Relevant bibliographies by topics / European references

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'European references'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "European references"

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Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. "Bibliography on Eastern European Life Writing." European Journal of Life Writing 2 (December 19, 2013): T81—T94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.2.84.

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The present bibliography is an attempt to bring together work on life writing from Eastern Europe. We welcome further references to national scholarship in the attempt to make more visible the Eastern European presence in life writing. The European Journal of Life Writing provides the ideal format for an open ended sharing of references to which all interested scholars in the field are invited to contribute.
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Moyle, Robert G., and Frank H. Heppner. "Flight without Horizon References in European Starlings." Auk 115, no. 3 (July 1998): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089427.

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Doan, Stacey N., Helen Y. Lee, and Qi Wang. "Maternal mental state language is associated with trajectories of Chinese immigrant children’s emotion situation knowledge." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418783271.

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We investigated the role of mothers’ references to mental states and behaviors and children’s emotion situation knowledge (ESK) in a prospective, cross-cultural context. European American mothers ( n = 71) and Chinese immigrant mothers ( n = 60) and their children participated in the study. Maternal references to mental states and behaviors were assessed at Time 1 when children were three years of age. ESK was assessed when children were 3, 3.5, and 4.5 years of age. Multi-group latent growth curve analyses were used to model children’s growth in ESK over time, as well as relations between mental state language and references to behaviors on children’s trajectories. Results indicated that maternal references to mental states were associated with concurrent levels of ESK for European American children, and change over time for the Chinese immigrant children. Maternal references to behaviors were negatively associated with concurrent ESK for both groups.
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Jakubec, Ondřej. "Roman References in Early Modern Central European Confessional Architecture." Convivium 2, no. 1 (April 2015): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.convi.5.111169.

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Frese, Amalie, and Henrik Palmer Olsen. "Spelling It Out−Convergence and Divergence in the Judicial Dialogue between cjeu and ECtHR." Nordic Journal of International Law 88, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08803001.

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In this article we investigate the relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights as it manifests in explicit cross-references between the two Courts’ jurisprudence. The analysis detects cross-references, how they are used and indications of converge or divergence in the jurisprudence through their explicit citations and references. Our dataset consists of the entire corpus of judgments from both Courts from 2009 (when the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights came into force and until the end of 2016. On the basis of a content search for references to the other Court in both corpora we detect all their cross-references. We find that 1) the Courts’ use each other’s case law surprisingly little, but when they do, it is 2) primarily within the legal domains of criminal justice and immigration policies, and 3) displaying convergence towards the jurisprudence of the other Court.
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Góra, Magdalena, and Katarzyna Zielińska. "Competing Visions: Discursive Articulations of Polish and European Identity after the Eastern Enlargement of the EU." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418791021.

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The enlargement of 2004 and 2007 significantly transformed the European Union in political, economic, and social terms. It also challenged the collective identities of Western Europeans as well as each of the newcomers. However, for new members, the prospect of joining a supranational political entity posed a threat to their newly established or regained sovereignty and nationhood. The integration triggered a process of redefinition of both their self-perception and the perception of Europe as a common project. The article offers a case study of how the Polish Members of the European Parliament discursively (re)construct national and European identities and how these constructions relate to each other. The analysis reveals three main visions of the European identity that are voiced by the Polish representation and corresponding visions of national identity. By focusing on the supranational level of the European Parliament and contextualising the analysed constructions with references to national debates, the study is able to nuance the existing theoretical accounts of European and national identities.
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Badalkhan, Sabir. "“Portuguese encounters with coastal Makran Baloch during the sixteenth century. Some references from a Balochi heroic epic”." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10, no. 2 (July 2000): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300012438.

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The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tempted several European nations to exploit the opportunities for overseas trade by expanding their influence in distant seas and lands. When Vasco de Gama discovered a new route between Europe and South-East Asia during the last decade of the fifteenth century, Europeans increased their search for new colonies and for new trade routes. Like many other nations of the region the people of Balochistan also felt the impact of this new phenomenon. The Portuguese were the first European Colonisers to reach their shores.
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Guixé i Coromines, Jordi. "European Digital memories in a transnational era. The references from the European Observatory on Memories." Culture & History Digital Journal 7, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2018.018.

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This essay takes up the question of transmission in the context of politics and projects of memory from the last decade. I have dubbed this period “the decade of memory, of remembrance”. The first decade of the 21st century saw an exponential growth in digital platforms, focused on catastrophes and conflicts in the previous century as well as more recent events. Public, academic, and institutional initiatives were accompanied by a public and private support to recover the memory of the past in Spain and Europe. This recovery effort placed intangible heritage, and memory at the centre of contemporary historical efforts. Our work and references are analysed from the projects of the European Observatory on Memories (EUROM) criteria, objectives but also technical tools.
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Komárek, Jan. "The Place of Constitutional Courts in the EU." European Constitutional Law Review 9, no. 3 (November 5, 2013): 420–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s157401961200123x.

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Going beyond ‘judicial dialogues’ and ‘conflict-and-power’ approaches to the analysis of national constitutional courts' role in the EU – The idea of European constitutional democracy – National constitutional courts constrain individual autonomy expanded by European integration – National constitutional courts defend the scope for political autonomy – Against national constitutional courts' displacement – Simmenthal II – After the ‘Rights Revolution’ in Europe – National constitutional courts' references to the ECJ – Ordinary courts challenging national constitutional courts through the preliminar y reference procedure – Parallel references – National constitutional courts enforcing EU law – National constitutional courts challenging EU law
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Mumm, Rebekka, Elena Godina, Slawomir Koziel, Martin Musalek, Petr Sedlak, Ursula Wittwer-Backofen, Volker Hesse, Parasmani Dasgupta, Maciej Henneberg, and Christiane Scheffler. "External skeletal robusticity of children and adolescents – European references from birth to adulthood and international comparisons." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 74, no. 5 (June 1, 2018): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0826.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European references"

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Sigafoos, Jennifer A. "The European Court of Justice and social policy : a mixed methods analysis of preliminary references from the EU-15, 1996-2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d612059-2269-4e16-94bd-1e9180c2f3e2.

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Although social policy was once perceived to be solely within the purview of the nation state, there has been a move toward a more European social policy. The European Court of Justice for the European Communities (‘Court of Justice’ or ‘Court’) determines the scope of European law and how it affects national welfare states. The court’s decisions will affect not only the national law of the member states with regard to social policy but also the direction of European social policy as it expands. However, the ECJ does not choose the policy areas in which it makes its decisions, but instead reacts to the preliminary references that are sent by the national courts of the Member States. These preliminary references from the Member States will set the Court’s agenda. Preliminary references are unevenly distributed across the Member States of the EU, and some Member States’ preliminary references are concentrated in particular policy areas. The jurisprudence of the Court, and consequently the social policy of the EU, could be steered by this uneven distribution. This thesis will answer the threshold question of why scholars of social policy should care about the Court of Justice, with a legal analysis of some key themes in the Court’s decisions in the area of social policy. It will then employ a mixed methods research design to explain the variation in rates of social policy preliminary references from the EU-15. First, a Time Series Cross-Section (TSCS) model will be used to test a series of hypotheses generated from the literature, and three novel hypotheses, in a dataset of social policy preliminary references from the EU-15 from 1996 to 2009. Next, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin 2000) will group the variables that were found to be significant into sets of conditions, or ‘causal pathways,’ that lead to higher and lower rates of social policy preliminary references. Finally, two qualitative case studies will be conducted, in the UK and France. Analysis of documentary evidence and 25 expert interviews in the two member states and at the Court of Justice will further explain and illuminate the differing usage of preliminary reference process. The analysis of the mixed methods is integrated in the final stage. Implications for the direction of EU law related to social policy and the future development of European social policy will be considered in the concluding chapter.
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Poleto, Sálua Kairuz Manoel. "Referências europeias de arquitetura e urbanismo nas origens da produção de habitação de interesse social no Brasil (1930-1964)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18142/tde-16082011-093055/.

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A proposta desta tese de doutorado foi a de identificar e analisar as principais referências europeias na produção brasileira de habitação promovida pelo poder público em nível federal no período pré-BNH, a saber, pelos Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensão (IAP\'s), Fundação da Casa Popular (FCP) e a principal iniciativa local à época, Departamento de Habitação Popular do Distrito Federal (DHP). A partir de um vasto levantamento de campo iniciado pela pesquisa temática Habitação Econômica e Arquitetura Moderna no Brasil (1930-1964), desenvolvida pela FAU-USP e EESC-USP, concluído com a pesquisa Pioneiros da Habitação Social no Brasil, coordenada pelo Prof. Dr. Nabil Bonduki, pudemos identificar referências e estabelecer diálogos com as diferentes linhas de arquitetura moderna na produção de moradia econômica na Europa, entre os anos 1920 e 1930, além de outras correntes concomitantes, como o movimento cidade-jardim e suas diversas interpretações. Com a seleção das iniciativas internacionais consagradas pela literatura, foi possível analisar a produção nacional em face dessas experiências, identificando os diversos matizes da produção no Brasil, assim como foi possível entender de que forma o processo da construção da política habitacional e a produção resultante são indissociáveis na questão da habitação de interesse social. A abordagem da produção internacional também revelou outras facetas da imprecisão com que a política habitacional foi tratada pelo estado brasileiro no período, e os resultados dessa postura.
The purpose of this thesis was to identify and analyze major European references in Brazilian production of housing promoted by the government at the federal level in the pre-BNH, specifically, the National Institutes of Retirement and Pension (IAP\'s), Popular Housing Foundation (FCP) and the main local initiatives proposed at the time, the Federal District Department of Housing (PHD). From a wide field survey initiated by the research \"Housing and Economic Modern Architecture in Brazil (1930-1964)\", developed by FAU-USP and USP-EESC , concluded through research \"Pioneers of Social Housing in Brazil\" coordinated by Prof. Dr. Nabil Bonduki, we were able to identify references and establish dialogue with the different lines of modern architecture in the production of economical housing in Europe between 1920 and 1930, and other concurrent streams, as the garden city movement and its various interpretations. With the selection of international initiatives enshrined in the literature, it was possible to analyze the national production in the face of these experiences, identifying the different facets of production in Brazil, as it was possible to understand how the process of construction of housing policy and the resulting production are inseparable the issue of social housing. The approach of international production has also revealed other facets of uncertainty with the housing issue were handled by the Brazilian state in the period, and the results of this stance.
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Levin, Suzanne Michelle. "Shades of Cato and Brutus: Classical References in the Révolutions de Paris and the Rise of Republicanism, June-October 1791." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1338322217.

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Byrne, Shelley. "An examination of successful language use at B1, B2 and C1 level in UCLanESB speaking tests in accordance with the Common European Framework of References for Languages." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20455/.

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The concept of success in second language learning has received growing attention over the last few years. With the earlier dominance of the native speaker as a model and measure for success, learner language had previously been seen as inferior or deviant from the native speaker target and norm. However, with the arrival of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages [CEFR] (CoE, 2001), a shift in emphasis saw learner proficiency across all language use viewed in terms of what learners could do, rather than what they could not. Despite this more positive outlook, the CEFR, in its aim of being non-language specific to maintain applicability across language learning contexts, fails to effectively illustrate how its many descriptors and scales apply to learner language at different levels. Though it extensively documents what learners are able to do with their language, it fails to specify exactly how they can actually do it. The aim of this study was therefore to examine what makes B1, B2 and C1 learners successful in their speech in accordance with the CEFR. In being successful, learners’ spoken performance should correspond with the criteria presented in the CEFR’s descriptors and scales for their current proficiency level. Employing corpus linguistics methodology, speech was chosen as a focus for this study as it i) represents the skill by which learners are most commonly judged, and ii) represents an area that has not received as much attention in corpus linguistics and learner corpus research. Via the compilation of a 70,578 token learner corpus of speaking exam data, analysis examined learners’ use of their core vocabularies and the occurrence and realisation of can-do statements for speech. The study’s research questions asked: What percentage of the words used by successful B1, B2 and C1 learners came from the first 1000 and second 1000 most frequent words in English? What were the 20 most frequent words at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the 20 most frequent keywords at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the most frequent 3- and 4-word chunks at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations and functions? and What CEFR indicators are present in terms of spoken interaction, spoken production and strategies at B1, B2 and C1 and how are they realised? Overall, the study ascertained that B1, B2 and C1 learners differed very little in their use of the 2000 most frequent words in English. Though B1 learners evidenced significantly fewer word types and tokens than their B2 and C1 counterparts, only 1 in 33 words at all three levels came from beyond the 2000 word vocabulary limit. The findings indicated that quantitative measures alone were not able to distinguish learners at different levels nor the changes for vocabulary range suggested in the CEFR. With 97% token coverage achieved, however, this core vocabulary of 2000 words did allow learners to be successful in their speech. In addition, frequent and keyword data alongside lexical chunk analysis established that lexis such as we, er, erm, think, so, like, a lot of, agree with you, exhibited several similarities and differences across the levels. They supported the argument that for learners to be successful in their speech, they need to be supplied with multifunctional lexis which not only aims to broaden their vocabularies, but which intends to deepen it too. By making learners more aware of what can be achieved with the vocabulary they already possess, transitions across proficiency levels can seem more within reach. Finally, analysis of CEFR can-do statements revealed several key points, in particular for successful pragmatics and discourse at B1, B2 and C1. It identified that the objective of interaction evolved across levels: B1 learners expressed their thoughts and opinions, B2 learners asked for the opinions of others and C1 learners, though demonstrating the same skills as B1 and B2 learners, sought mostly to elaborate more fully on the reasons for their thoughts. In terms of the combination of ideas, simplistic chains were evidenced via the use of conjunctions but whilst B1 learners concerned themselves mostly with simple addition of ideas, B2 and C1 learners looked towards utterances expressing cause-and-effect. In sum, the study demonstrated that some of the misconceptions about learner language do have a considerable impact on learner success. Progression across proficiency levels presented itself more in the flexibility and multifunctionality of lexis, rather than its complexity or level of difficulty. It concluded that by making expectations more realistic and not by presuming that learners would do more in their speech than any native speaker, more can be learnt about what learners are able to achieve. Also, by supplementing teaching with materials based on real examples of successful learner speech, learners can be presented with more relevant, more realistic and more attainable models of language use.
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Roth, Dawn. "The European Language Portfolio : An assessment in Mother Tongue Teaching." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17352.

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The present study focuses on teacher’s attitudes to the European Language Portfolio (ELP) in mother tongue English programs. More specifically it will explore how effective the ELP and portfolio assessment are in mother tongue teaching inSweden. The aim is also to assess whether mother tongue English students perform equally well in the four language skill areas. This case study seeks to find the strengths and weaknesses of the ELP according to the teachers that are using the ELP as an assessment tool, as well as investigating previous evaluation materials used to identify achievement in mother tongue. For this purpose, a case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with four English mother tongue teachers at theLanguageCenterin Göteborg (henceforth LCG). The teachers interviewed at the language center use the ELP assessment but do not actively use the other parts of the language passport. The LCG materials for the mother tongue ELP were adapted from the original ELP 6 to 16 years created for Österåker municipality by Iakovos Demetriádes in 2007. Mother tongue teachers in Göteborg have since identified a number of the ELP’s strengths, as well as some of its weaknesses. The ELP is compatible with the Swedish syllabus, which makes it easier to write a written assessment for each class from the 1st grade and up.  There are however problems with individual teachers interpretation of ELP descriptors.  These problems will be brought to light later on in this paper.
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Silva, Jorge Francisco da. "How good is your english?: um Estudo dos Níveis de Proficiência do Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1202.

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O objeto de investigação desta dissertação é o Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference) e seus níveis de proficiência em línguas estrangeiras. O Quadro ou CEFR começou a ser desenvolvido pelos quase 50 paísesmembros do Conselho Europeu em 1991. As matrizes de referência do CEFR tornaram-se um marco internacional e oferecem atualmente orientações para a formulação de políticas linguísticas para o ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação em cerca de 30 línguas europeias, incluindo o inglês. Apesar de o CEFR também ser usado no Brasil em cursos preparatórios para testes internacionais e em vários tipos de processos seletivos, pouco se sabe sobre ele e a literatura sobre o assunto em português ainda é escassa. O objetivo geral deste estudo é investigar quais teorias de linguagem foram usadas na elaboração do CEFR. O objetivo específico é analisar as concepções de língua/linguagem, ensino e aprendizagem, sujeito e avaliação do CEFR para entender como os seus níveis de proficiência foram determinados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, foram reunidas e organizadas diversas publicações do Conselho Europeu, de suas instituições parceiras e de pesquisadores independentes, para investigar as questões propostas nesta dissertação. Ao final, foi possível estabelecer a evolução histórica das bases teóricas do CEFR, com origem na Virada Linguística, passando pela Escola da Filosofia da Linguagem e pelas disciplinas da Sociolinguística e da Pragmática. As diferentes concepções, com destaque para a concepção de língua/linguagem no CEFR, também foram devidamente analisadas. Finalmente, foi possível compreender com mais profundidade como os referidos níveis de proficiência foram determinados.
The object of research of this thesis is the Common European Framework (CEFR) and its levels of proficiency in foreign languages. The development of the CEFR by nearly 50 member countries of the European Council started in 1991. The CEFR reference scales have become an international landmark and currently provide guidelines for the formulation of language policies for teaching, learning and assessment in about 30 European languages, including English. Although the CEFR is also used in Brazil in preparatory programs and in different types of selection processes, little is known about it and the literature on the subject in Portuguese is still scarce. The general aim of this study is to investigate which language theories were used in preparing the CEFR. Our specific aim is to analyze the concepts of language, teaching, learning, self and assessment in the CEFR to understand how its proficiency levels were determined. By means of a bibliographical research, several publications of the European Council, partner institutions and independent researchers were gathered and organized to investigate the questions proposed in this research. In the end, it was possible to establish the historical evolution of the theoretical basis of the CEFR, its origins in the Linguistic Turn, with later developments from the School of Philosophy of Language and the disciplines of Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics. The different concepts, especially the concept of language in the CEFR, were also duly considered. Finally, it was possible to understand more clearly how the said proficiency levels were determined.
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Yilmaz, Iihan. "Copyright in the European Union with special reference to Turkey." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265276.

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Tcaciuc, Luciana. "Translation practices at the European Central Bank with reference to metaphors." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/19561/.

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The European Union institutions represent a complex setting and a specific case of institutional translation. The European Central Bank (ECB) is a particular context as the documents translated belong to the field of economics and, thus, contain many specialised terms and neologisms that pose challenges to translators. This study aims to investigate the translation practices at the ECB, and to analyse their effects on the translated texts. In order to illustrate the way texts are translated at the ECB, the thesis will focus on metaphorical expressions and the conceptual metaphors by which they are sanctioned. Metaphor is often associated with literature and less with specialised texts. However, according to Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory, our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature and metaphors are pervasive elements of thought and speech. The corpus compiled comprises economic documents translated at the ECB, mainly from English into Romanian. Using corpus analysis, the most salient metaphorical expressions were identified in the source and target texts and explained with reference to the main conceptual metaphors. Translation strategies are discussed on the basis of a comparison of the source and target texts. The text-based analysis is complemented by questionnaires distributed to translators, which give insights into the institution’s translation practices. As translation is an institutional process, translators have to follow certain guidelines and practices; these are discussed with reference to translators’ agency. A gap was identified in the field of institutional translation. The translation process in the EU institutions has been insufficiently explored, especially regarding the new languages of the European Union. By combining the analysis of the institutional practices, the texts produced in the institution and the translators’ work (by the questionnaires distributed to translators), this thesis intends to bring a contribution to institutional translation and metaphor translation, particularly regarding a new EU language, Romanian.
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Saunders, Todd D. "Ecology and community design : with special reference to Northern European ecological communities." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22548.

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I write this thesis based on the premise that many environmental problems are the result of conventional community design. I argue that conventional community designs are "anti-ecological" because they consume too much energy, produce an extraordinary amount of waste, are car-oriented, ignore any relationship with the natural environment, and reflect the irresponsible attitude of man conquering nature. However, I suggest that ecologically responsible community design alternatives do exist. I refer to these alternatives as "ecological communities". These communities attempt to function as ecosystems that conserve natural resources, are self-regulating, and produce little waste.
I present the central principles of ecological communities, and then explore the validity of these assertions. Using five ecological communities from Northern Europe, I examine the following principles: (1) alternative energy systems at the community-scale, (2) wastewater treatment and water reclamation, (3) waste management in the community, (4) ecologically sustainable landscapes, and (5) environmentally responsible housing.
Finally, I present my observations and conclusions. The observations are intended to help community designers to understand the characteristics of ecological communities, and perhaps some of the conditions necessary for these communities to exist. The hope is that these observations may assist community designers avoid common mistakes on similar projects. The observations may shorten the time designers require to transfer their ideas from theory into practice. I conclude that when compared with conventional communities--not with perfection or the utopian dream--ecological communities and what they represent can provide designers with viable development alternatives.
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Marstorp, Gustav. "Automated Control System for Dust Concentration Measurements Using European Standard Reference Method." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292583.

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Most companies that have any type of combustion or other pollution process via emission to air needs to measure their emissions to ensure they are within legal boundaries. Among the different types of pollution measurements, one of the most common is dust concentration, also known as particle concentration. An important factor in dust concentration measurements is to ensure that the concentration of the measured dust is representative to the dust concentration in the emissions. This is measured in isokinetic deviation, defined as (vn 􀀀 vd)=vd, where vn is the velocity in the entry nozzle and vd the velocity in the duct. Methods of dust concentration measurements used today are dependent on manual tuning and sensor readings, and the isokinetic deviation is calculated after a test. The focus of this project was therefore to investigate how the process of dust concentration measurements using standard reference methods could be automated in the way that isokinetic sampling is controlled and regulated by an automated control system in real time. Pressures, temperatures and sampled gas volume were quantized. A PIDcontroller was designed, implemented and tested. The PID-controller took the differential pressure between the inside of the entry nozzle and the duct, called zero pressure, as input. The system was tested in a laboratory environment by letting a radial fan create a flow, and thus create a zero pressure of -60 Pa, meaning that the pressure in the duct was 60 Pa greater than the pressure inside the entry nozzle. The PID-controller was then enabled and ran for five minutes. The result showed that the PID-controller managed to control the system to the reference point in less than 50 seconds for entry nozzles of diameters 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm. The results of the isokinetic deviations were -12 %, -5 %, -6 % and -4 % for entry nozzles with diameters 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm respectively. This is higher than the accepted values according to the European standard, which allows deviations in the interval -5%to 15%. However, these tests ran for relatively short time periods and started with large deviations which made it difficult to reach an isokinetic deviaiton in the accepted interval. Possible improvements could be to include the real time isokinetic deviation in the PID-controller, this would make it possible to change the reference value of the zero pressure in real time and guarantee isokinetic deviations in the accepted interval, even in extraordinary situations.
EU-regler ställer krav på anläggningar att kontrollera och begränsa sina utsläpp av stoft enligt EU standard 13284-1:2017. Vid en stoftmätning måste det tas hänsyn till många parametrar, där en av de viktigaste parametrarna är att provtagningen ska utföras isokinetiskt. Isokinetisk provtagning innebär att hastigheten i kanalen (skorstenen) är samma som i sonden där provgasen sugs ut. Dagens metoder för stoftmätning förlitar sig på manuella inställningar och den isokinetiska avvikelsen beräknas efter ett test. Det resulterade i frågeställnigen hur en automatiserad metod för bestämning av masskoncentration av stoft kan utformas så att den isokinetiska avvikelsen beräknas i realtid. Tryck, temperatur och gasvolym kvantiserades från analoga sensorer och kommunicerades till en mikrokontroller med det seriella protokollet I2C. En PID-reglator designades, implementerades och testades. PID-regulatorn tog tryckskillnaden mellan kanal och sond som insignal. Utsignalen från PID-regulatorn var en spänning som via en motordriven ventil kontrollerade inflödet i munstycket. Systemet testades i laborativ miljö genom att låta en fläkt skapa ett flöde tills den uppmätta tryckskillnaden mellan sond och kanal var -60 Pa. Därefter aktiverades PID-regulatorn och testet pågick sedan i fem minuter. Testet utfördes för munstycken med diameterna 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm och 12 mm. Resultatet visade att PID-regulatorn styrde systemet till referenspunkten på mindre än 50 sekunder för samtliga diametrar på munstyckena. De isokinetiska avvikelserna (skillnaden i hastighet mellan munstycke och kanal) beräknades till -12 %, -5 %, -6 % och -4 % för munstyckena 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm och 12 mm. I två av fallen var det högre än det accepterade värdet enligt EU standarden som tillåter avvikelser inom intervallet -5 % till 15 %. Det kan förklaras av att testen utfördes under en relativ kort tidsperiod och startades med stora avvikelser. Regulatorn skulle dock kunna förbättras genom att använda testets aktuella isokinetiska avvikelse och med den informationen bestämma systemets referenspunkt. Det skulle göra det möjligt att kompensera för tidigare avvikelser och på det sättet uppnå isokinetiska avvikelser inom tillåtet intervall även för extremfall.
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Books on the topic "European references"

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References to the European Court. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.

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Arnull, Anthony. References to the European Court. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1990.

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Joan, Ludman, and Krauss Harriet P, eds. Old master print references: A selected bibliography. White Plains, N.Y: Kraus International Publications, 1986.

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1968-, Fenger Niels, ed. Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Howe, Robert. The European Community's 1992 plan: Selected references, 1989-1991. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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Intergovernmental Conference (1996 Turin, Italy). Reflection Group report and other references for documentary purposes: Brussels, December 1995. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996.

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University of Delhi. Prakāśana Vibhāga., ed. The home of the Aryas: With notes, references and appendices. Delhi: Publication Division, University of Delhi, 2002.

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Intergovernmental Conference of the European Union (1996). 1996 Intergovernment Conference (IGC '96): Reflection Group report and other references for documentary purposes : Brussels, December 1995. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996.

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Golub, Jonathan. Modelling judicial dialogue in the European Community: The quantitative basis of preliminary references to the ECJ. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, 1996.

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Merrill, Elizabeth, ed. Creating Place in Early Modern European Architecture. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728027.

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The importance of place—as a unique spatial identity—has been recognized since antiquity. Ancient references to the ‘genius loci’, or spirit of place, evoked not only the location of a distinct atmosphere or environment, but also the protection of this location, and implicitly, its making and construction. This volume examines the concept of place as it relates to architectural production and building knowledge in early modern Europe (1400-1800). The places explored in the book’s ten essays take various forms, from an individual dwelling to a cohesive urban development to an extensive political territory. Within the scope of each study, the authors draw on primary source documents and original research to demonstrate the distinctive features of a given architectural place, and how these are related to a geographic location, social circumstances, and the contributions of individual practitioners. The essays underscore the distinct techniques, practices and organizational structures by which physical places were made in the early modern period.
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Book chapters on the topic "European references"

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"References." In European Multilingualism, 193–212. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847697363-009.

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"References." In European Unions, 219–50. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801461576-015.

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"REFERENCES." In European Studies, 209–12. Agenda Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv103xddx.52.

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"References." In Going trans-European, 311–15. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043059-1/50012-9.

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"References." In The European Economy. Routledge, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203011027.bmatt.

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"References." In Reconciling Indo-European Syllabification, 344–58. BRILL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004281950_014.

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"References." In The Indo-European Syllable, 289–311. BRILL, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004293021_010.

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"References." In The European Repository Landscape, 146. Amsterdam University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789048508464-018.

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"References." In European External Action Service, 317–42. Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004323612_012.

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"References." In The East European Gypsies, 363–88. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511817373.012.

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Conference papers on the topic "European references"

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Kitching, J., S. Knappe, L. Liew, J. Moreland, H. G. Robinson, P. Schwindt, V. Shah, and L. Hollberg. "Microfabricated atomic frequency references." In 18th European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF 2004). IEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20040811.

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Quinlan, F., T. M. Fortier, M. S. Kirchner, J. A. Taylor, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, N. Lemke, et al. "Noise limitations in microwave generation from optical references." In 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/EQEC. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe.2011.5943468.

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Belz, Anja, and Sebastian Varges. "Generation of repeated references to discourse entities." In the Eleventh European Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1610163.1610167.

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Falugi, P., and D. Q. Mayne. "Model predictive control for tracking random references." In 2013 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2013.6669584.

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Chisci, L., P. Falugi, and G. Zappa. "Tracking of piecewise constant references for constrained nonlinear systems." In 2003 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2003.7085070.

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Ivanov, Vadim V., Keith E. Sanborn, and Igor M. Filanovsky. "Bandgap voltage references with 1V supply." In ESSCIRC 2006. Proceedings of the 32nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscir.2006.307593.

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Baltaretu, Adriana, Emiel Krahmer, and Alfons Maes. "Moving Targets: Human References to Unstable Landmarks." In Proceedings of the 15th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w15-4706.

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Shahmohammadi, Mina, Kianoush Souri, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. "A resistor-based temperature sensor for MEMS frequency references." In ESSCIRC 2013 - 39th European Solid State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2013.6649113.

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de Oliveira, Rodrigo, Yaji Sripada, and Ehud Reiter. "Designing an Algorithm for Generating Named Spatial References." In Proceedings of the 15th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w15-4723.

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"The influence of group references in home purchase intention in Thailand." In 21st Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. ERES, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2014_191.

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Reports on the topic "European references"

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Eichengreen, Barry, Andrew Rose, and Charles Wyplosz. Speculative Attacks on Pegged Exchange Rates: An Empirical Exploration with Special Reference to the European Monetary System. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4898.

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Ramírez de la Piscina, T., M. Gz Gorosarri, A. Aiestaran, B. Zabalondo, and A. Agirre. Quality journalism in times of crisis: An analysis of the evolution of the European reference press (2001-2012). Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, RLCS, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2014-1011en.

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Meyer, Judith, and David Keller. International Scientific Advisory Board members list and a Terms of Reference list. OceanNETs, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d9.2.

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This deliverable presents the list of International Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) members, which is composed of international distinguished scientists to ensure external evaluation of the project and link to other programs and activities inside and outside Europe. The Terms of Reference list establishes the purpose and responsibilities of the ISAB.
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Ramírez de la Piscina, T., M. Gz Gorosarri, A. Aiestaran, B. Zabalondo, and B. Agirre. Periodismo de calidad en tiempos de crisis: Un análisis de la evolución de la prensa europea de referencia (2001-2012). Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, RLCS, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2014-1011.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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Gromyko, Alexey. Comments on the Brussels Summit Communique, 14 June 2021. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/analytics32220211922.

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All in all, the document sadly contains few tangibles on NATO-Russia military risk reduction even on practical issues of obvious mutual interest. At the same time, it has incorporated a new dose of harsh rhetoric against Russia, which in some instances runs counter to the results of the Geneva summit. Some parts of the documents contradict each other. There is an impression that as far as Russia is concerned the task of the document was to strengthen even further its “hard talk” on Russia while keeping a minimal set of formal references about selective engagement. The Communique tilts further in the direction of raising stakes and showing no interest of NATO in playing its own or at least supportive role in military de-escalation in Europe. It seems that in this regard the Alliance’s intention is to wait and see what will happen next in Russia – US relations.
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