Relevant bibliographies by topics / European interference

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'European interference'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "European interference"

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Brkan, Maja. "The Concept of Essence of Fundamental Rights in the EU Legal Order: Peeling the Onion to its Core." European Constitutional Law Review 14, no. 2 (2018): 332–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019618000159.

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Essence of fundamental rights – Article 52(1) of the Charter – Multi-level protection of fundamental rights in Europe – Sources of essence – European Court of Justice case law on ‘very substance’ of fundamental rights – Constitutional traditions common to the Member States – European Court of Human Rights – Court of Justice of the EU – Schrems – Principle of proportionality – Absolute theory – Relative theory – Classification of interferences with essence – Objective interference – Subjective interference – Absolute rights – EU methodology for determination of interference with essence
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Bisgaard, Nikolai. "The European Experience." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 06 (2001): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745611.

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AbstractThis article presents an overview of past and current experiences with time division multiple assess-based (Global System for Mobil Communication) mobile telephones in Europe as seen by the European Hearing Instrument Manufacturers Association. Initial fear of widespread interference problems for hearing aid users in general owing to use of a new generation of mobile telephones seems unjustified. The background for the International Electrotechnical Commission 118–13 standard for measuring interference is described. No solution to complete elimination of interference problems resulting from direct contact between hearing aids and mobile telephones has yet been found. Several reports on the subjects are cited, and new work on measurement standards for near-field situations is mentioned. Abbreviations: BTE = behind the ear, DECT = digital European cordless telephony, EHIMA = European Hearing Instruments Manufacturers Association, EMC = electromagnetic compatibility, ETSI = European Telecommunication Standards Institute, EU = European Union, GSM = Global System for Mobile Communication, IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission, IRIL = input-related interference level, ITE = in the ear, TDMA = time division multiple access
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Renita, Gheorghe. "The Test Applied by the European Courts of Human Rights in the Context of the Principle of Legality of the Crime and Punishment." Studii Juridice Universitare, no. 2 (November 2024): 58–72. https://doi.org/10.54481/sju.2024.2.04.

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When the European Court of Human Rights finds an interference with a right guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Court checks, first of all, whether the interference is provided for by law. If the answer is yes, then the European Court of Human Rights analyzes whether the interference pursues one or more legitimate aims. Again, if the answer is yes, ultimately the European Court of Human Rights checks whether the interference is necessary in a democratic society. This analysis algorithm is also called “triple test”. These steps are followed in most cases. However, this study shows that in the context of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (article which guarantees the principle of the legality of the crime and the legality of the punishment), the Court of Strasbourg applies, in essence, the test of the quality of the law, with some particularities.
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Kostrzewa, Achim. "Interspecific interference competition in three European raptor species." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 2 (1991): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1991.9525379.

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Nwe, Theingi, and Monsak Pimsarn. "Railway Axle and Wheel Assembly Press-Fitting Force Characteristics and Holding Torque Capacity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 8862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198862.

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Nowadays, press-fitting is widely used in the manufacturing industry because it allows easy and fast installation and is repetitive, strong, and inherently reliable. The quality of a press-fitting assembly can be verified from the press-fitting curves and forced monitoring. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the press-fitting curve with various interference railway wheelset models and determine the interference limit that axles can withstand at the maximum holding torque without slipping and without plastic deformation. A three-dimensional finite element analysis examined the maximum press-fitting force and stress distributions using Abaqus FEA software. The press-fitting curves of the railway wheel and axle assembly obtained from finite element simulation were classified following European Standard EN 13260. The press-fitting curves showed whether they fell within the boundary limits in the EN standard to allow their practical application. This study also showed when plastic deformation would occur, within the recommended interferences in the EN standard. Moreover, the effect of interference was numerically simulated for the maximum holding torque capacity within the EN standard interference range. Numeric simulation was compared with the theory: the deviation was 15–6%.
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Miller, Chris. "Attributing “Priority” to Habitats." Environmental Values 6, no. 3 (1997): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327199700600305.

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A close scrutiny of a European Community directive on habitats and of the statutory instrument by which it is implemented in Britain reveals small but nevertheless significant concessions towards an ecocentric approach. Planning law now allows interference in the habitats of protected species only when human interests are demonstrably overriding. Recent decisions of the European Court of Justice have given a very restrictive interpretation of the circumstances in which such interference may be permitted. The implications for further ecocentric influence in environmental law are discussed.
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YERMOLIEVA, Karina. "CURRENT ISSUES OF MANDATORY PROPHYLAXIS VACCINATIONS: THE PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 129 (2025): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2025/1.129-3.

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Background. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights on compulsory preventive vaccinations is highlighted. The relevance of the study is that in modern conditions, in particular in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to ensure public health. The purpose of the study is to generalize the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on compulsory preventive vaccinations and their correlation with the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Methods. Both general and specific methods of legal science were used in the writing of this article, including: the formal-legal method; the system-structural method; the comparative-legal method; the historical-legal method; case analysis; and legal modeling. Results. The legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights on mandatory preventive vaccinations are determined, in particular, the European Court of Human Rights recognizes mandatory preventive vaccinations as an interference with the right to respect for private life, provided for by the European Convention, such interference may be justified if there are legitimate grounds, in particular for the purpose of protecting public health. The arguments regarding the correlation of mandatory preventive vaccinations and other human rights and the main restrictions on the rights of unvaccinated persons are considered. Conclusions. It is substantiated that the European Court of Human Rights recognizes that mandatory preventive vaccinations constitute an interference with the private life of an individual, but this interference may be justified if it is aimed at protecting public health and meets the criteria of legality and proportionality. It is determined that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights contains different approaches to assessing mandatory preventive vaccinations, which indicates the need to take into account the specific circumstances of each case, the level of risk and the availability of alternative measures, in addition, the legality of restrictions for unvaccinated persons depends on their proportionality and the legitimacy of the goals pursued by the state.
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Kallunki, J., V. Bezrukovs, W. Madkour, and P. Kirves. "Importance of Spectrum Management in Radio Astronomy." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, s3 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0022.

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Abstract The increasing terrestrial and space-borne communications are causing major problems to the radio astronomy observations. Only a minor part of the frequencies is allocated to the passive services, such as Radio Astronomy Services (RAS). There are only a few, relatively narrow frequency bands below 20 GHz, which are still suitable for the radio astronomical observations. In addition, Out-of-Band (OoB) emissions will be a real threat to the observations on these bands. On behalf of all European radio astronomers, the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) of the European Science Foundation (ESF) coordinates activities to keep the frequency bands used by radio astronomy and space sciences free of interference. Along with interference caused by active radio communication services, the local electronic device selection should be considered in the observatories. For instance, more common LED based lamps could cause harmful interference for the observations. Thus, it is very important to perform continuous radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring locally, in each radio observatory.
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Fischer, C., M. Goppelt, H. L. Blöcher, and J. Dickmann. "Minimizing interference in automotive radar using digital beamforming." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-45-2011.

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Abstract. Millimetre wave radar is an essential part of automotive safety functions. A high interference tolerance, especially with other radar sensors, is vital. This paper gives an overview of the motivation, the boundary conditions and related activities in the MOSARIM project funded by the European Union and concerned with interference mitigation in automotive radars. Current and planned activities considering Digital Beamforming (DBF) as a method for interference mitigation are presented.
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Fomina, L. Yu. "Protection of the Right to Respect for Private Life of Judges: Positions of the European Court of Human Rights." Pravosudie / Justice 2, no. 3 (2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2020.3.146-164.

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Introduction. Judges are required to observe certain rules of conduct, some of which can be considered as interference in the sphere of private life. Because of this, the issues of defining the boundaries of the judge’s private life and the possibility of violating them are very relevant. The European Court of Human Rights has a certain practice of protecting the right to respect for private life in relation to judges. This article is devoted to its research. Theoretical Basis. Methods. When writing the article, the authors studied scientific works on the problems of judicial ethics, standards of behavior of public servants, protection of the right to respect for private and family life, and the relationship between private life and public service. The main attention is paid to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of protecting the private life of judges. Results. The understanding of the private life of a judge based on the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is studied. The approaches applied to the assessment of such violations are considered. The criteria for the permissibility of state interference in the right to respect the private life of a judge are studied. Discussion and Conclusion. In accordance with the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the sphere of a judge’s private life is interpreted broadly, including professional activities. To identify interference in the private life of a judge, it is important to analyze his behavior in terms of the requirements imposed on him, the consequences of interference for himself or his close circle. A key role in assessing the permissibility of interference, taking into account the criteria of legality, legitimate purpose, and necessity in a democratic society, should be assigned to establishing a fair balance of public and private interests.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European interference"

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Parker, Maxwell. "The Narrative of Regime Change: Pro-Kremlin Narratives Implicating Foreign Interference in the 2020–2021 Belarusian Protests." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619153176164935.

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Nikitina, J. "LEGAL STYLE MARKERS ANO THEIR TRANSLATION IN WRITTEN PLEADINGS BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/525762.

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This corpus-based study investigates language use in the occluded genre of written pleadings before the European Court of Human Rights through the paradigms of legal phraseology and Translation Studies. The analysis is carried out on three subcorpora of authentic texts: (a) pleadings translated from Russian into English, (b) pleadings translated from Italian into English and (c) pleadings originally drafted in English. Legal language is intricate and formulaic, and frequently makes recourse to prefabricated patterns and routines. Legal phraseology is a major challenge for professional legal translators, and yet its translation has not received much scholarly attention until recently. Legal phraseological units are prefabricated patterns that form the matrix of legal texts and reveal interesting information about both the language and structure of the genre of written pleadings. Over the last thirty years, linguistic deviations occurring in the translation process have constituted one of the main areas within Translation Studies. It has been postulated that translated language has distinctive linguistic characteristics. Legal translation, in addition to linguistic factors, is conditioned by the tension between the legal systems involved, which can result in peculiar language dynamics in the translation of legal texts. This study draws inspiration from Toury’s (1995) and Chesterman’s (2004a) works to describe the different dynamics of translated language, applying a combination of translation norms and universals to identify and describe regularities in translated pleadings. This work is carried out using both linguistic and translational insights in order to demonstrate empirically how written pleadings can be characterised in terms of their phraseological content and how translated pleadings differ from non-translated pleadings. Distributional patterns of recurrent and anomalous legal phraseological units are compared across the corpora and analysed for typicality of frequencies and patterning as well as for quantity and quality of linguistic variation. The results contain a list of legal style markers typical of this genre, obtained in a translational and phraseological perspective. The list supplements the rather scant information about the language of written pleadings at the European Court of Human Rights. The analysis also provides confirmatory evidence of the differences between translated and non-translated texts, specifically, proving the co-existence of two opposite tendencies in translation: conventionalisation (translation of source text textemes with conventional repertoremes of the target environment) and discourse transfer (introduction of prefabricated patterns from the source language). The results may also be of some use and applicability for Russian-to-English and Italian-to-English translators, helping them avoid interference, use of unnatural or overly conservative patterns.
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Pinilla, Erwan. "Données de santé, dynamiques et enjeux de souveraineté." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAA015.

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Cette recherche a pour but de relever les dynamiques de la « donnée de santé » dans le champ de la souveraineté numérique : qui peut par là décrire, expliquer des situations, prédire des tendances, induire des comportements individuels et/ou populationnels, voire étatiques ? Que protéger donc en droit, comment? Nous rapportons et analysons le débordement des approches historiques de régulation, du fait de la diversification des acteurs, techniques et usages ; de la multiplication des sources de données et leur dissémination ; de l’ébranlement de catégories juridiques pourtant récemment fixées ; de la porosité des systèmes du fait d’interactions choisies ou non, dont les ingérences étrangères. En conséquence, nous analysons l’avènement accéléré d’outils inédits au niveau européen, dans des champs traditionnellement régaliens en matière d’infrastructures cyber, de qualifications (données, technologies, utilisations), et de garanties mutuelles contre les ingérences étatiques. D’autres défis nous semblent devoir être approfondis (ainsi la ré-identification ; les données synthétiques), dans une ère où la maîtrise technologique a cessé d’être l’apanage des Etats, et où la géopolitique s’est retendue avec des outils nouveaux<br>Aim of this research is to identify the dynamics of “health data” in the field of digital sovereignty: who can use it to describe and explain situations, predict trends, and induce individual and/or population, or even States, behaviours ? What is – and should be legally protected, and how ? We here report on and analyze the overflowing of historical approaches to regulation, due to the diversification of players, techniques and uses ; the multiplication of data sources and their dissemination, the shaking of legal categories despite their recent establishment ; the porosity of national and joint systems, due to conventional or agressive interactions. As a result, we analyze the accelerated advent of new rules at European level in traditionally regalian fields of cyber infrastructure, qualifications (data, technologies, uses), and mutual guarantees against interferences. Other challenges call for in-depth insight (such as reidentification &amp; synthetic data), in an era where for long technological domination is no more a prerogative of States, and where geopolitics has been extended by new tools and practices
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Barbetta, Alessia <1992&gt. "Interferenze tra segni distintivi e indicazioni geografiche: casi a confronto." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14787.

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L'elaborato verterà sui conflitti presenti tra marchi e indicazioni geografiche e approfondirà i casi di coesistenza tra i due. In particolare, il primo capitolo sarà una panoramica generale sulle nozioni di prodotti certificati DOP, IGP e STG, sulla normativa e sulla procedura di riconoscimento e registrazione. Verrà fatto poi un accenno al marchio dell'Unione Europea, soffermandosi sull'evoluzione della normativa comunitaria. Il secondo capitolo presenterà in modo piuttosto dettagliato le varie fonti legislative di riferimento per la protezione delle indicazioni geografiche a livello internazionale ed europeo, terminando con l'evoluzione della normativa italiana in materia di indicazioni geografiche. Il terzo capitolo affronterà il tema centrale della tesi. Dopo aver effettuato una breve panoramica sui vantaggi della certificazione, verrà approfondito il rapporto tra marchi collettivi e marchi di certificazione Europei. Verranno poi esaminati i casi di interferenza tra le discipline di indicazioni d'origine e marchi di certificazione Europea, analizzando la situazione in alcuni Paesi dell’Unione Europea. Nel quarto e ultimo capitolo verranno analizzati alcuni casi concreti di denominazioni d’origine in contrasto con segni distintivi a livello europeo. Sulla base del concetto di Italian Sounding, si cercherà di sottolineare l’importanza della caratteristica di qualità e di funzione distintiva, in particolare quella riferita alla provenienza/ origine dei prodotti.
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VAN, AKEN Wim. "Mediating Membership: Sectors, states, and strategies. EU enlargement negotiations (1998-2003): Constructive and destructive interference." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7035.

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Defence date: 19 March 2007<br>Examining Board: Prof. Martin Rhodes, EUI/Denver University (Supervisor); Prof. Adrienne Héritier, EUI; Prof. James Caporaso, University of Washington; Prof. Willem Buiter, LSE<br>Why is it that when economic sectors have strong preferences and mobilise politically on a national and international level one does not always find the respective policy outcomes as ‘demand side’ international political economic theory predicts? In concentrating on the role national and international institutions play in an open polity model I argue that states (governments) and international organisations (negotiations) and the strategies of actors occupying these institutions mediate societal interests according to what I call the logic of destructive and constructive interference. States and international organisations act as constraints upon societal preferences at the negotiating table when their interests are not aligned. This is ‘destructive interference’. Conversely, when societal interests and institutional preferences are aligned states and strategies sustain or amplify societal preferences at the negotiating table. This I refer to as ‘constructive interference’. I apply this conjecture to the fifth EU enlargement process (1998-2004) and the negotiated exemptions to the EU accession treaties. First, I quantitatively compare the universe of cases, i.e. 44 economic sectors across the ten applicant states according to their trade, factor and asset specificity. Subsequently, I subject the theory to a qualitative analysis in three economic sectors, i.e. pharmaceuticals, basic iron and steel and the international road freight transport, across four applicant states, i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The case studies have been based on sector and country-specific literature and 82 positional and structured interviews. The theoretical framework on the demand side has been provided by insights from modern political economy. The study finds that enlargement had a redistributive influence on sectoral incomes that resulted in preference formation and political mobilisation along sectoral lines. On the supply side, veto players and negotiation theory, combined with assumptions about political preference formation, provided hypothetical guidance. It finds that governments observed sectoral interests when their demand for protection reduced government expenditure and did not damage popular support for EU entry. On an international level, government negotiators found it easier to extract concessions from the EU when constrained by at least one domestic veto player. The EU would extend these concessions to other countries under the banner of equality and reciprocity.
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Koutská, Anna. "Převod pasiva v simultánním tlumočení na konkrétním česko-německém materiálu." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-415444.

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The Translation of the Passive Voice in Simultaneous Interpreting Using Czech-German Material Abstract This thesis examines the transfer of passive diathesis from German to Czech in the process of simultaneous interpreting. The aim of the research in the empirical section of my thesis is to describe the main tendencies within the language transfer of the passive diathesis. The analysis is based on the records and transcripts of the European Parliament Plenary sessions. The analysis of the speeches focuses on three aspects 1) preserving or changing of the diathesis 2) expression of the agent 3) interference. The initial passive diathesis is mostly preserved. The target speech in Czech language contains more passive diathesis than common written or spoken Czech. If the agent in the original speech is expressed, in most cases it is preserved in the target speech. In case when the agent in the original speech is not stated and it is expressed only implicitly, in the target speech it is expressed directly. The occurrence of interference can be stated thanks to the overall high level of passive diathesis in the target speech compared with common written or spoken Czech. Most of the choices made by interpreters are examples of a positive language transfer.
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GELINSKY, Katja. "The scope of the protection of the right of property under Article 1 of the first protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and the qualification of interferences with the right of property." Doctoral thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5556.

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Meiqi, Zhang. "O ensino-aprendizagem da fonética do português europeu a-por estudantes chineses: influências diatópicas da língua materna." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/65237.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Estudos Interculturais Português/Chinês: Tradução, Formação e Comunicação Empresarial<br>O presente trabalho centra-se no ensino-aprendizagem da fonética do Português Europeu (PE) por partes de estudantes chineses, a partir dos diferentes regioletos, analisando as interferências diatópicas, com vista a contribuir para a melhoria das metodologias no âmbito do desenvolvimento da competência de oralidade, em particular a pronúncia dos sons da Língua Portuguesa (LP). Para o efeito, realizou-se uma investigação nas universidades chinesas e portuguesas com alunos chineses a frequentar cursos de Português (PE) através da realização de inquéritos e entrevistas com as pessoas relevantes. Os resultados obtidos revelam a diversidade de dificuldades para os aprendentes chineses de diferentes zonas regioletais no âmbito da fala do Português como Língua Estrangeira (PLE), motivando-nos a explorar mais abordagens didáticas viáveis e úteis a fim de as ultrapassar. Nesta dissertação, com base nos traços distintos das falas chinesas e do PE, pretende-se apresentar alguns métodos para melhorar o nível do ensino-aprendizagem da oralidade do PE aos e por parte dos estudantes chineses, especialmente no tocante à pronúncia.<br>The present work focuses on the teaching and learning process of European Portuguese (EP) phonetics for Chinese students, by analyzing the interference of different dialects. It will contribute to the improvement of pedagogical methodologies for the development of language skills. orality, in particular the pronunciation of the sounds of the Portuguese. The investigation has been carried out at Chinese and Portuguese universities where Chinese students attend the EP courses through surveys and interviews with relevant people. The results reveal that there are lots of difficulties in orality of Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PFL) for Chinese learners from different dialectal, which motivates us to explore more viable and useful didactic approaches in order to overcome these interventions. In this dissertation, based on the Chinese dialects and Portuguese distinctive features, we intend to present more complete and concrete methods to improve the level of EP orality teaching and learning to Chinese students, especially the accuracy of pronunciation.<br>本文旨在论述分析，受到各自汉语方言的影响，中国学生在欧洲葡语发音教学过 程中会遇到怎样的问题。针对这些问题，作者将提出一些具体的可行性教学方法， 重点规范葡语发音，使中国学生的葡语口语水平得到本质性的提高。 为此，作者对在中国和葡萄牙多所大学学习的葡语学生进行了调研，通过采访和 问卷的形式，发现在葡语作为外语习得过程中，因各自方言干扰而带来的问题不 容小觑。这便敦促葡语教学者寻找一些更实用、更具有针对性的教学方法去帮助 学生突破这些困难。 为了提高中国学生葡语发音的准确性，使中国的欧洲葡语口语教学达到更加理想 的水平，本文从各个汉语方言的特性和葡语语音特性出发，经过比较分析，探索 更全面、更具体的教学方法。
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Books on the topic "European interference"

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Lothar, Bluhm, Marx Friedhelm 1963-, Meier Andreas 1957-, and Bergische Universität-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, eds. Interferenzen: Studien zum Verhältnis von Literatur und Geschichte. Winter, 1992.

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Pleĭkis, Rimantas. Radiot︠s︡enzura: Statʹi︠a︡. Baltijos kopija, 2002.

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The determinants of European agricultural trade interference. Kiel Institute of World Economics, 1986.

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Guide to the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC. 2nd ed. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1996.

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The guide to the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC. E.P.A Press, 1992.

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The guide to the EMC directive 89/336/EEC. 2nd ed. EPA Press, 1995.

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Agyin, Justin. OASE 115: Interferences Moving Across European Architecture Cultures. NAi Uitgevers / Publishers Stichting, 2023.

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van, José. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.003.0009.

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The epilogue sketches a few scenarios on potential geopolitical consequences of the global paradigm shift toward multiple online platform “spheres.” Currently, the neoliberal US-based platform ecosystem dominates. This ecosystem revolves around the promotion of individualism and minimal state interference, leaving checks and balances to the market. On the other end of the ideological spectrum is the Chinese ecosystem, in which the autocratic regime controls the platform ecosystem via regulated censorship of tech corporations. Squeezed between the US and the Chinese models is the European Union, whose member states neither own nor operate any major platforms in either ecosystem. For European democracies to survive in the information age, its cities, national governments, and supranational legislature need to collaborate on a blueprint for a common digital strategy toward markets and public sectors.
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Hanretty, Chris. Public Broadcasting and Political Interference. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

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Solène, Rowan. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.3: Conditions, Introduction to Section 5.3 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0100.

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Section 5.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with conditional obligations and conditional contracts. It consists of five articles concerned with five basic issues: the types of condition covered by Section 5.3, the effects of such conditions, interference with conditions, the duty to preserve rights pending the fulfilment of conditions, and restitution for the fulfilment of ‘resolutive conditions’. The introduction of a Section on conditions is in line with the approach taken by a number of legal systems that have well-settled and codified rules on the topic. Such rules have a long lineage in the European legal tradition that can be traced back to Roman law.
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Book chapters on the topic "European interference"

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Spielmann, Max. "The European Commission's Proposal for a "Connected Continent"." In Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315586205-13.

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Oberst, Gerry. "European Law as an Instrument for Avoiding Harmful Interference." In Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315586205-12.

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Delatolla, Andrew. "Violent Resistance: Interactions with Modernity and European Interference." In Civilization and the Making of the State in Lebanon and Syria. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57690-5_6.

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Soucek, Alexander. "Radio Frequency Interference in the Earth Exploration Satellite Service: the Case of the European Space Agency's SMOS Mission." In Harmful Interference in Regulatory Perspective. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315586205-6.

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Rabinowicz, Wlodek, and Lina Eriksson. "Betting Interpretation and the Problem of Interference." In European Philosophy of Science – Philosophy of Science in Europe and the Viennese Heritage. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01899-7_8.

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Qin, Yue, Hongnan Xu, Gaolei Hu, and Hon Ki Tsang. "High-Visibility Interference for Time Bin Encoded Entanglement on Silicon Integrated Platform." In The 25th European Conference on Integrated Optics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63378-2_36.

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Muntschick, Johannes. "Exogenous Interference: The European Union’s Economic Partnership Agreements and the Stalled SADC Customs Union." In The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45330-9_5.

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Beham, Barbara, and Sonja Drobnič. "Job Demands and Work-Home Interference: Empirical Evidence from Service Sector Employees in Eight European Countries." In Work-Life Balance in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307582_5.

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Fernández Viso, Ana, and Isabel Fernández Alonso. "Political Interference in the Spanish and Catalan Public Service Media: Attempts to Reform and Resistance to Change (2006–2017)." In Public Service Broadcasting and Media Systems in Troubled European Democracies. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02710-0_8.

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Naef, Tobias. "The Global Reach of the Right to Data Protection." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_2.

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AbstractThe internet as a technology not only revolutionized communication, it also enabled new forms of trade. Digital trade often involves personal data. Information about individuals now travels around the world on an unprecedented and rapidly growing scale. The key to understanding the implications of data protection in the EU for trade with the wider world is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (Charter, CFR). The Charter has the status of primary Union law and data protection is enshrined as a fundamental right in Article 8 CFR. The first section of this chapter traces the development of the right to data protection from the early data protection laws in Europe to the inclusion of Article 8 into the Charter. It identifies the driving forces behind this development and offers insights into the origins of this new fundamental right (Sect. 2.1). The second section addresses the substance of the right to data protection. It explains the underlying values for the interpretation of the new fundamental right and analyzes the six written constituent parts of Article 8 CFR. It shows that the right to data protection must be distinguished from the right to private life in Article 7 CFR. The second section also explains what counts as an interference with the right to data protection and addresses lawful limitations on the exercise of this new fundamental right (Sect. 2.2). The third section focuses on the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. The jurisprudence of the ECJ reveals an unwritten constituent part of the new fundamental right: the right to continuous protection of personal data. Personal data cannot be exported to third states that do not provide a level of protection for the transferred personal data that is essentially equivalent to that guaranteed within the EU (Sect. 2.3). Certain practices in third states are of particular relevance for the extraterritorial dimension of Article 8 CFR. Foreign internet surveillance often targets personal data that is transferred from the EU to a third country. The fourth section analyzes the requirements for foreign internet surveillance practices emanating from the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR (Sect. 2.4).
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Conference papers on the topic "European interference"

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Youn, Jihwan, Jun Li, Ryan Wu, and Jeroen Overdevest. "Interference Mitigation Evaluation Methodology for Automotive Radar." In 2024 21st European Radar Conference (EuRAD). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eurad61604.2024.10734960.

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Bazzi, Alessandro, Francesco Miccoli, Zhuofei Wu, Fabrizio Cuccoli, and Vincent Martinez. "Forecasting Automotive Radar Interference: Is Current Spectrum Enough?" In 2024 21st European Radar Conference (EuRAD). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eurad61604.2024.10734974.

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Borel, Christine, Alberto Bravin, Christian Morawe, Herwig Requardt, and Olivier Hignette. "X rays Reflective Multilayers Optic for Microbeam Radiation Therapy at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility." In Optical Interference Coatings. OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2007.fa4.

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"Frequently asked questions about European EMC Directive." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility'99. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemic.1999.871652.

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Bartl, Sascha, Manuel Kadletz, Philipp Berglez, and Tomáš Duša. "Findings from Interference Monitoring at a European Airport." In 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021). Institute of Navigation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33012/2021.17975.

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Sollner, Immo N., Benjamin Gschosser, Patrick Mai, Zoltan Voros, and Gregor Weihs. "Multi-order interference and Born's rule." In 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/EQEC. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe.2011.5943382.

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Farahi, Faramarz. "Multimode interference spectrometer." In Second European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.566719.

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Lemarquis, F., G. Marchand, C. Amra, Ch Buil, B. Cousin, and G. Otrio. "Infrared Optical Filters for Meteorological Space Instrument I.A.S.I." In Optical Interference Coatings. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1998.thb.2.

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I.A.S.I (Infrared Atmospheric Sunding Interferometer), developed by the CNES (French Spatial Agency), will be the major intrument of the european meteorological METOP satellites. The optical part of this instrument is mainly composed of a Fourier spectrometer, followed by a three channel infrared detection device (cold box), as shown in figure 1. The spectral range of this instrument extends from 3.62 µm up to 15.5 µm. Two dichoïc filters, placed in the cold box, permit to divide this spectrum in three channels, B1, B2 and B3. A 1.54 µm laser beam serves as wavelength reference in the interferometer.
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Kallam, Hassan, Leonardo S. Cardoso, and Jean Marie Gorce. "On the Impact of Normalized Interference Threshold for Topological Interference Management." In 2020 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eucnc48522.2020.9200973.

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Rambach, M., W. Y. S. Lau, S. Laibacher, V. Tamma, A. G. White, and T. J. Weinhold. "Hectometer Revivals of Quantum Interference." In 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8871498.

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Reports on the topic "European interference"

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Baete, Christophe. PR-405-173610-R01 Develop New Criteria for DC Stray Current Interference. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011602.

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This report refers to the activities performed in the frame of PRCI project on the refinement of the dynamic DC stray current corrosion criteria by applying an advanced DC corrosion prediction model. In order to find realistic stray current interference conditions, an industry survey was performed to retrieve dynamic DC interference signals on real-world pipelines. After analysis of the cases, a simulation matrix was proposed that covers a wide variety of interference conditions. The simulated signals were simplified as squared pulses. The European Standard EN 50162 Protection against corrosion stray current from direct current systems was used a reference for validation. Some other criteria that are currently under investigation have been considered as well. The criteria were validated against simulated corrosion rates. The final goal is achieving a further refinement of the dynamic DC stray current criteria. The simulations demonstrate that current criteria are either not valid, either too conservative when steel tends to passivate under anodic excursions in high pH soil due to the development of a Fe3O4 film. The lowest pH value at which the passive film developed was 10.34 with relatively short cathodic duration (30 sec) and long (50 sec) and strong (-200 mVcse) anodic potential. There is a related webinar.
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Baldwin, Gretchen. The Image and the Perception: Gender-responsive Strategic Communications in EU Civilian CSDP Missions. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lqlo5040.

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The European Union (EU) is doubling down on its efforts to strengthen the civilian dimensions of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and increase the effectiveness of its civilian crisis management missions. Two thematic areas that received stronger attention in the newly updated Civilian CSDP Compact in May 2023 are gender equality and strategic communications. Yet in civilian CSDP missions, overlap between these areas—which come together as ‘gender-responsive strategic communications’—remains limited. There has also only been limited research on the overlap between gender expertise and communications in peace operations and crisis management missions. This SIPRI Policy Brief explores the opportunities and challenges of gender-responsive strategic communications in the context of EU civilian CSDP missions. It provides six recommendations which align with ongoing processes towards improving capability development, gender parity, counter-foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI), and training. The recommendations address formal guidance, accountability mechanisms, contextual awareness in missions, men in gender work, women’s participation and gendered FIMI threats.
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Grander, Martin, and Marja Elsinga. Good news for the squeezed middle?: EU’s new housing commissioner, state aid and housing systems in Sweden and the Netherlands. Malmö University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178776030.

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In October 2024, the European Union announced its first commissioner with direct responsibility for housing, as Dan Jørgensen was appointed the EU Commissioner for Energy and Housing. The reactions were mixed. While some voices were positive about the increased focus on affordable housing and the possibility for the EU to support member states in tackling the housing crisis, concerns were raised about the EU interfering in an issue which by nature is national and local. This paper investigates the possible consequences of renewed EU interference in the housing markets in Sweden and the Netherlands – two countries which have previously changed their legislation for social and public housing due to potential conflict with the EU’s state-aid rules. The paper provides an overview of the responses from political parties and key stakeholders in Sweden and the Netherlands and discusses the potential outcome of a change in state aid rules for the public/social housing systems. The authors call for a focus on the urgent shortage of affordable housing and its negative impact on individuals and society, and argue that politicians should use the opportunity to prioritize long-term systemic impact.
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Tabakovic, Momir, Stefan Savic, Andreas Türk, et al. Analysis of the Technological Innovation System for BIPV in Austria. Edited by Michiel Van Noord. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/aocp4683.

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This report analyses the Technological Innovation System (TIS) of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Austria. The study’s scope is consistent with the IEA PVPS Task 15 report [1].The analysis aims to facilitate and support the innovation, development, and implementation of industrial solutions of BIPV technologies. In Austria, the use of BIPV is still a niche application and covers under 2% of all implemented PV systems [1]. BIPV technology in Austria has historically developed with the support of different public financial incentives, national and European. The history of BIPV is somehow tightened to the history of PV. The first BIPV prototypes were developed by PV companies in the framework of national or European research activities, with the first development and innovation projects starting around 2003. In general, it should be mentioned that in the last years, PV and BIPV companies have increased specialization in the production of BIPV, especially colored and semitransparent PV modules. In this regard, a wide range of variants are offered (printing, coating, films). The colored components are mainly purchased from glass companies or polymer film producers. Another trend in Austria is the production of transparent glass/glass modules for integration in facades, skylights, winter gardens, or courtyard roofing. In 2020, the government of Austria presented a program called EAG (Erneuerabre Ausbau Gesetz) or Renewable Expansion Act [3.3.1 Hard institutions]containing certain working points to be implemented by 2024. Some of the measures are directly or indirectly relevant to the BIPV development and installation. Such as the PV encapsulation films using interference pigment technology from Lenzing Plastics. This TIS assessed the BIPV market through eight functional areas and provided the following results: ⁃ The analysis of knowledge development showed that it can be classified as moderate. On the one hand, there are not enough training and further education opportunities in the field of BIPV available, but on the other hand, the PV manufacturers and research institutions are driving forward the development of knowledge in the field of BIPV. ⁃ Knowledge dissemination is well advanced internationally within the research community but insufficient at the practical, national level, particularly between the PV industry and the construction sector. Architects are demanding more information from PV manufacturers and suppliers, who share their information only irregularly with the architectural community. Usually, architects obtain this information from PV technology platforms through workshops, brochures, and projects. However, architects have to engage with it more extensively. The goal is to make BIPV more appealing to architects. Thus, we have to summarize that knowledge dissemination is inadequate/weak. ⁃ Entrepreneurial willingness to experiment can be classified as moderate. Overall, it can be said that there are four players in the Austrian BIPV market and a substantial number of newcomers and small innovative players who could take the role of innovation drivers. However, there are too few opportunities for highly specialized small companies. ⁃ Resource mobilization is well positioned financially and in terms of network services. However, and this is essential if we want to expand the BIPV market strongly, there is a lack of skilled personnel (human resources) to carry out the expansion, which is why this function is rated to only be moderate. ⁃ The scoring of social capital is weak. The connection where there is a lack of communication is between the (BI)PV planner and the architects. In most projects, the (BI)PV planner is not involved in the early stages of the building design process. In addition, conventional PV planners have no experience or are hesitant of planning BIPV systems. ⁃ The legitimacy is moderate, but as the acceptance of PV improves from year to year, the chance of better acceptance of PV integrated into the building, i.e., BIPV, also increases. However, there are still reservations and resistance towards individual, specific BIPV projects. This resistance could be reduced by increasing knowledge about the multifunctional possibilities of BIPV at the decision-maker and customer stage as well as by showing best practice examples - Guidance of the search is moderate, as there are no specific political targets for BIPV, but there are for PV. However, the government and relevant authorities aim to implement clean energy development positively and apply applicable policies and regulations. There is an increased subsidy for innovative PV solutions [2] which also includes BIPV. ⁃ It can be stated that the market formation of BIPV in Austria still offers room for improvement. When it comes to governmental-driven incentives and support for the BIPVmarket development, the missing technical standards (e.g., fire safety regulations) and the absence of regulatory obligations on renewable energies in the local building codes are the biggest weaknesses. The structural and functional analysis is followed by a coupled structural-functional analysis. This assessment will help identify weaknesses and strengths and recommend strategies that will enable the growth of BIPV from a niche market to a major market segment. The aim is for photovoltaics (PV) on buildings to be primarily designed as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) to reduce additional costs. This, combined with the avoided costs for other components of the building, should result in cost parity with Building-Applied Photovoltaics (BAPV). It is also crucial to encourage all manufacturers of building envelope components to ensure that their products offer the dual benefit of serving as building components while also generating electricity. By doing so, such products can become standard in the industry. The transition from BAPV to BIPV was already analyzed in a 2015 BIPV brochure [2] from the Austrian Photovoltaics Technology Platform (TPPV), which discussed the advantages of an integrated solution versus an attached solution and outlined the necessary steps to make BIPV the standard for building PV. The recommendations are summarized as follows: i) It is important to involve (BI)PV in the early stages of the building planning process. ii) successful implementation projects must be made public through various channels to increase knowledge about BIPV technology and its possibilities (e.g., lighthouse projects in public buildings). iii) PV standards and construction codes have to be harmonized. iv) The Austrian government should stipulate the use of PV in the obligatory building specifications. v) Another recommendation would be to enact a law requiring every sealed area to be checked for dual use with (BI)PV. One positive development worth mentioning is the Climate Fund's Lighthouse call, which focuses specifically on integrated PV and offers higher grants for BIPV than the Renewable Expansion Act] , demonstrating increased interest and commitment to this technology. In addition, the TPPV Innovation Awards, which were awarded for the first time specifically for building-integrated PV and now include other topics of PV integration outside of buildings, are a sign that the industry is broadening its perspective and recognizing the importance of BIPV beyond traditional applications. These developments could help to further promote the acceptance and deployment of BIPV and drive innovation in this area. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the significantly higher costs of BIPV products, as well as the greatly increased planning effort that arises when PV becomes an integral building product.
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Thompson and Lawson. L51888 Development of Coupons for Monitoring Cathodic Protection Systems. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010179.

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The use of coupons has been discussed and utilized for some time and is more prevalent in Europe than in the United States. Externally buried coupons have been utilized for different reasons including corrosion rate measurements, but their primary use has been for monitoring the effectiveness of a CP system. A detailed review of coupon studies is presented below. Renewed interest in the coupon technology was prompted by several studies performed by CC Technologies for PRCI that examined the use of off-potential measurements for evaluating the effectiveness of the CP system. These studies examined possible errors in the off-potential measurements including: Potential transients following the interruption of the CP system (spiking phenomenon). Interference due to multiple pipelines in the same right-of-way. Errors caused by long-line currents. Errors in monitoring local pipe conditions due to averaging large areas of pipe when making ground level pipe-to-soil potential measurements. In addition to the above studies which show conditions for which the off-potential measurements may not accurately represent the conditions locally on the pipe surface, a relatively common condition is the inability to interrupt all sources of the CP current on pipelines in congested areas or those structures with sacrificial anode cathodic protection directly bonded to the structure. Interpretation of pipe-to-soil potentials is made more difficult in areas of stray and/or telluric current activity. Therefore, there is a desire to utilize coupons as a more general tool for evaluating the level of CP. The areas targeted in this study are those areas for which the off-potential measurements are either difficult to perform or to interpret and for which a better means is needed for monitoring the CP level of the structure. Beginning in 1992, PRCI funded a program for the development, proof of concept, and evaluation of the coupon technology as applied to monitoring cathodic protection effectiveness on underground pipelines. The objectives for this project were: To provide a proof of concept for the use of coupons as a method to monitor the effectiveness of CP without interruption of the CP System. (Phase I). To establish guidelines for the use of coupons as a monitoring methodology for determining the level of protection on a pipeline. (Phase II). To provide a better understanding of the relationship between the coupon and the surface condition of the pipe. (Phase III). To quantify the technology such that it can be used as an alternative to conventional monitoring practices, specifically as a means of applying an acceptable criteria for CP. (Phase III). The scope of work included laboratory tests involving large soil boxes containing simulated coated-pipe segments with full size coupon test stations, finite element modeling of coupons near the pipe, full scale pipe tests at the Sugar Grove Test Facility and CC Technologies' Dublin, Ohio Pipe Test Facility, and test sites on operating pipelines throughout the United States.
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L51860 Pipeline Design for Mechanical Damage. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010145.

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Mechanical damage by third-party excavation is the leading cause of pipeline failures in North America and Europe, yet pipeline design standards are mainly based on resistance to internal pressure and do not explicitly address mechanical damage. Without a design method that takes into account the likelihood and consequences of mechanical damage, the risk (referring to the total risk to life safety herein) implied by current design practices is not uniform for different pipelines with respect to mechanical damage. A reliability-based method provides a means to ensure that risks implied by the design are acceptable and uniform. To achieve this goal, the design criteria presented in this report were calibrated to meet a set of target reliabilities that were selected by a two-step approach. In the first step, the average target reliability level was set to match the overall historical level, on the basis that gas pipelines in general have a satisfactory safety record. The second step involved varying the target reliability levels in inverse proportion to the severity of failure consequences so as to maintain consistency of risk. The consequences, and hence the target reliability levels, were functions of pipeline diameter, operating pressure and location class. The tool used to develop the design check is a probabilistic model that relates the probability of failure due to mechanical damage to the design parameters (e.g., diameter, wall thickness, steel grade, pressure and location class) and the preventative measures put in place (e.g., burial depth, response time to notification, level of site-supervision for excavation, and frequency of right-of-way patrol). The model has two essential components: a fault tree that estimates interference frequency based on land use type and preventative measures, and a structural reliability model that estimates the probability of puncture or burst due to a gouged dent for a given interference event. The overall probabilistic framework is based on the Monte-Carlo simulation method. In predicting failure probabilities, the uncertainties in load and resistance variables and model errors were taken into consideration.
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