectively at the courts of European rulers. These years witnessed the start of the final phase of the Hundred Years War culminating in the conquest of Normandy and Gascony by the French crown. Scottish historians have placed considerable stress on the marriage of King James II to Marie of Guelders in 1449 as an example of interactions between Scotland and European courtly life. This article demonstrates the interconnections between Anglo-Scottish warfare in the Borders, marriage diplomacy, the rapidly changing situation in the French kingdom, and the internal politics of Scotland. It shows that Scots and the Scottish kingdom were active participants in a wider political world at a defining point in European history.

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Rando, Daniela. "Andrea Gamberini, The Clash of Legitimacies. The State-Building Process in Late Medieval Lombardy. (Oxford Studies in Medieval European History.) Oxford, Oxford University Press 2018." Historische Zeitschrift 311, no. 1 (2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2020-1291.

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Palikidis, Angelos. "Why is Medieval History Controversial in Greece? Revising the Paradigm of Teaching the Byzantine Period in the New Curriculum (2018-19)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 7, no. 2 (2020): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.314.

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In which ways was Medieval and Byzantine History embedded in the Greek national narrative in the first life steps of the Greek state during the 19th century? In which ways has it been related to the emerging nationalism in the Balkans, and to relationships with the West and the countries of south-eastern Europe during the Balkan Wars, the First and Second World Wars, and especially the Cold War, until today? In which ways does Byzantium correlate with the notion of Greekness, and what place does it occupy in Neo-Hellenic identity and culture? Moreover, which role does it play in history teaching, and what kind of reactions does any endeavour of revision or reformation provoke? To answer the above questions I performed a comparative analysis on the following categories of sources: (a) Greek national and European historiography, (b) School history curricula and textbooks, (c) Public history sources, (d) The new History Curriculum for primary and secondary school classes, and (e) The principles and guidelines of international organizations such as the Council of Europe. In the first three sections of this paper, I provide an overview of the conformation and integration of the Byzantine period in Greek national historiography, in association with the dominant European philosophical and historical perspectives during the era of modernity, as well as the evolving national politics, foreign affairs, prevailing ideological schemas and the role of history teaching in shaping the common identity of the Neo-Hellenic society throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The fourth section briefly deals with the current situation in history teaching in Greek schools, while the fifth section critically presents the innovative elements and features of the new History Curriculum, which, to some degree, aspires to be considered a paradigm shift in the teaching of Medieval History in school education. Finally, I summarize and draw several conclusions.

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Raffensperger, Christian. "Volodimer the Bold: A Counter-factual History of Eleventh-Century Rus’." Russian History 44, no. 2-3 (2017): 398–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04402015.

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One of the ways that we can profitably discuss what happened in the past is, counterintuitively, by asking not just “why did x happen” but “what if x did not happen?” Attempting to answer such a question involves an in-depth inquiry into the surrounding events and requires the historian to question the underlying causes of a whole host, indeed a spreading wave, of events that all might be affected by one particular change. This article posits the idea that if Volodimer, the eldest son of Iaroslav the Wise had lived to inherit – Rusian and even medieval European more broadly, history would be changed.

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E.V., Kilimnik. "ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL LIVONIAN ORDER." Global problems of modernity 1, no. 9 (2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2713-2048-2020-1-9-4-18.

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The main purpose of the presented work is a cultural and historical analysis of the evolution of the cul-tural development of medieval Livonia on the example of monuments of defense architecture. The task is to conduct an art analysis of the existing variety of architectural forms of medieval castle complexes of the 13th and 16th centuries, located in different regions of Latvia and Estonia, which have undergone expansion by the feudal Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Creation of architectural and historical clas-sification of castle forms that were in the regions of the medieval Livonian Order of State in the Baltics. As a result of the analysis, the author summarized the historical diversity of the existing architectural and artistic forms of feudal castles of medieval Latvia and Estonia. The common and special in the ar-chitectural forms of castles on the basis of the introduction to this north-eastern region of Europe bor-rowed customs of European castle-building and architectural traditions of the monastic order of the Cistercians of Burgundy has been revealed. It is determined that the castle of the Order of Livon, the fortified residence of medieval bishops in Livonia and Estland, privately owned castles was a whole space, synthesized in the natural environment, social order, system world understanding of the knights-monks of the Order of Livon, which was directly reflected in the architectural forms of castle complexes of the 13th - 16th centuries. taking into account the existing pan-European and local architectural, de-fense and cultural differences. The study makes a significant contribution to the theory and history of art. A new scientific direction has been developed - the history and typology of the castle architecture of medieval Latvia and Estonia.

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Lichty, David. "A Thousand Times Do it: Historical European Martial Arts and the Cultural Record." IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information 5, no. 1 (2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ijournal.v5i1.33470.

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The following paper explores how intangible cultural knowledge is represented in the cultural record as information made known through physical objects. It seeks to prove that the preservation of intangible knowledge requires the continued practice of that knowledge as well as the creation of physical information. I believe that a study of European martial arts will demonstrate this. This paper will cover the history of historical European martial arts manuscripts in the early medieval period, relevant advances in manuscript making in the late medieval period, and the current revitalization of historical European martial arts. The paper will describe how communities of practitioners dedicated to recording guidelines for what can only be realized in practice and which is intangible knowledge, employ new technologies, ideas and metadata in creating a cultural record.

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VUOLTEENAHO, JANI. "Numbering the streetscape: mapping the spatial history of numerical street names in Europe." Urban History 39, no. 4 (2012): 659–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000442.

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ABSTRACT:In contrast to North American cities, numerically named streets are a very rare occurrence in Europe. This article explores the exceptions to this rule by charting the history of street numbering in 10 European countries. The medieval and early modern ‘new towns’ of New Winchelsea, Mannheim and a section of St Petersburg (Vasilievsky Island) were each designed with grid-plan layouts in which the streets were identified according to an alphanumerical system. Although a range of gridiron plans have been subsequently built across the continent, the newer instances of street numbering are characteristically inconspicuous and peripherally located in suburbs or industrial estates. As a result, most European cases of street numbering play a limited role in constituting the broader urban fabric of the streetscape, with the exception of cities such as Milton Keynes that conform more to the North American model. The relative absence of street-numbering plans in European cities can largely be explained by the much longer history of urbanism in Europe compared to North America and, above all else, the privileging of the nationalistic-pedagogic imperative to name streets with the aim of instilling historical ‘lessons’, which has left little room for the use of street numbering as a means of rationalizing the spatial organization of European cities.

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KIDD, D. "THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM: A Current Research Programme." Journal of the History of Collections 1, no. 1 (1989): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/1.1.103.

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Chervonenko, O. "The development of knowledge on natural history and collection of naturals in the European medieval culture." History of science and technology 7, no. 10 (2017): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2017-7-10-217-226.

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Schmoeckel, Mathias. "Schmoeckel, Mathias, Vom „gerechten” zum „heiligen Krieg”? Rechtfertigung der ersten Kreuzzüge im kanonischen Recht." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 105, no. 1 (2019): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2019-0001.

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Abstract From "just war" to the "holy war"? Justification of the first crusades in medieval Canon law. The European history of public international law has often dealt with the concept of "just war", almost never with the "holy war". This seems to be rather an Islamic phenomenon. But ever since Urban II called for the first crusade in 1095, Europe too knew the idea of justifying war with religious reasons. Until now this phenomenon has been used to denounce the cruelty of Christianity. We need, therefore, a new critical access to this topic. The origin of the idea in 1095 has to be linked with the development of penancy and indulgencies in their terms and concepts. We will see how skeptically the canonists of the age reacted and how little representative this immediately afterwards abandoned idea was of its time. Because Europe, in the end, rejected the idea of a "holy war", this topic is an important facette of the European evolution of public international law and does not prove the cruelty of the church. This article is part of a greater research project on the influence of medieval Canon law on public international law.

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Collet, Hadrien. "LANDMARK EMPIRES: SEARCHING FOR MEDIEVAL EMPIRES AND IMPERIAL TRADITION IN HISTORIOGRAPHIES OF WEST AFRICA." Journal of African History 61, no. 3 (2020): 341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853720000560.

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AbstractThe history of medieval West Africa is defined by the age of three great empires that succeeded one another: Ghāna, Māli, and Songhay. How did these empires come to frame our view of the West African past? To answer the question, we have to understand first how the European and Eurocentric concept of an empire was imposed on a specific African context and why it thrived. In this respect, the case of Sudanic empires in particular illuminates the process of history writing and scholars’ relationship with their time and object of study. In the last few years, Sudanic empires have made a prominent return to the historical conversation. I propose here a critical reflection on ‘empire’ and ‘imperial tradition’ in the western Sahel based on europhone and non-europhone (Arabic) historiographies, from the first histories written in postmedieval West Africa to those produced by twenty-first-century scholarship.

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Whitton, Joy. "Looking through the Lens of Ricoeur." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 3, no. 3 (2014): 218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2014.3.3.218.

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The premise of this essay is that creative strategies are not the sole province of the creative arts. Paul Ricoeur’s theory of imagination is combined with constructivist learning theorists and used as a lens with which to interpret manifestations of imaginative learning and thinking. Using ethnographic methodology, I tell a story about a first-year Medieval European History course and how creative pedagogies equip students with thinking tools to create knowledge in history that may affect their capacity to reformulate and act on contemporary issues.

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Malarchik, Diana, Marin A. Pilloud, and G. Richard Scott. "A Dental Metric Study of Medieval, Post Medieval, and Modern Basque Populations from Northern Spain." Dental Anthropology Journal 33, no. 2 (2020): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v33i2.305.

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Basque population history has been examined through classic genetic markers, mtDNA, Y chromosome haplogroups, craniometrics, and recently dental morphology. Dental morphological data show Basques have a classic European dental pattern but fall as an outlier among European populations. Expanding on that work, Basque tooth size was examined to further evaluate the affinities of the Basque population. Mesiodistal and buccolingual maximum crown measurements were taken from medieval and post medieval skeletons from the Catedral de Santa María in Vitoria, Spain, along with living samples of modern Basques, Spanish, and Spanish Basques from dental students at the Universidad del País Vasco. A dental metric examination affirms the outlier status of Basques, as they exhibit smaller crown areas than neighboring populations. In biodistance analyses Basque populations group with linguistically and geographically distant populations. Even with gene flow from Spain, France, and North Africa, Basque individuals still demonstrate a unique pattern coincident with their ancient origins.

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Al-Bahloly, Saleem. "History Regained: A Modern Artist in Baghdad Encounters a Lost Tradition of Painting." Muqarnas Online 35, no. 1 (2018): 229–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993_03501p010.

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Abstract This essay explores how the re-encounter with a medieval history of manuscript illustration laid a foundation for the practice of modern art in Iraq. It focuses on the artist Jewad Selim (1919–61) and his discovery of Yahya al-Wasiti’s illustrations of the Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, but it also marks the ways in which that discovery was mediated by the enterprise of orientalist scholarship, the context of European modernism, and the broader cultural renewal that occurred with the collapse of the Ottoman empire and the creation of new nation-states in the Middle East.

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GRZESIK, RYSZARD. "BIBLICKÁ BABYLONSKÁ VEŽA A ANTICKÍ ĽUDIA. HĽADANIE VLASTNÝCH PREDKOV V STREDOVEKU." Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, no. 61 (November 4, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2020.61.2.

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The article is a presentation of ethnogenesis of Slavs in the view of medieval chronicles. Hungarian medieval historiography served as a starting point of the reflection. The author describes how national “Prehistory” was presented in Hungarian chronicles and compares them with the general tendencies in medieval historiography to show the way in which native origins were created. It was a search for a common ascendant of the European people based on the Bible figure of Japhet and the way in which this tradition is related to facts known from ancient history (like the Trojan War) as well as geographical description based on ancient erudition. It was the common explanation of native origins in the entire Western and Eastern Christianity.As a result, the culture of medieval and Pre-Modern Europe united despite the political divisions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'European history|Medieval history'

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