Academic literature on the topic 'European region of World Health Organisation'
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Journal articles on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Pogonysheva, Irina A., and D. A. Pogonyshev. "CURRENT ISSUES OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. LITERATURE REVIEW." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 5 (2019): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-5-473-477.
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EU countries have accumulated a considerable amount of scientific research demonstrating the influence of a number of environmental factors on human health. The paper reviews European research on the relation between the environment and human health. The authors present a review of normative and non-governmental initiatives in the field of environmental control and human health in the European region, major environmental causes of human health deterioration and initiatives aiming at preventing ecology-dependant health issues. In 1989 World Health Organisation (WHO) held the First Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health that kickstarted the process uniting the healthcare field and the field of environmental protection. The main objective of the “Environment and Health” Process is to mitigate major environmental risks for human health. The objective is to be achieved through regular Ministerial Conferences held every five years by the World Health Organisation Regional Office. According to the policy stated in “Health-2020”, ecology is an important factor for maintaining good human health and establishment of sustainable communities and favorable environment should be prioritized in the European region of WHO. According to the research presented by WHO, major environmental causes of increased disease rate are atmospheric pollutants, accumulation of heavy metal leads and other harmful chemicals in the environment, climate change, noise pollution, low quality of drinking water and poor hygienic conditions. The review presents a consideration of recommendations given in “Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement”, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, and other scientific databases were used for this review.
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Spika, J. S., F. X. Hanon, S. Wassilak, R. G. Pebody, and N. Emiroglu. "Preventing congenital rubella infection in the European Region of WHO: 2010 target." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 4 (2004): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00455-en.
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The World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has recently published a strategic plan and surveillance guidelines for measles and congenital rubella infection. The strategy prioritises measles control activities but encourages the introduction of rubella vaccine when measles vaccine coverage has reached >90 %; although, many western European countries with suboptimal measles vaccine coverage are already using the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Women in these countries may have an especially high risk of having an infant with congenital rubella syndrome. WHO is seeking to improve the surveillance for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome as a means to obtain better information on the burden of these diseases and engage policy decision makers in the need to support the WHO European Region's strategies for rubella.
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Douglas, Owen, and Enda Murphy. "Assessing the Treatment of Potential Effect Modifiers Informing World Health Organisation Guidelines for Environmental Noise." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010315.
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Methodologies employed in the production of systematic reviews used to inform policy must be robust. In formulating the recent World Health Organisation (WHO) Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, seven systematic reviews of evidence were commissioned to assess the relationship between environmental noise exposure and a range of health outcomes, six of which were nonauditory. Within the methodological guidance document devised for these reviews, inclusion and exclusion criteria for individual studies and existing reviews were applied in accordance with the Population-Exposure-Comparator-Outcome-Study (PECOS) framework for the evaluation of evidence. Specific criteria were defined for “populations” and source-specific “exposure”, but no criteria were defined for the treatment of potential “effect modifiers”. Furthermore, no criteria were set for the treatment of combined exposures. Employing a custom-designed assessment matrix, we assess the treatment of potential effect modifiers in the formulation of the aforementioned systematic reviews, all published in a Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH), titled “WHO Noise and Health Evidence Reviews”. We identify substantial methodological variation in their treatment and propose the differentiation of “moderators” and “mediators” from “confounders” as the basis for criteria development—including combined exposures—for future systematic reviews.
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Schüle, Steffen Andreas, Lisa Karla Hilz, Stefanie Dreger, and Gabriele Bolte. "Social Inequalities in Environmental Resources of Green and Blue Spaces: A Review of Evidence in the WHO European Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (2019): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071216.
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Residential green and blue spaces and their potential health benefits have received increasing attention in the context of environmental health inequalities, because an unequal social distribution of these resources may contribute to inequalities in health outcomes. This systematic review synthesised evidence of environmental inequalities, focusing on availability and accessibility measures of green and blue spaces. Studies in the World Health Organisation (WHO) European Region published between 2010 and 2017 were considered for the review. In total, 14 studies were identified, where most of them (n = 12) analysed inequalities of green spaces. The majority had an ecological study design that mostly applied deprivation indices on the small area level, whereas cross-sectional studies on the individual level mostly applied single social measures. Ecological studies consistently showed that deprived areas had lower green space availability than more affluent areas, whereas mixed associations were found for single social dimensions in cross-sectional studies on the individual level. In order to gain more insights into how various social dimensions are linked to the distribution of environmental resources within the WHO European Region, more studies are needed that apply comparable methods and study designs for analysing social inequalities in environmental resources.
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Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Paula Odete Fernandes, João Paulo Teixeira, Nemanja Rancic, Yuriy Timofeyev, and Vladimir Reshetnikov. "Underlying Differences in Health Spending Within the World Health Organisation Europe Region—Comparing EU15, EU Post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate, and CARINFONET Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (2019): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173043.
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This study examined the differences in health spending within the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe region by comparing the EU15, the EU post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate and CARINFONET countries. The WHO European Region (53 countries) has been divided into the following sub-groups: EU15, EU post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate countries and CARINFONET countries. The study period, based on the availability of WHO Global Health expenditure data, was 1995 to 2014. EU15 countries have exhibited the strongest growth in total health spending both in nominal and purchasing power parity terms. The dynamics of CIS members’ private sector expenditure growth as a percentage of GDP change has exceeded that of other groups. Private sector expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure, has steadily the highest percentage point share among CARINFONET countries. Furthermore, private households’ out-of-pocket payments on health as a percentage of total health expenditure, has been dominated by Central Asian republics for most of the period, although, for the period 2010 to 2014, the latter have tended to converge with those of CIS countries. Western EU15 nations have shown a serious growth of health expenditure far exceeding their pace of real economic growth in the long run. There is concerning growth of private health spending among the CIS and CARINFONET nations. It reflects growing citizen vulnerability in terms of questionable affordability of healthcare. Health care investment capability has grown most substantially in the Russian Federation, Turkey and Poland being the classical examples of emerging markets.
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Bereketeab, Redie. "The COVID-19 Pandemic in the IGAD Region: Consequence and Responses." Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance 1, no. 2 (2021): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i2.449.
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This article examines the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region. In its epidemiological, as well as socio-economic dimensions, the pandemic presents extraordinary difficulties. The states in the region already suffer of dearth of basic medical equipment, medicines, personnel, health infrastructures and other health related materials. Early on, it also became clear that the Western world would not extend helping hand, in particular, with regard to crucially needed medical equipment and masks. The European Union’s decision not to sell medical equipment outside the bloc sent a clear signal that the region is on its own. Releasing this the governments of the region focused on measures of prevention. They, while on the one hand introduced severe lockdown, state of emergency and curfews, and on the other began to mobilise their social capital. The consequences of the total lockdown are yet to be properly assessed; however, socio-economic impacts are already immense. The article argues that dealing with the consequences of the pandemic requires pulling together all the resources of the region that depend on effective and coherent mobilisation and organisation of resources, capacities and social capital.
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Patton, Karissa Robyn. "The Scottish Women's Health Fair, 1983: A Showcase of the Scottish Women's Health Movement." Health and History 26, no. 2 (2024): 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1353/hah.2024.a952498.
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Abstract: In May 1983 women from across Scotland came together in Edinburgh for the Scottish Women's Health Fair (SWHF). Organised by and for 'ordinary' women, the SWHF offered a substantive two-and-a-half day programme—including information sessions, film screenings, workshops, and information stall—that attracted over two thousand attendees. A diverse group of organisers, presenters, and attendees at the SWHF applied concepts of holistic and social health as they discussed a wide range of topics, from women suffering from depression to damp housing and cervical smears. The women who organised the SWHF reflected on this event as a pivotal moment for them personally, and for the women's health movement in Scotland more broadly. The success of the SWHF was achieved in the face of political and professional controversies that placed Scottish women's health activists in opposition with the Scottish Home and Health Department and the World Health Organisation European Region. Within the context of these controversies, this article situates the SWHF as a strategic showcase of the strength of the women's health movement in Scotland and the wider public support of women's health praxis and ideas.
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Gonzalez-Aquines, Alejandro, Bassam Y. Mohamed, and Iwona Kowalska-Bobko. "Corruption in the health care sector: A persistent threat to European health systems." Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 19, no. 2 (2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20842627oz.21.007.15761.
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Corruption is commonly defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It is estimated that over 500 USD billion are lost every year due to corruption and that a 1-point change in the control of corruption indicator measured by the World Bank increases life expectancy by 0.44 years and reduces under-five mortality by 4.6 per 1,000 infants. Despite its global prevalence and critical impact on public and private services, corruption in the healthcare sector remains understudied. The present report aims to expand the knowledge on the paramount need to tackle corruption in healthcare by identifying the actors in the health system at risk to involving in corrupt practices, followed by defining health corruption from the governmental, non-governmental organisations, and societal perspectives, together with describing relevant corruption indicators from countries from the WHO European region. To conclude, this report presents a set of proposals and recommendations to address corruption in the healthcare sector.
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Żółtaszek, Agata. "Typical Household Elasticity of Demand for Pharmaceuticals Across European States." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 1, no. 358 (2022): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.358.03.
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According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), almost a billion people worldwide are at risk of falling into poverty due to out‑of‑pocket health spending, and pharmaceuticals are an integral part of this growing problem. The presented study aims to assess the price and income elasticity of demand for pharmaceuticals across European states over the period 2009–2019. The subject of the analysis is a typical household in each state. The analysis focuses on evaluating interactions in the light of economic growth, thus the results are cross‑referenced with the countries’ development groups to pinpoint any similarities and contrasts within and between clusters. The results indicate that households in underprivileged regions have a higher responsiveness to economic stimuli than in prosperous states. Both the income and price elasticities indicate the existence of unmet need for pharmaceuticals due to insufficient financial resources. Moreover, households’ responsiveness to income and price changes varies across time, states and affluence development groups.
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Leekley, Elisabeth. "Health Inequality Data Repository." Charleston Advisor 25, no. 3 (2024): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.25.3.11.
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The Health Inequality Data Repository from the World Health Organization (WHO) is a free, open-access selection of publicly available disaggregated data about health and indicators of health. It includes regional and continental data sets from 1950 to 2022, covering all world regions, from 16 sources on more than 2,000 indicators. As of November 2023, the available data set categories are Sustainable Development Goals; WHO Global Health Observatory; COVID-19; Reproductive, Maternal, and Child Health; Immunization; HIV, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; Adult Health; Health Care; Burden of Disease; Disability; Migration; Environmental Health; WHO General Programme of Work; and Beyond the Health Sector (Health Inequality Monitor 2023). The sources of the data sets include publicly available data from the WHO and numerous United Nations (UN) agencies, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and more. In addition to the data sets, two software options are available. The Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) allows users to view the data in various chart and graph formats, and HEAT Plus allows users to upload their own disaggregated data in addition to the available data sets. The Health Inequality Data Repository and its supporting software tools are housed within the Health Inequality Monitor section of the WHO website, and it has numerous educational options related to its resources and goals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Sumer, Vakur. "An Analysis Of The Actorness Of The Eu In The World Trade Organisation." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605314/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the European Union as an international actor in the context of World Trade Organisation. This thesis discusses the interaction between the EU and the WTO from several important dimensions. This thesis also examines different theoretical perspectives about concepts of actors and actorness, the evolution of trade policy of the EU, and the history of world multilateral trade system as well.
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Chepkurui, Viola. "Characterisation of national immunisation programmes in countries experiencing public health emergencies within the WHO African region." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33613.
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Background: The World Health Organisation (WHO) Africa region experiences multiple public health emergencies (PHEs) annually. PHEs have been documented to affect the provision of health services including immunisation. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies characterising PHEs and the performance of national immunisation programmes (NIPs) in countries within the WHO Africa region that have experienced PHEs. This study assessed PHEs (armed conflicts, disasters, and disease outbreaks) and the performance of NIPs in the context of PHEs using global and regional immunisation targets. Methods Countries in the WHO Africa region that were reported to benefit from the African Public Health Emergency Fund (APHEF) were used as case studies. Data on PHEs and immunisation indicators recorded between 2010 and 2019 in the study countries were extracted from different electronic PHE databases (the Emergency Events database, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, the WHO Emergency Preparedness and Response, and the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases Mail) and the WHO/UNICEF immunisation database, respectively. The PHEs and immunisation indicators were stratified by country and summarised using descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was carried out to determine the association between the frequency of PHEs and the performance of NIPs in the selected countries from 2010 to 2019. Statistical significance was defined at p-value < 0.05. Results Thirteen countries were included in this study. A total of 175 disease outbreaks, 288 armed conflicts, and 318 disasters were reported to have occurred within the 13 countries from 2010 to 2019. The Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest total PHE count (n=208), while Liberia had the lowest (n=20). Only three of the 13 countries had a median coverage value for the third dose of the combined Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis vaccine (DTP3) that had attained the target for ≥90% immunisation coverage. Higher counts of armed conflict and total PHEs were statistically significantly (p=0.03) associated with not attaining MNT elimination. Conclusion PHEs are prevalent in the WHO Africa region, irrespective of the level of a country's immunisation maturity. In absence of effective interventions, PHEs have the potential to derail the progress of NIPs in the WHO Africa region. As we enter the Immunisation Agenda 2030 era, this study advocates for the prioritisation of interventions to mitigate the impacts of PHEs on the NIPs.
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Zaman, Fazluz. "Assessing employee work health and safety in the Bangladesh ready-made garment industry." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1351714.
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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)<br>Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) is an integral part of employment industries. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and working environment for their staff, where hazards are clearly outlined and procedures are put in place to minimise the risk of harm or death. In recent decades, the Bangladesh Ready Made Garment Industry (RMG) has seen some tragic accidents in their factories leading to hundreds of fatalities. These accidents have drawn global attention to the industry. The RMG industry is highly competitive on a global scale and it is crucial to the Bangladesh economy. However, as is obvious from the magnitude of the accidents that have unfolded in the industry, there is a lot to be said for the current WHS standards. In my research, I have attempted to assess the current 'Work Health and Safety' issues and employees’ safety preferences irrespective to the gender to suggest a reasonably practicable way to deal with them. These issues can be found in any public or private ventures. This issue is further linked to the individual or organisation that is conducting the business. Private entrepreneurs own the majority of garments factories. Their top-level business performance has contributed to the image of country to the outside world, especially in clothing export. The operators need to ensure control over safe manufacturing operations, proper management of plant and substances, monitor and record health and safety issues, offer adequate facilities (i.e. washrooms, shower place, toilets, lockers, dining areas, first aid), arrange training, ensure participation in the consultation and arrange extra supervision if required. At the same time, both temporary and full time employees need assurance and commitment from management for the planned and continuous improvement in health and safety approaches. All workers should be entitled to have protection from any workplace risks, actively use the personal protective equipment (PPE), be proactive and become actively involved in reporting hazards, and have more engagement and participation in workplace training and communication to improve health and safety. While WHS risks can never be eliminated, hazards can be controlled and precautions can be put in place to reduce the risks associated with working in RMG factories. In my proposed framework, I have asked many questions related to the current health and safety program in terms of planning, implementing and reviewing to assess the common practice. I have also attempted to explore the current capacity building context from the employee awareness, workplace culture and training needs analysis. This conceptual framework from the above two perspectives provides a positive contribution to WHS improvement in the garments sector. The sample comprised 315 RMG employees and supervisors from Bangladesh. Respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Descriptive research was adopted in one part to determine the gender-based responses under each category. Simple random sampling is used as the sampling technique. At the same time, SPSS ANOVA test, Pearson Correlation test were used to select the significant correlation within each heading. Owing to force completion, data was free from missing value. At the same time, for the treatment for outliers, we tried to ensure that the relationships were not attributable to one or a few outliers, the scatter plots and box plot were used to examine presence of any outliers and to check for normality. For the examination for normality, normal Q-Q Plots have been used. Preliminary analysis revealed that data was normally distributed. All the constructs form a normal distribution, mostly negatively skewed and cases fall more or less in a straight line. Cronbach's Alpha was used to test reliability of the statistics. All those analyses were used to identify hazards as a source of damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work. The entire work environment runs on meeting the foreign buyers’ fashion cycle times. It is almost impossible to check the WHS in the floor area, where hundreds, if not thousands of workers are in action. During this research, I found employees to be careful in their workplace. Female employees were far more attentive than males due to their family dependency issues. Both male and female employees brought up the importance of training. However, employers were in a dilemma on training design and training cost arrangements with their foreign buyers. International pressure coming from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), accord and diverse lobbyist groups on meeting compliance at one side, and the continuous push from the buyers to rein in costs misaligned the drive to improve training safety and raising safety costs. Thus, the study’s findings showed that WHS issues and non-compliance are widespread and extra attention is necessary to control risks and prevent further tragedies like those of Rana Plaza and Tazreen Fashions. Furthermore, such issues cannot be disregarded in Bangladesh, owing to the massive dependency of the country on garment export earnings.
Books on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Rosen, Bruce. The health of the Israeli people: An international comparison based on the World Health Organization's "Quantitative Indicators for the European Region". JDC --Brookdale Institute of Gerontology and Adult Human Development, 1987.
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A, Berlin, Brown R. H, Saunders K. J. 1943-, et al., eds. Diffusive sampling: An alternative approach to workplace air monitoring : the proceedings of an international symposium held in Luxembourg, 22-26 September 1986, organised jointly by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC, Luxembourg) and the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE, London) in cooperation with the United Kingdom Royal Society of Chemistry and the World Health Organisation. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.
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World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. and International Diabetes Federation. European Region., eds. Diabetes mellitus in Europe: A problem at all ages in all countries : a model for prevention and self-care : report on a meeting organized jointly by the Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation, European Region, St. Vincent (Aosta), Italy, 10-12 October, 1989. Regional Office for Europe,WHO, 1990.
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WHO Regional Office for Europe Staff and C. Brown. Governance for Health Equity in the WHO European Region. World Health Organization, 2013.
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World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. What We've Achieved Together: Report of the Regional Director on the Work of WHO in the European Region In 2010-2011. World Health Organization, 2012.
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Implementation of the Global Strategy for Health for All by the Year 2000: Second Evaluation : Eighth Report on the World Health Situation : European Region ... the Year 2000 - Second Evaluation , Vol 5). World Health Organization, 1994.
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WHO Regional Office for Europe Staff. Roadmap to Prevent and Combat Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: The Consolidated Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Multidrug- And Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the WHO European Region, 2011-2015. World Health Organization, 2012.
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Health education in medical education: A report of a World Health Organization consultation at the University of Perugia, Italy, March 1989 : consultation hosted by the Experimental Centre for Health Education, the University of Perugia, Italy, director: Maria Modolo : consultation and report funded and supported by the World Health Organisation, European Office, Copenhagen. School of Education, University of Southampton, 1990.
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Letang, Emilio, Francine Cournos, Dimitri Prybylski, et al. Global Aspects of the HIV Pandemic. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0004.
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This chapter presents the complex and diverse nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on a global scale, as well as a global epidemiology of HIV. The hardest-hit region of the world is sub-Saharan Africa, where heterosexual transmission dominates. Here the overall rate of new HIV infections has decreased in 25 countries by 50% between 2001 and 2011, coupled with scale-up of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. The Asia-Pacific region has the second highest burden of HIV in the world and, despite a decline in the annual number of new infections, is also seeing increasing HIV prevalence in high-risk groups. In Europe there is a clear division between the epidemics in eastern and western countries. Although antiretroviral therapy has led to great advances in health in this region, late identification of illness and barriers to care for stigmatized populations are a ubiquitous problem in the European Union. In the United States, despite reasonably good access to care, the incidence of HIV has not declined significantly since the advent of effective treatment. Substantial efforts and new strategies in the United States and the Americas have been developed to meet the goals of prevention and care engagement. The chapter also identifies the work needed to address the nuanced challenges to HIV prevention and treatment in different subpopulations across the world.
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Rose, Cramer Sacha. Vaccine Nationalism in the age of COVID-19. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.413.
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It is no secret that the world has a COVID-19 vaccine problem. The majority of vaccination doses have been administered in Europe and North America, whilst many poorer counties have vaccinated less than 1% of their entire population. In light of the new variants presenting health risks, countries such as South Africa and India have proposed that the World Trade Organisation temporarily waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines to help increase the production of vaccines. The world’s economic powerhouses such as U.S., Britain and the European Union vetoed the idea, submitting that intellectual property rights are important for ensuring continued innovation. They are of the opinion that waiving such rights would not result in increased production. The question therefore stands if these are only two options: either patents remain unchanged, or patents are disregarded. An alternative, and perhaps a middle ground is that of compulsory licensing. Although a seemingly good option, it presents its own problems. For instance, patents are territorial and grant the patent holder a monopoly for a limited time of 20 years. However, based on public needs – including health emergencies, a government can allow others to make the product, usually with a fair royalty, or fee, paid to the patent owner. However, this ends at the border. Article 31 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law, or TRIPS, limit compulsory licenses primarily to domestic production and use. This is also limited to companies within the territory, producing products primarily for export. This of course would make the whole point of such compulsory licenses redundant, since the countries producing such vaccines are not the countries that do not have access to them. The other problem with the COVID-19 vaccine is that the technologies used in producing such vaccines are complex and involve numerous patents, trade secrets and know-how. A compulsory licensing system would need to address not just patents but also the related intellectual property in question. To successfully expand vaccine production, countries need a moderately smooth structure to allow a country such as India, to grant a single, blanket license allowing companies to produce vaccines develop by the U.S. or European companies for export to all countries that lack their own manufacturing capacity. The proposed WTO waiver of intellectual property rights seeks to address the need of improved vaccine production, but it may be little too far stressed. Compulsory licensing would smooth the way for the expansion of vaccine manufacturing whilst at the same time still compensating the right holders.
Book chapters on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Thuriaux, M. C., and D. Robinson. "Experience of the European Region of the World Health Organization in Measurement of Disease Impact." In Health Systems Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75593-4_9.
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Thompson, Tony, and Peter Mathias. "The World Health Organisation and European Union: Occupational, Vocational and Health Initiatives and their Implications for Cooperation Amongst the Professions." In Interprofessional Working for Health and Social Care. Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13873-9_11.
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Whitehead, Ross, Eileen Scott, Aixa Aleman-Diaz, Susanne Carai, and Martin W. Weber. "Adolescent Health in the European Region: Policy Development and the Role of WHO." In Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit im Jugendalter. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35744-3_32.
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AbstractAdolescents in Europe are generally the healthiest in the world, but significant opportunities to improve adolescent health and wellbeing remain across the WHO European Region, with investment in this life stage being vital to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Activity in this area is guided by WHO Europe’s Child and Adolescent Health Strategy 2015–2020, which all 53 member states in the region endorsed. The strategy sets out principles and priorities, which countries adapt to their national needs, with WHO monitoring overall implementation. This chapter details initiatives that are guided by this strategy, that the WHO Regional Office for Europe oversee and have helped develop. This includes assessing causes of morbidity and mortality, development of adolescent friendly health services, development of tools and guidance for member states, supporting school-based health promotion and ongoing strategic development.
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Ribes Moreno, Maria Isabel. "Climate Change and Working Time: A Complex Challenge." In European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40801-4_11.
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AbstractWorking time has been traditionally focused on adapting working hours in order to allow a reconciliation of work and family life whilst assuring the workers’ health and safety. Recently, a new factor impacts in the organisation of the working time. It is climate change which also has an important effect on the working conditions. This issue will certainly be a decisive factor to be taken into account in the designing and monitoring working time in the near future. The climate emergency demands for an innovative regulation from the International Institutions and introduce a new challenge for the domestic labour and social security law. Thus, in Europe, both the European Union and the Member States have a significant role in enacting innovative regulations and, additionally, in the promotion and encouragement to the social agents to negotiate “climatic oriented” working conditions.
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Falk Erhag, Hanna, Ulrika Lagerlöf Nilsson, Therese Rydberg Sterner, and Ingmar Skoog. "Introduction." In International Perspectives on Aging. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78063-0_1.
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AbstractIn 2020, for the first time in history, there were more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there were children below the age of 5 years. The population aged over 65 years is projected to increase from one billion in 2019 to more than two billion in 2050, and those aged over 80 years are projected to increase from 143 to 426 million, with the largest increase occurring in the developing world (UN World Population Prospects, 2019). This demographic trend constitutes the largest global health challenge, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The European Union has set it as one of the major challenges in Horizon 2020 and it has important societal implications (European Commission, 2020). The proportion of retired individuals will increase, leading to an increased ratio between those who have exited the workforce and those still active in the labour market. Thus, ageing represents a global societal and scientific challenge requiring integrated efforts, multidisciplinary translational research approaches and social innovations that build on ideas of potentials and capabilities, emphasising the value of old age.
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Warne, Michael St J., and Amanda Reichelt-Brushett. "Pesticides and Biocides." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_7.
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AbstractPesticides are chemicals that have been specifically synthesised to “kill pests, including insects, rodents,fungiand unwanted plants” (WHO, WHO (World Health Organisation) (2020) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification, 2019 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005662 [Accessed 19 Aug 2020]). They are generally used with the aim of protecting plants or plant products and this is why they are referred to in European Union legislation as Plant Protection Products. Biocides are chemicals that are also designed to have the same properties as pesticides but they are not used to protect plants or plant products.
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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, and Angelika Tritscher. "WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies 2000–2019: Findings of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_7.
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AbstractThe concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) were determined in 232 pooled human milk samples from 82 countries from all United Nations regions participating in five exposure studies coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) between 2000 and 2019.The highest concentrations of PCB were found in European countries. Countries of all other regions had considerably lower concentrations.The highest median concentrations of toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDD/PCDF and dioxin-like PCB (expressed as WHO2005-TEQ) were found in Eastern and Western European countries, the widest variation in Africa. The median concentrations and maximum levels in the Pacific region and countries from Latin America and the Caribbean were at the lower end of the distribution. However, also time trends have to be considered for this overall picture for a period of 20 years.
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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, Ralf Lippold, et al. "Overall Conclusions and Key Messages of the WHO/UNEP-Coordinated Human Milk Studies on Persistent Organic Pollutants." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_16.
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AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of exposure studies with human milk coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), five expanded studies on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were performed between 2000 and 2019. After the adoption of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Convention) in 2001, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborated in joint studies starting in 2004. The collaboration aimed at provision of POPs data for human milk as a core matrix under the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) to assess the effectiveness of the Convention as required under Article 16. Over time, the number of analytes in the studies expanded from the initial 12 POPs targeted by the Convention for elimination or reduction to the 30 POPs covered under the Stockholm Convention and two other POPs proposed for listing as of 2019. Many of these chemicals have numerous congeners, homologous groups, isomeric forms, and transformation products, which significantly extends the number of recommended analytes.In the studies between 2000 and 2019, 82 countries from all five United Nations regions participated, of which 50 countries participated in more than one study. For the human milk samples of the 2016–2019 period, results are available for the full set of 32 POPs of interest for the Convention until 2019: (i) the 26 POPs listed by the start of the study in 2016; (ii) decabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-209] and short-chain chlorinated paraffins [SCCP] as listed in 2017; (3) dicofol and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] as listed in 2019; (4) medium-chain chlorinated paraffins [MCCP] and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS] as proposed for listing. This is a unique characteristic among the core matrices under the GMP.Four key messages can be derived: These studies are an efficient and effective tool with global coverage as key contributor to the GMP. After collection of a large number of individual samples (usually 50) fulfilling protocol criteria, pooled samples are prepared using equal aliquots of individual samples (physical averaging) and are considered to be representative for a country, subregion or subpopulation at the time of the sampling. The analysis of pooled representative human milk samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories meeting rigorous quality criteria contributes to reliability and comparability and reduces uncertainty of the analytical results. Additionally, this concept is very cost-effective. These studies can be used for regional differentiation based on concentrations of individual POPs between and within the five UN Regional Groups (African Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eastern European Group, Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries; Western European and Others Group). For some POPs, a wide range of concentrations with up to three orders of magnitude between lower and upper concentrations was found, even for countries in the same UN region. Some countries had levels within the usual range for most POPs, but high concentrations for certain POPs. Findings of concentrations in the upper third of the frequency distribution may motivate targeted follow-up studies rather than if the observed level of a POP is found in the lower third of frequency distribution. However, the concentration of a POP has also to be seen in context of the sampling period and the history and pattern of use of the POPs in each country. Therefore, results are not intended for ranking of individual countries but rather to distinguish broader patterns. These studies can provide an assessment of time trends, as possible sources of variation were minimized by the survey concepts building on two factors (sampling design; analysis of the pooled samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories). The estimation of time trends based on comparison of median or mean concentrations in UN Regional Groups over the five surveys in five equal four-year periods between 2000 and 2019 provides a first orientation. However, the variation of the number of countries participating in a UN Regional Group in a certain period can influence the median or mean concentrations. Thus, it is more prudent to only use results of countries with repeated participation in these studies for drawing conclusions on temporal trends. The reduction rates in countries should be seen in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of high levels and those in the range of the background contamination is meaningful. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. This can lead to significant decrease rates over the following years. However, if low background levels are reported, no specific sources can be detected. Other factors for exposure, e.g. the contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally. However, only very few time points from most individual countries for most POPs of interest are available, which prevents the derivation of statistically significant temporal trends in these cases. Yet, the existing data can indicate decreasing or increasing tendencies in POP concentrations in these countries. Furthermore, pooling of data in regions allows to derive statistically significant time trends in the UN Regional Groups and globally. Global overall time trends using the data from countries with repeated participation were calculated by the Theil–Sen method. Regarding the median levels of the five UN Regional Groups, a decrease per 10 years by 58% was found for DDT, by 84% for beta-HCH, by 57% for HCB, by 32% for PBDE, by 48% for PFOS, by 70% for PCB, and by 48% for PCDD and PCDF (expressed as toxic equivalents). In contrast, the concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CP) as “emerging POPs” showed increasing tendencies in some UN Regional Groups. On a global level, a statistically significant increase of total CP (total CP content including SCCP [listed in the Convention in 2017] and MCCP [proposed to be listed]) concentrations in human milk of 30% over 10 years was found. The studies can provide the basis for discussion of the relative importance (“ranking”) of the quantitative occurrence of POPs. This, however, requires a differentiation between two subgroups of lipophilic substances ([i] dioxin-like compounds, to be determined in the pg/g [=ng/kg] range, and [ii] non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs, to be determined in the ng/g [=μg/kg] range; both groups reported on lipid base) and the more polar perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS); reported on product base [as pg/g fresh weight] or on volume base [ng/L]. For this purpose, results for the complete set of the 32 POPs of interest for the 2016–2019 period were considered. By far, the highest concentrations of lipophilic substances were found for DDT (expressed as “DDT complex”: sum of all detected analytes, calculated as DDT; maximum: 7100 ng/g lipid; median: 125 ng/g lipid) and for chlorinated paraffins (total CP content; maximum: 700 total CP/g lipid; median: 116 ng total CP/g lipid). PCB was next in the ranking and had on average an order of magnitude lower concentrations than the average of the total CP concentrations. The high CP concentrations were caused predominantly by MCCP. If the pooled samples from mothers without any known major contamination source nearby showed a high level of CP, some individual samples (e.g. from local population close to emission sources, as a result of exposure to consumer products or from the domestic environment) might even have significantly higher levels. The lactational intake of SCCP and MCCP of the breastfed infant in the microgram scale resulting from the mothers’ dietary and environmental background exposure should therefore motivate targeted follow-up studies and further measures to reduce exposure (including in the case of MCCP, regulatory efforts, e.g. restriction in products). Further, due to observed levels, targeted research should look at the balance among potential adverse effects against positive health aspects for the breastfed infants for three groups of POPs (dioxin-like compounds; non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs; PFAS) regarding potentially needed updates of the WHO guidance. As an overall conclusion, the seven rounds of WHO/UNEP human milk exposure studies are the largest global survey on human tissues with a harmonized protocol spanning over the longest time period and carried out in a uniform format. Thus, these rounds are an effective tool to obtain reliable and comparable data sets on this core matrix and a key contributor to the GMP. A comprehensive set of global data covering all POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention, in all UN Regional Groups, and timelines covering a span of up to three decades allows to evaluate data from various perspectives. A widened three-dimensional view is necessary to discuss results and can be performed using the three pillars for assessments of the comprehensive data set, namely: analytes of interest; regional aspects; time trends. This can identify possible problems for future targeted studies and interventions at the country, regional, or global level. Long-term trends give an indication of the effectiveness of measures to eliminate or reduce specific POPs. The consideration of countries with repeated participation in these studies provides the best possible database for the evaluation of temporal trends. The continuation of these exposure studies is important for securing sufficient data for reliable time trend assessments in the future. Therefore, it is highly recommended to continue this monitoring effort, particularly for POPs that are of public health concern.
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Coyle, Andrew. "The legacy of the Gulag." In Prisons of the World. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447362470.003.0006.
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This chapter describes the desperate conditions in some of the most infamous prisons and labour colonies in a number of the countries of the former Soviet Union, such as Belarus, throughout the 1990s. For over a decade the author was a regular visitor to the region in various contexts: as a member of the Russia/Council of Europe programme on the Reform of the Prison System in the Russian Federation; as an expert member of several visits of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture to the region; with the World Health Organisation for work in tackling the problem of rampant tuberculosis in places of detention; and for work on the abolition of the death penalty. The chapter is also interspersed with accounts of his presence during some historic moments including the attempted coup against President Boris Yeltsin in Moscow in 1993.
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"Diabetes charters." In Practical Diabetes Care, edited by Rowan Hillson. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192632906.003.0022.
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Abstract Representatives of Government Health Departments and patients’ organizations from all European countries met with diabetes experts under the aegis of the Regional Offices of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in St Vincent, Italy on October 10–12, 1989. They unanimously agreed upon the following recommendations and urged that they should be presented in all countries throughout Europe for implementation. Diabetes mellitus is a major and growing European health problem, a problem at all ages and in all countries. It causes prolonged ill-health and early death. It threatens at least ten million European citizens.
Conference papers on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Dauster, Manfred. "Criminal Proceedings in Times of Pandemic." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.18.
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COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.
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Petersone, Mara, Karlis Ketners, and Dainis Krievins. "Integrate health care system performance assessment for value-based health care implementation in Latvia." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.018.
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Every year, efforts are applied worldwide, particularly in the European Union, to improve health care systems by increasing the added value of resources already available for health care financing by increasing the performance of health care systems. According to experts of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 20–40% of the resources are used for complications that could be avoided, for unnecessary treatment or administrative inefficiency. Therefore, a new initiative to improve health performance – the value-based health care concept (VBHC) is becoming increasingly popular in the world, and particularly in Europe. This scientific article aims to explore the possibilities of applying VBHC in Latvia and the interaction between various management tools in the field of health care. Application of the VBHC concept in Latvia is offered for discussion, where the outcome of the corresponding measure would be identified for each health service provider as part of a one-patient (care) pathway involving several independent health service providers. Based on the Health Care System Performance Assessment (HSPA), clinical (patient) pathways and indicators, to initiate an integrated VBHC model in four priority areas: circulatory system diseases, oncology, mental health, maternal and child health. Meta-analysis of the research is based on the use of qualitative data sources – the existing data sources from policies implemented by the Ministry of Health in Latvia and examples of the introduction of VBHC initiatives worldwide summarised by the VBHC Center Europe. The deductive research is based on the Value-Based Healthcare concept introduced by Porter and Teisberg (2007)
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Cancellieri, Serena. "BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE HEALTH SYSTEM TO IMPROVE THE CITIZENS� HEALTH." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s13.106.
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In the light of Objective 3 of the 2030 Agenda, this paper will analyse, the state of the art of sustainable innovation in healthcare and the improvement that it has brought both in the context of healthcare companies and socio-economic factors using the statistical data. The author will consider the repercussions that the emergency linked to Covid-19 had on this progress, highlighting the criticalities of the health system. The author will also look into how these can be remedied through the investments provided for by the National Plan of Resistance and Resilience (PNRR) and implementing major changes in the area of sustainability. Particular attention will be examined to the way in which the national health system has approached Objective 3 of the 2030 Agenda, taking into account the data contained in the European Report on Equity in Health published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2019. This paper will also analyse the models of sustainability in healthcare companies and how these can influence the management of budgets with the rational use of natural resources, prevention through the promotion of sustainable lifestyles, green purchasing, projects for health & safety at work and sustainable waste management. In conclusion, it will be demonstrated how the 'One Health' approach of sustainability in health and collaboration between different disciplines and professionals is central to a multidisciplinary strategy for global health taking into account the impact on health of the citizens of their social, economic, and environmental choices.
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Eperjesi, Zoltán. "Azerbaijan in the Turkic world." In Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship 2024. Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/eee24078e.
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Regional, international cooperation among the Turkic nations started rather late compared to other international organisations on cultural and ethnic grounds, the main reason being that Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia and Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus were republics of the Soviet Union until 1991, when they gained independence. The five Member States of the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS) had a population of almost 160 million at the beginning of 2024, covering an area of 4.196 million km2, stretching from China to the Balkans. Hungary has had observer status in the OTS since 2018 and Turkmenistan since 2021. The European continent accounts for the largest share of Azerbaijan's export turnover (2021: 69.64%). Between 2010 and 2021, Azerbaijan's exports to Europe increased by 10.5%. The external trade balances of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan remained positive with the other full-fledged OTS member states throughout the period 2010-2021. Looking at the regional structure of Azerbaijan's import purchases, it can be seen that, Europe and the Asian continent played an almost equal role in Azerbaijan's import structure (45.9% - 46%) in 2021. Looking at the period from 2010 to 2021, it is clear that Azerbaijan's foreign trade turnover with OTS countries has increased very significantly. The value of foreign trade has more than tripled in 11 years. The most significant increase in Azerbaijan's foreign trade was with Turkey making up 494% over 11 years. Mineral resources, especially oil and natural gas, accounted for 88.7% of Azerbaijan's export turnover in 2021. Azerbaijan faces a big political and economic challenge, namely to integrate the former occupied Karabakh region, to develop its infrastructure and undertake the necessary demining actions.
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Vasilj, Aleksandra, Biljana Činčurak Erceg, and Aleksandra Perković. "AIR TRANSPORT AND PASSENGER RIGHTS PROTECTION DURING AND AFTER THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18308.
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A pandemic caused by the COVID-19 has caused disorders and enormous damage in all modes of transport. Carriers as well as transport users have faced great challenges of maintaining traffic. Measures and requirements imposed on them were often obscure, imprecise, and the journey itself was uncertain. Passengers were in fear of whether they would be able to reach their destination, but also whether they will succeed in preserving their health. Carriers, on the other hand, have also sought to adapt and provide passengers with safe transport. Nevertheless, the pandemic caused financial collapse of many carriers, landed the world fleet and closed many airports. Various legal instruments related to the protection of public health are applied in air transport, and they have been adopted within the framework of the World Health Organisation (WHO), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which will be presented in the paper. Various epidemiological measures related to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic have been prescribed in air transport, applicable during the journey, which have certain specifics in relation to other modes of transport. The paper will present epidemiological measures as well as the procedure applied when there is a passenger on the flight who shows symptoms of an infectious disease, and new procedures related to transport of goods. It will also address the obligation to complete certain forms and provide various information as well as the obligation to compensate costs for cancelled flights. There is no doubt that the COVID-19 pandemic has a significant economic impact on air transport, and efforts will be made to present measures and provide forecasts for the recovery of air traffic in the period that follows. The paper will also address the question as to whether existing legislation and measures are appropriate, whether relevant international organisations have taken prompt measures to protect and ensure air transport during the pandemic, and whether sufficient measures have been taken to protect the health of passengers on the flight.
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Szakál, Zoltán. "THE STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF THE TOURISM MANAGEMENT OF THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE TOKAJ WINE REGION IN HUNGARY, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON WINE AND HEALTH." In Dubai –International Conference on Social Science & Humanities, 18-19 February 2025. Global Research & Development Services Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2025.99100.
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The topics of wine and health are two disciplines that should be researched together and put in the focus of the given destination. The Hungarian Tokaj wine region has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002. The eponymous settlement Tokaj won the award for the best European tourist settlement and the wine region is a member of the European organization Viour. The destination has a development council, which also has a labor union. This team coordinates major investments in the wine region, including major tourism developments. At the municipality of Tokaj, tourism plays a prominent role, where there are tourism experts. In the city of Tokaj, there is a destination management organization and a tourinform, the task of which is to ensure the conditions for hosting tourists and to support tourists. He also has administrative, statistical and management tasks. The tourism operation of the area is a good practice and with the implementation of the "Essencia főtér" program, the city, the administrative center, enters a new dimension. Wine and health, wine culture, viticulture, winemaking and the attractions, restaurants, accommodation and infrastructure of the destination all operate in accordance with the principle of innovative new tourism. The new structure of tourism management is the focus of the research and the scientific article as well 100as the presentation, which includes both operative and strategic elements. The methodology is literature review and in-depth interview. In the case of the former, the author examines both domestic and international expertise and best practices.
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Stevanović, Aleksandar, Tit Albreht, Mirjana Živković-Šulović, Stefan Mandić-Rajčević, Vesna Bjegović-Mikanović, and Željka Stamenković. "Workshop of the Association of Public health: Towards the next generation of Public Health Workforce: Challenges and opportunities." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24073s.
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The complex nature of contemporary public health issues requires a multidisciplinary public health workforce, including professionals from various backgrounds who have been sensitized to the public health approach. In many countries, the field has traditionally been led by medical doctors who undergo further training in preventive branches of medicine such as epidemiology, hygiene, social medicine, biostatistics, or more recently, Global and One Health. Other countries have separate public health education programs independent of medical studies, offering various graduate and postgraduate courses. Over the years, efforts have been made to define the essential skills of public health professionals, led by organizations like the World Health Organization and the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER). These competencies continue to expand, necessitating more investment in public health infrastructure and training. The current lack of recognition, competitiveness, and appeal of a career in public health is leading to a restriction of the necessary build-up of qualified professionals. Many countries anticipate a shortage of public health workers due to an aging workforce, increased demand, and difficulties in attracting and training new professionals (3). The COVID-19 pandemic and severe climate events highlight the crucial role of the public health workforce in effective disaster management and preparedness, prompting decision-makers to take notice. It is the responsibility of the public health community to lead this effort and shape the future of the profession. Lessons from the last decades transfer to us several key points underlining the need for improved communication skills as well as the need for enhanced public health brokering roles for decision-makers and the general public.
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Yereli, Ahmet Burçin, and Tuncay Kara. "Turkish States' New Field Of Attack: Health Tourism." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00455.
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The lifetime of human being has lengthened out depending on the developing medical technology and the incredible development of life conditions in accordance with the past. Subject to the lengthening lifetime, high expenditures are excessively spent for the health service in order to keep and develop their health level by both the individuals and the states that reserve high shares for health from their budgets. Through the direct flow of foreign currency into the economies of the States, the field where the easiest money transfer is performed is tourism. In the 21st century, the name of the meeting field of health sector and tourism. The Turkish States located just in the middle of the European Economic Region and the Arabian Economies and the developing Chinese Economy, will have the inarguable advantages at the field of health tourism in the years 2030 intended for being the countries whose 65+ population will reach at the 25% level of their whole populations where the health expenses of the current powerful economies are carried out by their population structures, the short distance of flight which effects the healing process of the ones getting treated, and also by their magnificent geographies. Turkish States will be able to have a say in the market of health service in the world of future providing huge economic acquisition by creating new employment areas for their young ones through health tourism. Turkish States should develop the policies to encourage their investors in order to investon this field.
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Katz, Mark. "Understanding COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in preventing severe disease." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24012k.
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Understanding COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing severe disease is critical to inform vaccine policy. In this talk I will describe the results of a study that used the test-negative design to estimate VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalisation in adults ≥ 18 years in the Eastern part of the WHO European region. We included patients hospitalised for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) at sentinel surveillance sites in six countries and areas, including in Serbia. We collected demographic information, COVID-19 vaccination history, and tested respiratory samples for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. We calculated VE of any vaccine dose received within 12 months (Annual VE) as [(1 - adjusted Odds Ratio) x 100%] using a one-stage pooled analysis. The reference group included unvaccinated individuals and those who received their last vaccine > 12 months before symptom onset. Results of this study will be presented in the context of vaccine effectiveness estimates in other countries in other regions of the world, and in the context of current recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination.
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Ivaviciute, Giedre. "Change in the area of Lithuanian trees and shrubs greenery in 2002–2022." In Research for Rural Development 2023 : annual 29th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.29.2023.030.
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The topic of this article is relevant because in Lithuania the assessment of the area occupied by plantations and green spaces has shown that the area standards do not meet the requirements and recommendations of the World Health Organisation. Green spaces are regulated differently in different countries of the European Union. Lithuania has also developed a legal framework for the protection, management and establishment of new plantations and green spaces. However, this legal framework is im-proving and new laws are being added to it. Comparative, analytical, as well as statistical, and logical analysis methods were used for the investigation. The data of the Land Fund of the Republic of Lithuania for 2002–2022 were used for comparative investigation. The aim of this article is to perform an analysis of the change in the trees and shrubs greenery area of Lithuania in 2002–2022. In Lithuania, for example, trees and shrubs occupied 84,687.48 ha in 2002. In 2022, the plantation area amounted to 208,609.48 ha. From 2002 to 2022 the area of tree and shrub plantations in Lithuania increased by 123,922.00 ha or 146.33%. The analysis shows that in the period between the years 2002 and 2022 the biggest increase in the area of shrubs and plantations took place in Utena County (32,715.83 ha or 395.27%), but the smallest increase in Tauragė County (2,642.93 ha or 37.69%) and Marijampolė County (4,581.39 ha or 72.25%).The development of plantation areas has been positively influenced by the creation of an appropriate legislative framework and the implementation of plantation programmes in counties and municipalities.
Reports on the topic "European region of World Health Organisation"
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Barbaric, Jelena, Ivana Bozicevic, and Helena Markulin. Protocol for a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on the impact and process indicators of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B in middle income non European Union countries in the World Health Organisation European Region, 2018-2022. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.5.0098.
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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.
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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by 2 August 2022). The persons responsible for completing the questionnaire (of 47 Members in total) were mainly WOAH Delegates, National Focal Points for animal welfare or National Contact Points for long-distance transportation. The qualitative analysis of the information provided was carried out by grouping similar answers and, when proper, the United Nations geoscheme was applied to highlight any spatial clustering of the results. The wide majority of the Members (46 out of 47) declared to have in place specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, and most of them stated to be “generally aligned” with WOAH standards, there are still many countries in the Region where certain crucial requirements are not mandatory. Journey and contingency plans are commonly part of the specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the legal requirements concerning animal transport by the Competent Authority or other certification bodies. The presence of major gaps in budget and/or available resources and trained personnel was declared by almost half of the responding Members (21 out of 47). Concerning the awareness of the civil society regarding animal welfare issues during transport, 11 Members reported a “low” level of awareness, and they were mostly included in the areas of Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The greatest part of Members responding “high awareness” clustered in the Northern and Western Europe geographical areas. Members were also asked to indicate possible WOAH initiatives that could improve the implementation of the standards, and most of them suggested to develop training activities and provide additional guidance through revised and/or new standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and/or through other WOAH documents.
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Lamarque, Hugh, and Hannah Brown. Key considerations: Mpox in the Busia-Malaba border region linking Uganda and Kenya. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2025.022.
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Mpox has spread along the Busia-Malaba border that links eastern Uganda and western Kenya, with risk factors centred on cross-border mobility. Community responses to mpox are shaped by access to information on radio, television and social media as well as local terminologies, understandings of disease aetiology, spiritual and religious beliefs, household structures and cross-border mobility patterns. Despite vaccine allocations from the World Health Organization (WHO), the response has been hindered by resource constraints, mistrust and cross-border challenges. This brief summarises findings on how mpox is perceived and managed in the Busia-Malaba border region. It draws on a rapid review of qualitative data, local media, non-governmental organisation (NGO) and academic reports, and cultural histories based on long-term research in the region.
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Gordoncillo, Mary Joy N., Ronello C. Abila, and Gregorio Torres. The Contributions of STANDZ Initiative to Dog Rabies Elimination in South-East Asia. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2789.
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A Grant Agreement between the Government of Australia and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ), initiative includes a rabies component with an overarching intended outcome of reducing dog rabies incidence in targeted areas. This initiative envisaged regional rabies activities in South-East Asia as well as specifically designed pilot projects in the Philippines, Myanmar and Cambodia. While remaining anchored to the envisioned outcome, its implementation from 2013 to 2016 also leveraged on the resources made available through the initiative to strategically generate tools, materials and examples that can potentially bridge long-standing gaps on dog rabies elimination in the region. This included developing approaches on rabies communication strategy, risk-based approach for the prioritization of mass dog vaccination, rabies case investigation, post-vaccination monitoring, building capacity through pilot vaccination projects, One Health operationalization at the grass-root level, and reinforcing high-level political support through regional and national rabies strategy development. These are briefly described in this paper and are also further detailed in a series of publications which individually document these approaches for future utility of the countries in the region, or wherever these may be deemed fitting. The STANDZ rabies initiative leaves behind a legacy of materials and mechanisms that can potentially contribute in strategically addressing rabies in the region and in achieving the global vision of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030.
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Bellissant, Eric, Isabelle Boutron, Carole Chapin, et al. Ensuring that the results of all clinical trials in France are posted. Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52949/56.
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The Working Group on “Transparency and the publicising of the results of health research”, was appointed by the French Ministry in charge of Research, in conjunction with the French Ministry in charge of Health. It seeks to address the problem of publication bias, which is the tendency to prioritise the publication of positive results. However, if they are based on an incomplete, skewed understanding of research results, this bias may result in erroneous health policy decisions. This report makes recommendations towards all stakeholders involved in clinical research, and covers the entire scientific process and its funding. It places particular emphasis on the importance of posting clinical trial results in the registry used to declare them, within a maximum one-year delay after the trial ends. This sort of development is crucial in order to reduce publication bias. The posting of results involves the making public of aggregated data for the main results of a trial (i.e. descriptions of trial’s participants and their characteristics, primary and secondary results, and adverse events). This posting is not considered to be a peer-reviewed scientific publication, and is independent of any potential publication in a scientific journal. The posting of results is an ethical obligation, as stated by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the World Medical Association. It is also a legal obligation that is subject to precise European regulations (as in the United States of America). Above all, the Working Group recommends that all stakeholders should communicate more effectively about the issues involved in posting clinical trial results and assist with the introduction of a clear means of organising these postings within reasonable timeframes. It underlines the benefit of having national indicators produced by the French Open Science Monitor, which should be applied to each sponsor, in order to encourage them to correct any potential shortcomings. Publishing guidelines should enable good practices to be implemented in the area. The group recommends that the posting of results be integrated into clinical research training programmes, into the financial arrangements for clinical trials in France, into the collective and individual assessment procedures in clinical research, and that the issue should be considered in institutions’ strategies relating to scientific integrity. To facilitate posting and improve quality, the group suggests that an open-source tool should be developed to generate the template of results to be posted. This tool could be implemented taking inspiration from both European regulations and the procedure in place in the U.S. clinical trial registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, in order to avoid introducing unnecessary complexity and divergence in the sponsors’ work. The group suggests that sponsors should get involved and undertake educational work in three phases to ensure that the results are posted: raising awareness before launching the trial, issuing a warning as soon as the trial ends, and, where necessary, issuing a reminder from twelve months after the trial ends. The group also suggests that the National Research Coordination Committee (CNCR) should be assigned the task, for a transitional period of 12 to 24 months of supporting sponsors to implement the Working Group’s recommendations. Similarly, the working group proposes that the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM) (French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products) should issue a reminder of posting obligations during its inspection missions and when communicating about clinical trials. The group also suggests expanding the national and European regulations to all clinical trials. Indeed, there is no ethical, scientific or public health rationale that justifies the current situation where nonpharmacological clinical trials are exempt from the obligation to post their results. Lastly, the functionalities of the European CTIS registry need to evolve to meet the expectations of the international scientific and editorial communities regarding the posting of results. Furthermore, as CTIS does not cover all clinical trials, the question of where to post the trials concerned will arise.
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Wolfmaier, Susanne, Adrian Foong, and Christian König. Climate, conflict and COVID-19: How does the pandemic affect EU policies on climate-fragility? Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc018.
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The links between climate change and conflict have been well-documented in recent observations and academic literature: far from being causally direct, these links often depend on specific conditions and occur through certain pathways (Koubi, 2019). For example, conflicts have been found to be more likely in areas with poor access to infrastructure and facilities (Detges, 2016), or where government distrust and political bias are prevalent (Detges, 2017). As such, climate change has often been described as a ‘threat multiplier’, making it imperative for security and development actors to consider these fragility risks collectively in their policies and strategies. In addition to the expected impacts of climate change on the European Union (EU), such as increasing temperatures, extreme weather events or rising sea levels, climate change also has “direct and indirect international security impacts” for the EU’s foreign- and security policy (Council of the European Union, 2016). These affect for example migration, food security, access to resources and socio-economic factors that possibly contribute to disruptions (ibid.). The resulting fragility may affect the EU by contributing to changes in geopolitical power dynamics, whilst at the same time needs for support in neighbouring and partner countries could increase (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). The EU has increasingly acknowledged climate-fragility risks over the last years, as is evident from several key foreign policy strategies, agreements, and decisions. The European Green Deal, for example, aims to cushion climate and environmental impacts that may exacerbate instability (European Commission, 2019). At the regional level, individual policies underline the links between climate impacts and security in partner regions, such as for the Sahel (Council of the European Union, 2021a) and the Neighbourhood (EEAS, 2021a), stressing the importance in tackling those risks. To that end, the EU has been at the forefront in providing multilateral support for its partner regions, through its various instruments related to climate, environment, development, and security. According to official EU sources, EU funding for official development assistance (ODA) rose by 15% in nominal terms from 2019 to €66.8 billion in 2020 (European Commission, 2021a). Furthermore, the share dedicated to climate action is also growing: the EU initiative Global Climate Change Alliance Plus (GCCA+) received an additional €102.5 million for the period 2014-2020 compared to the previous phase 2004- 2014 (European Commission, n.d.). Looking ahead, the EU’s recently approved Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 is set to provide €110.6 billion in funding for external action and pre-accession assistance to its Neighbourhood and rest of the world (European Commission, 2021b). Despite the increased recognition of climate-related fragility risks in EU policies and the funding committed to climate action and international development, implementation of concrete measures to address these risks are lagging behind, with only a handful of EUfunded projects addressing climate-fragility risks (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). Compounding these challenges is the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the current vaccine rollout worldwide, and with some countries seeing a potential end to the health crisis, the pandemic has taken – and continues to take – its toll in many parts of the world. The unprecedented nature of COVID-19 could ultimately make it more difficult for the EU to address the impacts of climate change on fragility and security in its partner regions. In other words: How does the pandemic affect the EU’s ability to address climate-fragility risks in its neighbourhood? To answer this question, this paper will explore the implications of COVID-19 on relevant EU policies and strategies that address the climate security nexus, focusing on three regions: the Sahel, North Africa, and Western Balkans. These regions were chosen for geographical representativeness (i.e., being the EU’s southern and eastern neighbouring regions), as well as being priority regions for EU external action, and, in the case of the Western Balkans, for EU accession.1 The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines, in general terms, the impacts of the pandemic on the political priorities and ability of the EU to address climate-fragility risks. Section 3 explores, for each focus region, how the pandemic affects key objectives of EU policies aiming at reducing climate-fragility risks in that region. Section 4 provides several recommendations on how the EU can better address the interlinking risks associated with climate-fragility and COVID-19.
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Vakhlova, Irina, Irina Zaikova, Alexey Kiyaev, and Yulia Ibragimova. Electronic educational resource (EOR) "Module. Diabetes mellitus in children". SIB-Expertise, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0781.29012024.
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Diabetes mellitus occupies a leading place in the pathology of the endocrine system in children and adolescents and remains one of the most urgent health problems in most countries. In the last decade, the annual incidence of type 1 diabetes in children has shown a significant increase both in Russia and around the world. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), it is increasing by 3% per year. In addition, in all European countries there is a "phenomenon of rejuvenation of diabetes" - an increase in the proportion of children who first fell ill with type 1 diabetes at a younger age: 25-30% up to 4 years of age; up to 80% - from 6 months to 9 years. The annual incidence of type 1 diabetes in children (0-14 years old) in the Sverdlovsk region over the past decade (2006-2017) has almost doubled: from 12.2 cases per 100 thousand children in 2006 to 23 ,7 in 2017 and occupies one of the leading places in the Russian Federation in this indicator. More than 200 children with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed per year, of which about 75% of children who become ill for the first time are under the age of 9 years. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by complete insulin dependence, severe course, early formation of specific complications that lead to a decrease in the quality and life expectancy. Unfortunately, in more than 70% of cases, DM is diagnosed at the stage of ketoacidosis, which requires urgent measures. The main reason for the late diagnosis of this disease is the lack of "diabetic alertness" among pediatricians and AFP physicians. The foregoing obliges a wide range of doctors, including pediatricians, to know the clinical and laboratory criteria for diagnosis, modern methods of monitoring and managing diabetes, possible complications and outcomes of the disease, and be able to provide emergency care. Timely diagnosis, self-monitoring, regular monitoring, prevention of complications is an opportunity to improve the quality of life of patients with diabetes.
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Committee on Toxicology. COT FSA PBPK for Regulators Workshop Report 2021. Food Standards Agency, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tyy821.
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The future of food safety assessment in the UK depends on the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) adaptability and flexibility in responding to and adopting the accelerating developments in science and technology. The Tox21 approach is an example of one recent advancement in the development of alternative toxicity testing approaches and computer modelling strategies for the evaluation of hazard and exposure (New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). A key aspect is the ability to link active concentrations in vitro to likely concentrations in vivo, for which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is ideally suited. The UK FSA and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) held an “PBPK for Regulators” workshop with multidisciplinary participation, involving delegates from regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry. The workshop provided a platform to enable expert discussions on the application of PBPK to health risk assessment in a regulatory context. Presentations covered current application of PBPK modelling in the agrochemical industry for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), pharmaceutical industry for drug absorption related issues (e.g., the effect of food on drug absorption) and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as dose extrapolations to special populations (e.g., those with a specific disease state, paediatric/geriatric age groups, and different ethnicities), environmental chemical risk assessment, an overview of the current regulatory guidance and a PBPK model run-through. This enabled attendees to consider the wide potential and fitness for purpose of the application of PBPK modelling in these fields. Attendees considered applicability in the context of future food safety assessment for refining exposure assessments of chemicals with narrow margins of exposure and/or to fill data gaps from more traditional approaches (i.e., data from animal testing). The overall conclusions from the workshop were as follows: PBPK modelling tools were applicable in the areas of use covered, and that expertise was available (though it is in small numbers). PBPK modelling offers opportunities to address questions for compounds that are otherwise not possible (e.g., considerations of human variability in kinetics) and allows identification of “at risk” subpopulations. The use of PBPK modelling tends to be applied on a case-by-case basis and there appears to be a barrier to widespread acceptance amongst regulatory bodies due to the lack of available in-house expertise (apart from some medical and environmental agencies such as the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively). Familiarisation and further training opportunities on the application of PBPK modelling using real world case studies would help in generating interest and developing more experts in the field, as well as furthering acceptance. In a regulatory context, establishing fitness for purpose for the use of PBPK models requires transparent discussion between regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry and the development of a harmonised guidance such as by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) would provide a starting point. Finally, PBPK modelling is part of the wider “new approach methodologies” for risk assessment, and there should be particular emphasis in modelling both toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Root Causes of Low Vaccination Coverage and Under-Immunisation in Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Academy of Science of South Africa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0068.
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Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA) alone accounts for 40% of all global deaths, a phenomenon attributed to lack of access to available lifesaving vaccines (Wiysonge, Uthman, Ndumbe, & Hussey, 2012). WHO estimates that in 2019 the African region accounted for approximately 43% of unimmunised and incomplete immunised infants in the world (i.e.: 8.5 million of the global 19.4 million). Relatedly, the region scores the lowest immunisation coverage, at 76% versus the global coverage of 86% (WHO, 2020a). This is despite several documented efforts by different stakeholders to improve coverage in the region (Mihigo, Okeibunor, Anya, Mkanda, & Zawaira, 2017). Many studies have been conducted on coverage and drivers for and bottlenecks against immunisation in SSA. (Wiysonge, Uthman, Ndumbe, & Hussey, 2012), (Wiysonge, Young, Kredo, McCaul, & Volmik, 2015), (Mihigo, Okeibunor, Anya, Mkanda, & Zawaira, 2017), (Madhi & Rees, 2018),(Bangura, et al., 2020), all of which have observed that there is varied performance among the constituent countries, and also within countries over time, denoting some implicitly common underlying correlates threading through areas of higher performance; and the same is seen with the poorer performing areas. This consensus study therefore seeks to categorise and make explicit these “root causes” and based on documented successes, to make recommendations to address the bottlenecks and harness the opportunities for reaching every child with all the recommended vaccines. The theory of change presentation style used in this report, categorising the root causes under four broad interlinked themes, can provide a common basis to rally like-minded partners around a thematic cause and thus develop multi-component, comprehensive strategies to bring about impactful change. This is in line with the call made by the World Health Organisation Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation, which recommended that countries, regions and global immunisation partners commit to a comprehensive review of progress, impact, and implementation of the WHO Global Vaccine Action Plan to inform a post-2020 strategy taking into account lessons learned. This strategy will assist with attaining the relevant United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.