Journal articles: 'European references'

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Kurvet-Käosaar, Leena. "Bibliography on Eastern European Life Writing." European Journal of Life Writing 2 (December 19, 2013): T81—T94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.2.84.

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The present bibliography is an attempt to bring together work on life writing from Eastern Europe. We welcome further references to national scholarship in the attempt to make more visible the Eastern European presence in life writing. The European Journal of Life Writing provides the ideal format for an open ended sharing of references to which all interested scholars in the field are invited to contribute.

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Moyle, Robert G., and Frank H. Heppner. "Flight without Horizon References in European Starlings." Auk 115, no. 3 (July 1998): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089427.

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Doan, Stacey N., Helen Y. Lee, and Qi Wang. "Maternal mental state language is associated with trajectories of Chinese immigrant children’s emotion situation knowledge." International Journal of Behavioral Development 43, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025418783271.

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We investigated the role of mothers’ references to mental states and behaviors and children’s emotion situation knowledge (ESK) in a prospective, cross-cultural context. European American mothers ( n = 71) and Chinese immigrant mothers ( n = 60) and their children participated in the study. Maternal references to mental states and behaviors were assessed at Time 1 when children were three years of age. ESK was assessed when children were 3, 3.5, and 4.5 years of age. Multi-group latent growth curve analyses were used to model children’s growth in ESK over time, as well as relations between mental state language and references to behaviors on children’s trajectories. Results indicated that maternal references to mental states were associated with concurrent levels of ESK for European American children, and change over time for the Chinese immigrant children. Maternal references to behaviors were negatively associated with concurrent ESK for both groups.

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Jakubec, Ondřej. "Roman References in Early Modern Central European Confessional Architecture." Convivium 2, no. 1 (April 2015): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.convi.5.111169.

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Frese, Amalie, and Henrik Palmer Olsen. "Spelling It Out−Convergence and Divergence in the Judicial Dialogue between cjeu and ECtHR." Nordic Journal of International Law 88, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08803001.

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In this article we investigate the relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights as it manifests in explicit cross-references between the two Courts’ jurisprudence. The analysis detects cross-references, how they are used and indications of converge or divergence in the jurisprudence through their explicit citations and references. Our dataset consists of the entire corpus of judgments from both Courts from 2009 (when the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights came into force and until the end of 2016. On the basis of a content search for references to the other Court in both corpora we detect all their cross-references. We find that 1) the Courts’ use each other’s case law surprisingly little, but when they do, it is 2) primarily within the legal domains of criminal justice and immigration policies, and 3) displaying convergence towards the jurisprudence of the other Court.

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Góra, Magdalena, and Katarzyna Zielińska. "Competing Visions: Discursive Articulations of Polish and European Identity after the Eastern Enlargement of the EU." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 33, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418791021.

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The enlargement of 2004 and 2007 significantly transformed the European Union in political, economic, and social terms. It also challenged the collective identities of Western Europeans as well as each of the newcomers. However, for new members, the prospect of joining a supranational political entity posed a threat to their newly established or regained sovereignty and nationhood. The integration triggered a process of redefinition of both their self-perception and the perception of Europe as a common project. The article offers a case study of how the Polish Members of the European Parliament discursively (re)construct national and European identities and how these constructions relate to each other. The analysis reveals three main visions of the European identity that are voiced by the Polish representation and corresponding visions of national identity. By focusing on the supranational level of the European Parliament and contextualising the analysed constructions with references to national debates, the study is able to nuance the existing theoretical accounts of European and national identities.

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Badalkhan, Sabir. "“Portuguese encounters with coastal Makran Baloch during the sixteenth century. Some references from a Balochi heroic epic”." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10, no. 2 (July 2000): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300012438.

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The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tempted several European nations to exploit the opportunities for overseas trade by expanding their influence in distant seas and lands. When Vasco de Gama discovered a new route between Europe and South-East Asia during the last decade of the fifteenth century, Europeans increased their search for new colonies and for new trade routes. Like many other nations of the region the people of Balochistan also felt the impact of this new phenomenon. The Portuguese were the first European Colonisers to reach their shores.

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Guixé i Coromines, Jordi. "European Digital memories in a transnational era. The references from the European Observatory on Memories." Culture & History Digital Journal 7, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2018.018.

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This essay takes up the question of transmission in the context of politics and projects of memory from the last decade. I have dubbed this period “the decade of memory, of remembrance”. The first decade of the 21st century saw an exponential growth in digital platforms, focused on catastrophes and conflicts in the previous century as well as more recent events. Public, academic, and institutional initiatives were accompanied by a public and private support to recover the memory of the past in Spain and Europe. This recovery effort placed intangible heritage, and memory at the centre of contemporary historical efforts. Our work and references are analysed from the projects of the European Observatory on Memories (EUROM) criteria, objectives but also technical tools.

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Komárek, Jan. "The Place of Constitutional Courts in the EU." European Constitutional Law Review 9, no. 3 (November 5, 2013): 420–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s157401961200123x.

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Going beyond ‘judicial dialogues’ and ‘conflict-and-power’ approaches to the analysis of national constitutional courts' role in the EU – The idea of European constitutional democracy – National constitutional courts constrain individual autonomy expanded by European integration – National constitutional courts defend the scope for political autonomy – Against national constitutional courts' displacement – Simmenthal II – After the ‘Rights Revolution’ in Europe – National constitutional courts' references to the ECJ – Ordinary courts challenging national constitutional courts through the preliminar y reference procedure – Parallel references – National constitutional courts enforcing EU law – National constitutional courts challenging EU law

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Mumm, Rebekka, Elena Godina, Slawomir Koziel, Martin Musalek, Petr Sedlak, Ursula Wittwer-Backofen, Volker Hesse, Parasmani Dasgupta, Maciej Henneberg, and Christiane Scheffler. "External skeletal robusticity of children and adolescents – European references from birth to adulthood and international comparisons." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 74, no. 5 (June 1, 2018): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0826.

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Kiss, László. "Medico-historical references of Košice/Kassa, European Capital of Culture." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 30 (July 2013): 1194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.ho2445.

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Fahey, Elaine. "Book Review: Preliminary References to the European Court of Justice." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 18, no. 4 (December 2011): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1101800410.

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Świtała, Eugeniusz. "Values Across Countries in a Modern Society – the Example of Polish Schools." Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2013-0014.

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Abstract This paper reports on a fragment of a broader research on values education in Polish and Latvian schools. This paper seeks to evaluate data from the European Social Survey (ESS) and elaborate on the frames of references for identification of the aims for future research. The paper highlights the findings of an action research carried out in two Polish schools. The values of European countries are analysed in the context of educational research in Europe and other regions of the world. The frames of references constructed during the study and data from European Social Survey were the grounds for creating a questionnaire for an action research to find out the tendencies that derive from the experience of students. The survey was preceded by a special training session for the teaching staff about evaluation and its significance for increasing the quality of school performance.

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Denham, Bryan E. "English doping suspension trigger event for U.S. news." Newspaper Research Journal 38, no. 2 (June 2017): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532917716174.

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This study examined the extent to which a “trigger event” in European sports altered coverage of doping in United States newspapers. Specifically, the study analyzed references to human growth hormone (hGH) before and after English rugby player Terry Newton became the first athlete to test positive for hGH. The research observed increases in hGH references following an announcement that Newton had tested positive and would receive a two-year ban from competition.

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Kelly, Kiesa, and Kesha Patrice. "Incorporating Black Images and References to Increase African American Student Performance in Introductory Psychology: A Pilot Study." Journal of Black Psychology 45, no. 1 (January 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798418825168.

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Psychology educators report time constraints and a lack of relevance to course material as barriers to the incorporation of diversity content into their courses. This pilot study demonstrates an approach to teaching introductory psychology that infuses images of and references to Black people in a way that requires no additional time and is relevant to course content. “Black Imagery” sections contained slide-embedded images of people appearing to be or of African descent, as well as textbook-relevant examples that referenced African Americans for 33% of the chapters covered. “White Imagery” sections, with images and references to people of European descent, provided a comparison. An independent-samples t test found a statistically significant difference in final course grades for African American students enrolled in Black ( M = 78.65; SD = 19.85) versus White Imagery ( M = 69.65, SD = 14.75) sections, t(58) = 2.01, p = .049, d = 0.77. Incorporating diversity into psychology courses can be time-efficient and instructionally relevant, and this benefits African American students, and potentially students of other heritage, as well.

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Lohse, Eva Julia. "The German Constitutional Court and Preliminary References—Still a Match not Made in Heaven?" German Law Journal 16, no. 6 (December 2015): 1491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200021234.

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So far, the German Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, henceforth:BVerfG) has only made a single preliminary reference to the (now) Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), despite frequent rulings on matters connected with European Union (EU) Law. Its apparent reluctance seemed odd considering the atmosphere of dialogue and cooperation which prevails between the non-constitutional courts and the EU courts. This situation might, however, have changed with the preliminary reference from January 2014, proving predictions on the perceived “most powerful constitutional court” and its relationship to the EU partly wrong. The legal effects of its preliminary reference on the interpretation of Articles 119, 123, 127 ff. of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the validity of Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) by the European Central Bank (ECB) under EU Law are as yet unclear; although the Opinion of the Advocate General Cruz Villalón was delivered in the beginning of 2015, which did not confirm the doubts expressed by theBVerfGabout the conformity of the OMT programme with EU law. Nonetheless, the interpretative scheme and the normative questions as to the reluctance of theBVerfGremain the same after this single referral and offer explanations as to why theBVerfGhad for nearly sixty years not referred a question to the former European Court of Justice (ECJ).

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Hornuf, Lars, and Stefan Voigt. "Analyzing preliminary references as the powerbase of the European Court of Justice." European Journal of Law and Economics 39, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-014-9449-9.

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18

Butler, Graham. "The Coming of Age of the Court’s Jurisdiction in the Common Foreign and Security Policy." European Constitutional Law Review 13, no. 04 (December 2017): 673–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019617000268.

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EU external relations law – Court of Justice of the European Union – Common Foreign and Security Policy – Judicial actors – International courts – Jurisdiction – EU law – Primacy – Damages – Infringements – Direct actions – Preliminary references – the Opinion procedure – Staffing – Future scenarios

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Garcia-Duran, Patricia, Leif Johan Eliasson, and Oriol Costa. "Managed Globalization 2.0: The European Commission’s Response to Trade Politicization." Politics and Governance 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2567.

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Several studies have sought to explain the politicization of European Union’s (EU) trade policy during negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada (CETA). This article contributes to the literature on the politicization of trade by assessing how politicization is addressed by those tasked with the content and implementation of trade policy, namely the European Commission (hereafter Commission). We identify the origin and definition of managed globalization (MG), and thereafter identify, through a qualitative content analysis of EU Trade Commissioners’ speeches from 2013 to late 2017, how the doctrine re-emerged as the leitmotif<em> </em>of EU trade policy. The Commission’s initial response to civil society organizations’ contestation over TTIP and CETA was to insist on the economic benefits of the agreements. As contestation intensified, we find indirect references to MG, as the Commission focused on clarifying that upholding European values was equally important to market access in EU trade policy. Then, from late 2016 until late 2017, the Commission’s messaging was directed primarily at populist fears of trade and globalization; emphasizing that protectionism was unnecessary, and that globalization could be controlled, culminating in the emergence of explicit references to MG. The article expands on existing research on MG by identifying trade politicization as a factor that prompted a modification and expansion of the MG doctrine and its use, while also discussing some accompanying policy changes.

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Kaiser, Wolfram. "The Transnational Turn Meets the Educational Turn." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2012.040202.

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History museums in Europe are transnationalizing their narratives. In contemporary historical sections they also increasingly include references to European integration and the present-day European Union. This "transnational turn" within a predominately European narrative frame meets the "educational turn." Museums attempt to transform themselves into more interactive spaces of communication. The meeting of these "turns" creates particular challenges of engaging and educating adolescents. I argue that in responding to these challenges, history museums in Europe so far use three main strategies: personalizing history, simulating real life decision-making situations, and encouraging participative narrating of the adolescents' own (transnational) experiences.

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Boinon, J. P., J. C. Kroll, D. Lepicier, A. Leseigneur, and J. B. Viallon. "Enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union: Consequences on land rent and land market." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/860-agricecon.

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This paper analyses the enforcement of the 2003 CAP reform in 5 countries of the West European Union: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom. The reform gives multiple possibilities of adaptation at a national or regional level. Two standard strategies are foreseen: that of the States which mobilized to the maximum the innovations that the reform allowed, and that of the States which have chosen the option of a minimal application, to limit the effects of reorientation of the productions (maximum sectors remain coupled) or of the redistribution of the payments (historical references). The great diversity of the conditions of agricultural production is one of the main explanations of the differences of enforcement of the reform. We analyse the first impacts of the reform. One can generally expect that the market of entitlements will be a priori limited, because of the links of the entitlements to land. The regionalisation of the calculation of the entitlements is incontestably the mechanism, which introduces the most redistributive effects, compared to the individual historical references. We examine also the consequences of the Single Payment System (SPS) on land rent and land market.

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Alves, Dora Resende. "References to Evolution of Protection of Fundamental Rights of the European Union Law." Review of Business and Legal Sciences, no. 25 (August 1, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26537/rebules.v0i25.1037.

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Introdução1.Conceitos2. Primeiros textos europeus3. Textos da União Europeia3.1 A Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia3.1.1. O Representante Especial da UE para os Direitos Humanos3.2. A Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do HomemConclusões

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Sá dos Reis, Cláudia, Mário João Fartaria, João H. Garcia Alves, and Ana Pascoal. "PORTUGUESE STUDY OF MEAN GLANDULAR DOSE IN MAMMOGRAPHY AND COMPARISON WITH EUROPEAN REFERENCES." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 179, no. 4 (January 12, 2018): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncx300.

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Geiger, Matthias, Stephan Koblmüller, Giacomo Assandri, Andreas Chovanec, Torbjørn Ekrem, Iris Fischer, Andrea Galimberti, et al. "Coverage and quality of DNA barcode references for Central and Northern European Odonata." PeerJ 9 (May 3, 2021): e11192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11192.

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Background Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are important components in biomonitoring due to their amphibiotic lifecycle and specific habitat requirements. They are charismatic and popular insects, but can be challenging to identify despite large size and often distinct coloration, especially the immature stages. DNA-based assessment tools rely on validated DNA barcode reference libraries evaluated in a supraregional context to minimize taxonomic incongruence and identification mismatches. Methods This study reports on findings from the analysis of the most comprehensive DNA barcode dataset for Central European Odonata to date, with 103 out of 145 recorded European species included and publicly deposited in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). The complete dataset includes 697 specimens (548 adults, 108 larvae) from 274 localities in 16 countries with a geographic emphasis on Central Europe. We used BOLD to generate sequence divergence metrics and to examine the taxonomic composition of the DNA barcode clusters within the dataset and in comparison with all data on BOLD. Results Over 88% of the species included can be readily identified using their DNA barcodes and the reference dataset provided. Considering the complete European dataset, unambiguous identification is hampered in 12 species due to weak mitochondrial differentiation and partial haplotype sharing. However, considering the known species distributions only two groups of five species possibly co-occur, leading to an unambiguous identification of more than 95% of the analysed Odonata via DNA barcoding in real applications. The cases of small interspecific genetic distances and the observed deep intraspecific variation in Cordulia aenea (Linnaeus, 1758) are discussed in detail and the corresponding taxa in the public reference database are highlighted. They should be considered in future applications of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding and represent interesting evolutionary biological questions, which call for in depth analyses of the involved taxa throughout their distribution ranges.

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Kürşat Bozkurt, A., Martin Lawaetz, Gudmundur Danielsson, Andreas M. Lazaris, Milos Pavlovic, Sorin Olariu, and Lars Rasmussen. "European College of Phlebology guideline for truncal ablation." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 35, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519857362.

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Background The purpose of the guideline was to achieve consensus in the care and treatment of patients with chronic venous disease, based on current evidence. Method A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cinahl, and the Cochrane library up until 1 February 2019. Additional relevant literature were added through checking of references. Level of evidence was graded through the GRADE scale and recommendations were concluded. Results For the treatment of great and small saphenous vein reflux, endovenous ablation with laser or radiofrequency was recommended in preference to surgery or foam sclerotherapy. If tributaries are to be treated it should be done in the same procedure. Treatment with mecanicochemical ablation and glue can be used but we still need long term follow up results. Conclusion For the treatment of truncal varicosities, endovenous ablation with laser or radiofrequency combined with phlebectomies is recommended before surgery or foam.

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Widholm, Andreas. "Great Escapes from the Past." European Television Memories 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc037.

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Over the last couple of decades, Europe has undergone fundamental political transformations that have challenged old stereotypes about the ‘essence’ of the European identity. This article analyses televisual narratives of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, turning the analytical spotlight on two of Europe’s largest news broadcasters: BBC World and Euronews. The article focuses on how Europe is remembered in the news, but also how references to the past are used to explain what Europe is today and what it might look like in the future.

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Bartłomiejczyk, Magdalena. "The interpreter’s visibility in the European Parliament." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 19, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 159–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.19.2.01bar.

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This ethnographic study aims to shed light on how the services of simultaneous interpreters working during plenary sessions of the European Parliament are perceived and evaluated by the users, i.e. mainly Members of the European Parliament and other European Union officials. The corpus analysed covers all the plenaries in the eight-year period 2005–2012. The aim was to examine references to interpreters and/or their output made by the speakers. A total of 230 relevant excerpts were identified, varying in length. Thematic analysis established that speakers’ comments addressed to, or concerning, interpreters were associated with six topics. The most frequent was appreciation of interpreters (almost a third of all items), after which doubts regarding interpretations were only marginally ahead of reminders to speakers about the practical constraints imposed by interpreting (each accounting for almost 20%). Three far less frequent items (about 5–10% each) were criticism, difficulty (of interpreting specific items) and apologies. The study discusses representative occurrences of each topic, also providing an overall breakdown of quantitative trends.

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Jasudowicz, Tadeusz. "Limits of Enjoyment of Human Rights in the System of the European Social Charter." Polish Review of International and European Law 6, no. 1 (September 4, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2017.6.1.02.

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The article presents a detailed discussion of the derogation of commitments and the limitation of the use of human rights in the European Social Charter system. Some situations in which social rights can be subject to limitations have been discussed in specific examples. In addition, the article contains numerous references to jurisprudence along with the comments and comments of the author who takes up the polemic.

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Pansieri, Claudia, Chiara Pandolfini, Antonio Clavenna, Imti Choonara, and Maurizio Bonati. "An Inventory of European Birth Cohorts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093071.

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Many birth cohorts have been carried out. We performed a review of European birth cohorts to see the countries involved, provide a panorama of the current research topics and design, and, more generally, provide input for those creating collaborations and laying out guidelines aimed at unifying cohort methodologies to enable data merging and maximize knowledge acquisition. We searched PubMed and Embase for articles referring to longitudinal, prospective European birth cohorts and searched online cohort inventories. We found references to 111 birth cohorts, 45 of which began enrolment at birth. These cohorts began between 1921 and 2015 and represented 19 countries, with varying sample sizes (236 to 21,000 children). As of 5 January 2020, were still recruiting. The main areas addressed were allergic diseases (14 cohorts) and environmental exposure (f12 cohorts) and most cohorts were publicly funded. Given the large costs of running cohorts and the importance of long follow-up periods in identifying the risk factors for disorders thought to have a perinatal/early life etiology, current cohorts must be designed to answer research questions considering several aspects, from genetic ones to psychological, social, and environmental ones. Furthermore, universally recognized methodological aspects are needed to permit the comparison and merging of cohort data.

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De Nijs, Bob. "La música polifónica flamenca del segle XV a les novel·les clàssiques catalanes Tirant lo Blanc & Curial e Güelfa." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 2, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.2.3100.

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Resum: Al Tirant lo Blanc i al Curial e Güelfa hi ha referències concretes al coneixement possiblement directe que els autors tenien sobre la música polifònica flamenca, que entrà a Itàlia pel nord durant la primera meitat del segle XV i arribà a Nàpols.Paraules clau: Tirant lo Blanc; Curial e Güelfa; polifonia flamenca a Itàlia; cultura europea del segle XVAbstract: There are specific references in Tirant lo Blanc and Curial e Güelfa to the probably direct knowledge that the authors had on Flemish polyphonic music, which came to the north of Italy during the first half of the fifteenth century and arrived in Naples.Keywords: Tirant lo Blanc; Curial e Güelfa; Flemish polyphonic music in Italy; fifteenth century European culture

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Chandler, Helen E. "Indexing in and for Europe: a user’s perspective." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing 18, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1992.18.2.8.

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An overview and evaluation of indexes and indexing services that provide access to European Communities’ (EC) information sources. Argues that there is a need for more cross-references from natural phraseology to a harmonized controlled language; that this controlled vocabulary should be precise, comprehensible, and should not give rise to semantic dispute; and that the EC should provide the lead in European indexing generally. Concludes that the growth of English as a teaching medium in Europe will necessitate more provision of English publications, which in turn may afford opportunities for professional indexers.

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Castro Leal, Ernesto. "Nacionalism o e Federalismo, Tópicos de Pensamento Político Português No 1.° Quartel do Século XX." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 11, no. 22 (2003): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2003112211.

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This paper aims the systematisation of historical dynamics and political conceptualisations around Portuguese nationalism and federalism, between 1901 and 1926. Used by several doctrinists and political programmes as ideological references, such concepts have suffered multiple appropriations. To be stressed is the doctrinal diversity of the Portuguese nationalism, strongly influenced by an epoch determined by the emergence of European nationalisms and the struggle among hegemonic powers. Inside them, according to Fernand Braudel, «violent units» were manifest but condemned to failure, since «violence was never enough for anyone to take control over the whole European household».

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Broberg, Morten, and Niels Fenger. "Arbitration cases and preliminary references to the European Court of Justice—an assessment of ‘the Danish Solution’." Arbitration International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa003.

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Abstract When a case, that is pending before a national court in one of the Member States of the European Union, requires a decision on the interpretation or validity of an EU legal measure, the national court can seek a preliminary ruling on the matter from the European Court of Justice before deciding the main action. In its preliminary ruling, the European Court of Justice establishes authoritatively the interpretation or validity of the relevant EU legislation. When EU law plays a role in commercial arbitration it may be very useful for arbitration tribunals to have access to the preliminary reference procedure. However, according to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, only ‘a court or tribunal of a Member State’ can make a preliminary reference and this notion does not include commercial arbitration tribunals. In order to give arbitration tribunals access to the preliminary reference procedure Denmark has introduced a scheme which allows them to ask the ordinary Danish courts to make preliminary references on behalf of the arbitration tribunal. This article explains the Danish scheme and considers to what extent it provides a useful model for other Member States.

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Clegg, Hugh. "The Bullock Report and European Experience (1977)." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2020.41.7.

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Whatever the shortcomings of the Bullock Committee’s terms of reference, the injunction to take account of European experience was not one of them. The volume and scope of the evidence is, however, limited: equal representation for shareholders and workers has been tried only in the German coal and steel industries where it was introduced by the occupation authorities after the Second World War. Most European countries, including France and Italy, have nothing to offer. The Committee relied mainly on West Germany and Sweden, with occasional references to Holland and Denmark. Continental versions of industrial democracy worked where an industrial relations system already existed, developed through workplace and industry institutional practices over decades. Nevertheless, the Committee’s majority report used European evidence to support its three main proposals. Worker directors are irrelevant to the task of reforming British industrial relations. European experience is of limited relevance because Britain is not behind European countries in its problem of industrial relations in the enterprise, but ahead of them in what the late Allan Flanders called ‘the challenge from below’, which is being posed all over the world but more sharply in Britain than anywhere else.

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Sabovljevic, Marko. "The hepatic check list of Croatia." Archives of Biological Sciences 55, no. 1-2 (2003): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0302059s.

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Hepatics (hornworts and liverworts) of Croatia count up to date 155 species. There are 2 and 153 species of hornworts and hepatics, respectively. The list with recent names and the records for Croatia are given. Also the list of synonyms used in references cited is enclosed. Ten species of wide European conservations interest are highlighted.

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Corten, Olivier. "The Notion of “Reasonable” in International Law: Legal Discourse, Reason and Contradictions." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 3 (July 1999): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063454.

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Far from being confined to its most obvious manifestations, such as in the right to be tried within a “reasonable time” guaranteed by Articles 5 and 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, references to the notion of “reasonable” are found in a large variety of primary rules pronounced in both legal instruments and the case law.1

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Fiala, Dalibor, and Lutz Bornmann. "Reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) of computer science papers from Eastern Europe." Aslib Journal of Information Management 72, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-06-2019-0142.

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PurposeThe current article presents the results of a case study dealing with the historical roots of Eastern European researchers in computer science.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on an analysis of cited references stemming from a collection of around 80,000 computer science papers by Eastern European researchers published from 1989 to 2014. By using a method called “reference publication year spectroscopy” (RPYS) for historical analyses based on bibliometric data, we analyze around 800,000 references cited in those papers. The study identifies the peak years, including most frequently cited publications (from 1952, 1965 and 1975), and focuses on these outstanding works for the field. The research shows how these influential papers were cited in Eastern Europe and in general, and on which scientific fields they have the most impact.FindingsA noteworthy publication that seems to have a tremendous effect on Eastern European computer science is Zadeh's “Fuzzy sets” article which appeared in Information and Control in 1965. The study demonstrates that computer scientists from Eastern Europe are more conservative in their citation behaviour and tend to refer to older and more established research than their counterparts from the West.Originality/valueWhich are the historical roots of researchers working in a particular field or on a specific topic? Are there certain publications – landmark papers – which are important for their research? We guess that these are questions bothering researchers in many fields.

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Postu, Ion, and Elena Tentiuc. "CONCEPTUAL REFERENCES REGARDING RECODIFICATION AND DECODIFICATION AS FORMS OF THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF LEGISLATION." National Law Journal, no. 1(243) (July 2021): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2021.1(243).10.

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This paper analyzes the concepts of recodification and decodification, both from the perspective of legislative technique and systematization of legislation. Being seen as codification modalities or as reverse actions, these two phenomena are approached from the perspective of the activity of legislative creation. This study is the first of its kind, or being new concepts for Eastern European doctrine, decodification and recodification have not yet benefited from in-depth research in our legal literature, so in this article the authors analyze the considerations of Russian and European scientists, who have been the basis for promoting these new terms for local legal science. Practical examples of recodification and decodification include normative acts of the Republic of Moldova. The authors conclude that despite the difference in codification, decodification and recodification tasks, these legal phenomena are characterized by a certain degree of interconnection and ultimately provide their own definition of recodification, adjusted to the national regulatory framework.

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Muñoz-Garnica, Miguel. "Intertextuality and Mise en Abyme in Nobuhiro Suwa’s H Story and A Perfect Couple. Between European Modernity and Japan." Arts 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts7040057.

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Nobuhiro Suwa, often called “the most French of Japanese directors”, has a complex relationship with European cinematic modernity. His two feature films H Story (2001) and A Perfect Couple (2005) can provide useful case studies, as they were created in dialogue with two key references of that modernity: Hiroshima mon amour (1959, Alain Resnais) and Journey to Italy (Viaggio in Italia, 1954, Roberto Rossellini), respectively. Both films tend to confront and gloss their previous pairs, but they are also continuations of their concerns and their aesthetical discoveries. The presence of intertextuality elements connecting those films, as well as the use of myse en abyme structures are deeply analyzed in this article to attain a greater understanding on how this process of transcultural dialogue works. Besides, both films exemplify different ways of developing the references on which they are built, namely deconstruction for H Story and reconstruction for A Perfect Couple.

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Khair, Tabish. "En mangfoldighed af spejle: Europa og modernitet i rejselitteratur fra Asien og Afrika." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 37, no. 108 (August 22, 2009): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v37i108.21996.

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This paper explores some ways of understanding ‘Europe’ through a reading of selected travel texts written by non-Europeans. In particular, I focus on three texts written by Indians who travelled to Europe and England between 1750 and 1900, though there are also references to other travel accounts. The main argument of this paper is that such accounts complicate any given definition of ‘Europe’ as well as the values and assumptions of certain usages of terms like ‘Europeanness’, ‘modernity’ and ‘science’. The non-European travel texts show a consciousness of ‘difference’ and can at times contain elements of cultural essentialism, but they do not display a simplistic opposition to ‘Europe’ or the cultural products commonly associated, rightly or wrongly, with Europe.

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Westwood, Dick, David Beazley, and Tony Lunn. "The trade-off model and its extensions." Market Research Society. Journal. 39, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078539703900114.

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This 1975 paper marked the launch onto the European market research scene of both the trade-off method of estimating consumer values and also Micro-Behavioural Modelling (MBM) more generally. Both approaches aroused controversy at the time. But they were widely regarded as innovatory, and the paper was awarded the Society's Gold Medal. Revisiting the paper 21 years on was an encouraging experience. Along with the two associated publications in European Research (see references), it provides a cogent exposition of the authors' early work on trade-off and remains a useful introduction to the MBM approach.

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VIDMAR, JURE. "Multiparty Democracy: International and European Human Rights Law Perspectives." Leiden Journal of International Law 23, no. 1 (February 2, 2010): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156509990392.

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AbstractAlthough multiparty elections are not explicitly required by international human rights instruments or the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), certain human rights provisions have been interpreted as leading to such a requirement. While a democratic interpretation of human rights law has been settled in the ECHR framework, it remains disputable at the universal level. Despite numerous references to democracy in the documents adopted in the UN framework in the post-Cold War era, this article argues that an explicit link between international human rights law and multiparty elections has yet to be established. On the other hand, such a link has been developed by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Multiparty elections are considered to be part of the European public order. Moreover, the ECtHR has shown that it understands democracy beyond the existence of electoral procedures. But the role and understanding of democracy within the ECHR cannot be universalized.

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Jensen, Leif Christian. "Petroleum discourse in the European Arctic: the Norwegian case." Polar Record 43, no. 3 (July 2007): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006559.

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ABSTRACTThe article addresses old ‘west-east discourses’ and how they continue to develop in the high north, and, not least, in the Norwegian petroleum debate. Adopting a discourse analytical perspective the author shows how environmental safety is used as an argument in favour of Norway producing oil in the Barents Sea at the earliest possible moment. This is only feasible if a connection is made in the public mind between Russia and the environment. These views, it is argued, stem from ideas about Russia that gained currency after the demise of the Soviet Union. While they perhaps have less to do with Russia's petroleum industry and environmental performance today, they nevertheless have a strong impact on how challenges in the high north and Arctic region are perceived. And, perhaps even more importantly, they define freedom of action and available options. In this paper all references to government departments refer to those of Norway.

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Eklof, Tony. "The Coming together of the Nations of Europe: Sources of Information." International Journal of Legal Information 29, no. 2 (2001): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650000946x.

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The title of this paper comes from the famous ‘Schuman Declaration’ of 1950, which signaled the placing of Franco-German production of coal and steel under a single High Authority. It is quite astonishing that from this humble beginning, evolved the European Union of today. The phrase takes on new relevance as the Treaty of Nice paves the way for the biggest single enlargement of the European Union. The current Treaty, completes the Intergovernmental Conference which began in February, 2000. The founding treaties, signed in Paris and Rome in 1951 and 1957 respectively, and the amending treaties, most notably the Treaty on European Union, (Maastricht), and the Treaty of Amsterdam, form the Constitution of the European Union. It is important to note that while the earlier treaties concentrated on economic integration, the later treaties have shifted towards political questions. Bibliographic references to the various treaties have become quite complicated because the Treaty of Amsterdam brought about a renumbering of the articles to both the Treaty on European Union (EU) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (EC).

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Manigart, Sophie, Mike Wright, Ken Robbie, Philippe Desbrières, and Koen De Waele. "Venture Capitalists’ Appraisal of Investment Projects: An Empirical European Study." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 21, no. 4 (July 1997): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879702100403.

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The Investment appraisal and valuation process of venture capitalists includes Information gathering, the assessment of risk and required return, and the choice of a valuation method. This process is empirically studied in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. The Importance of different information sources is equal in the four countries, except that the French venture capitalists Place more emphasis on personal references and the track record of the entrepreneur. The required return is lowest in the Netherlands and Belgium for every development stage of a company, and highest in the UK. The most widely used valuation method in the UK is the multiplication of past or future earnings with some price-earnings ratio. In the Netherlands and Belgium it is the discounting of future cash flows, and in France it is the book value of the net worth.

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Maver, Igor. "An Australian Poet in Italy: A.D. Hope’s Byronic View of Latter-day Italy." Acta Neophilologica 50, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2017): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.50.1-2.57-68.

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The article examines the classicism of the poet A.D. Hope, especially in relation to his fascination with the work of Lord Byron, notably Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and its sections set in Italy in Rome. Hope’s insistence on the European source of Australian literature in the classical antiquity found expression in several of his poems in direct intertextual references to Byron’s work.

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Robertson, Michael. "Foreign concepts: indexing and indexes on the Continent." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 19, Issue 3 19, no. 3 (April 1, 1995): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1995.19.3.4.

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The British Standard was recently taken as the basis for the new International Standard for indexing, but unexpected cultural differences may still continue to produce surprisingly non-standard results. Examples of indexes from recent Continental European books show that they typically have multiple indexes in multiple volumes, long lists of unanalysed page references, and lack cross-referencing to related concepts.

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Lünemann, Jan D., Judit Diaz-Diaz, Bruno Stankoff, Carolyn Young, Aksel Siva, Aaron Miller, Catherine Lubetzki, Heinz Wiendl, and Celia Oreja-Guevara. "Highlights from the 2019 European Congress on Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS 2019)." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 26, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458520918377.

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The 2019 ECTRIMS Congress, in Stockholm, has had record-breaking figures for both attendance and scientific production. There were 9361 participants from 100 different countries for a total of 1541 abstracts. Upon invitation of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) executive committee, the authors of this meeting report assessed abstracts from all poster and oral presentations for novelty, scientific quality and relevance for basic and clinical multiple sclerosis (MS) research. The objective of this report is to highlight a selection of basic, translational and clinical studies out of the many outstanding projects that were presented. Abstracts and references cited in our report were chosen at the discretion of the authors and all co-authors and the ECTRIMS executive committee agreed on the selection. In the event of discrepancies between the abstract and the uploaded poster or presentation, we aimed to present data derived from the poster or presentation. All abstracts are accessible through the ECTRIMS online library ( https://onlinelibrary.ectrimscongress.eu/ectrims/#!*menu=36*browseby=3*sortby=2*ce_id=160 ) and also published in this journal (Volume 25 Issue 2_suppl, September 2019; https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/msja/25/2_suppl ). A few additional references from the literature were added but were restricted to the ones that authors considered as absolutely required for an optimized understanding of the topics highlighted.

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Depale, Bruno, and Mohamed Bennebach. "Residual life of steel structures and equipment: problems and application to cranes." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 8 (2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019047.

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The paper starts by considering, in general, the problem of evaluating residual life of structures and equipment that may have reached or exceeded the end of their design life. Whilst the problem is encountered in many industrial sectors, references available for dealing with it are often limited. Selected European references potentially suitable for this purpose for steel structures and cranes are presented and discussed in this paper together with some of the practical problems faced by the engineers responsible for evaluating the residual life of equipment and structures. This includes an overview of FEM Crane Codes and European EN standards for steel structures and cranes, their methods for assessing fatigue lives and their application to evaluating residual lives. A procedure developed in France and in use for such purpose since 2003, an approach developed in Italy and approach taken by ISO 12482 standard are all reviewed next. Finally, the paper presents a general methodology for the assessment and management of residual life of existing equipment and structures that has been developed by CETIM (Technical Institute for Mechanical Industry) and concludes with an example of its application to an AIRBUS load manipulating device.

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Ambrose, Clare. "Can Anti-Suit Injuctions Survive European Community Law?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 52, no. 2 (April 2003): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/52.2.401.

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An injunction to restrain foreign proceedings is probably the most powerful remedy available in an English court for dealing with a jurisdictional dispute. It is certainly the most controversial because the court is interfering with proceedings in another jurisdiction and no comparable remedy exists in civil law systems. The influence of European Community law has intensified the controversy because it has become increasingly doubtful whether the remedy is compatible with the scheme for allocating jurisdiction under the Brussels Convention (or its successor, the Brussels I Regulation) The House of Lord's decision in Turner v Grovit is an important development because their Lordships have made a reference to the European Court of Justice asking, ‘Is it consistent with the Brussels Convention for the courts of the United Kingdom to grant restraining orders against defendants who are threatening to commence or continue legal proceedings in another Convention country when those defendants are acting in bad faith with the intent and purpose of frustrating or obstructing proceedings properly before the English courts?’ (The issue is probably identical to that which would arise under the Brussels I Regulation and references herein to the Convention are generally equally applicable to the Regulation).

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Journal articles on the topic 'European references'

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