To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: European settlements.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'European settlements'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'European settlements.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wallace, Gillian Elizabeth. "A microscopic view of neolithic lakeside settlements on the northern rim of the European Alps." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621699.
Full text
2
Kuveya, Lloyd. "The effectiveness and propriety of friendly settlements in the African regional system : a comparative analysis with the Inter-American and European regional systems." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1217.
Full textAbstract:
"Despite the apparent universal existence of the friendly settlement procedure it has not been extensively used in the African regional system. Against this background, this study is a comparative analysis of the provisions and application of the friendly settlement procedure in the African, Inter-American and European regional systems. The study further examines in detail the practice and jurisprudence of the three regional systems on a comparative basis. The comparative analysis is relevant for the following reasons. Both Africa and South America share common historical backgrounds in terms of socio-economic development and the nature of human rights violations. Europe has the oldest human rights system and if experience is anything to go by, then there might be lessons to be learnt by the younger counterparts. The establishment of the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights (African Court) to complement the protection mandate of the African Commission on Human and Poeoples' Rights (The African Commission) further justifies the comparative analysis as the other regional systems also have regional human rights courts. ... Chapter 1 is an introduction of the study on the effectiveness and propriety of friendly settlements. The ensuing chapter traces the foundations and sets up the conceptual and theoretical framework of friendly settlements. Having established the existence of the procedure, chapter 3 examines the institutional and legal provisions of friendly settlements in international and regional human rights instruments on a factual level. The detailed and critical analysis of the frienldy settlement procedure is presented in chapter 4. The author makes use of the jurisprudence of the three regional human rights bodies and examines how the procedure has been applied in practice. The practice of the three regional bodies is analysed on a comparative basis to assess the effectiveness of the procedure. The last chapter makes conclusions and gives recommendations regarding the application of the friendly settlement procedure as an alternative method of dispute resolution." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Henry Ojambo, Faculty of Law, University of Makerere, Uganda
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
3
Hong, Ki Young. "Why are electronic payments preferred? : evidence from international data /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060105.
Full text
4
Engerdahl, Tomas. "A world apart? : An Investigation of the Roman Influence on Rural Settlements in Britain compared to Sweden during the Roman Iron Age." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-715.
Full textAbstract:
Den här studien gäller Romersk järnålder i Sverige och Storbritannien med fokus på den senare. Det är en komparativ analys av utvalda delar av den materiella kulturenfrån ett antal olika lokaler i Sverige och Storbritannien med intentionen att skapa vidare förståelse rörande romersk influens i dessa regioner. Vidare är intentionen att uppsatsen skall undersöka möjliga likheter eller skillnader och därigenom dra slutsatser om romerska influensen var stark eller svag i de utvalda bosättningarna i Storbritannien och Sverige. Var den så kallade Romaniseringen för samtliga invånare eller var den enbart reserverad för eliten?This is a study of the Roman Iron Age in both Sweden and Britain but with a focus on the latter. The study includes a comparative analysis of selected goods in the material culture at a number of different sites in Sweden and Britain in the aim of understanding the extent of the Roman influence at these sites. The aims of the essay is to investigate if we can notice similarities between the Swedish and British setting and thereby draw conclusions regarding the Roman influence or lack of it in the Rural setting of Britain as well as the chosen settlements in Sweden. Was the Romanization of Britain for everyone or was it reserved for the elite?
5
Schyman, Joakim. "Den gotländska vikingatidabebyggelsens rumsliga placering i landskapet : en empirisk detaljstudie av Hemse socken." Thesis, Gotland University, Department of Archeology and Osteology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-160.
Full textAbstract:
Joakim Schyman, 2009. Den gotländska vikingatida bebyggelsens rumsliga placering ilandskapet - En empirisk detaljstudie av Hemse socken (The spacial distribution of the VikingAge settlements on Gotland – An emperical study of remains from Hemse Parish.)
This essay investigates whether a relation between Viking age graves and Viking agesettlements in Hemse parish can be found. This was done by using database information onViking age findings, such as silver hoards, phosphate levels and location of graves in Hemseparish. Literature and maps were also used. Earlier research shows that the Viking agesettlements can be found by silver hoards and relatively high phosphate levels. This essay'sanalysis verifies this. The analysis also shows the possibility of a prehistoric court leet locatedin the center of Hemse parish. The Viking age graves are located close to the possible courtleet, along the ridge running through the parish. These graves are seen as a grave fieldcommonly used by all the settlements in the parish. Findings close to the settlements showthat inhabitants also buried their dead close to their settlements as a marking of territory. Thisgives us a complex picture of the connection between the habitants and their burials duringthis period.
6
Zielinski, Joseph M. "Dreams Won and Lost: Fait Accompli and the Creation of Modern Poland, 1918-1923." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367351251.
Full text
7
Guillou, Solen Anne. "What future for the WTO dispute settlement system?, the European perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64278.pdf.
Full text
8
Guillou, Solen Anne. "What future for the WTO dispute settlement system? : the European perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30302.
Full textAbstract:
On the eve of the launch of the first round of multilateral negotiations within the framework of the new WTO system, the so-called Millennium Round---which may be officially opened by the Seattle Ministerial Conference on 30 November 1999---the review of the WTO dispute settlement system should deserve the attention of WTO Members as one of the most essential topics to be considered.Within this context, this thesis raises the question whether the future developments of the WTO dispute settlement system could be influenced by the successful European model.
In an attempt to answer this question, this thesis first highlights the grounds on which the EC approach to the GATT dispute settlement system has changed so that the EC has finally become an active supporter for "judicialization" of the new system (Introductory Part). The impact of the new WTO dispute settlement system on the EC participation in its development is then analysed (Part I). Finally, the last part of this thesis focuses on the reasons of the EC success in order to conclude to its potential influence on the further developments of the WTO dispute settlement system (Part II).
9
COURELL, Ann Marie. "The friendly settlement procedure under the European convention on human rights." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7026.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 30 March 2007Examining Board: Prof. Philip Alston (European University Institute) ; Prof. Francesco Francioni (European University Institute) ; Prof. Olivier de Schutter (University of Louvain) ; Prof. Kevin Boyle (University of Essex Colchester)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
10
Srnka, Vojtěch. "Evropská unie a izraelsko-palestinský konflikt." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264530.
Full textAbstract:
Next year will the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories celebrate the 50th Anniversary. European Union, the most significant trade partner of Israel as well as the biggest donor of Palestine, was for a long time a mere observer of a situation of deepening of the occupation and postponing of its end because of building of Israeli settlements on the one side and of gradual division of Palestinian territories between radical Hamas and Fatah. Just in the autumn of 2015 the European Union decided to take a restrictive step towards Israel by setting clear rules of labelling of Israeli goods produced in those Israeli settlements. However, a harsh response has come both from the Israeli government and from some of EU member states. Therefore this work focuses on evaluation of the legitimacy of this move and on trying to assess the reason of its partial failure.
11
Lutz, Serge Gregory. "Pre-European settlement and present forest composition in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23820.pdf.
Full text
12
Sommerfeldt, Holger. "Building market structures : clearing and settlement services and the globalization of European equity exchanges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530076.
Full text
13
Thomas, Martin. "France in British foreign policy : the search for European settlement, March 1936 - June 1937." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332885.
Full text
14
Afifi, Rola. "La politique d’aide au développement de l’Union européenne dans le territoire palestinien occupé : vers l’établissement d’un État palestinien." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB222.
Full textAbstract:
La thèse vise à examiner les politiques d'aide au développement de l'Union européenne (UE) et leur impact sur les conditions politiques, économiques, sécuritaires et sociales dans le Territoire palestinien occupé (TPO). De plus, elle vise à répondre à la question de savoir si ces politiques ont concrètement contribué à la construction d'une économie palestinienne solide conduisant à l'établissement d'un État palestinien, ou si elles étaient seulement des politiques destinées à protéger un processus de paix, délabré en permanence, et à maintenir le statu quo de l'occupation tout en répondant aux exigences de survie de la population palestinienne. L'étude met en lumière l'évolution de la politique d'aide européenne au peuple palestinien en accordant de l'intérêt à l'évolution de la politique étrangère de l'UE envers le conflit palestino-israélien et aux institutions en charge de la coopération au développement avec les pays tiers au sein de l'Union. La présente recherche a pour objet l'aide accordée par l'UE aux Palestiniens pour la période s'étendant de 1993 à 2014. Elle met en évidence un ensemble de résultats, dont le plus important est que cette aide a joué un rôle éminent afin d'éviter l'effondrement de l'Autorité nationale palestinienne (ANP) et d'aider le peuple palestinien. Elle s'est diversifiée au cours des années, en quantité et en qualité, afin de s'adapter à la situation politique, économique et humanitaire dans le TPO. Elle a contribué aux réformes réussies effectuées par l'ANP dans plusieurs secteurs, et elle a davantage soutenu les plans nationaux palestiniens de développement. Pourtant, cette aide n'a réussi ni à freiner les politiques de dé-développement pratiquées systématiquement par l'occupation, ni à mettre de la pression sur Israël. Cette recherche souligne que cette aide ne réalisera pas ses objectifs, notamment celui de l'établissement d'un État palestinien viable coexistant avec l’État d'Israël en paix et en sécurité, tant que l'UE n'utilisera pas son pouvoir économique et ne transformera pas sa rhétorique en actions concrètes sur le terrainThe study aims to examine the policies of development aid of the European Union (EU) and their impact on the political, economic, security and social conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory (OPT). In addition, it seeks to answer the question whether these policies have helped to build a strong Palestinian economy leading to the establishment of a Palestinian state, or if they were only policies to protect the peace process, permanently dilapidated, and maintain the status quo of the occupation while meeting the basic requirements of survival of the Palestinian population. The study highlights the evolution of the European political support to the Palestinian people by highlighting the evolution of EU foreign policy towards the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the institutions responsible for the development cooperation with third countries within the Union. This research relates to the aid granted by the EU to the Palestinians for the period extending from 1993 to 2014. It highlights a set of results, the most important is that this aid has played a prominent role in avoiding the collapse of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) and in helping the Palestinian people. It has diversified over the years, both in quantity and quality, to fit the political, economic and humanitarian situation in the OPT. It contributed to the successful reforms carried out by the PNA in several sectors, and has further supported the Palestinian national development plans. However, this aid has not succeeded to curb the de-development policies systematically practiced by the occupation or to put pressure on Israel. This research underlines that this aid will not achieve its objectives, including that of the establishment of a viable Palestinian state coexisting with the State of Israel in peace and security, as long as the EU does not use its economic power and does not turn its rhetoric into concrete action on the ground
15
Perone, Francesco. "Settlement of anti-dumping cases by price undertaking : the European Community and United States practice." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23963.
Full textAbstract:
The GATT Anti-Dumping Code provides that anti-dumping proceedings may be concluded without the imposition of duties if the exporters of the dumped product offer undertakings which the authorities of the importing country consider acceptable. Undertakings are, in essence, formal commitments by exporters under anti-dumping investigation to abstain from dumping or to ensure that their exports will not injure the domestic producers of the product concerned. In accordance with the GATT rules, he anti-dumping laws of the European Community and the United States contain provisions allowing the anti-dumping authorities to accept price undertakings. In practice, however, the use of undertakings in the two jurisdictions has been considerably different. This thesis analyzes and compares the law and practice of the European Community and the United States with regard to price undertakings.
16
Davenport, John Lawrence. "ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST: EVALUATING THE PRAGMATISM OF PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BENCHMARKS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/891.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.Title from document title page (viewed on October 29, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-123).
17
Bresinsky, Aiko N. "Baltic German Exodus, 1939-1945: Settlement, Adaption and Disappearance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3195.
Full textAbstract:
The resettlement of Baltic Germans from Estonia and Latvia to the Polish territories initiated the dissolution of the Baltic German community and its unique identity, largely causing hardship and suffering throughout the occupation in Poland. The subsequent escape from the Red Army and deportations by the Poles at the end of World War II completed the disbanding. It brought innocent families, as well as Baltic German soldiers, to and beyond the limits of their ability to endure pain and suffering. Yet, throughout the process, Baltic Germans’ reaction to the opportunities and crisis varied greatly. The following study will uncover the diverse fates Baltic Germans endured and reveal the range of Baltic German’s culpability and victimhood throughout the resettlement process and the subsequent migration west.
18
Haase, Christian. "In search of a European settlement : the Königswinter conferences and West German-Allied relations, 1949-1973." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402978.
Full text
19
Bjorkman, Anne Donahey. "Changes in the landscape and vegetation of southeastern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, Canada since European settlement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3421.
Full textAbstract:
Early land survey records can be used to reconstruct the historical distribution and abundance of tree species prior to the large-scale impact of industrialized societies. Comparing these records to current vegetation patterns enables an examination of the shifts that have occurred in plant communities since the arrival of European settlers in North America. I used presettlement (1859-1874) land survey records from southeastern Vancouver Island and Saltspring Island, British Columbia, Canada to reconstruct the relative abundance and density of tree species in these areas. I then collected equivalent vegetation data from the same points in the modern landscape, which enabled me to compare the two points in time and identify the changes in large-scale vegetation patterns that have occurred since European settlement. My results show a significant increase in the relative abundance of maple (Acer macrophyllum) and cedar (Thuja plicata), and a corresponding decrease in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii). Furthermore, there has been a considerable increase in tree density in undeveloped areas. The 1859 records indicate that at least one third of the land surveyed was made up of prairies or open “plains,” while a combination of open woods and forests made up the remaining two thirds. Based on comparable density measures from 2007, prairies and plains now represent less than 5% of the undeveloped landscape, while forests comprise nearly 90%. These changes are likely due to a combination of factors that have been influenced by European settlement, most notably logging and fire suppression. The suppression of fire has led to an infilling of trees into previously open areas and has led to the rapid decline of the open prairie and savanna habitat types once common in this area. The results of this study can inform conservation efforts throughout the study area, particularly those involving the restoration of prairie or savanna habitats.
20
Snyder, Amanda J. "Pirates, Exiles, and Empire: English Seamen, Atlantic Expansion, and Jamaican Settlement, 1558-1658." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/857.
Full textAbstract:
A life of piracy offered marginal men a profession with a degree of autonomy, despite the brand of “outlaw” and the fear of prosecution. At various times throughout history, governments and crowned heads suspended much of their piracy prosecution, licensing men to work as “privateers” for the state, supplementing naval forces. This practice has a long history, but in sixteenth-century England, Elizabeth I (1558-1603) significantly altered this tradition. Recognizing her own weakness in effectively prosecuting these men and the profit they could contribute to the government, Elizabeth began incorporating pirates into the English naval corps in peacetime—not just in war. This practice increased English naval resources, income, and presence in the emerging Atlantic World, but also increased conflict with the powerful Spanish empire.
By 1605, making peace with Spain, James VI/I (1603-1625) retracted Elizabeth’s privateering promotion, prompting an emigration of English seamen to the American outposts they had developed in the previous century. Now exiles, no longer beholden to the Crown, seamen reverted back to piracy. The Carolinas and Jamaica served as bases for these rover communities. In 1650, the revolutionary leader Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658) once again recognized the merits of such policies. Determined to demonstrate his authority and solidify his rule, Cromwell offered citizenship and state support to Caribbean exiles in exchange for their aiding of his navy in the taking of Spanish Jamaica. Official chartering of Port Royal, Jamaica served as reward for these men’s efforts and as the culmination of a century-long cycle of piracy legislation, creating one of England’s most lucrative colonies in the middle of a traditionally Spanish Caribbean empire.
Through legal and diplomatic records, correspondence, and naval and demographic records from England and Spain, this dissertation explores early modern piracy/privateering policy and its impact on the development of the Atlantic World. European disputes and imperial competition converged in these piracy debates with significant consequences for the definitions of criminality and citizenship and for the development of Atlantic empire.
21
Ströbele, Maarit Felicitas [Verfasser]. "What Does Suburbia Vote for? : Changed Settlement Patterns and Political Preferences in Three European Countries / Maarit Felicitas Ströbele." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160480273/34.
Full text
22
Bramham, Law Cassian. "The role of aquatic systems and the re-occupation and settlement of the North European Plain during the Lateglacial." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4e9960f9-29d9-4cf3-af14-097cd50a51e4.
Full textAbstract:
The Lateglacial between ∼14,600 - 11,500 cal yr BP is characterised by the rapid fluctuation of climatic conditions following the termination of the Last Glacial Maximum. During this period, the North European Plain (NEP) was re-occupied and settled by hunter-gather groups utilising a succession of lithic technocomplexes. Contrasting models of population expansion exist to explain the re-occupation of the NEP by ∼14,600 cal yr BP. Both rapid climatic amelioration and increased food resource availability on the NEP are suggested as possible stimuli. Studies of food resource availability as a stimulus for re-occupation and settlement of the NEP have long been dominated by the prevailing view that large mammal hunting was the dominant subsistence strategy. A number of archaeological finds across the NEP however, suggest that the exploitation of aquatic resources such as fish may have played a role in a more varied subsistence strategy during the period ∼14,600 - 11,500 cal yr BP. This thesis sets out to examine the development of palaeolake systems and examine their potential as a resource base for Lateglacial hunter-gatherers. This is achieved through the analysis of sedimentary organic matter and cladoceran records from five Lateglacial sites in northern Germany and southern Denmark, providing important information on basin development and the presence or absence of fish. The results suggest that significant variability existed in the development and resource availability of the basins over a local scale. Observed variability in the organic matter and cladoceran records within chronozone boundaries suggests that the Lateglacial – Holocene development of aquatic systems across the NEP cannot be solely explained by external climate change, and that local environmental and ecological factors are likely to have played a major part in their development. This thesis demonstrates that the local variance in aquatic conditions and fish populations would have offered, at best, limited and ephemeral resource availability and were therefore unlikely to have formed a major resource base for hunter-gatherer groups across the NEP. It is more likely that lakes were exploited opportunistically and as such formed only a minor component of a subsistence strategy more focussed on large mammal hunting.
23
Abu-Khalaf, N. S. "The European Community and the Arab-Israeli conflict : The collective policy of the member states of the European Community towards the promotion and establishment of a Middle East settlement." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373214.
Full text
24
O'Grady, Colleen Margaid. "The historical geography of six major river basins in the north west of Western Australia since pastoral occupation." Thesis, Curtin University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1516.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is based upon research into the historical geography of the pastoral industry in the six major drainage basins in the North West of Western Australia, in an attempt to outline its early development, and to explain how the rangeland degeneration associated with the Big Drought of 1936-1946 was exacerbated by unrealistic official expectations and poor management, particularly of stations in the hands of absentee corporate owners. it discusses the failure of government agencies to appreciate the effects of overstocking in an environment characterised by climatic variability and fragile rangeland resources. It draws attention to the official reluctance to take action against the destructive activities of profit-seeking corporate owners in the period leading up to and including the Big Drought, and of speculative leaseholders in more recent times The thesis attempts to differentiate between the grassmen as leaseholders bent upon generating a sustainable income from the rangeland through conservative management, and the exploitative owners and their (often) incompetent managers. It identifies the specific characteristics of each of the basins in terms of the physical environment, the process of pastoral occupation and the resulting changing patterns of land use. It examines the changing nature of the habitat, economy and society of the Aboriginal people, from the days prior to European penetration up to the late 20th century It also considers the future prospects of the pastoral industry in each basin, with references to such issues as environmental impact, Aboriginal land rights and occupance, and the mining industry. As well as a comprehensive overview of the historical geography of each river basin, the thesis also includes a study of infrastructural elements and bf the activities of all groups of people involved in the development of the river basins.
25
Cuppett, Bryan Scott. "Case Study on World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement: European Communities — Measures Affecting Meat and Meatproducts (Hormones), Complaint by the United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31134.
Full textAbstract:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization created to coordinate trading rules among nations. Made up of internationally negotiated trade agreements, the WTO has three main objectives: (1)to assist in the free operation of international trade; (2) to allow continued progress of liberalization of such trade through fair negotiations; and (3) to create a system for the impartial settlement of international trade disputes.
A key component of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). This body, as with the WTO itself, has only been in operation since January of 1995. The WTO, although relatively new, has made significant strides in improving the international trading system and resolving trade disputes. Unlike other international organizations, such as the international Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, the WTO is not controlled by a board of directors, but instead is governed by its member nations. Given this type of arrangement, it is essential that the member nations abide by the signed agreements that govern the operation of the WTO and its Dispute Settlement Body. Otherwise the WTO cannot function as envisioned.
This research argues that the European Union (EU) is presently abusing the system through its actions in the dispute settlement case EC- Hormones, Complaint by the United States. Using tactics designed to delay the resolution of this dispute, the EU has increased the costs ssociated with the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and threatened the credibility of the WTO.Master of Arts
26
Wechs, Hatanaka Asako. "Mediation and intellectual property law : a European and comparative perspective." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA008.
Full textAbstract:
Un mauvais arrangement vaut mieux qu’un bon procès, dit un adage. Ceci s’applique-t-il également au domaine de la propriété intellectuelle ? La médiation est une méthode de résolution des différends qui a le vent en poupe. Elle a fait l’objet d’une harmonisation en Europe par le biais de la directive 2008/52/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 mai 2008 sur certains aspects de la médiation en matière civile et commerciale. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser des fonctions exercées par la médiation ainsi que les limites de la médiation du point de vue du droit de la procédure civile, du droit des contrats et du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, et de présenter des propositions pour optimiser la médiation lorsqu'elle s’applique aux litiges concernant les droits de la propriété intellectuelle. L’étude porte sur de nombreux systèmes juridiques, institutions et prestataires de règlement des différends, en mettant l’accent sur l’Union européenne, la France et le Royaume-UniA bad compromise is better than a successful lawsuit, says an adage. Would this also applies to intellectual property disputes ? Mediation is a dispute resolution method, which is in vogue. It became subject to harmonisation in Europe under the Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters. In this context, the objective of the thesis is to analyse the functions performed by mediation as well as the limitations to mediate from the viewpoint of civil procedure law, contract law and intellectual property law and to present some proposals to optimise mediation to intellectual property law. A number of legal systems, institutions and dispute resolution providers will be covered with the focus on the European Union, France and the UK
27
Bonavita, Valeria <1983>. "The EU and Dispute Settlement within the WTO: a strategy for the protection of the Union’s autonomy in the domestic regulation of goods?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4716/1/BONAVITA_VALERIA_TESI.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Oggetto della ricerca è l’accertamento dell’esistenza, nonché la definizione, della strategia dall’UE in materia di controversie commerciali aventi ad oggetto l’interpretazione e l’applicazione di norme facenti capo agli Accordi OMC in materia di misure sanitarie e di barriere tecniche al commercio.
Nella prima parte della tesi, si ricostruiscono gli obbiettivi perseguiti dall’UE in materia di controversie SPS e TBT. In questo contesto, un’importanza di primo piano è attribuita alla difesa dell’autonomia regolamentare dell’Unione. Ad essa si riconduce la prassi UE finalizzata a prevenire il sorgere di controversie sul piano bilaterale attraverso la conclusione di accordi di mutuo riconoscimento, la cui portata ella sottolinea essere tuttavia limitata. L’analisi di cinque controversie sorte in ambito OMC di cui l’Unione è o è stata parte convenuta e che si fondano su presunte o accertate violazioni delle norme facenti capo ai due accordi menzionati consente di classificare gli argomenti giuridici avanzati dall’Unione nel contesto di tali controversie.
Nella seconda parte della ricerca, la candidata identifica i mezzi a servizio della strategia UE, in primo luogo, attraverso l’analisi del quadro giuridico relativo alla partecipazione dell’Unione e degli Stati Membri al sistema OMC di risoluzione delle controversie; in secondo luogo, attraverso lo studio, da un lato, dello status delle norme OMC nell’ordinamento UE e, dall’altro, degli effetti delle pronunce dell’Organo di Risoluzione delle Controversie e della questione della responsabilità dell’Unione per violazione del diritto OMC.
Sulla base del lavoro di ricerca svolto, si conclude che una strategia dell’UE esiste nella misura in cui l’Unione persegue l’obbiettivo di preservare la propria autonomia regolamentare attraverso, anche se non esclusivamente, gli strumenti afferenti all’ordine giuridico interno analizzati nella seconda parte. La candidata conclude altresì che la riforma del diritto delle relazioni esterne operata dal Trattato di Lisbona può indurre un cambiamento di tale strategia.
28
Bonavita, Valeria <1983>. "The EU and Dispute Settlement within the WTO: a strategy for the protection of the Union’s autonomy in the domestic regulation of goods?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4716/.
Full textAbstract:
Oggetto della ricerca è l’accertamento dell’esistenza, nonché la definizione, della strategia dall’UE in materia di controversie commerciali aventi ad oggetto l’interpretazione e l’applicazione di norme facenti capo agli Accordi OMC in materia di misure sanitarie e di barriere tecniche al commercio.
Nella prima parte della tesi, si ricostruiscono gli obbiettivi perseguiti dall’UE in materia di controversie SPS e TBT. In questo contesto, un’importanza di primo piano è attribuita alla difesa dell’autonomia regolamentare dell’Unione. Ad essa si riconduce la prassi UE finalizzata a prevenire il sorgere di controversie sul piano bilaterale attraverso la conclusione di accordi di mutuo riconoscimento, la cui portata ella sottolinea essere tuttavia limitata. L’analisi di cinque controversie sorte in ambito OMC di cui l’Unione è o è stata parte convenuta e che si fondano su presunte o accertate violazioni delle norme facenti capo ai due accordi menzionati consente di classificare gli argomenti giuridici avanzati dall’Unione nel contesto di tali controversie.
Nella seconda parte della ricerca, la candidata identifica i mezzi a servizio della strategia UE, in primo luogo, attraverso l’analisi del quadro giuridico relativo alla partecipazione dell’Unione e degli Stati Membri al sistema OMC di risoluzione delle controversie; in secondo luogo, attraverso lo studio, da un lato, dello status delle norme OMC nell’ordinamento UE e, dall’altro, degli effetti delle pronunce dell’Organo di Risoluzione delle Controversie e della questione della responsabilità dell’Unione per violazione del diritto OMC.
Sulla base del lavoro di ricerca svolto, si conclude che una strategia dell’UE esiste nella misura in cui l’Unione persegue l’obbiettivo di preservare la propria autonomia regolamentare attraverso, anche se non esclusivamente, gli strumenti afferenti all’ordine giuridico interno analizzati nella seconda parte. La candidata conclude altresì che la riforma del diritto delle relazioni esterne operata dal Trattato di Lisbona può indurre un cambiamento di tale strategia.
29
Garbarčík, Marek. "Úloha EÚ pri riešení konfliktov v Južnom Osetsku a Abcházsku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113477.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with role of the European Union in the ethnic conflicts of South Caucasus, notably in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In the first part, the author concentrates on the evolution of situation in South Ossetia and Abkhazia as well as on the role of international actors in these territories, before the outbreak of war between Russia and Georgia in August 2008. The master thesis continues with the analysis of the EU's engagement in break-away territories where author focuses on the evaluation of specific policies and instruments used by the EU towards the two ethnic territories and Georgia. The final section assesses the EU's responsiveness during the Russian-Georgian war and also the steps taken in the period after the violence. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the Union's policies in South Ossetia and Abkhazia before, during and after the breakthrough war in August 2008. In this context, the author concludes that EU policies have failed because of unability to prevent a renewed outbreak of violence. Failure depended on the EU's reluctance to get involved in political and security issues and also on Russia's influence on decision-making process of the EU member states.
30
Falk, Therese. "En Rituell Vardag? : Rumslig strukturering och deponeringsmönster vidjärnåldersbosättningar i centrala Södra England,800-100 BC." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2380.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the question of whether the symbolic language of the late Neolithic and middle Bronze Age was transferred from ceremonial monuments and barrows into the domestic sphere in the late Bronze Age. I will consider such elements as doorway orientation, the significance of boundaries and depositional practices to see if Early-Middle Iron Age settlements were indeed a major scene for ritual behaviour.
31
Giroux, André François. "The settlement of international environmental trade dispute in GATT : a case study of the European Union - United States gas guzzler tax Dispute." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26446.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses the issue of international trade and environmental protection, more particularly within the framework of the GATT dispute settlement system. In May 1993, the European Union took issue with the U.S. taxes on automobiles aimed primarily at environmental concerns. The European Union claims that the gas guzzler tax, the luxury tax and the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) payment are discriminatory and therefore contrary to the principles of GATT Article III.The study of this dispute and the prospective analysis of its outcome show that both the gas guzzler tax and the luxury tax do not constitute a violation of the General Agreement. However, the CAFE payment violate the national treatment obligation and is not justified under the GATT general exceptions. The CAFE payment, despite that it is primarily aimed at fuel conservation, constitute a means of arbitrary and unjustifiable discrimination.
The outcome of this dispute confirms the permissiveness and limits of the GATT rules toward legitimate environmental policies.
32
Litzenberger, Caroline J. "The role of episcopal theology and administration in the implementation of the settlement of religion, 1559-c. 1575." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3983.
Full textAbstract:
The term, Elizabethan Settlement, when applied solely to the adoption of the Prayer Book in 1559 or the Thirty-nine Articles in 1563, is misleading. The final form of the Settlement was the result of a creative struggle which involved Elizabeth and her advisers, together with the bishops and the local populace. The bishops introduced the Settlement in their dioceses and began a process of change which involved the laity and the local clergy. Through the ensuing implementation process the ultimate form of religion in England was defined.
33
Ujma, Susan. "A comparative study of indigenous people's and early European settlers' usage of three Perth wetlands, Western Australia, 1829-1939." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/547.
Full textAbstract:
This study takes as its focus the contrasting manner in which the Nyoongar indigenous people and the early European settlers utilised three wetland environments in southwest Australia over the century between 1829 and 1939. The thesis offers both an ecological and a landscape perspective to changes in the wetlands of Herdsman Lake, Lake Joondalup and Loch McNess. The chain of interconnecting linear lakes provides some of the largest permanent sources of fresh water masses on the Swan Coastal Plain. This thesis acknowledges the importance of the wetland system to the Nyoongar indigenous people.
The aim of this research is to interpret the human intervention into the wetland ecosystems by using a methodology that combines cultural landscape, historical and biophysical concepts as guiding themes. Assisted by historical maps and field observations, this study offers an ecological perspective on the wetlands, depicting changes in the human footprint on its landscape, and mapping the changes since the indigenous people’s sustainable ecology and guardianship were removed. These data can be used and compared with current information to gain insights into how and why modification to these wetlands occurred.
An emphasis is on the impact of human settlement and land use on natural systems. In the colonial period wetlands were not generally viewed as visually pleasing; they were perceived as alien and hostile environments. Settlers saw the land as an economic commodity to be exploited in a money economy. Thus the effects of a sequence of occupances and their transformation of environments as traditional Aboriginal resource use gave way to early European settlement, which brought about an evolution and cultural change in the wetland ecosystems, and attitudes towards them.
34
Wehlin, Joakim. "Let the remains ask the questions : In search for prehistoric relations on a Samoan settlement pattern through a correspondence analysis." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-821.
Full textAbstract:
My interest in ethno-archaeology and a Minor Field Study grant brought me to Samoa. There I had a chance to participate in a multinational project “The Pulemelei project, the origins and Development of Monumental architecture”. On the former copra plantation Letolo situated on the SE part of the Island of Savai’i, is an extensive pre-historic settlement with over 3000 remains situated. The remains are now heavily overgrown but when the vegetation was cleared an extensive survey was carried out (1977-78). By using these records my aim is to understand more about how chiefdom society works in pre-historic times as well as in the present. The archaeological study is carried out with the aid of a correspondence analysis using the survey data as well as through a practical fieldwork (excavations) study of the settlement pattern at the Letolo plantation. The settlement shows large variations between the inland and the coastal region and those actions opened for whole new questions and ideas about the Samoan prehistory. During my journey I also got a better understanding for ethno-archaeology, and the problems that can meet us using these analogies and carrying out archaeological studies in a global setting and traditional society. To date, quite limited archaeology has been carried out on Samoa but the archaeological “revival” boosted by the project which started in this area in 2002 has created an opportunity to train the first generation of Samoan archaeologists and give them a good platform to stand on!
35
Gunderson, Kristin M. "The Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis and Correlation of the Distribution of the Disease with Migration and Settlement History of Northern Europeans." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/17.
Full textAbstract:
The geographic disparity of multiple sclerosis has been noted in the literature for well over a century. The frequency of the disease varies significantly both within countries and in different parts of the world. The goal of this project is to give new insight regarding the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Several theories regarding the etiology of the disease have been reviewed, including a geographic theory, a nutritional theory, and a genetic theory. Although the geographic and nutritional theories have been thoroughly investigated by researchers, neither of them provides a conclusive explanation for the etiology of the disease, and there are discrepancies with respect to both theories. The purpose of this study is to reveal the discrepancies in the epigenetic theories regarding the etiology of multiple sclerosis and to demonstrate the correlation of multiple sclerosis prevalence and the migration and settlement history of Northern Europeans, thus conferring the passage of a genetic susceptibility to the disease.
36
O'Grady, Colleen Margaid. "The historical geography of six major river basins in the north west of Western Australia since pastoral occupation." Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Media, Society and Culture, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15843.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is based upon research into the historical geography of the pastoral industry in the six major drainage basins in the North West of Western Australia, in an attempt to outline its early development, and to explain how the rangeland degeneration associated with the Big Drought of 1936-1946 was exacerbated by unrealistic official expectations and poor management, particularly of stations in the hands of absentee corporate owners. it discusses the failure of government agencies to appreciate the effects of overstocking in an environment characterised by climatic variability and fragile rangeland resources. It draws attention to the official reluctance to take action against the destructive activities of profit-seeking corporate owners in the period leading up to and including the Big Drought, and of speculative leaseholders in more recent times The thesis attempts to differentiate between the grassmen as leaseholders bent upon generating a sustainable income from the rangeland through conservative management, and the exploitative owners and their (often) incompetent managers. It identifies the specific characteristics of each of the basins in terms of the physical environment, the process of pastoral occupation and the resulting changing patterns of land use. It examines the changing nature of the habitat, economy and society of the Aboriginal people, from the days prior to European penetration up to the late 20th century It also considers the future prospects of the pastoral industry in each basin, with references to such issues as environmental impact, Aboriginal land rights and occupance, and the mining industry. As well as a comprehensive overview of the historical geography of each river basin, the thesis also includes a study of infrastructural elements and bf the activities of all groups of people involved in the development of the river basins.
37
Nóbrega, João Pedro Machado. "OTC markets – clearing, settlement & custody analysis : a cost function estimation of central securities depositories (CSDs)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15148.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em FinançasEste trabalho analisa a eficiência dos Sistemas Centralizados de Valores Mobiliários (Central Securities Depositories (CSDs)) em relação aos custos, na Europa. As CSDs são organizações financeiras especializadas na guarda de títulos até à sua data de liquidação. A abordagem adotada assenta na estimação de custos que permita comparar a eficiência das instituições em análise. Também é analisado o impacto do programa Target2 - Securities (estabelecido pelo BCE) e do regulamento CSDR concebido para estas instituições. O primeiro tem como objetivo contribuir para remoção de barreiras à eficiência de custos na liquidação entre mercados financeiros, e o último a promoção da segurança, eficácia e competitividade dos mercados financeiros da UE. Por último, procura-se saber se existem economias de escala para cada CSD, dependendo do seu tamanho e país.
This work is based on the analysis of cost efficiency on European Central Securities Depositories (CSD's). These financial institutions are experts on holding securities and clearing them until its settlement date. Our approach is focused on cost estimation, in order to compare the efficiency of each institutions analyzed. In addition, we examine the impact of ongoing Target2 - Securities program (by the ECB) as well as the impact of the CSDR regulation made for these institutions. The first is a new European securities settlement engine that aims to contribute for removing the barriers for poor cost efficiency on cross-border settlement between financial markets, and the latter aims to promote the safety, effectiveness and competitiveness of the EU financial markets. Furthermore, the main objective is to find out if economies of scale exists for each CSD, depending on its size and country.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
38
Green, Heather F. "Casting no shadow : overlapping soilscapes of European-Indigenous interaction in northern Sweden." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/13133.
Full textAbstract:
The Sámi’s past activities have been documented historically from a European perspective, and more recently from an anthropological viewpoint, giving a generalised observation of the Sámi, during the study period of AD200-AD1800, as semi-nomadic hunter gatherers, with several theories suggesting that interaction with Europeans, through trade, led to the adoption of European activities by certain groups of the Sámi (Eiermann, 1923; Paine, 1957; Manker and Vorren, 1962; Bratrein, 1981; Mathiesen et al, 1981; Meriot, 1984). However, there is almost no information on the impact the Sámi had on the landscape, either before or after any adoption of European activities, and none investigating what cultural footprint or indicators would remain from Sámi or European occupation and/or activity within the typically podzolic soils of Northern Sweden. Consequently the thesis aims to contribute to the gap in knowledge through the formation of a podzol model identifying the links between anthropogenic activity and the alteration of podzol soils, and through the creation of soils based models which identify the cultural indicators associated with both Sámi and European activity; formed from the identification of cultural indicators retained within known Sámi and European sites. The methods used to obtain the information needed to achieve this were the pH and magnetic susceptibility from bulk soil samples and micromorphological and chemical analysis of thin section slides through the use of standard microscopy and X-ray fluorescence from a scanning electron microscope. The analysis revealed that the Sámi had an extremely low impact on the landscape, leaving hard to detect cultural indicators related to reindeer herding in the form of reindeer faecal material with corresponding phosphorous peaks in the thin section slides. The European footprint however, was markedly different and very visible even within the acidic soil environment. The European indicators were cultivation based and included phosphorous and aluminium peaks as well as a deepened, highly homogenised plaggen style anthropogenic topsoil rich in ‘added’ materials. An abandoned European site which visibly and chemically shows the formation of a secondary albic horizon within the anthropogenic topsoil also provides an insight into the delicate balance of cultivated soil in northern Sweden, whilst reinforcing the outputs identified in the podzol model. Due to the almost invisible Sámi footprint on the landscape, areas of overlap were impossible to identify however, there was no evidence of the adoption of European cultivation activities at any of the Sámi sites investigated. The only known area of interaction between the two cultures was an official market place which had been a Sámi winter settlement prior to its use as a market site. This site showed none of the reindeer based Sámi indicators or the cultivation based European indicators, but did contain pottery fragments which could be linked to trade or occupation. Overall, the thesis reinforces the low impact expected of the semi-nomadic Sámi and sheds light on the underlying podzolic processes influencing the anthropogenically modified soils of Northern Sweden. The podzol model is reinforced by several findings throughout the thesis and the soils based cultural indicator models for both Sámi and European activity have been successfully tested against independent entomological and palynological data and therefore provide reliable reference material for future studies.
39
Olivier, Cheree. "Exploring the phytosanitary dispute between the European Union and South Africa : the potential of the International Plant Protection Convention dispute-resolution mechanism as a suitable alternative to the WTO Dispute Settlement Unit." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64632.
Full text
40
Laurence, Marquis. "The Role of the European Union in the Systemic Reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement in International and Regional Trade Agreements: The impact of the ISDS Reform on the Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11385/222718.
Full textAbstract:
Navigating the complex frameworks of ISDS Reform. The historical framework: the backlash against investor-state dispute Settlement. The methodological and conceptual frameworks. The European legal framework for ISDS Reform. The ISDS and EU Reform frameworks on independence and impartiality of adjudicators. The impact of the ISDS and the ICS frameworks on the independence and impartiality of adjudicators. Assessing the conformity of the reforms proposals of working group III with the rule of law. Conclusion : in favor of a pro-ISDS Reform.
41
Nilsson, Helena. "Att bo eller inte bo : En studie av tidigneolitisk bebyggelse i Sydskandinavien och på de brittiska öarna." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Cultural Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5902.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most discussed archaeological subjects is the neolitisation, and the start of a neolithic lifestyle which is characterized by several significant events. The traditional view has been that settled people were cultivating and breeding, but this picture has been questioned and changed in later years. The development is principally based on two models; that already neolithic people immigrated and took over, or that the new lifestyle gradually developed out of the existing cultures. Southern Scandinavia was characterized by a settlement pattern with permanent settlements which were complemented by temporary special settlements, but in time more domestic settlements originated. On the British Isles the settlements didn´t consist of permanent agricultural settlements but instead did the people here move freely between several short term settlements.
42
Apel, Alexandre. "Les amendes en droit français et en droit européen des pratiques anticoncurrentielles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D056.
Full textAbstract:
Les amendes prononcées par l’Autorité de la concurrence et la Commission européenne sont au cœur de leur politique de concurrence. Elles ont non seulement contribué à faire connaître l’action de ces deux gendarmes de la concurrence mais aussi à ce que ces derniers soient aujourd’hui craints des entreprises. En témoignent les entreprises sanctionnées dans l’affaire des Produits d’hygiène et d’entretien à hauteur d’1 milliard d’euros ou encore Google condamnée à trois reprises pour un total de 8,25 milliards d’euros. S’il est devenu relativement commun d’insister sur la sévérité marquée des amendes infligées par ces autorités, il importe de ne pas envisager cette politique de sanction sous ce seul prisme. Une mise en perspective de celle-ci fait apparaître, outre cette sévérité accrue, que l’Autorité et la Commission renforcent également leur arsenal de détection, faisant ainsi peser sur les entreprises violant les règles antitrust un risque de sanction grandissant. De même, les amendes encourues jouent un rôle décisif dans la résolution de ces affaires puisqu’elles incitent désormais les entreprises à directement transiger avec ces autorités. Cette politique de sanction ne se veut pas seulement répressive à l’égard des entreprises, les autorités de concurrence ambitionnent d’infliger des amendes dissuasives. L’objectif a été d’augmenter les amendes jusqu’à ce qu’il ne soit plus intéressant pour quiconque d’enfreindre les règles antitrust. Si la responsabilisation de l’entreprise peut se justifier d’un point de vue dissuasif, ce choix n’est pas sans présenter des difficultés au moment de rechercher le responsable de l’infraction. Dans cette perspective dissuasive, il importe également de rapporter ces amendes à la capacité contributive des entreprises sanctionnées et d’analyser leurs conséquences. Les limites actuelles des amendes infligées par l’Autorité et la Commission les invitent autant à procéder à quelques ajustements s’agissant des amendes prononcées qu’à repenser et diversifier leur politique de sanctionThe fines imposed by the French Competition Authority and the European Commission are at the centre of their competition policy. They have not only contributed to making the actions of these two competition police officers known, but also to ensuring that they are now feared by companies. This is evidenced by the manufacturers of health care products and household cleaning supplies sanctioned for 1 billion euros or Google, which was sentenced three times for a total of 8.25 billion euros. While it has become relatively common to insist on the high severity of the fines imposed by these authorities, it is important not to consider this sanction policy from this perspective alone. A review of the latter shows that, in addition to this increased severity, the Authority and the Commission are also strengthening their detection arsenal, thereby increasing the risk of sanctions for companies infringing antitrust rules. Similarly, the fines incurred play a decisive role in the resolution of these cases since they now encourage companies to settle directly with these authorities. This sanction policy is not only intended to be repressive against companies, but also the competition authorities aim to impose dissuasive fines. The objective has been to increase fines until it was no longer attractive for anyone to infringe antitrust rules. While the company's accountability can be justified from a deterrent point of view, this choice is not without its difficulties when it comes to finding the entity responsible for the offence. From this dissuasive perspective, it is also important to relate these fines to the ability of the sanctioned companies to pay, and to analyse their consequences. The current limits on fines imposed by the Authority and the Commission invite them both to make some adjustments with regard to the fines imposed and to rethink and diversify their sanction policy
43
El, Moukahal Daria. "Litiges de l'Union européenne devant l'Organe de règlement des différends." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAD001.
Full textAbstract:
Le but de la recherche est d'identifier la stratégie de l'Union européenne dans le cadre du règlement des différends à l'OMC et de déterminer le rôle que jouent les différends commerciaux internationaux au niveau interne communautaire. La spécificité de la participation de l'UE par rapport aux autres Etats membres de l'OMC et les raisons de sa participation sont étudiées plus particulièrement dans le cadre d'une réflexion sur la manière dont les litiges internationaux s'inscrivent dans sa politique externe. Nous analysons en outre l'apport des litiges de l'Union européenne dans le développement du droit international. Le travail est articulé autour de deux axes qui contribuent à l'étude de la cohérence de la stratégie de l'UE au sein de l'ORD.Les politiques de l'Union européenne sont fréquemment mises en cause devant l'Organe de règlement des différends de l'OMC. L'UE utilise les litiges commerciaux internationaux comme un instrument de sa politique commercial, notamment dans le but de promouvoir à l'international ses valeurs non-commerciales et les intérêts primordiaux, ainsi que pour défendre son acquis historique selon les lignes directrices de ses politiques. Ces ambitions de l'Union expliquent la particularité de ses litiges commerciaux internationaux. La première partie analyse la nature spécifique des litiges commerciaux internationaux de l'UE et vise à répondre à la question de savoir par quels moyens l'UE essaye d'imposer son expérience de libéralisation des échanges au niveau international (Partie I).Dans la seconde partie nous procédons à l'analyse du choix des modalités de règlement de différends par l'Union en fonction de différents critères. Ainsi, le mode de règlement d'un différend dépend des parties impliquées dans le conflit et des enjeux en cause. En outre, nous examinons si les conditions institutionnelles de sa participation au règlement des différends commerciaux et les mécanismes spéciaux de la PCC existant au sein de l'UE sont compatibles avec les exigences du droit de l'OMC, et s'ils sont par conséquent « rentables » pour la défense efficace des intérêts de l'UE tant commerciaux que non commerciaux (Partie II)The main purpose of the research is to identify the European Union's strategy in the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO and to determine the role that international trade disputes play on the European level. Particularly, the EU participation specificity, compared to other Members of the WTO and the reasons for its involvement, are examined in the frame of an analysis on the manner in which international disputes inscribe into its external policy. We also analyze the EU disputes contribution to the development of international law. The research articulates around two main parts which contribute to the study of coherence of the EU strategy in the DSB.EU policies are frequently attacked in front of the DSB. The EU uses recourse to international trade disputes as an instrument to promote to the international level its non trade values and essential interests and to defend its historical acquis according to main directions of its policies. These EU ambitions explain the specificity of its international trade disputes. The first part of the research analyses the particular nature of international trade disputes of the EU and intends to answer the question to know by what means the EU tries to impose its own experience of trade liberalization onto international level (Part I).In the second part we are analyzing the EU choice of modes of dispute settlement depending on different criteria. So, the dispute settlement means depends on the parties to the conflict and the stakes of the dispute. We also examine if institutional conditions for its participation to settlement of international trade disputes and special mechanisms of Common Commercial Policy existing in the EU are compliant with WTO law requirements, and if they are consequently profitable for efficient defense of the EU trade and non trade interests (Part II)
44
Everett, Kirstin Elizabeth. "Analysis of the WTO Dispute on Trade with GMOs." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10854.
Full textAbstract:
In 2003 the United States filed an official complaint against the European Community at the World Trade Organization in regards to the ban imposed on GM crops within the EU, saying that there was no scientific defense for their point of view, and this had created barriers to trade. After one of the longest dispute settlement in WTO history, the body sided with the US and deemed the ban to be restricting free trade. Conflicting research on the safety of GM crops has further complicated the matter and many members of the EU are still choosing to ban GM crops in defiance of the WTO ruling.
45
Kocová, Ivana. "Ochrana spotřebitele a mimosoudní řešení spotřebitelských sporů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2002. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77116.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the analysis of legal regulations, data and other information regarding consumer protection, it is proposed to establish a specific system of out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes. The settlement is proposed in three variants, showing the best variant, and meets the basic principles and objectives for this type of settlement of consumer disputes -- transparency, better efficiency and low cost. The system was proposed based on information obtained from international studies, documents, national sources -- the market surveillance authority, non-governmental consumer associations, etc. as well as on experience with preparing and implementing the recent pilot project of out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes.
46
Drakopoulos, David. "Appeal mechanisms and Investment Court Systems in Investor-State Dispute Settlement : An analysis of AM and ICS suggestions, in light of contemporary reform." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443417.
Full textAbstract:
We begin with a short analysis of the history of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). We then discuss the merits and demerits of the regime, such as the arguments between finality, speediness, and correctness. Following from this, historical reforms are discussed, and whether those issues have gotten worse or better since these discussions. The modern problems are discussed, leading to the explanation of the “legitimacy crisis”. As Appellate Mechanisms (AM) and Investment Court Systems (ICS) both propose multi layered systems, we argue whether ISDS must be a “one bite at the apple” system. We expand on the issues of regulatory chill, before showing the contradictions in the granting of awards. From this, a discussion is raised on the advantages of a tenured system of adjudicators, particularly in reference to their apparent bias. We delve deeper into the direct consequences of the perceived issues of ISDS, in the context of human rights, the environment, and other issues of sovereignty.As more reforms are suggested, the question of “what makes arbitration, arbitration?” is raised. From here, we may begin to suggest reforms based on which key factors are to be preserved. Firstly, we discuss current reform options, such as the Mauritius Convention. We take inspiration from existing AM, and prior discussions on the implementation of such a system across the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) frameworks. We analyse whether these discussions have led to change by comparing trends in drafting.Thereon, we offer suggestions of reform. ICS and how this would be implemented, what it would look like structurally, and its positive and negative effects. Using the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and other contemporary ICS reform suggestions, we gain some knowledge of what an ICS regime could and should look like, the implementation of AM previously discussed in this regime, and other. Finally, we offer a different solution to the problems, yet less pragmatic, the termination of arbitration.
47
Kelly, Melissa. "Onward Migration : The Transnational Trajectories of Iranians Leaving Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198099.
Full textAbstract:
Onward migration is an understudied process whereby people leave their country of origin, settle in a second country for a period of time, and then migrate on to a third country. This dissertation explores the transnational trajectories of one specific group of onward migrants. These are highly educated people who moved from Iran to Sweden as refugees following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Then, after settling in Sweden for a period of time they subsequently moved on to London, England. Melissa Kelly explores how people live their lives across places. Using life history interviews conducted with individual onward migrants, Kelly draws out and contex-tualizes the individual and shared experiences of these migrants in specific space-time contexts, and highlights the meaning of both settlement and mobility in their lives. In doing so, she explores the circumstances that underlie the onward migration phenomenon, drawing attention to different geographical levels of scale, and linking social, economic and cultural perspectives. The main argument of the dissertation is that while place continues to be of sig-nificance, a broader understanding of migrant integration processes is required. Onward migration disrupts the categories usually used to comprehend the integration of migrants in narrowly defined nation state contexts, and encourages a more nuanced understanding of how we conceptualize both migration and settlement.
48
Shang, You. "Le droit antisubvention : une comparaison entre le droit de l'Union Européenne et le droit chinois." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10013/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le droit antisubvention est construit par une combinaison des éléments de l'Accord SMC et des solutions du droit interne. Il se trouve au milieu de multiples tensions: l'obligation de conformité à l'égard des accords OMC v. l'autonomie du droit interne, l'équilibre institutionnel interne v. la prévisibilité du droit. La méthode de coordination multilatérale est dans un dilemme: la diffusion de ces tensions risque de laisser trop de marge de manoeuvre au pouvoir exécutif, tandis que trop d'ingérence créera une instabilité systémique. Dans son état actuel, en droit de l'Union européen comme en droit chinois, le droit antisubvention souffre encore d'incohérence entre sa mission et ses moyens: l'effectivité des règles de droit en face des faits économiques complexes reste un défi à relever. Pour la coordination multilatérale du droit antisubvention, l'arrivée de la Chine est à la fois un test de sa crédibilité et une opportunité. L'agressivité de la Chine réveillera éventuellement un besoin et un consensus pour un meilleur encadrement juridique du droit antisubventionThe antisubsidy law created by dispositions of WTO rules and internal solutions, is situated in the center of multiple normative conflicts: firstly between obligation of compliance and the autonomy of internal legal order; and secondly between the need of institutional balance and the predictability of rules. The method of multilateral coordination is facing a dilemma, the diffusion of those tensions will give the executing authority too much leeway, but intervention will create systematical difficulties. As it is, both in European Union Law and in Chinese Law, the antisubsidy law suffers an incoherence between its mission and its capacity in terms of the effectiveness of its rules facing complexes economic realities. The arrival of China, is both a test and an oppotunity to the multilateral legal coordination on the use of countervailing duty. The aggressive use of the trade defense arm such as countervailing duty, could eventually awake a nee d and a consensus of better legal framework of the antisubsidy law
49
Holmblad, Peter. "Coastal Communities on the Move : House and Polity Interaction in Southern Ostrobothnia 1500 BC-AD 1." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35857.
Full textAbstract:
This work attempts to seek new insights in understanding the archeological phenomena traditionally labelled as the western Bronze Age and the coastal Pre-Roman cultures of Finland (1500 BC-AD 1), by studying the phenomena from a socioeconomic interaction and practice oriented community perspective. The basic line of thought is that it was the everyday life of the local agents and their interactions that constituted the local communities. Communities are seen as built from the bottom up by the interaction of various local agents. The organised agents, their practices and their mutual interaction on various scales of social organisation are regarded as the central factors that created and shaped the history of the communities. Problems that are addressed concern the interrelationship between the subsistence practices, habitation practices and the social organisation of the coastal communities. Houses and local polities are regarded as two basic social institutions that were essential for the structuration of the coastal communities and for their relation to external networks. I also address the issue of the various spatial and temporal scales that can be considered as essential for the structuration of the coastal communities, and furthermore how the coastal communities managed change over time. The geographical scope of this thesis is limited to the former province of Vaasa (Vaasan lääni/Vasa län) in western Finland, with a special emphasis on the coastal southern part of Ostrobothnia. A suggested high-rank House from the Late Bronze Age is studied in Laihia. Methodologically a broad perspective with a comparative, diachronic and a multi-proxy approach is conducted in the study of the structuration of communities. The constitution of the communities is largely approached through themes that are related to landscape and settlement archaeology. Contextual analyses of the combinations of various subsistence and habitation practices form the basis for the identification of different community constituting subgroups of agents.
50
Zielinski, Joseph M. "The Politics of Appeasement: Great Britain, Germany, and the Upper Silesian Plebiscite." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1307371097.
Full text