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Sigafoos, Jennifer A. "The European Court of Justice and social policy : a mixed methods analysis of preliminary references from the EU-15, 1996-2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d612059-2269-4e16-94bd-1e9180c2f3e2.
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Although social policy was once perceived to be solely within the purview of the nation state, there has been a move toward a more European social policy. The European Court of Justice for the European Communities (‘Court of Justice’ or ‘Court’) determines the scope of European law and how it affects national welfare states. The court’s decisions will affect not only the national law of the member states with regard to social policy but also the direction of European social policy as it expands. However, the ECJ does not choose the policy areas in which it makes its decisions, but instead reacts to the preliminary references that are sent by the national courts of the Member States. These preliminary references from the Member States will set the Court’s agenda. Preliminary references are unevenly distributed across the Member States of the EU, and some Member States’ preliminary references are concentrated in particular policy areas. The jurisprudence of the Court, and consequently the social policy of the EU, could be steered by this uneven distribution. This thesis will answer the threshold question of why scholars of social policy should care about the Court of Justice, with a legal analysis of some key themes in the Court’s decisions in the area of social policy. It will then employ a mixed methods research design to explain the variation in rates of social policy preliminary references from the EU-15. First, a Time Series Cross-Section (TSCS) model will be used to test a series of hypotheses generated from the literature, and three novel hypotheses, in a dataset of social policy preliminary references from the EU-15 from 1996 to 2009. Next, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin 2000) will group the variables that were found to be significant into sets of conditions, or ‘causal pathways,’ that lead to higher and lower rates of social policy preliminary references. Finally, two qualitative case studies will be conducted, in the UK and France. Analysis of documentary evidence and 25 expert interviews in the two member states and at the Court of Justice will further explain and illuminate the differing usage of preliminary reference process. The analysis of the mixed methods is integrated in the final stage. Implications for the direction of EU law related to social policy and the future development of European social policy will be considered in the concluding chapter.
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Poleto, Sálua Kairuz Manoel. "Referências europeias de arquitetura e urbanismo nas origens da produção de habitação de interesse social no Brasil (1930-1964)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18142/tde-16082011-093055/.
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A proposta desta tese de doutorado foi a de identificar e analisar as principais referências europeias na produção brasileira de habitação promovida pelo poder público em nível federal no período pré-BNH, a saber, pelos Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensão (IAP\'s), Fundação da Casa Popular (FCP) e a principal iniciativa local à época, Departamento de Habitação Popular do Distrito Federal (DHP). A partir de um vasto levantamento de campo iniciado pela pesquisa temática Habitação Econômica e Arquitetura Moderna no Brasil (1930-1964), desenvolvida pela FAU-USP e EESC-USP, concluído com a pesquisa Pioneiros da Habitação Social no Brasil, coordenada pelo Prof. Dr. Nabil Bonduki, pudemos identificar referências e estabelecer diálogos com as diferentes linhas de arquitetura moderna na produção de moradia econômica na Europa, entre os anos 1920 e 1930, além de outras correntes concomitantes, como o movimento cidade-jardim e suas diversas interpretações. Com a seleção das iniciativas internacionais consagradas pela literatura, foi possível analisar a produção nacional em face dessas experiências, identificando os diversos matizes da produção no Brasil, assim como foi possível entender de que forma o processo da construção da política habitacional e a produção resultante são indissociáveis na questão da habitação de interesse social. A abordagem da produção internacional também revelou outras facetas da imprecisão com que a política habitacional foi tratada pelo estado brasileiro no período, e os resultados dessa postura.The purpose of this thesis was to identify and analyze major European references in Brazilian production of housing promoted by the government at the federal level in the pre-BNH, specifically, the National Institutes of Retirement and Pension (IAP\'s), Popular Housing Foundation (FCP) and the main local initiatives proposed at the time, the Federal District Department of Housing (PHD). From a wide field survey initiated by the research \"Housing and Economic Modern Architecture in Brazil (1930-1964)\", developed by FAU-USP and USP-EESC , concluded through research \"Pioneers of Social Housing in Brazil\" coordinated by Prof. Dr. Nabil Bonduki, we were able to identify references and establish dialogue with the different lines of modern architecture in the production of economical housing in Europe between 1920 and 1930, and other concurrent streams, as the garden city movement and its various interpretations. With the selection of international initiatives enshrined in the literature, it was possible to analyze the national production in the face of these experiences, identifying the different facets of production in Brazil, as it was possible to understand how the process of construction of housing policy and the resulting production are inseparable the issue of social housing. The approach of international production has also revealed other facets of uncertainty with the housing issue were handled by the Brazilian state in the period, and the results of this stance.
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Levin, Suzanne Michelle. "Shades of Cato and Brutus: Classical References in the Révolutions de Paris and the Rise of Republicanism, June-October 1791." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1338322217.
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Byrne, Shelley. "An examination of successful language use at B1, B2 and C1 level in UCLanESB speaking tests in accordance with the Common European Framework of References for Languages." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20455/.
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The concept of success in second language learning has received growing attention over the last few years. With the earlier dominance of the native speaker as a model and measure for success, learner language had previously been seen as inferior or deviant from the native speaker target and norm. However, with the arrival of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages [CEFR] (CoE, 2001), a shift in emphasis saw learner proficiency across all language use viewed in terms of what learners could do, rather than what they could not. Despite this more positive outlook, the CEFR, in its aim of being non-language specific to maintain applicability across language learning contexts, fails to effectively illustrate how its many descriptors and scales apply to learner language at different levels. Though it extensively documents what learners are able to do with their language, it fails to specify exactly how they can actually do it. The aim of this study was therefore to examine what makes B1, B2 and C1 learners successful in their speech in accordance with the CEFR. In being successful, learners’ spoken performance should correspond with the criteria presented in the CEFR’s descriptors and scales for their current proficiency level. Employing corpus linguistics methodology, speech was chosen as a focus for this study as it i) represents the skill by which learners are most commonly judged, and ii) represents an area that has not received as much attention in corpus linguistics and learner corpus research. Via the compilation of a 70,578 token learner corpus of speaking exam data, analysis examined learners’ use of their core vocabularies and the occurrence and realisation of can-do statements for speech. The study’s research questions asked: What percentage of the words used by successful B1, B2 and C1 learners came from the first 1000 and second 1000 most frequent words in English? What were the 20 most frequent words at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the 20 most frequent keywords at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations, colligations and functions? What were the most frequent 3- and 4-word chunks at B1, B2 and C1 and their notable collocations and functions? and What CEFR indicators are present in terms of spoken interaction, spoken production and strategies at B1, B2 and C1 and how are they realised? Overall, the study ascertained that B1, B2 and C1 learners differed very little in their use of the 2000 most frequent words in English. Though B1 learners evidenced significantly fewer word types and tokens than their B2 and C1 counterparts, only 1 in 33 words at all three levels came from beyond the 2000 word vocabulary limit. The findings indicated that quantitative measures alone were not able to distinguish learners at different levels nor the changes for vocabulary range suggested in the CEFR. With 97% token coverage achieved, however, this core vocabulary of 2000 words did allow learners to be successful in their speech. In addition, frequent and keyword data alongside lexical chunk analysis established that lexis such as we, er, erm, think, so, like, a lot of, agree with you, exhibited several similarities and differences across the levels. They supported the argument that for learners to be successful in their speech, they need to be supplied with multifunctional lexis which not only aims to broaden their vocabularies, but which intends to deepen it too. By making learners more aware of what can be achieved with the vocabulary they already possess, transitions across proficiency levels can seem more within reach. Finally, analysis of CEFR can-do statements revealed several key points, in particular for successful pragmatics and discourse at B1, B2 and C1. It identified that the objective of interaction evolved across levels: B1 learners expressed their thoughts and opinions, B2 learners asked for the opinions of others and C1 learners, though demonstrating the same skills as B1 and B2 learners, sought mostly to elaborate more fully on the reasons for their thoughts. In terms of the combination of ideas, simplistic chains were evidenced via the use of conjunctions but whilst B1 learners concerned themselves mostly with simple addition of ideas, B2 and C1 learners looked towards utterances expressing cause-and-effect. In sum, the study demonstrated that some of the misconceptions about learner language do have a considerable impact on learner success. Progression across proficiency levels presented itself more in the flexibility and multifunctionality of lexis, rather than its complexity or level of difficulty. It concluded that by making expectations more realistic and not by presuming that learners would do more in their speech than any native speaker, more can be learnt about what learners are able to achieve. Also, by supplementing teaching with materials based on real examples of successful learner speech, learners can be presented with more relevant, more realistic and more attainable models of language use.
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Roth, Dawn. "The European Language Portfolio : An assessment in Mother Tongue Teaching." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17352.
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The present study focuses on teacher’s attitudes to the European Language Portfolio (ELP) in mother tongue English programs. More specifically it will explore how effective the ELP and portfolio assessment are in mother tongue teaching inSweden. The aim is also to assess whether mother tongue English students perform equally well in the four language skill areas. This case study seeks to find the strengths and weaknesses of the ELP according to the teachers that are using the ELP as an assessment tool, as well as investigating previous evaluation materials used to identify achievement in mother tongue. For this purpose, a case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with four English mother tongue teachers at theLanguageCenterin Göteborg (henceforth LCG). The teachers interviewed at the language center use the ELP assessment but do not actively use the other parts of the language passport. The LCG materials for the mother tongue ELP were adapted from the original ELP 6 to 16 years created for Österåker municipality by Iakovos Demetriádes in 2007. Mother tongue teachers in Göteborg have since identified a number of the ELP’s strengths, as well as some of its weaknesses. The ELP is compatible with the Swedish syllabus, which makes it easier to write a written assessment for each class from the 1st grade and up. There are however problems with individual teachers interpretation of ELP descriptors. These problems will be brought to light later on in this paper.
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Silva, Jorge Francisco da. "How good is your english?: um Estudo dos Níveis de Proficiência do Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1202.
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O objeto de investigação desta dissertação é o Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference) e seus níveis de proficiência em línguas estrangeiras. O Quadro ou CEFR começou a ser desenvolvido pelos quase 50 paísesmembros do Conselho Europeu em 1991. As matrizes de referência do CEFR tornaram-se um marco internacional e oferecem atualmente orientações para a formulação de políticas linguísticas para o ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação em cerca de 30 línguas europeias, incluindo o inglês. Apesar de o CEFR também ser usado no Brasil em cursos preparatórios para testes internacionais e em vários tipos de processos seletivos, pouco se sabe sobre ele e a literatura sobre o assunto em português ainda é escassa. O objetivo geral deste estudo é investigar quais teorias de
linguagem foram usadas na elaboração do CEFR. O objetivo específico é analisar as concepções de língua/linguagem, ensino e aprendizagem, sujeito e avaliação do CEFR para entender como os seus níveis de proficiência foram determinados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, foram reunidas e organizadas diversas publicações do Conselho Europeu, de suas instituições parceiras e de pesquisadores
independentes, para investigar as questões propostas nesta dissertação. Ao final, foi possível estabelecer a evolução histórica das bases teóricas do CEFR, com origem na Virada Linguística, passando pela Escola da Filosofia da Linguagem e pelas disciplinas da Sociolinguística e da Pragmática. As diferentes concepções, com destaque para a concepção de língua/linguagem no CEFR, também foram devidamente analisadas. Finalmente, foi possível compreender com mais profundidade como os referidos níveis de proficiência foram determinados.The object of research of this thesis is the Common European Framework (CEFR) and its levels of proficiency in foreign languages. The development of the CEFR by nearly 50 member countries of the European Council started in 1991. The CEFR reference scales have become an international landmark and currently provide guidelines for the formulation of language policies for teaching, learning and assessment in about 30 European languages, including English. Although the CEFR is also used in Brazil in preparatory programs and in different types of selection processes, little is known about it and the literature on the subject in Portuguese is still scarce. The general aim of this study is to investigate which language theories were used in preparing the CEFR. Our specific aim is to analyze the concepts of language, teaching, learning, self and assessment in the CEFR to understand how its proficiency levels were determined. By means of a bibliographical research, several publications of the European Council, partner institutions and independent researchers were gathered and organized to investigate the questions proposed in this research. In the end, it was possible to establish the historical evolution of the theoretical basis of the CEFR, its origins in the Linguistic Turn, with later developments from the School of Philosophy of Language and the disciplines of Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics. The different concepts, especially the concept of language in the CEFR, were also duly considered. Finally, it was possible to understand more clearly how the said proficiency levels were determined.
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Yilmaz, Iihan. "Copyright in the European Union with special reference to Turkey." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265276.
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Tcaciuc, Luciana. "Translation practices at the European Central Bank with reference to metaphors." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/19561/.
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The European Union institutions represent a complex setting and a specific case of institutional translation. The European Central Bank (ECB) is a particular context as the documents translated belong to the field of economics and, thus, contain many specialised terms and neologisms that pose challenges to translators. This study aims to investigate the translation practices at the ECB, and to analyse their effects on the translated texts. In order to illustrate the way texts are translated at the ECB, the thesis will focus on metaphorical expressions and the conceptual metaphors by which they are sanctioned. Metaphor is often associated with literature and less with specialised texts. However, according to Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory, our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature and metaphors are pervasive elements of thought and speech. The corpus compiled comprises economic documents translated at the ECB, mainly from English into Romanian. Using corpus analysis, the most salient metaphorical expressions were identified in the source and target texts and explained with reference to the main conceptual metaphors. Translation strategies are discussed on the basis of a comparison of the source and target texts. The text-based analysis is complemented by questionnaires distributed to translators, which give insights into the institution’s translation practices. As translation is an institutional process, translators have to follow certain guidelines and practices; these are discussed with reference to translators’ agency. A gap was identified in the field of institutional translation. The translation process in the EU institutions has been insufficiently explored, especially regarding the new languages of the European Union. By combining the analysis of the institutional practices, the texts produced in the institution and the translators’ work (by the questionnaires distributed to translators), this thesis intends to bring a contribution to institutional translation and metaphor translation, particularly regarding a new EU language, Romanian.
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Saunders, Todd D. "Ecology and community design : with special reference to Northern European ecological communities." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22548.
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I write this thesis based on the premise that many environmental problems are the result of conventional community design. I argue that conventional community designs are "anti-ecological" because they consume too much energy, produce an extraordinary amount of waste, are car-oriented, ignore any relationship with the natural environment, and reflect the irresponsible attitude of man conquering nature. However, I suggest that ecologically responsible community design alternatives do exist. I refer to these alternatives as "ecological communities". These communities attempt to function as ecosystems that conserve natural resources, are self-regulating, and produce little waste.I present the central principles of ecological communities, and then explore the validity of these assertions. Using five ecological communities from Northern Europe, I examine the following principles: (1) alternative energy systems at the community-scale, (2) wastewater treatment and water reclamation, (3) waste management in the community, (4) ecologically sustainable landscapes, and (5) environmentally responsible housing.
Finally, I present my observations and conclusions. The observations are intended to help community designers to understand the characteristics of ecological communities, and perhaps some of the conditions necessary for these communities to exist. The hope is that these observations may assist community designers avoid common mistakes on similar projects. The observations may shorten the time designers require to transfer their ideas from theory into practice. I conclude that when compared with conventional communities--not with perfection or the utopian dream--ecological communities and what they represent can provide designers with viable development alternatives.
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Marstorp, Gustav. "Automated Control System for Dust Concentration Measurements Using European Standard Reference Method." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292583.
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Most companies that have any type of combustion or other pollution process via emission to air needs to measure their emissions to ensure they are within legal boundaries. Among the different types of pollution measurements, one of the most common is dust concentration, also known as particle concentration. An important factor in dust concentration measurements is to ensure that the concentration of the measured dust is representative to the dust concentration in the emissions. This is measured in isokinetic deviation, defined as (vn vd)=vd, where vn is the velocity in the entry nozzle and vd the velocity in the duct. Methods of dust concentration measurements used today are dependent on manual tuning and sensor readings, and the isokinetic deviation is calculated after a test. The focus of this project was therefore to investigate how the process of dust concentration measurements using standard reference methods could be automated in the way that isokinetic sampling is controlled and regulated by an automated control system in real time. Pressures, temperatures and sampled gas volume were quantized. A PIDcontroller was designed, implemented and tested. The PID-controller took the differential pressure between the inside of the entry nozzle and the duct, called zero pressure, as input. The system was tested in a laboratory environment by letting a radial fan create a flow, and thus create a zero pressure of -60 Pa, meaning that the pressure in the duct was 60 Pa greater than the pressure inside the entry nozzle. The PID-controller was then enabled and ran for five minutes. The result showed that the PID-controller managed to control the system to the reference point in less than 50 seconds for entry nozzles of diameters 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm. The results of the isokinetic deviations were -12 %, -5 %, -6 % and -4 % for entry nozzles with diameters 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm respectively. This is higher than the accepted values according to the European standard, which allows deviations in the interval -5%to 15%. However, these tests ran for relatively short time periods and started with large deviations which made it difficult to reach an isokinetic deviaiton in the accepted interval. Possible improvements could be to include the real time isokinetic deviation in the PID-controller, this would make it possible to change the reference value of the zero pressure in real time and guarantee isokinetic deviations in the accepted interval, even in extraordinary situations.EU-regler ställer krav på anläggningar att kontrollera och begränsa sina utsläpp av stoft enligt EU standard 13284-1:2017. Vid en stoftmätning måste det tas hänsyn till många parametrar, där en av de viktigaste parametrarna är att provtagningen ska utföras isokinetiskt. Isokinetisk provtagning innebär att hastigheten i kanalen (skorstenen) är samma som i sonden där provgasen sugs ut. Dagens metoder för stoftmätning förlitar sig på manuella inställningar och den isokinetiska avvikelsen beräknas efter ett test. Det resulterade i frågeställnigen hur en automatiserad metod för bestämning av masskoncentration av stoft kan utformas så att den isokinetiska avvikelsen beräknas i realtid. Tryck, temperatur och gasvolym kvantiserades från analoga sensorer och kommunicerades till en mikrokontroller med det seriella protokollet I2C. En PID-reglator designades, implementerades och testades. PID-regulatorn tog tryckskillnaden mellan kanal och sond som insignal. Utsignalen från PID-regulatorn var en spänning som via en motordriven ventil kontrollerade inflödet i munstycket. Systemet testades i laborativ miljö genom att låta en fläkt skapa ett flöde tills den uppmätta tryckskillnaden mellan sond och kanal var -60 Pa. Därefter aktiverades PID-regulatorn och testet pågick sedan i fem minuter. Testet utfördes för munstycken med diameterna 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm och 12 mm. Resultatet visade att PID-regulatorn styrde systemet till referenspunkten på mindre än 50 sekunder för samtliga diametrar på munstyckena. De isokinetiska avvikelserna (skillnaden i hastighet mellan munstycke och kanal) beräknades till -12 %, -5 %, -6 % och -4 % för munstyckena 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm och 12 mm. I två av fallen var det högre än det accepterade värdet enligt EU standarden som tillåter avvikelser inom intervallet -5 % till 15 %. Det kan förklaras av att testen utfördes under en relativ kort tidsperiod och startades med stora avvikelser. Regulatorn skulle dock kunna förbättras genom att använda testets aktuella isokinetiska avvikelse och med den informationen bestämma systemets referenspunkt. Det skulle göra det möjligt att kompensera för tidigare avvikelser och på det sättet uppnå isokinetiska avvikelser inom tillåtet intervall även för extremfall.
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Bjäremo, Svante. "The Nordic syllabi and the Common European Framework of Reference : Similarities and differences." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54088.
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This study examines the similarities and differences between the Nordic syllabi (the Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian syllabi) and the influence CEFR has had on their structure and development. This was carried out using the method of hermeneutics, looking for similarities and differences using seven different dimensions of comparison. The study shows that there are similarities between the Nordic syllabi which have all been influenced by the CEFR. The most notable similarity between the documents is the communicative nature of teaching and assessment. This could give a deeper understanding of the Nordic countries' similarities and differences when it comes to language teaching. Further studies are needed using quantitative methods to say if these findings and connections between the Nordic syllabi are due to the influence of the CEFR or if other factors have been just as influential.
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Südekum, Jens. "Agglomeration and regional unemployment disparities : a theoretical analysis with reference to the European Union /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/369180054.pdf.
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King, Oliver Henry. "The costs and benefits of maritime safety with reference to European Port State Control." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268240.
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Lee, Suk Jung. "Application of the European arms control model with particular reference to the Korean peninsula." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU060538.
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The objective of this thesis is to design a Korean arms control model through the application of the European arms control models to the Korean Peninsula. In order to construct a theoretical framework the thesis analyses the overall utilities of arms control as an element of security policy and technical guides for the application through analysis of processes, targets, outcomes and impacts of the European arms control framework; CSCE, CBMs, MBFR and CFE. It also examines the particular points of German arms control policies as a divided state and position on the front-line of the European Cold War theatre with a view to considering its relevance to the Korean situation. The thesis argues that the European conventional arms control model constitute a universal security formula between actual and potential enemies beyond Europe. Given the similarities of security situations and arms control approaches and proposals in particular, and the same expectation and prediction of the results between the two regions, Korean arms control is the most suitable case for small-scale application of the European model. In the collective arms control talks, the German arms control policies, which required the separation of arms control and unification problem on the basis of the co-existence of the divided states and political stability as a means of overcoming security problems of front-line of the Cold War, present the most suitable alternative for the Korean arms control. The arms control measures which were proposed through the dialogues between the two German states or their parties are the most appropriate practical measures applicable to the Korean security problem.
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Giziakis, K. "The cost of marine traffic accidents worldwide with particular reference to N.W. European waters." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382904.
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Meyer, Estrada Fiona. "Exploring the impact of the European Language Portfolio, ELP (2001) in the Flemish Brussels context." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528110.
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The aim of this study originated with my role as a teacher wanting to research the impact of the European Language Portfolio, ELP, (2001) on a small group of minority language students, in Brussels’ Flemish region. In this exploratory case study, the European Language Portfolio (Spanish model) was administered to a small group of forty-five primary school students from the Bicultural Foyer Project in Brussels. In spite of the students’ positive attitudes towards this portfolio, the results suggest that the ELP has no validity for them because the Brussels’ Flemish educational community does not offer the appropriate conditions for a possible broader use of this portfolio. Belgium’s language policy environment, including its language policies, is the fundamental reason for the non-implementation of the European Language Portfolio.
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Rabab'A, Moh'd Ghazi. "The expansion of trademark functions with particular reference to online keywords advertising : the European experience." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-expansion-of-trademark-functions-with-particular-reference-to-online-keywords-advertisingthe-european-experience(3a239549-8cc4-4808-a585-882c43bf3252).html.
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The primary purpose of a trademark is to facilitate the communication of information between consumers and producers about their products and services to those who wish or need to buy them. The consumer needs to be able to depend on the message the mark conveys to ensure they are purchasing what will fulfil their requirements. In the modern market place, the choice appears endless, and indeed the principles of free trade espoused by the European treaties has heightened the opportunities for cross-national traders to sell their goods, and increased the options available to consumers. When this occurs, so does the availability of information which a purchaser may find the need to seek through to ascertain what he or she wants in an complex and often confusing exercise in differentiation. It is therefore in the interests of producers and customers that those who manufacture goods or provide services develop a mark which identifies their wares and helps provide feedback measured by success; consequently an exchange of information. Consumers are able to make their preferences known via choice, or otherwise, of the mark. Modern business methods and the vast array of marketing opportunities are not only placing the role and function of the trademark at the forefront of consumer protection, but also developing the concept of the mark as an asset of considerable value in itself. This increases its vulnerability to competitive interference and the proposition that it should receive enhanced protection in law. Somewhat perversely, it has resulted in a body of legislation and jurisprudence which lacks cogency and coherence. The purpose of this thesis, accordingly, is to examine the causes thereof by evaluating the current European trademarks protection system to ascertain the contribution they actually make to promotion of free competition and the movement of goods or services upon which that substantial market is predicated. It will examine the impact of the development of protection granted to the trademark with particular reference to the use of online keywords advertising service and focus on the effect of relatively new theories of what functions qualify to be shielded from harm from competitive others. This has expanded beyond the conventional boundaries of source ‘origin’ protection, espoused to primarily protect consumers from confusion in their choice making process. Advertising and investment functions as separate principle are recognised by the Court of Justice of the European Union, but do not appear to qualify for safeguarding in the context of the competitive free market. In fact, it will be shown that giving excessive shelter from harm to all functions which may affect the value of the trademark will limit, even jeopardise, third party competitor and consumer issues. It will inhibit the use of the e-commerce online keywords advertising service which assists third parties to promote alternative competing goods or services and so reduce consumer choice by restriction of online information. It is suggested that proper, clear defences must be guaranteed under the law so third parties may gauge their actions to avoid infringement of trademark owner rights whilst promoting their own products, and accordingly strike the necessary balance between the different competing interests of trademark owners, third parties competitors, and consumers.
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Ortiz, Hernández Eimys. "Procesos de "europeización" de los sistemas jurídicos de países terceros mediterráneos: especial referencia a Marruecos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/307382.
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La present Tesi Doctoral aborda les relacions euromediterrànies, amb el focus en la “europeïtzació” dels seus sistemes jurídics, raó per la qual s'ha examinat un cas d'estudi, el Marroc. Aquest país representa “l’alumne exemplar” de la Unió, a causa de la seva constant demanda d'acostament al projecte europeu, i que fins i tot ha arribat a sol·licitar la seva adhesió. A més, la UE ha recolzat sense fissures les reformes internes que l'executiu marroquí ha introduït al llarg dels anys, i ha ofert la seva assistència tècnica i financera a tot moment. Quant als sectors objecte de recerca s'ha procurat, en primer lloc, que es tractessin de qüestions situades entre el mètode comunitari o europeu i l'intergovernamental. En segon lloc, que s'atribuís un principi bàsic europeu en aquest camp. En tercer i últim lloc, que s'hagués adoptat legislació marroquina, la qual cosa ens ha portat a examinar-la per trobar traces de Dret europeu en ella. Conforme a aquests requisits, s'han seleccionat tres sectors: la migració; l'Estat de Dret: la reforma de la justícia; i l'energia. Els criteris d'ordenació sistemàtica ens han portat a dividir la Tesi Doctoral en dues parts que contenen set capítols íntegrament. D'una banda, la part general dedicada a les relacionis euromediterrànies s'ha consagrat a detallar l'evolució jurídica d'aquest marc des de 1957 fins a l'actualitat. De l’altra, la part específica que aborda les relacionis euro-marroquines, segons la mateixa línia temporal, per centrar-se a posteriori en l'anàlisi de l'europeïtzació en els sectors seleccionats, una vegada s'ha establert el marc conceptual.La presente Tesis Doctoral aborda las relaciones euromediterráneas enfocándose en la “europeización” de sus sistemas jurídicos, para lo cual se ha examinado un caso de estudio, Marruecos. Dicho país representa el “alumno ejemplar” de la Unión, debido a su constante demanda de acercamiento al proyecto europeo, llegando incluso a solicitar su adhesión. Además, la UE ha apoyado, sin fisuras, las reformas internas que el ejecutivo marroquí ha introducido a lo largo de los años, ofreciendo su asistencia técnica y financiera en todo momento. En cuanto a los sectores objeto de investigación se ha procurado, en primer lugar, que se tratasen de cuestiones situadas entre el método comunitario o europeo y el intergubernamental. En segundo lugar, que se atribuyese un principio básico europeo en dicho campo. En tercer y último lugar, que se hubiese adoptado legislación marroquí, lo que nos ha llevado a examinarla para hallar trazas de Derecho europeo en ella. Conforme a lo cual se han seleccionado tres sectores: la migración; el Estado de Derecho: la reforma de la Justicia; y la energía. Los criterios de ordenación sistemática nos han llevado a dividir la Tesis Doctoral en dos partes conteniendo siete capítulos en su totalidad. De un lado, la parte general dedicada a las relaciones euromediterráneas se ha consagrado a detallar la evolución jurídica de este marco desde 1957 hasta la actualidad. De otro, la parte específica ha abordado las relaciones euro-marroquíes, según la misma línea temporal, para a posteriori centrarse en el análisis de la “europeización” en los sectores seleccionados, una vez se ha establecido el marco conceptual.
This Doctoral Thesis addresses the Euro-Mediterranean relations focusing on the "Europeanisation" of their legal systems, by means of reviewing Morocco as a case study. This country represents the "model student" of the Union due to its constant demand to rapprochement with the European project; even applying for its joining as a membership. Furthermore, the EU has completely supported the internal reforms that the Moroccan government has introduced over the years, providing technical and financial assistance at all times. As for the researched sectors I have tried firstly to choose those dealing with the Community or the European and the intergovernmental methodology; secondly, that they work at least with one European basic principle in this field; and finally that some of the Moroccan laws had been adopted, allowing us to examine it to find traces of European law in it. According to these priorities three sectors has been selected: migration; rule of law regarding law reform; and the energy sector. The criteria for systematic management have led us to divide this Doctoral Thesis into two parts containing seven chapters in full. On one hand, the general part is devoted to Euro-Mediterranean relations and gives details of the legal evolution of this frame from 1957 on. On the other hand, the specific part addresses the Euro-Moroccan relations during the same period, for focusing a posteriori on the analysis of the “Europeanisa-tion” in the selected sectors, once the framework has been established.
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Verdelocco, Stefania. "Modelling potential vulnerability of soils at European and regional scale : linking EUSES to geo-referenced data." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=189404.
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The main aim of this thesis is to develop an integrated approach that can be used to evaluate or support policy and management decisions for potentially vulnerable areas in Europe. The EUSES (European System for the Evaluation of Substances) model was selected for this work. The methodology is based in the adaptation of the models contained in EUSES to use more realistic regional environmental data. The thesis aims to extend the current functionality of EUSES by providing users with the means of visualising and understanding the spatial component of the risk associated with a particular substance. The development environment for this approach is the ESRI ArcView GIS software and associated modules. EUSES was reimplemented in Excel to understand all the equations of the model. In order to understand the drivers of the model, screenings experiments were performed. As a result a set of graphs showing the relationship between the parameter considered and the outputs of the model was produced. A further stage focused on linking EUSES to GIS adding a spatial component. From available datasets the main drivers of the model were extracted. Using ArcView GIS and ArcView Spatial Analyst, these data were overlayed and processed to obtain GIS maps of Europe at different scales. On the basis of the screening experiments, a set of mathematical equations were extrapolated and used to perform new computations to calculate the variation of the regional PECs due to changing in different parameters. These new computations were certificated with EUSES and a very good correspondence was found. These new computations were used in ArcView GIS; as a result a set of GIS maps were created showing potential vulnerable areas at different scales. This approach was also used to perform some scenario analyses useful to assess the impact of changing conditions on PEC values.
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Sipilä, Tero. "Conservation biology of Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) with reference to other European seal populations." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/sipila/.
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Murray, Ryan M. "The development of the eighteenth-century transverse flute with reference to J. S. Bach's "Partita In A Minor" for unaccompanied flute." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1528004.
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This project report discusses the development of the transverse flute in the eighteenth century with reference to J. S. Bach's Partita in A Minor for unaccompanied flute. Though still relatively new, the transverse flute of this period rapidly developed to become the new standard over the recorder due to the new opportunities it provided to composers. The works of Bach serve as a prime example for showing the instrument's increasing popularity, and his motivations for creating the Partita in A Minor reveal the influences of many composers and performers of the transverse flute, such as Pierre Buffardin and Johann Joachim Quantz, on the instrument's developing idiom throughout the century.
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Mensah, Kenneth Kwesi. "Reliability assessment of structural concrete with special reference to stirrup design." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96913.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Structural design standards based on the principles of structural reliability are gaining worldwide acceptance and are fast becoming the new basis for structural safety verification. The application of these principles to establish a standardised basis for structural design using partial factor limit states design procedures is done in the European Standard for the Basis of Structural Design EN 1990 from which it is adapted to the South African Standard Basis of Design for Building and Industrial Structures SANS 10160-1. South Africa (SA) is on the advent of adopting the European Concrete Design Standard EN 1992-1-1 (EC2) as the equivalent standard for local use. This investigation seeks to provide a transparent quantitative reliability basis for the SA’s adoption of EC2, as well as provide for its subsequent implementation under local conditions and practice. The investigation kicks-off with a critical review of the reliability framework for structural resistance. The review establishes the relationships between the key elements of the framework, shedding light on issues SA needs to consider as it adopts EC2. Important issues for SA to consider include (1) target levels of structural performance ( -values), (2) partial factors, (3) model uncertainties, and (4) quality control. Design for shear resistance was investigated in greater detail by comparison of EC2’s Variable Strut Inclination Method (VSIM) for stirrup design against alternative approaches, namely, (1) South Africa’s currently operational SANS 10100-1 procedure, and (2) the fib Model Code 2010 first Level of Approximation (LoA I) and fib LoA III, which are based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). Unbiased capacity predictions from the MCFT-based sectional analysis Program Response-2000 (R2k) served as LoA IV best-estimate results during this assessment. Results of this investigation showed that EC2 offers higher capacity predictions in excess of 1 MPa of stirrup reinforcement, with significantly higher predictions in the range of 1 to 2 MPa. A reliability performance assessment was therefore commissioned to assess safety regimes in terms of achieved reliability across a parametric range of the amount of stirrup reinforcement (from 0.45 to 2.0 MPa). The First Order Reliability Method (FORM) was implemented as part of the reliability performance assessment of the EC2’s VSIM design procedure. The model uncertainty for shear resistance (stirrup failures) was characterised according to a database of published stirrupreinforced concrete beam shear tests. Three cases of the Model Factor for shear resistance were derived from the experimental database for alternative shear resistance prediction models; two of which formed part of basic investigations conducted using the conventionally formulated performance function, and the other was integrated as part of an independent validation procedure using R2k predictions to obtain the reliability model. Results obtained from the basic reliability model ( -values) generally indicated lower levels of reliability with an increase in stirrup reinforcement and concrete strength, compared to those estimated from the R2k-based reliability model ( -values). The disparity between and -values revealed that systematic effects affect each model’s ability to predict the expected value of true shear resistance . There is reasonable evidence to suggest that the predictions of can be improved by accounting for each model’s peculiar sensitivity to concrete strength, consequently providing more representative estimates of . However, in the interim, and -values, respectively, represent reasonable lower and upper bound estimates of the performance of EC2’s VSIM design procedure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beginsels van struktuur betroubaarheid word wêreldwyd aanvaar as basis vir struktuur ontwerp standaarde en die versekering van voldoende struktuur veiligheid. Hierdie beginsels word in die Europese Standaard Basis of Structural Design EN 1990 toegepas om gestandaardiseerde partiële faktor gebaseerde limietstaat ontwerp prosedures daar te stel, van waar dit aangepas is vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Standaard Basis of Design for Building and Industrial Structures SANS 10160-1. Suid-Afrika (SA) staan op die punt om die Europese beton ontwerp standaard EN 1992-1-1 (EC2) aan te neem as die ekwivalente standaard vir plaaslike gebruik. Hierdie ondersoek het as doel om ‘n deursigtige kwantitatiewe betroubaarheidsbasis daar te stel vir die aanneming van EC2 as SA standaard en om voorsiening te maak vir die implementering daarvan onder plaaslike toestande en –praktyk. Die ondersoek begin met ‘n kritiese oorsig van die betroubaarheidsraamwerk vir strukturele weerstand. Die oorsig stel die verhouding vas tussen sleutel elemente van die raamwerk en werp lig op aspekte wat SA moet oorweeg in die aanneming van EC2. Belangrike aspekte vir oorweging sluit (1) teiken betroubaarheidsvlakke vir struktuur gedrag ( -waardes), (2) partiele faktore, (3) model onsekerhede en (4) kwaliteitsbeheer in. Skuif weerstandsontwerp is in groter detail ondersoek deur die EC2 se Veranderbare Stut Hoek Metode (VSHM) vir skuifbeuel ontwerp te vergelyk met alternatiewe benaderings, naamlik, (1) Suid Afrika se huidig operasionele SANS 10100-1 prosedure, (2) fib Model Code 2010 se sogenaamde eerste Vlak van Benadering (VvB I) en fib VvB III, gebaseer op die Aangepaste Drukveld Teorie (ADT). Onbevooroordeelde kapasiteit voorspellings van die ADT-gebaseerde snit analise program “Response-2000 (R2k)” is in die evaluering gebruik as VvB IV bes benaderde resultate. Die ondersoek toon dat EC2 hoër kapasiteit voorspel vir skuifbeuel bewapening tot 1 MPa en beduidend hoër kapasiteite voorspel vir skuifbeuel bewapening tussen 1 en 2 MPa. ‘n Betroubaarheidsprestasie studie is vervolgens geloots om die veiligheid in terme van behaalde betroubaarheid te bepaal oor ‘n parametriese bereik van 0.45 tot 2.0 MPa skuifbeuel bewapening. Die Eerste Orde Betroubaarheids Metode (EOBM) is implementeer as deel van die betroubaarheidsprestasie beoordeling van die EC2 VSHM ontwerp prosedure. ‘n Databasis van gepubliseerde skuifbeuel-bewapende betonbalk skuiftoetse is gebruik om die model onsekerheid vir die verskillende skuifweerstandsmodelle statisties te beskryf. Drie Model Faktore is uit die eksperimentele databasis afgelei, twee waarvan gebruik is in basiese ondersoeke met die konvensioneel geformuleerde prestasie funksie en die derde as deel van ‘n onafhanklike bevestigingsprosedure gebaseer op R2k voorspellings. Resultate wat verkry is uit die basiese betroubaarheidsmodel ( -waardes) was laer (meer konserwatief), en het ook vinniger afgeneem met ‘n toename in skuifbeuel bewapening as die waardes wat uit die R2k-gebaseerde betroubaarheidsmodel ( -waardes) verkry is. Die verskil tussen β en β -waardes toon dat sistematiese effekte die vermoë van elk van die modelle beïnvloed om die verwagte waarde van die werklike skuifweerstand V te voorspel. Daar is redelike bewyse om aan te voer dat die voorspellings van V verbeter sal kan word deur elke model se unieke sensitiwiteit teenoor betonsterkte in ag te neem, om sodoende meer verteenwoordigende β waardes te verkry. Intussen verteenwoodig die β en β -waardes onderskeidelik redelike onder- en bogrens skattings vir die prestasie van EC2 se VSHM ontwerp prosedure.
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Pillay, Morgenie. "The negotiation process of the EU-SA Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement: a case of reference for the south?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003031.
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Overall the conclusions drawn about South Africa’s negotiating style and tactics were arrived at by analysing a number of reports (that closely followed the evolution of the negotiations) and then paralleling this case study’s findings with the conjectures made by the theoretical frameworks (i.e. works by Putnam, Zartmann and Churchmann) about how negotiations proceed. In the final analysis, the findings of this case are intended to provide insight for the south about how to approach any future trade negotiations with the North (or more specifically with the EU).
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Luteran, Martin. "Some Issues Relating to Proportionality in Law and Ethics, with Special Reference to European Human Rights Law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517226.
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Rotsides, Christos. "The educational system of Cyprus since 1960, with particular reference to the relationship with the European Union." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/90237.
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Gomes, da Silva Joao Ramos Lopes. "Patterns of integration in the European food processing industries : an exploratory analysis, with particular reference to Portugal." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302010.
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Lang, Richard Alexander. "The European Court of Justice's approach to equality reevaluated, with reference to the work of Michael Walzer." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2011. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-european-court-of-justices-approach-to-equality-reevaluated-with-reference-to-the-work-of-michael-walzer(2b5a99ed-b16f-407e-881a-999dd09a3442).html.
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This dissertation examines, by means of a critical case-study, how the notion of equality is currently interpreted by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and how it might be interpreted in the future. It is well-known that the ECJ takes an Aristotelian, comparator-based approach to equality, seeking to ensure that “likes” are treated in like fashion, and “unlikes” in unlike fashion. That this approach has produced inconsistent and unpredictable decisions has been discussed at length in the existing academic literature. However, there have been few proposals for an alternative approach. The dissertation will attempt to bridge this gap, by suggesting that Michael Walzer’s theory of “complex equality” might be employed by the Court to achieve better, clearer, or more predictable outcomes. The first part of the dissertation consists of a short introduction and then a brief review of the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of equality in abstracto. These are followed by a more detailed description of Walzer’s theory. It is explained how the theory divides social goods into a series of distributive spheres, and how, by ensuring the autonomy of each of these spheres, Walzer attempts to make certain that no member of a society can unduly monopolize that society’s commodities. The second part of the dissertation is the critical case-study, which consists of four chapters. The first three of these consider the major “suspect” grounds, discrimination upon which is prohibited by EU law; these are gender, nationality and the so-called “Article 13 grounds” (race, religion, age, disability and sexual orientation). The fourth chapter looks at semi-suspect and non-suspect grounds. In each section, a sample of the ECJ’s case-law is analysed in the light of, firstly, Aristotelian equality, and secondly, complex equality. The third part of the dissertation provides an opportunity to reflect upon some of the common themes emerging from the case-law, and to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of complex equality as a possible complement to Aristotle.
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Kabashi, Rilind. "Cyclicality, determinants and macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in European countries, with particular reference to transition countries." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2015. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2395/.
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This thesis empirically investigates the stabilization properties and the effectiveness of fiscal policy, which is an issue that has been gaining attention in the academic literature and among policy-makers in the past two decades, particularly in the wake of the Great Recession. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the cyclical character and determinants of fiscal policy, as well as the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output and other macroeconomic variables in European countries, with particular reference to transition countries. Using an extensive survey of the relevant literature and particularly the results of the comprehensive empirical investigation, the thesis offers recommendations relevant for policy-makers in European countries. The thesis thus deals with issues that lie at the heart of the main academic and policy debates in the wake of the European debt crisis. Consequently, its findings and recommendations should be useful for current and prospective European Union and euro area member states. In order to analyse the cyclical character and determinants of fiscal policy, system GMM is used as the most appropriate estimation method for the sample and the aim of the study. The main finding in this part is that discretionary fiscal policy is pro-cyclical in both groups of transition countries (from Central and Eastern Europe and from South-eastern Europe), thus aggravating economic fluctuations, while it is a-cyclical in old EU member states. These baseline results are robust to various extensions and robustness checks. The investigation of a wide range of additional factors indicates that various political and institutional factors also have important effects on fiscal policy in European countries, with numerous differences among the three country groups regarding their particular effect. The extensive analysis of the stabilisation properties of fiscal policy is followed by an investigation of the ability of fiscal policy to influence economic movements, as well as of the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy. In this part, Panel Vector Auto Regression with recursive identification of government spending shocks is used to analyse the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output (fiscal multipliers) and other macroeconomic variables. The main results indicate that expansionary government spending shocks have a positive, but a relatively low effect on output, with the fiscal multiplier around one in the year of the shock and the following year, and lower thereinafter. Further, effects of fiscal policy are strongly dependent on structural country characteristics. In particular, fiscal multipliers are higher in new EU member states, in countries with low public debt and low trade openness.
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Xhelili, Albulena. "Bank efficiency, Euroization and macroprudential policy in transition economies : with special reference to South East European countries." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2015. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2242/.
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The literature on bank efficiency in transition economies (TEs) is neither exhaustive nor conclusive. It mainly investigates bank efficiency in relation to bank size and ownership. However, to the best of our knowledge, it ignores several important dimensions related to the banking sector in TEs: euroization, macroprudential policy and different types of risk. By exploring the relationships between bank efficiency, euroization, macroprudential policy and different types of risk in TEs, this research fills this gap. The relationship between bank efficiency, euroization and bank risk is explored empirically through the estimation of a cost efficiency frontier using time-varying stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) whilst controlling initially for euroization at country level and then at bank level, using the BankScope database and euroization data collected by the author. The findings suggest that euroization at country level is a driver of bank efficiency in TEs, and that different risks are important in the context bank efficiency in TEs. Furthermore, it was shown that efficiency in TEs has varied over period and it has been affected by the Global Financial Crisis. The initial research is extended through the qualitative analysis of the phenomena of euroization at bank level in selected South East European countries, which again to the best of our knowledge, is the first such research. The investigation is conducted through semi-structured interviews of risk managers of banks at different levels of seniority. The main finding of this analysis is that macroprudential policy, widely considered a useful response to global financial crisis, is an important determinant of euroization. To explore this further an econometric investigation of the impact of macroprudential policy on the level of credit euroization in TEs, an aspect ignored in the literature, is undertaken. Additionally, the empirical literature on credit euroization is limited as most studies focus on deposit euroization, assuming that credit euroization mirrors it, although the latter is larger in most TEs. The analysis is conducted employing dynamic and autoregressive panel techniques, using data on macroprudential policy from the IMF and central banks. Thus, this study fills a gap in this literature by investigating the determinants of credit euroization, including the impact of macroprudential policy. Although this is a first attempt at such an investigation, it supports the importance of these policies in driving down the level of euroization in TEs.
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Walter, Rebecca. "Der Plurilinguale sprachgebrauch im kontext der immersion: eine qualitative studie aus soziokultureller perspektive." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395170.
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Plurilinguale Erziehung ist in den verschiedenen Bildungseinrichtungen und im Forschungsbereich
in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses gerückt. Der Gemeinsame Europäische
Referenzrahmen für Sprachen (GER) sieht vor, dass der Zweit- bzw. Fremdsprachenunterricht
auf Berücksichtigung und Unterstützung der plurilingualen Kompetenz
basieren sollte. Nur so kann eine kommunikative Kompetenz in den verschiedenen
Sprachen entwickelt werden. Dazu haben sich verschiedene methodologische Ansätze
herausgebildet. Hierzu zählt unter anderem das stark in den Vordergrund getretene und
in den Forderungen der Europäischen Kommission verankerte Modell Content and
Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). In Verbindung mit der Forderung des GERS1
sowie dem Aktionsplan 2004 – 2006 Förderung des Sprachenlernens und der Sprachenvielfalt
wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie in einem konkreten Immersionskontext,
und zwar im CLIL-Unterricht, die kommunikative Kompetenz entwickelt wird. Dazu
wird aus soziokultureller Perspektive beobachtet, was im CLIL-Unterricht geschieht.Plurilingual education is not an entirely unknown concept. Both in the various educational institutions and in research it has increasingly moved to the centre of interest. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) provides that second or foreign language teaching should be based on plurilingual competence, to develop communicative competence in the different languages. There are various methodological approaches to achieve this goal. These include in particular Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), a model that has gained more and more importance and is firmly stipulated in the programme of the European Commission. Taking into account the CEFR’s claims and the Aktionsplan 2004 – 2006 Förderung des Sprachenlernens und der Sprachenvielfalt (2004 – 2006 Promotion of language acquisiton and language diversity) the question is pursued how to develop communicative competence in an immersion context, namely CLIL-teaching. On that point, the study observed what happened during CLIL-teaching from a socialcultural perspective.
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Davenport, John Lawrence. "ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST: EVALUATING THE PRAGMATISM OF PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BENCHMARKS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/891.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.Title from document title page (viewed on October 29, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-123).
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Bisopoulos, Anastasios P. "Public procurement and public works contracting in the European Community with special reference to the UK and Greece." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312127.
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Han, Sung-Taik. "The impact of the European economic integration on the newly industrialising economies of Asia, with reference to Korea." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991IEPP0014.
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La thèse couvre essentiellement trois points relatifs à l'impact de l'intégration économique européenne sur les nouvelles économies industrialisées d'Asie: les flux des échanges, notamment les exportations des NEIA vers la CEE, les flux d'investissements directs étrangers, et enfin, l'architecture générale des relations mondiales, en particulier les politiques commerciales. La thèse vérifie l'hypothèse suivante ; si elle ne n'accompagne pas d'une politique libérale, une intégration économique régionale conduit à une distorsion de la répartition internationale des ressources non seulement par une réduction des échanges avec les pays tiers, mais aussi par un effet d'attraction biaisées des investissements directs étrangers. La thèse aussi suggère que, si les intégrations économiques régionales. . . " le grand marché européen, " les accords de libre-échange en Amérique du Nord, les initiatives d'intégration dans la région Asie-Pacifique. . . Sont inspirées par des sentiments protectionnistes, elles ne peuvent guère faire office de pierres apportées à l'édifice de la libéralisation des échanges multilatéraux, comme l'article vingt-quatre des accords du GATT l'avait initialement prévuThe these basically covers three issues regarding the impact of the European economic integration on the newly industrialising economies of Asia; first, regarding trade flows, i. E. , the exports of the newly industrialising economies of Asia to the EC; second, regarding the flow of foreign direct investments; and lastly, regarding the world trade system. The these verifies the hypothesis that if it is not accompanied by more liberal external policies, a regional economic integration may lead to the distortion of international resources allocations, first, through extra-regional trade suppression effects, and second, through its skewed attraction of foreign direct investment flows. The these also suggests that if recent proliferation of regional economic integration. . . "the single European market," the North American free trade agreement, the initiales of Asia-Pacific integration. . . Are inspired by protectionist sentiments, they can hardly serve as 'building blocks' for multilateral trade liberalisation as was originally envisioned in article twenty-four of GATT
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FRANDJI, BRUNO. "Contribution a l'etude et a la realisation d'un modele de reference pour systeme d'information hospitalier europeen." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077117.
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Le but de cette these est la mise au point d'une architecture de reference pour systeme d'information hospitalier (sih) europeen. Elle comprend donc des etudes detaillees de l'etat de l'art en matiere de sih, de representation des connaissances. Ces differentes analyses montrent l'interet de l'approche des systemes ouverts et de l'integration de la gestion des connaissances medicales dans le sih, de la methode de modelisation par contraintes en reprenant les principes des methodes objet, de l'utilisation des modeles de sowa pour representer les connaissances medicales. Enfin les derniers chapitres montrent l'adaptation de la methode de modelisation par contraintes au probleme du sih, et l'architecture obtenue par l'utilisation de ces methodes, montree d'un point de vue general, dynamique et distribue. Les modeles de gestion des actes, de gestion et personnalisation des connaissances medicales sont particulierement detailles, tandis que le detail technique de l'architecture est presente dans le volume 2
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Arthur, Eleonore. "Comparative adult education : issues and challenges, with particular reference to Britain and Germany." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843189/.
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This thesis begins with my own bicultural experiences in the context of adult education and language teaching and examines current issues in comparative adult education in light of the challenges imposed by increasing globalisation and lifelong learning. The first chapter ends with research questions about the validity of comparative adult education given that hitherto theoretical approaches have, it seems, ceased to be part of scholarly debates in adult continuing education. The following chapter proceeds to explore research methods appropriate to this study, which are based on approaches in phenomenology and constructivism, and which are explored further in chapter 8 in the context of comparative adult education. The study then seeks to challenge the appropriacy of comparing systems of adult education within the positivist paradigm which, it is argued, has stifled debates and not enabled alternative approaches to develop. Furthermore, it is argued that bounded concepts of nation states and national characteristics are no longer relevant in the context of a multicultural and multilingual Europe. Adult educators are increasingly engaged in intercultural activities by taking part in professional networks and EU-sponsored programmes, computer-mediated or not (discussed in chapter 5). These activities demand skills in cross- and intercultural communication and, in comparative terms, an understanding of different cultural communities. Chapter 6, therefore, looks at the role of language and interculturality which, it is argued, are fundamental to comparative adult education. Issues in relation to lifelong learning are explored further in the subsequent chapter with regard to Germany and Britain and the respective historical, structural and cultural contexts. Chapter 8 argues that comparative adult education can only be meaningful if new meaning and knowledge are constructed on the basis of intercultural communication and shared comparative reflection. This chapter also outlines a new theoretical framework, which, it is proposed, is appropriate to comparative adult education in its contemporary post- or late modem context. The questions raised in opening chapter are answered in the final chapter with the conclusion that there is, after all, validity in undertaking research in comparative adult education and that it is an exciting and stimulating field of study.
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Petracou, Electra V. "Exploring the social and historical dimensions of migration in the European context with special reference to the Greek case." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4312/.
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This thesis examines migration as a contemporary social phenomenon. Adopting Marxian dialectics, migration is defined as a form and as a process of social relations. Thus, migration exists as a differentiated but also as an internal part of social totality. This social totality, as a historical result, constitutes the general social framework within which migration is examined. This study of migration starts from the examination of this particular social organisation of social relations. Migration as an international phenomenon is explored through migration policies and flows, alongside with the relationship between national and international contexts. Moreover, the analysis focuses on a new territorial political organisation, the EU, and its interaction with migration. Furthermore, this study explores the ways that migration is constructed in a specific national context, that of the Greek state. Particularly, the interest in on the ways that migration is included in the social and political process in Greek society. Finally, the analysis focuses on people's experience as migrants in Greece, which is examined through structural social characteristics and attitudes, in order to illustrate that migration means a process of being constructed as a 'migrant' depending on both general and specific social contexts.
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Olsson, Martin. "Assessing oral skills : A study comparing the Swedish and Norwegian English syllabi with the Common European Framework of Reference." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57078.
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This is a comparative study of the Swedish and Norwegian syllabi for English for the minimum courses required in order to be allowed to apply for university courses in both countries. The study focuses on the assessment of oral production and what guidelines teachers and students are provided with in order to know what is to be assessed. As a reference point while comparing, the Common European Framework of Reference has been used as a framework for this study. The comparison has been done solely in a text-oriented manner, comparing both of the syllabi with the reference document. In the conclusion, the results drawn from this comparison will be put against each other in order to see any differences between the two syllabi and the ways in which they have interpreted the reference document. The conclusion was that both of the syllabi were largely inspired by the reference document and so turned out to be very similar in many aspects within oral proficiency assessment, as well as there were some aspects where they were quite different. The most obvious of these were the aspect of descriptors of different grade levels which was an aspect where all three documents differed in some manner, the Norwegian syllabus being the document that was least alike the two other documents.
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Kartomi, Margaret. "New Directions in the Discourse on Cultural and National Identity, with Special Reference to Europe and the European Union." Bärenreiter Verlag, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71772.
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Papageorgiou, Spiros. "Setting performance standards in Europe the judges' contribution to relating language examinations to the common European framework of reference." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504193.
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Pettersson, Emma, and Martina Engvall. "A Study of Environmental Disclosures in the European Oil and Gas Industry : With Reference to the Global Reporting Initiative." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30024.
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Background and Problem: Sustainability reporting is a growing trend in the society. One of the most exposed industries to environmental matters is the oil and gas industry, which commit to sustainability reporting in order to deal with the industry’s destructive operations. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provides voluntary guidelines in sustainability reporting, which increase transparency for the company’s stakeholders. However, it is controversial that the oil and gas industry put a great effort into sustainability reporting even though the industry is environmentally destructive. This gap is interesting to investigate and will contribute to the academic discussion. Therefore, this thesis will focus on the sustainability reporting in the oil and gas industry and to what extent the industry actually discloses material environmental information about their operations. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the sustainability reporting has changed in the oil and gas industry in Europe. This is performed from a stakeholder perspective. Further, it aims to investigate how oil and gas companies have followed the GRI guidelines and how the reporting has changed over time. Method: A quantitative method is used in order to answer the research questions. The data sample is based on oil and gas companies reporting according to the GRI framework during year 2012 to year 2014. The empirical data is gathered from the studied companies’ environmental category in their sustainability reports. Further, a content analysis technique, with a coding scheme, was set up to interpret and analyse the information. To enable an easy overview of the findings, the relevant data is presented in tables and diagrams. Empirical Findings and Conclusion: The majority of the studied companies have increased their level of compliance in the environmental category. Although, the majority of the companies have increased their reporting, the compliance level differs between the companies. The most reported sectors are the; “Water”, “Biodiversity”, “Emissions”, “Effluents and Waste”, “Compliance”, and “Overall”. Further, the empirical findings show that there is an overall increase in the amount of disclosed information per indicator. The conclusion of this thesis is that the environmental disclosures have increased in the oil and gas industry from year 2012 to 2014.
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Bilal, Muhammad. "An enquiry into the application of EU anti-dumping law, with particular reference to Pakistan." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622102.
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Dumping is to unfairly sell goods at a lower price (at foreign market) as compared to their normal value at domestic market of the manufacturing country, thus causing material injury to the local industry of the importing country. Other researchers have explored the global (WTO Agreement) and the European Union’s (EU) Anti-Dumping law mostly with a commercial perspective. At doctoral level EU-China, EU-Japan and EU-Korea trade relations with reference to the application of protective measures have been studied. This dissertation is, however, the very first aimed to examine the application of EU Anti-Dumping law relating to Pakistan. This is a complete health check of EU-Pakistan trade relations with reference to the application of Anti-dumping duties on Pakistan. This study is a combination of doctrinal research and empirical research, whereby it critically evaluates the Commission’s investigation and the judgements of the EU Courts related to Pakistan and thus establish their consistency or inconsistency; it also studies the voting patterns within the Council and the impact of AD duties on Pakistani imports. It is a qualitative exploratory study based upon an inductive approach. Contradictions are found in the calculations of normal value and export price, constructed normal value, the comparison of normal value and export price, the calculation of dumping margin, and the calculation of injury. Suggestions are made as to the extent to which Unions’ anti-dumping rules need to be reviewed to moderate their tilt that unequivocally favours Union manufacturers. Moreover, this dissertation identifies many provisions of the basic regulation, which being too vague offers multiple interpretations, which are thus recommended to be amended. In the empirical part of this research the voting style of EU member states for or against the adoption of AD measures against Pakistan has been studied. Thereafter, the content analysis of stated reasons for specific voting styles reveals that the member states vote on the basis of the findings and conclusions of investigation as done by the Commission, thus trade partner loyalty is not the reason for their voting. Furthermore, application of the ADDs is found to be reason of import decline from Pakistan to the EU.
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Nergiz, Bengisu. "Análisis de errores en textos escritos por estudiantes turcos del nivel B1 de español como lengua extranjera." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/441752.
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Esta tesis doctoral presenta un estudio sobre el análisis de los errores lingüísticos de estudiantes turcos de español como lengua extranjera, dentro del campo de la Lingüística Aplicada. Para llevarlo a cabo nos centramos en analizar el corpus obtenido de las redacciones escritas por un grupo de 102 participantes del Instituto Cervantes de Estambul que tienen el español como lengua extranjera en los niveles B1.1 y B1.2, nivel intermedio según el Marco Cómun Europeo de Referencia (2002). El corpus se compone de cuatro tipos de texto: narrativos, descripciones-expositivos e instructivos, en total 102 redacciones escritas a mano en español. Esta investigación pretende ayudar a renovar los métodos empleados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del E/LE, una vez conocidas y analizadas las principales dificultades que presentan a nivel morfosintáctico los estudiantes turcos en el aprendizaje de la lengua española.This thesis presents an extensive empirical study on the analysis of linguistic errors of Turkish students of Spanish as a foreign language in the field of Applied Linguistics. To carry it out we focus on analyzing the corpus of written compositions produced by a group of 102 informants from Cervantes Institute in Istanbul. These students have Spanish as a foreign language at the B1.1 and B1.2, intermediate level according to the Common European Framework of Reference (2002). The corpus consists of four types of texts: narrative, expository-descriptions and instructive, 102 compositions in total written in Spanish by hand. This research can help renew the methods used in the teaching-learning process of Spanish as a foreign language and to identify the main difficulties presented by the Turkish students at morphosyntactic learning at the Spanish language.
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Afonso, Patrícia de Guadalupe Pereira. "Habilitação para a docência: professor de português no 3º ciclo do ensino básico e ensino secundário e de espanhol nos ensinos básico e secundário." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14660.
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O presente relatório da prática pedagógica supervisionada tem como base o trabalho desenvolvido, enquanto docente de Espanhol, na Escola Secundária D. Manuel I, em Beja, durante o ano lectivo de 2009/2010 e pretende analisar aspectos tais como a preparação pedagógica e científica, métodos e prática de ensino, participação na vida da escola e desenvolvimento profissional.
No relatório são comentadas as actividades realizadas, relacionando-as com algumas obras sobre a prática pedagógica e documentos oficiais, como o Currículo, Programa e o Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas, considerados fundamentais na elaboração das planificações e instrumentos de avaliação. É feita igualmente uma reflexão sobre os métodos que suportam as actividades realizadas e que se pretendiam dinâmicas e motivadoras, de acordo com os interesses dos alunos e os diferentes estilos de aprendizagem; ABSTRACT: This report of supervised teaching practice is based on the work done, as a teacher of Spanish in high school D. Manuel I, in Beja, during the academic year 2009/2010 and intends to explore aspects such as pedagogic and scientific preparation, teaching methods and practices, involvement in school life and professional development.
In this report, the activities that took place are analysed and related to some works about teaching practice and official documents such as Curriculum, Program and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, considered essential in the preparation of lesson plans and instruments of evaluation. There is also a reflection about the methods that support the activities which were designed to be dynamic and motivating, according to students’ interests and different learning styles.
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Kleinjan, Robert. "The management of the planning and pollution control interface in the European Union, with particular reference to power generation projects." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427118.
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Sklias, Panteleimon G. "Non-governmental Development Organisations and the international political economy of development, with special reference to the European Union's development policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484315.
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Lewis, S. W. J. "Developments in production planning and scheduling systems in the steel industry with particular reference to a major European integrated plant." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637888.
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As early as the mid 1960's the production and scheduling systems at the Port Talbot and Llanwern sites of British Steel were computerised. This involved real-time shop floor data collection systems enabling material tracking and stock/order analysis. All orders were handled by computer systems. This enabled the scheduling sections to plan and schedule orders through the various processes aiming to meet delivery promises and control stocks. Each item of plant was scheduled individually, supplying adequate stock for the next process. Also, the planning and scheduling systems for Port Talbot were different and separate to Llanwern. In January 1995 work started on enhancing both works' planning and scheduling systems leading towards one common system. Initially the planning systems were developed to each site followed by the new scheduling systems. The most fundamental difference in the new system is that it plans the production activities for the whole plant, rather than just the individual units. This thesis describes the old planning and scheduling systems within Port Talbot and Llanwern Works and the difficulties associated with the old, manual methods used for scheduling the production units, particularly the steelmaking/continuous casting plant and the hot strip mills. Descriptions of the newly adopted systems are given with details of the implementations, plus information on the problems encountered. Associated systems are also described, in particular the manufacturing execution system (MES) and the plans for replacing it with a new system. There is also a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to planning and scheduling in the metals, and more specifically, the steel industry.
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Hagenfeld, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Interfaces between second language acquisition and the common European framework of reference : proposing a scale for grammatical range / Katharina Hagenfeld." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118783033X/34.
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Parker-Jenkins, Marie. "The shifting status of teachers in the United Kingdom with reference to the European Court and Commission of Human Rights." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330114.
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This thesis focuses on the shifting status of teachers in the United Kingdom which results from the findings of the European Court and Commission of Human Rights on cases involving corporal punishment. Teachers have traditionally held a right to administer corporal punishment to pupils with whom they stand "in loco parentis" and providing that it was moderate and reasonable, they have been provided with a defence against a charge of assault. The position began to alter when education became compulsory in the 1870's, but there was no effective legal remedy until 1949. At this time, Britain joined the Council of Europe and became a party to the European Convention on Human Rights, subsequently recognising the competence of its chief enforcement agencies, the European Court and Commission of Human Rights. A number of important decisions have been provided by these bodies regarding the use of corporal punishment in British schools which imply an unwillingness to endorse its use. Moreover, as the only Member- State, prior to 1987, which still employed this disciplinary sanction, Britain appeared to be clearly out of step with the rest of Western Europe. The Government moved some distance towards rectifying the problem by enacting the Education (No. 2) Act (1986). This statute contains a number of shortcomings, however, in that some categories of pupils are still liable to receive corporal punishment. What also remains unclear is the new status that teachers will occupy as a consequence of this legislative enactment. Indeed, the teacher's right to inflict physical punishment has now been severely fettered and whilst the notion of "in loco parentis" is not rendered defunct as an educational doctrine, there is a pressing need for redefinition of the concept. The thesis employed six methods of research: (a) a literature review examining the growth and development of the teaching profession; the historical relationship between teacher and pupil; judicial interpretation of the Common Law right to administer corporal punishment within the context of the "in loco parentis" doctrine; and the origins and workings of the European Court and Commission(b) monitoring and analysing the legal transcripts of British corporal punishment cases adjudicated by the European Court and examination of cases pending; (c) a review of European cases taken to Strasbourg pertaining to education; (d) fieldwork which involved in-depth focussed interviews with parties concerned with the educational, legal and political concerns of the litigation both in the United Kingdom and in Strasbourg; (e) examination and analysis of primary source information made available by the Council of Europe regarding the jurisprudence of the Court; and (f) related secondary source material, reflecting contemporary developments in education, especially those of a legislative nature precipitated by the Court's judgements. The legal arguments emerging from the United Kingdom corporal punishment cases centre on the issues of "the right to education", respect for parents' "philosophical convictions" and the "degrading" nature of physical chastisement. Observed from a broader perspective, the litigation also raises concerns about the very essence of the British educational and political systems, namely: the authority of the teacher; the concept of corporal punishment; and the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Further, the human rights of pupils in the school system are highlighted and the limitations they may present to the teacher's authority, together with the interaction between British education law and the European Convention. Finally, the implications of the Strasbourg findings demand critical analysis, since, alternative sanctions to corporal punishment may ultimately require support, both legislative and financial, in order to be effective. Accordingly, the consequences for educationalists, politicians and administrators are far-reaching, necessarily precipitating a significant change to what can hitherto be considered a relatively "in stasis" profession.
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Corner, Trevor E. "Changes in structure and access to post-compulsory education in European Community countries : with special reference to Scotland and Denmark." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265599.
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Goodman, Simon James. "Molecular population genetics of the European harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) with special reference to the 1988 phocine distemper virus epizootic." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263013.
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