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Journal articles on the topic 'European interference'
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1
Brkan, Maja. "The Concept of Essence of Fundamental Rights in the EU Legal Order: Peeling the Onion to its Core." European Constitutional Law Review 14, no. 2 (2018): 332–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019618000159.
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Essence of fundamental rights – Article 52(1) of the Charter – Multi-level protection of fundamental rights in Europe – Sources of essence – European Court of Justice case law on ‘very substance’ of fundamental rights – Constitutional traditions common to the Member States – European Court of Human Rights – Court of Justice of the EU – Schrems – Principle of proportionality – Absolute theory – Relative theory – Classification of interferences with essence – Objective interference – Subjective interference – Absolute rights – EU methodology for determination of interference with essence
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Bisgaard, Nikolai. "The European Experience." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 06 (2001): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745611.
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AbstractThis article presents an overview of past and current experiences with time division multiple assess-based (Global System for Mobil Communication) mobile telephones in Europe as seen by the European Hearing Instrument Manufacturers Association. Initial fear of widespread interference problems for hearing aid users in general owing to use of a new generation of mobile telephones seems unjustified. The background for the International Electrotechnical Commission 118–13 standard for measuring interference is described. No solution to complete elimination of interference problems resulting from direct contact between hearing aids and mobile telephones has yet been found. Several reports on the subjects are cited, and new work on measurement standards for near-field situations is mentioned. Abbreviations: BTE = behind the ear, DECT = digital European cordless telephony, EHIMA = European Hearing Instruments Manufacturers Association, EMC = electromagnetic compatibility, ETSI = European Telecommunication Standards Institute, EU = European Union, GSM = Global System for Mobile Communication, IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission, IRIL = input-related interference level, ITE = in the ear, TDMA = time division multiple access
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Renita, Gheorghe. "The Test Applied by the European Courts of Human Rights in the Context of the Principle of Legality of the Crime and Punishment." Studii Juridice Universitare, no. 2 (November 2024): 58–72. https://doi.org/10.54481/sju.2024.2.04.
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When the European Court of Human Rights finds an interference with a right guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Court checks, first of all, whether the interference is provided for by law. If the answer is yes, then the European Court of Human Rights analyzes whether the interference pursues one or more legitimate aims. Again, if the answer is yes, ultimately the European Court of Human Rights checks whether the interference is necessary in a democratic society. This analysis algorithm is also called “triple test”. These steps are followed in most cases. However, this study shows that in the context of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (article which guarantees the principle of the legality of the crime and the legality of the punishment), the Court of Strasbourg applies, in essence, the test of the quality of the law, with some particularities.
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Kostrzewa, Achim. "Interspecific interference competition in three European raptor species." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 2 (1991): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1991.9525379.
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Nwe, Theingi, and Monsak Pimsarn. "Railway Axle and Wheel Assembly Press-Fitting Force Characteristics and Holding Torque Capacity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 8862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198862.
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Nowadays, press-fitting is widely used in the manufacturing industry because it allows easy and fast installation and is repetitive, strong, and inherently reliable. The quality of a press-fitting assembly can be verified from the press-fitting curves and forced monitoring. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the press-fitting curve with various interference railway wheelset models and determine the interference limit that axles can withstand at the maximum holding torque without slipping and without plastic deformation. A three-dimensional finite element analysis examined the maximum press-fitting force and stress distributions using Abaqus FEA software. The press-fitting curves of the railway wheel and axle assembly obtained from finite element simulation were classified following European Standard EN 13260. The press-fitting curves showed whether they fell within the boundary limits in the EN standard to allow their practical application. This study also showed when plastic deformation would occur, within the recommended interferences in the EN standard. Moreover, the effect of interference was numerically simulated for the maximum holding torque capacity within the EN standard interference range. Numeric simulation was compared with the theory: the deviation was 15–6%.
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Miller, Chris. "Attributing “Priority” to Habitats." Environmental Values 6, no. 3 (1997): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327199700600305.
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A close scrutiny of a European Community directive on habitats and of the statutory instrument by which it is implemented in Britain reveals small but nevertheless significant concessions towards an ecocentric approach. Planning law now allows interference in the habitats of protected species only when human interests are demonstrably overriding. Recent decisions of the European Court of Justice have given a very restrictive interpretation of the circumstances in which such interference may be permitted. The implications for further ecocentric influence in environmental law are discussed.
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YERMOLIEVA, Karina. "CURRENT ISSUES OF MANDATORY PROPHYLAXIS VACCINATIONS: THE PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 129 (2025): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2025/1.129-3.
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Background. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights on compulsory preventive vaccinations is highlighted. The relevance of the study is that in modern conditions, in particular in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to ensure public health. The purpose of the study is to generalize the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on compulsory preventive vaccinations and their correlation with the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Methods. Both general and specific methods of legal science were used in the writing of this article, including: the formal-legal method; the system-structural method; the comparative-legal method; the historical-legal method; case analysis; and legal modeling. Results. The legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights on mandatory preventive vaccinations are determined, in particular, the European Court of Human Rights recognizes mandatory preventive vaccinations as an interference with the right to respect for private life, provided for by the European Convention, such interference may be justified if there are legitimate grounds, in particular for the purpose of protecting public health. The arguments regarding the correlation of mandatory preventive vaccinations and other human rights and the main restrictions on the rights of unvaccinated persons are considered. Conclusions. It is substantiated that the European Court of Human Rights recognizes that mandatory preventive vaccinations constitute an interference with the private life of an individual, but this interference may be justified if it is aimed at protecting public health and meets the criteria of legality and proportionality. It is determined that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights contains different approaches to assessing mandatory preventive vaccinations, which indicates the need to take into account the specific circumstances of each case, the level of risk and the availability of alternative measures, in addition, the legality of restrictions for unvaccinated persons depends on their proportionality and the legitimacy of the goals pursued by the state.
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Kallunki, J., V. Bezrukovs, W. Madkour, and P. Kirves. "Importance of Spectrum Management in Radio Astronomy." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 59, s3 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2022-0022.
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Abstract The increasing terrestrial and space-borne communications are causing major problems to the radio astronomy observations. Only a minor part of the frequencies is allocated to the passive services, such as Radio Astronomy Services (RAS). There are only a few, relatively narrow frequency bands below 20 GHz, which are still suitable for the radio astronomical observations. In addition, Out-of-Band (OoB) emissions will be a real threat to the observations on these bands. On behalf of all European radio astronomers, the Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) of the European Science Foundation (ESF) coordinates activities to keep the frequency bands used by radio astronomy and space sciences free of interference. Along with interference caused by active radio communication services, the local electronic device selection should be considered in the observatories. For instance, more common LED based lamps could cause harmful interference for the observations. Thus, it is very important to perform continuous radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring locally, in each radio observatory.
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Fischer, C., M. Goppelt, H. L. Blöcher, and J. Dickmann. "Minimizing interference in automotive radar using digital beamforming." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-45-2011.
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Abstract. Millimetre wave radar is an essential part of automotive safety functions. A high interference tolerance, especially with other radar sensors, is vital. This paper gives an overview of the motivation, the boundary conditions and related activities in the MOSARIM project funded by the European Union and concerned with interference mitigation in automotive radars. Current and planned activities considering Digital Beamforming (DBF) as a method for interference mitigation are presented.
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Fomina, L. Yu. "Protection of the Right to Respect for Private Life of Judges: Positions of the European Court of Human Rights." Pravosudie / Justice 2, no. 3 (2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2020.3.146-164.
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Introduction. Judges are required to observe certain rules of conduct, some of which can be considered as interference in the sphere of private life. Because of this, the issues of defining the boundaries of the judge’s private life and the possibility of violating them are very relevant. The European Court of Human Rights has a certain practice of protecting the right to respect for private life in relation to judges. This article is devoted to its research. Theoretical Basis. Methods. When writing the article, the authors studied scientific works on the problems of judicial ethics, standards of behavior of public servants, protection of the right to respect for private and family life, and the relationship between private life and public service. The main attention is paid to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of protecting the private life of judges. Results. The understanding of the private life of a judge based on the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is studied. The approaches applied to the assessment of such violations are considered. The criteria for the permissibility of state interference in the right to respect the private life of a judge are studied. Discussion and Conclusion. In accordance with the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the sphere of a judge’s private life is interpreted broadly, including professional activities. To identify interference in the private life of a judge, it is important to analyze his behavior in terms of the requirements imposed on him, the consequences of interference for himself or his close circle. A key role in assessing the permissibility of interference, taking into account the criteria of legality, legitimate purpose, and necessity in a democratic society, should be assigned to establishing a fair balance of public and private interests.
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Fomina, L. Yu. "Protection of the Right to Respect for Private Life of Judges: Positions of the European Court of Human Rights." Pravosudie / Justice 2, no. 3 (2020): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2020.3.146-164.
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Introduction. Judges are required to observe certain rules of conduct, some of which can be considered as interference in the sphere of private life. Because of this, the issues of defining the boundaries of the judge’s private life and the possibility of violating them are very relevant. The European Court of Human Rights has a certain practice of protecting the right to respect for private life in relation to judges. This article is devoted to its research. Theoretical Basis. Methods. When writing the article, the authors studied scientific works on the problems of judicial ethics, standards of behavior of public servants, protection of the right to respect for private and family life, and the relationship between private life and public service. The main attention is paid to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the context of protecting the private life of judges. Results. The understanding of the private life of a judge based on the practice of the European Court of Human Rights is studied. The approaches applied to the assessment of such violations are considered. The criteria for the permissibility of state interference in the right to respect the private life of a judge are studied. Discussion and Conclusion. In accordance with the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the sphere of a judge’s private life is interpreted broadly, including professional activities. To identify interference in the private life of a judge, it is important to analyze his behavior in terms of the requirements imposed on him, the consequences of interference for himself or his close circle. A key role in assessing the permissibility of interference, taking into account the criteria of legality, legitimate purpose, and necessity in a democratic society, should be assigned to establishing a fair balance of public and private interests.
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Hagqvist, Emma, Susanna Toivanen, and Claudia Bernhard-Oettel. "Balancing Work and Life When Self-Employed: The Role of Business Characteristics, Time Demands, and Gender Contexts." Social Sciences 7, no. 8 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080139.
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This study explores individual and contextual risk factors in relation to work interfering with private life (WIL) and private life interfering with work (LIW) among self-employed men and women across European countries. It also studies the relationship between interference (LIW and WIL) and well-being among self-employed men and women. Drawing on data from the fifth round of the European Working Conditions Survey, a sample of self-employed men and women with active businesses was extracted. After applying multilevel regressions, results show that although business characteristics are important, the most evident risk factor for WIL and LIW is time demands. Both time demands and business characteristics also seem to be important factors in relation to gender differences in level of interference. There is a relationship between well-being and both WIL and LIW, and time demands is again an important factor. Gender equality in the labor market did not relate to level of interference, nor did it affect the relationship between interference and well-being. However, in gender-separated analyses, LIW and LIW interacted with gender equality in the labor market in different ways for women’s and men’s well-being. In conclusion, gender relations are important in interference and how interference relates to well-being.
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Hiltunen, Ilmari. "Experiences of External Interference Among Finnish Journalists." Nordicom Review 40, no. 1 (2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2018-0016.
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Abstract This study examines the prevalence, methods and implications of external interference among Finnish journalists based on survey responses from 875 working journalists. The definition of external interference used in the study encompasses all active and invasive methods external actors use to interfere in the journalistic process with the objective to influence editorial content. The findings indicate that low-level interference in everyday journalistic practices and mediated verbal abuse are the most frequent types of external interference. While severe interference is rare, results show that the perceived risk of interference causes concern and self-censorship among the respondents. The results are in line with previous Nordic and European studies, and underline how external interference may have detrimental effects on journalistic autonomy also in countries with strong legal, institutional and cultural safeguards of press freedom.
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Cohen, Gideon. "Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Protected Goods." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 12, no. 2 (2010): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x10000050.
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Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects manifestations of religion or conscience from interference under Article 9(1) except insofar as such interferences can be justified under Article 9(2). This analysis asks when Article 9 will protect believers who are forced to choose between religious observance and pursuit of secular ‘goods’ and offers some conclusions about how the protection of believers from forced choices compares with the protection of manifestations of religious belief. It also considers whether cases where believers are asked to choose between religious obligations and protected goods raise particular issues under 9(2). Finally, the conclusions arrived at are applied to an illustrative hypothetical example. The objective is to demonstrate the potential reach of 9(1), and to explore the 9(2) analysis specific to protected-good cases.2
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Mickonytė, Aistė. "The Right to a Name Versus National Identity in the Context of eu Law: The Case of Lithuania." Review of Central and East European Law 42, no. 4 (2017): 325–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04204003.
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This article examines national regulations relating to the recognition of names in official documents by focusing on Article 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, having particular regard to the judgment of the European Court of Justice in the case of Runevič-Vardyn and Wardyn. It also assesses the potential impact that this and other cases before the ecj and the European Court of Human Rights may exert on national minorities. The recognition of names is not regulated in European Union law; thus, the eu member states may freely determine the usage of names in official documents, as the state language represents a constitutional value and part of the national identity of many eu member states. Therefore, only regulation of names that causes excessive interference with the exercise of freedom of movement or respect for private and family life is unlawful under eu law. This issue will also be discussed in light of Article 4(2) of the Treaty on the European Union, by which the ecj assesses these types of interference with the eu’s duty to respect the national identities of its member states.
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Slipchenko, Svyatoslav A., Oleh V. Syniehubov, Aleksandr R. Shyshka, and Vikoriia V. Valakh. "Arbitrary Judicial Interference in Human Rights Guaranteed by the Convention." Global Journal of Comparative Law 10, no. 1-2 (2021): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-10010014.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve the approaches to the resolution of disputes arising from the arbitrary interference of the judiciary with human rights stipulated by the Convention. The methodological basis of this study consists of: the method of comparative legal analysis; the method of linguistic and systematic interpretation of legal texts; and synthesis of European Court of Human Rights decisions. The paper examines European Court of Human Rights decisions regarding arbitrary interference by the state with human rights. The authors of this scientific paper identify groups of the most common human rights breaches arising from the administration of justice by national courts. The results of the study suggest that it seems necessary and justified in any democratic society to have certain safeguards in the law of the respective state, namely, a certain set of legal safeguards against arbitrary interference with human rights by the judiciary.
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Frank, J. Ray, Paul H. Schwartz, and William E. Potts. "Modeling the Effects of Weed Interference Periods and Insects on Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum)." Weed Science 40, no. 2 (1992): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057398.
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Field experiments were conducted at Frederick, MD, in 1985 and 1986 to determine effects of weed-interference periods and insects on bell peppers. Weed-interference periods of approximately 40 and 60 d reduced both bell pepper fruit number and weight 10 and 50%, respectively. Bell pepper foliage weight was reduced 10 and 50% with approximately 20- and 50-day weed-interference periods. In 1985 and 1986, insect populations were low with an average of 10 and 3% of the pepper fruit infested, respectively. Most infested fruit was damaged by European corn borer. No significant differences in insect infestation of fruit as related to time of weed-interference periods were noted.
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Fomina, L. Yu. "PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR PRIVATE LIFE IN THE COURSE OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (2021): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.79.
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The development of digitalization processes and their implementation in educational activities, the establishment of certain legal and ethical requirements for its participants determine the importance of ensuring privacy, identifying and preventing the actions that can be considered as interference with it, and specifying the limits of admissibility of such interference. The purpose of the article is to identify, analyze and generalize the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the protection of the right to respect for private life in relation to educational activities. Conclusions were made about broad understanding of private life and interference with it by the European Court of Human Rights in the framework of educational activities. It was pointed out that its content includes questions related to the teacher’s professional activity, the compliance of the participants in the educational activity with certain requirements for appearance and behavior, and control over their behavior using modern technologies. It was revealed that interference with private life in the course of educational activities is possible provided that certain criteria for its admissibility, connected with both moral attitudes of the subjects of such activities and with the developed international standards, are met.
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Pollozek, Silvan. "Mapping European Border Control: On Small Maps, Reflexive Inversion and Interference." Social Inclusion 8, no. 4 (2020): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i4.3354.
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<p>The so-called hotspots—identification and registration centres on the Aegean Islands in Greece and in Italy—are not only sites of remote detention, European intervention or differential inclusion, but also logistical set-ups, where data is generated and spread across state institutions. Such socio-technical assemblages are hard to research not only because of state actors’ desire to keep things secret but also because of methodological issues. How does one disentangle their extensive, complex and rhizomatic nature? Which trajectories does one follow and which actors and voices does one assemble? Following recent work in the realm of STS, methods are understood as (b)ordering devices, which performatively enact an ordered world and produce accounts of the social, including some realities while excluding others. This article considers mapping a well-suited method for studying widespread socio-technical assemblages, but only if it is handled with caution. Based on an empirical inquiry into the Moria hotspot and following a praxeographic research approach, different types of small maps are developed that enfold complexity by being attentive to situatedness, symmetry, multi-sitedness and multiplicity. Furthermore, it emphasizes an on-going process of reflexive inversion of the mapping process that makes the crafted accounts contestable and its boundaries and blind spots visible. Finally, the article discusses how mappings can be used not only as research but also as a political device that contributes to the work of other collectives beyond the scientific production of truth.</p>
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Haworth, D. P., N. G. Smith, R. Bardelli, and T. Clement. "Interference localization for EUTELSAT satellites-the first european transmitter location system." International Journal of Satellite Communications 15, no. 4 (1997): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199707/08)15:4<155::aid-sat577>3.0.co;2-u.
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Maikut, Khrystyna, Uliana Andrusiv, Yurii Yurkevych, Alona Dutko, and Olha Zaiats. "Protection of the right to property in the case law of the European court of human rights." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 28 (2020): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.54.
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The contribution describes the peculiarities of the protection of the right to property in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It has been found that, given the peculiarities of the legal nature of the right to property, it requires state regulation and may be subject to restriction and interference. Attention is drawn to the predication of any potential interference with the right to property on a general principle, according to which everyone has the right to peacefully enjoy their property. The article further clarifies the forms of interference with the ownership of individuals and legal entities by the state, such as expropriation of property and control over use of property. The triple normative regulation of property relations is investigated, and the elements of the relevant structure were covered in detail. The contents of the three-component test, in particular, its elements, such as the legality of interference with the right to property, the legitimacy of the purpose of such interference, and a fair balance between the interests of protection of the right to property and public interests, are expounded with reference to the awards of the European Court of Human Rights. Particular attention was paid to legality provisions. The contribution further dwells on the conceptual and categorical framework of the terms “general interest” and “public interest.” The authors complete their scientific inquiry with appropriate generalisations and a summary.
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Ashill, P. R., R. Jordan, and M. J. Simmons. "Recent experience in the prediction and assessment of windtunnel wall interference." Aeronautical Journal 101, no. 1007 (1997): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000066173.
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AbstractRecent experience in the prediction and assessment of windtunnel wall interference is reviewed. Three areas of development are identified. The first deals with the influence of wall boundary layers on wall-induced velocities in solid-wall windtunnels; the second is concerned with preparations for determining wall interference in the European Transonic Windtunnel and the third relates to recent studies aimed at providing the basis for correcting data to free-air conditions.
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Kozlová, Alena, and Kamaal Bola. "To vax or not to vax? Covid-19 vaccination mandates in light of Vavřička and others v. The Czech Republic." CES Derecho 13, no. 2 (2022): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21615/cesder.6694.
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This case report discusses the judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in Vavřička and Others v. the Czech Republic, which remains the only case concerning compulsory vaccination to date. This is particularly important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in which many European States restricted unvaccinated individual’s freedoms in a post-lockdown setting. After outlining the relevant facts and arguments brought by both the applicants and the Government, it comments on the Court’s assessment under Article 8 ECHR by evaluating inter alia the notion of interference and conflicting interests of parents versus children. First and foremost, however, it sheds light on how the case fits into the wider discussion on COVID-19, particularly what standards it puts in place and what implications it bears on future applications concerning COVID-19 vaccination rules. Namely, it illustrates how the threshold of necessity may be established in relation to Article 8 interferences.
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Adamski, Dominik, Krzysztof Ortel, and Juliusz Furman. "Research on measurement of electromagnetic fields generated by electric and combustion powered rolling stock." MATEC Web of Conferences 294 (2019): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929403016.
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Axle counters are more and more often applied in train detection systems. The wheel sensor is a main part of each axle counter system. In parallel, more and more complex railway vehicles, especially traction ones, are a potential source of interferences influencing the operation of these train detection systems. It is the reason to verify the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) between the signalling equipment, particularly train detection systems and new vehicles in the process of obtaining the permission for their exploitation. The measurement of interfering magnetic fields generated by vehicles is one of tests to be carried out. For the simplification and unification purpose of the applied interference test methods the EN 50238 standard and TS 50238-3 technical specification were developed. The specification defines unified testing procedures. However, it is necessary to verify if it may replace different testing methods used in particular European states. It is the goal of the European research project financed from the TEN-T network resources.
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MELENKO, Oksana. "The Peculiarities of Private and Family Life Protection: The Experience of the European Court of Human Rights." European Journal of Law and Public Administration 7, no. 2 (2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/7.2/125.
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One of the most vulnerable spheres of life of any individual is his / her private and family life. Therefore, this issue could not slip the attention of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 (hereinafter - the Convention) (Council of Europe, 1950). In fact, there have always been some prejudices within this issue, as it is not a secret that accusations of violating an individual’s right to privacy often provoke discussion in the public sphere. For example, when the UK Special Forces eliminated three terrorists (who were no longer resisting) on the territory of Gibraltar (Case of McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom, 1995), the media did not particularly intend to protect the right to life of these criminals. On the other hand, quite a few liberal media sources have resonantly responded to the interference with private life, when a group of stockbrokers and bankers were prosecuted for sadomasochism in a private residence. A similar behavior of the press was observed when discussing the mandatory use of seat belts. However, when considering the issues related to the violation of Article 8 of the Convention (Council of Europe, 1950), it is important to find answers to a few rather essential questions: Has there been an interference with private life under Article 8 § 1 of the Convention (Council of Europe, 1950)? If so, then – Is this interference sufficiently justified in the light of Article 8 § 2 of the Convention (Council of Europe, 1950), namely: Was the interference lawful? If yes, then – Did the interference have a lawful purpose? If yes, then – Was the interference necessary for a democratic society (can it be regarded as an adequate response to socially urgent necessity)? In case there arises a question concerning state’s positive obligations, it will no longer belong to the jurisdiction of paragraph 2, but will touch upon the analysis of the issue whether state’s positive obligation exists at all.
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Ghiţă, Oana. "MARRIAGE AND FAMILY LIFE IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 4 (2014): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i4.1601.
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The article 8 and 12 – European Convention of Human Rights regulate the right to family and private life and, respectively, the right to marriage. These rights have been transposed into the national legislation of the States-members of European Union. The two rights that we are speaking of, which can be found as a constitutional principle and as an ordinary law, tries to reduce the public authorities interference into the private and personal family field. The reality proves that the right to marriage has been broken by the impossibility of the spouses to marry because they can not be divorced. This is the reason why we have two different rights in European Convention: the right to private, family life and the right to marriage. Many European states still have a limited regulation of the reasons for getting the dissolution of marriage. The European Convention has nothing to do with such cases because does not regulates the right to divorce and it would be an interference into the national law. How can a person be married again if he/she doesn’t have the possibility to divorce? In these conditions, can we take the European Convention into consideration as a real instrument of protection for the right to marriage? The first precedent of ECHR jurisprudences limits the infringement of the right to marriage made by the national Courts because of the lack of regulations or a bad interpretation of it.
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Huttunen, Mikko. "Civil unmanned aircraft systems and security: The European approach." Journal of Transportation Security 12, no. 3-4 (2019): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12198-019-00203-0.
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Abstract Civil unmanned aircraft systems, commonly known as drones, have many useful applications but can also be used to intentionally cause harm. Additionally, drones themselves can be subject to unlawful interference. In this article, I analyze how European Union’s new rules on drones affect such security threats. I argue that the rules on protecting drones from unlawful interference are promising, although the required security features can also be abused by rogue operators. The intentional misuse of drones, however, is not much deterred by the rules that seek to protect persons and property from such misuse. Rules concerning the operator and the pilot assume compliance, the mandatory technical safeguards can be circumvented, and oversight is difficult because drones are mostly operated from outside airports in a distributed manner. One way to fill the security gap is to employ anti-drone technology that detects drones and prevents them from entering sensitive airspace without permission. Although many airports have already adopted such technology, the EU should consider making it mandatory for the busiest airports. Regardless of rules enacted by the Union, though, reliable and safe means of stopping unlawful drone operations should be employed at critical locations. This applies also to areas like prisons and power plants, the protection of which falls within the ambit of national security.
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Nicola, Mario, Gianluca Falco, Ruben Morales Ferre, Elena-Simona Lohan, Alberto de la Fuente, and Emanuela Falletti. "Collaborative Solutions for Interference Management in GNSS-Based Aircraft Navigation." Sensors 20, no. 15 (2020): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154085.
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Nowadays, the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology is not the primary means of navigation for civil aviation and Air Traffic Control, but its role is increasing. Consequently, the vulnerabilities of GNSSs to Radio Frequency Interference, including the dangerous intentional sources of interference (i.e., jamming and spoofing), raise concerns and special attention also in the aviation field. This panorama urges for figuring out effective solutions able to cope with GNSS interference and preserve safety of operations. In the frame of a Single European Sky Air traffic management Research (SESAR) Exploratory Research initiative, a novel, effective, and affordable concept of GNSS interference management for civil aviation has been developed. This new interference management concept is able to raise early warnings to the on-board navigation system about the detection of interfering signals and their classification, and then to estimate the Direction of Arrival (DoA) of the source of interference allowing the adoption of appropriate countermeasures against the individuated source. This paper describes the interference management concept and presents the on-field tests which allowed for assessing the reached level of performance and confirmed the applicability of this approach to the aviation applications.
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Miço, Heliona. "The right to private and family life and the need for protection against the digital environment." European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2023): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2023-0010.
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Abstract The right to private and family life is difficult to define, since it encompasses a wide range of overlapping and interrelated rights that protect the individual’s freedom from state interference. This means that the individual has the right to live free from state interference, placing the individual in a higher position compared to the state in the enjoyment of this right. The right to private and family life is protected both at the international level by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and at domestic level starting with the Constitution of the Republic of Albania and the legal framework. This right may be limited under specific conditions for the interest of others, provided that the interference is not arbitrary or unlawful. The article deals with the development of the right to private and family life in Albania at the constitutional level, at different periods of time, highlighting the range and the progress of this right compared to international legal framework. The article highlights one of the aspects of the right to private and family life such as data protection, on the challenges faced by the development of technology and the digital environment. The analysis is accompanied with the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights which elucidates the engagement undertaken by Albania as a contracting party of the European Convention to raise the standards of protection of human rights.
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El Hajji, Moine, Hassane Mahmoudi, and Moussa Labbadi. "The electromagnetic interferance caused by high voltage power lines along the electrical railway equipment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (2020): 4581. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4581-4591.
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The identification of risks linked to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the electric railway is a major concern in identifying EMC problems and analyzing the unintentional various external disturbing sources as well as the probability of occurrence of interference, the level of interference along the railway system. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the electromagnetic interaction coupling generated by the high voltage (HV) lines located along the railway line by analyzing the voltage induced in the signaling transmission cables such as the European rail traffic management system/European train control system (ERTMS/ETCS) through the multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) theory which may have an impact on the transmitting information. Dubanton method and approximate calculation will be applied and simulated through COMSOL Multiphysics tool in order to analyze if the protection distance and coupling conditions are respected by the railway standards.
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Loghinescu, Petru. "Guarantees in case of deprivation of property under the law of the European Convention on Human Rights." Journal of the National Institute of Justice, no. 4(63) (December 2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52277/1857-2405.2022.4(63).09.
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From the content of the property right, the guarantees of protection against arbitrary or disproportionate forms of interference in the exercise of this fundamental right of the person result. Such interference may take the form of deprivation or limitation of rights. Every individual has the right to own property and to use the goods in his possession. Depriving the person of his property can only take place in the case of the existence of a public necessity. If these circumstances occur, the state is obliged to ensure fair compensation. Both governments and others are prohibited from assigning property without justification. In this article, we propose to analyze the relevant provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as the general principles established by the European Court of Human Rights in cases where deprivation of property is invoked.
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Moine, El Hajji, Mahmoudi Hassane, and Labbadi Moussa. "The electromagnetic interferance caused by high voltage power lines along the electrical railway equipment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (2020): 4581–91. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp4581-4591.
Full textAbstract:
The identification of risks linked to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the electric railway is a major concern in identifying EMC problems and analyzing the unintentional various external disturbing sources as well as the probability of occurrence of interference, the level of interference along the railway system. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the electromagnetic interaction coupling generated by the high voltage (HV) lines located along the railway line by analyzing the voltage induced in the signaling transmission cables such as the european rail traffic management system/european train control system (ERTMS/ETCS) through the multi-conductor transmission line (MTL) theory which may have an impact on the transmitting information. Dubanton method and approximate calculation will be applied and simulated through COMSOL Multiphysics tool in order to analyze if the protection distance and coupling conditions are respected by the railway standards.
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de Zwart, Marcel, Berthold Lausecker, Susanne Globig, et al. "Co-medication and interference testing in bioanalysis: a European Bioanalysis Forum recommendation." Bioanalysis 8, no. 19 (2016): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2016-0179.
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Niehaus, M. "Interference of two common European digital cellular phones with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators." European Heart Journal 23, no. 7 (2002): 586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2001.3013.
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Cambini, Carlo, and Laura Rondi. "INDEPENDENT AGENCIES, POLITICAL INTERFERENCE, AND FIRM INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION." Economic Inquiry 55, no. 1 (2016): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12373.
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Gill-Pedro, Eduardo. "Proportionality and the Human Rights of Companies Under the ECHR – Whose Interests are at Stake?" Nordic Journal of International Law 89, no. 3-4 (2020): 327–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-89030004.
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Abstract This article considers whose interests may be at stake when a company claims its human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). In order to do that, the article will first investigate whether it makes sense to conceive of companies as persons capable of having their own interests. It finds that it is possible to do so. The article proceeds to analyse the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in respect of claims regarding their companies’ right to property, free expression and respect for home, considering whether, when the Court assesses the proportionality of the alleged interference, it is the interests of the company claiming the rights that are at stake. The article concludes it is possible to understand the case law of the court as not necessarily placing the interests of the company in the balance when assessing the proportionality of interferences with the Convention rights of companies. The article suggests that such an understanding is normatively desirable if we consider human rights as instruments for the protection of human beings.
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Ivašković, Igor. "Who are the decision-makers in non-profit sport clubs from transition countries?" International journal of contemporary business and entrepreneurship 2, no. 2 (2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47954/ijcbe.2.2.2.
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The article discusses the hierarchies of decision makers in non-profit sport clubs. On the basis of data, collected in 73 sport clubs from four South-East European countries, author identifies: a) who carries the largest part of responsibility for the organizational performance; b) who has the most important influence on HRM activities; and c) are those results in relation with the hierarchies of interest groups. The results indicate that private sponsors’ involvement significantly increases in top quality clubs, while the interferences of volunteers, local community, the state and municipal authorities are stronger in lower ranked clubs. The greatest responsibility for the clubs’ performance is on coaches, athletes, and clubs' presidents. In the field of HRM the influences of the sports directors, sponsors' representatives and agents increase, while the influence of the clubs' presidents decreases with the level of quality. Volunteers’ interference in clubs’ activities stimulates presidents’ influence on HRM, decreases the degree of director’s performance responsibility, and decreases head coaches’ and sport directors’ influence on HRM. On the other hand, the interference of private sponsors puts more pressure on the functions of head coach and top management.
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Zreik, Mohamad. "China and Europe in Africa: Competition or Cooperation?" Malaysian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 1 (2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol9no1.3.
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This paper presents the development strategies of the European Union and China towards Africa. European development aid has always been accompanied by political and economic conditions such as adopting neoliberalist policies, democracy and regime modification. As for China, its development policies have not been conditional because it adopts the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and a win-win strategy. The paper points to a great disparity between the Chinese and European development strategies. China represents the South-South development model, and the European Union provides the North-South development model. The development experience in Africa indicates the progress of the Chinese model and its attraction to the African governments and peoples.
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Abbing, Henriette Roscam. "Medical Confidentiality and Patient Safety: Reporting Procedures." European Journal of Health Law 21, no. 3 (2014): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341319.
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Medical confidentiality is of individual and of general interest. Medical confidentiality is not absolute. European countries differ in their legislative approaches of consent for data-sharing and lawful breaches of medical confidentiality. An increase of interference by the legislator with medical confidentiality is noticeable. In the Netherlands for instance this takes the form of new mandatory duties to report resp. of legislation providing for a release of medical confidentiality in specific situations, often under the condition that reporting takes place on the basis of a professional code that includes elements imposed by the legislator (e.g. (suspicion of ) child abuse, domestic violence). Legislative interference must not result in the patient loosing trust in healthcare. To avoid erosion of medical confidentiality, (comparative) effectiveness studies and privacy impact assessments are necessary (European and national level). Medical confidentiality should be a subject of permanent education of health personnel.
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Aljabouri, Abbas. "Curbing the Continued Dominance of Five European Countries under the Presidency of FIFA and the Absence of International Law and the Rights of the Sports Scientific Standard under Various Pretexts." International Journal for Scientific Research 3, no. 10 (2024): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2024.v3n10p3.
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This study examined the issue of the dominance of five European countries in the management of FIFA and its impact on fair representation and transparency in international sports decision-making. Several aspects were analyzed, including the lack of transparency and accountability, the loss of the mathematical scientific standard, the impact of political interference, and the lack of commitment to international human rights principles. The results showed that European hegemony marginalizes other countries and reduces their ability to participate effectively in decision-making processes within FIFA. There has also been a significant lack of transparency and accountability, which enhances Doubts about the integrity of decisions. In addition, non-compliance with scientific norms and significant political interference lead to unjustified decisions and favor political interests over sports justice. Finally, the lack of commitment to international human rights negatively affects the rights of peoples and players. The study recommended several recommendations to enhance transparency and accountability, redistribute power, adhere to scientific standards, reduce political interference, and promote human rights within FIFA. These recommendations aim to achieve balance and fairness in the management of world sport and ensure fair representation of all Member States, thus enhancing FIFA's credibility and the confidence of Member States and the public in its decisions.
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Ruczkowski, Piotr. "From Values to Anti-values of the European Union Law." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 9 (June 4, 2025): 155–70. https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2025.9.155-170.
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The study is an attempt at a general, synthetic reflection on the values and anti-values of European Union (EU) law, that is why the analysis of specific legal institutions has been limited to the necessary minimum. Paradoxically, the anti-values of EU law are associated with: the process of universalization of values expressed by this law; axiological irrationality; violation of the right proportions between the protection of the common good and the public interest and the protection of individual freedoms and interests; appropriateness in the relationship between means and ends. In addition, they are associated with the lack of authority and democratic legitimacy of the entities creating EU law, legislative inflation and expansion of the material scope of regulations, especially with interference in areas of particular social sensitivity. EU law is perceived as a normative system pursuing unclear interests instead of protecting individuals from excessive interference in the sphere of their freedoms and rights. It becomes a source of oppression, weakens the position of the individual in relation to public authorities, and is also an example of the dominance of ideology over rationality. Other dysfunctions of EU law are related to the quality of the law, its predictability, clarity and even accessibility. All these phenomena increasingly make EU law a source of tension and inter-institutional, inter-state and social conflicts.
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Werlauff, Erik. "Right of Possession and Interference with Such Rights." European Business Law Review 13, Issue 2 (2002): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/252914.
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The protection of the right of possession provided by Art. 1 Protocol 1 (P1–1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has been undervalued in comparison with other basic ECHR rights. In recent years, however, it has demonstrated its dynamic nature and has overtaken national constitutional provisions in certain areas. The provision protects against imprecise, discretionary or retrospective rules on taxation, contributions and forfeiture as well as against financial discrimination on unfair grounds. It has developed into a quality control provision on lawfulness, equal treatment and proportionality for rule sets of financial importance for persons and companies. It is potentially capable of exerting an influence on areas of law involving financial issues where this would hardly have been expected before.
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Korhecz, Tamás. "The right to peaceful enjoyment of property and the security measure of the forfeiture of cash in the jurisprudence of the Serbian Constitutional Court: Certain uncertainty." Pravni zapisi 11, no. 2 (2020): 620–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pravzap0-28803.
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The right to peaceful enjoyment of property is a first-generation human right, protected by the international and domestic law of the highest rank. This is not an absolute right - the European standards of protecting property rights allow possible interferences prescribed by law. The interferences can be made in the public interest but only under the assumption that the proportionality between the public interest and property rights of individuals at stake is established. Forfeiture of undeclared cash the individuals are transferring across state borders, together with imposing fines for a misdemeanor, represent an interference with individuals' property rights. The EU Member States do not share an identical system of sanctions for this petty offense, but there is a tendency of unification related to the monitoring, registering, and sanctioning of undeclared, cross-border, individual cash transfer. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights has established rather precise criteria for distinguishing permitted from unpermitted interferences in cases of undeclared cross-border cash transfers. The Serbian Constitutional Court has been faced with several constitutional complaints regarding alleged unconstitutionally of the imposed security measure amounting to the forfeiture of undeclared cash physically transferred across the state borders. The Constitutional Court has ruled inconsistently on the matter. Although it has regularly referred to the European Court of Human Rights' relevant decisions, it fails to be consistent in following the Strasbourg Court's rulings. In this article, the author has suggested that the legal certainty principle requires the Constitutional Court to consistently interpret the constitutional rights and be systematic in following Strasbourg. Only in this way, the Constitutional Court can help regular courts effectively to harmonize the interpretation and application of laws with the constitutional and international human rights standards regarding property rights.
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Schemers, Henry G. "Human rights in Europe." Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (1986): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1986.tb00542.x.
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Through the ages many common legal values have developed in western Europe. Notwithstanding the differences in legal systems there is a remarkable uniformity in the basic concepts of legal thinking. All western European states are democracies with constitutional restrictions to the power of the government. They all have similar defences against absolutism and one of these defences is the protection of fundamental human rights against government interference. The existence of such legal restrictions is a distinguishing feature of western European politico-legal development.
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Martinico, Giuseppe. "Chasing the European Court of Justice: On Some (Political) Attempts to Hijack the European Integration Process." International Community Law Review 14, no. 3 (2012): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197312x650532.
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Abstract This article gives some examples of State interference in the interpretative activity of the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ), looking at the 1990s, at the more recent past and, finally, at the clauses introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, which represents the latest link in the “semi-permanent Treaty revision process” (de Witte). The article is divided into three parts: the first part will introduce the peculiarities of the ECJ’s interpretative activity, briefly recalling the debate on the specificity of the interpretation of EU law. The second part will be devoted to some recent and less recent attempts to hijack of the acquis communautaire (“the past”), while the third part will focus on the recent novelties introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (EUCFR) and its explanations (“the future”). Finally, some concluding remarks will be presented at the end of the article.
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Lorjé, Nima, and Ariela Stoffer. "Judicial review and the protection of privacy rights in dawn raids." Competition Law Journal 20, no. 2 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/clj.2021.02.02.
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Commission inspections pursuant to Article 20(4) of Regulation 1/2003 (i.e. dawn raids) interfere with the privacy rights of companies and individuals. This interference is disproportionate when it is not consistent with the requirements laid down in Article 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 8 of the European Convention for Human Rights. In its recent judgments in the French Supermarkets cases, the General Court partially annulled four Commission inspection decisions for constituting an arbitrary and unjustified interference with the privacy rights of the inspected companies. The General Court found that the Commission had initiated inspections without having sufficiently serious evidence in its possession. This article examines this finding of the General Court and its practical implications for the protection of companies’ privacy rights in the context of dawn raids. In addition, this article examines possible remedies for challenging the seizure and copying of documents containing personal information of raided companies’ staff during a dawn raid.
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Wu, Shijie. "Multidimensional Impact Analysis of Public Policies on the European Economy: Taking EU Member States as an Example." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 39 (November 7, 2024): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/9sn12c58.
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Since modern times, with the close trade relations between European countries, they have begun the process of integration in order to strengthen economic cooperation and political unity. In the process of integration, problems such as economic inequality, political differences, and external interference continue to emerge. In the process of solving these problems, public policy plays a crucial role. The European Union promotes cooperation and coordination among member states by formulating and implementing a series of public policies, and promotes the deep development of European integration. This enables European countries to smoothly navigate through various crises. This article mainly discusses the impact of European public policies on the Eurozone economy, including problems in the European economic governance system, exploration and analysis of fiscal integration implementation, policies proposed in response to the rigidity of the Italian labor market, the impact of EU data privacy and financial market regulation policies, and future prospects.
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Liu, Hanjie, Yuanguo Zhu, and Yiyu Liu. "European option pricing problem based on a class of Caputo-Hadamard uncertain fractional differential equation." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 7 (2023): 15633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023798.
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<abstract><p>Uncertain fractional differential equation (UFDE) is very suitable for describing the dynamic change in uncertain environments. In this paper, we consider the European option pricing problem by applying the Caputo-Hadamard UFDEs to simulate the dynamic change of stock price. First, an uncertain stock model with the mean-reverting process is studied, and the European option pricing formulas are given. Then, the effect of uncertain interference on the bond is considered, and the corresponding European option pricing formulas are presented. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of pricing formulas.</p></abstract>
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Mennella, A., K. Arnold, S. Azzoni, et al. "The European Low Frequency Survey." EPJ Web of Conferences 293 (2024): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429300031.
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In this paper we present the European Low Frequency Survey (ELFS), a project that will enable the detection of primordial B-mode polarization by measuring the Galactic and extra-Galactic foregrounds in the 5– 120 GHz frequency window. Indeed, the main difficulty in measuring the Bmode polarization comes not just from its sheer faintness, but from the fact that many other objects in the Universe also emit polarized microwaves, which mask the faint CMB signal. The first stage of this project will be carried out in synergy with the Simons Array (SA) collaboration, installing a 5.5–11 GHz coherent receiver at the focus of one of the three 3.5m SA telescopes in Atacama, Chile (“ELFS on SA”). The receiver will be equipped with a fully digital backend based on the latest Xilinx RF System-on-Chip devices that will provide frequency resolution of 1MHz across the whole observing band, allowing us to clean the scientific signal from unwanted radio frequency interference, particularly from low-Earth orbit satellite mega-constellations. This paper reviews the scientific motivation for ELFS and its instrumental characteristics, and provides an update on the development of ELFS on SA.
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Allen, Tom. "LIBERALISM, SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND THE VALUE OF PROPERTY UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 4 (2010): 1055–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000448.
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In most of Europe, expropriation must comply with the standards set under European human rights law. Article 1 of the First Protocol (‘P1-1’) to the European Convention on Human Rights declares that ‘every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions.’ The European Court of Human Rights has stated that the right would be ‘largely illusory and ineffective’ if it did not guarantee full compensation in all but exceptional circumstances.1It is quite clear, however, that this was not the belief of at least some of the States that had signed it when it came into force in 1954. P1-1 makes no reference to compensation. An interference must be lawful, and in the public or general interest, but there is nothing that expressly requires compensation. Nevertheless, the Court has declared that any interference with the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions must strike a ‘‘fair balance’ between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individual's fundamental rights’,2and this means that expropriation without compensation that is reasonably related to the value of the property would normally violate the owner's rights under P1-1.3