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Journal articles on the topic 'European settlements'
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1
Walford, Rex, Bernard Dady, and Leeds Development Education Centre. "European Settlements." Geographical Journal 163, no. 3 (November 1997): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059771.
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Lobacheva, N. G. "COMPRESSIBLE THICKNESS DEPTH DETERMINATION UNDER DIFFERENT CALCULATION METHODS OF THE SETTLEMENTS ACCORDING TO NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.829.
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The comparison of the compressible thickness values and the settlements values according to the cone penetration test data in accordance with the current regulatory documents of the Belarus Republic and EUROCODE 7 «Geotechnical design» (part 1, 2) is presented. Two calculation methods of the foundation settlement for the limiting state of SLS and two methods for calculating of the settlements according to National standards are considered according to European norms. The ratios of the compressible thickness and the upset distances are determined using different calculation methods according to European and National standards. The proportions of the compressible thickness and the settlements values for different types of foundations are determined according to European and National standards.
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Anzenberger, Philipp. "The Cross-Border Enforcement of Court Settlements within Brussels Ia Regulation: From a European and an Austrian Perspective." Lexonomica 12, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/lexonomica.12.2.149-162.2020.
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Despite the enormous practical relevance of court settlements, the Brussels Ia Regulation contains only a few explicit provisions for the cross-border enforcement of this legal instrument. This can cause difficulties in borderline cases, for example when it is doubtful whether the legal act in question is to be classified as a settlement or a judgment or which specific European regulation is applicable to a settlement containing several different claims. This paper provides a general overview of the rules for the enforcement of court settlements under the Brussels Ia Regulation and examines some problems that may specifically arise in the case of cross-border enforcement of court settlements.
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Ginaris, Lengkong Sanggar. "PERMUKIMAN EMPLASEMEN PABRIK GULA PURWOREJO (1910-1933)." Berkala Arkeologi 38, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v38i2.282.
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One of the sugar industries in Java is PG Purworejo, which was built in 1910. Near the PG Purworejo emplacement, there are settlements for factory employees. Although there have been many archeological studies about sugar mills, but deeper study of the existence of employee settlements still few. This study aims to reconstruct the PG Purworejo emplacement settlement from 1910 to 1930. The data used in this research is in the form of all material objects or physical data left from PG Purworejo and other related data such as old archives and photos. Data that has been collected and selected, then will be decrypted, processed to be identified and then interpreted based on the theoretical framework. Altough the remains of PG Purworejo's emplacement settlements is low, but the settlement layout can still be traced based on old photo data. The results of this study show that the emplacement settlement of PG Purworejo uses the concept of industrial settlements, where employee settlements are built near industrial sites. In addition to the concept of industrial cities, the concept of colonial settlements was also applied which was marked by the separation between European workers' settlement blocks and indigenous workers.
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Pekarchuk, Oksana. "EUROPEAN APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR SETTLEMENTS FOR REFUGEES." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 83 (April 14, 2023): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2023.83.229-238.
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Many citizens were forced to leave their homes due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Almost 5 million citizens were registered as internally displaced persons. Some of them found shelter in modular (container) settlements located in various regions of Ukraine. Additionally, over 7 million Ukrainians sought refuge abroad and were settled in different types of housing. Due to limited time and extreme conditions, modular settlements were also built in some European countries to provide our compatriots with temporary housing.
The paper provides a review of the European experience in the design and construction of modular settlements, while also defining the architectural and urban characteristics of their development. The paper the findings of the study based upon the information gathered about settlements built in Europe between 2015 and 2016, as well as modular settlements currently being constructed for Ukrainian refugees since 2022. The analysis includes aspects such as size, spatial planning, landscaping, typology, purpose of buildings, and furnishing of premises. The article explores planning approaches for modular settlements, which encompass concepts such as sustainability and long-term solutions, functionality, comfort, aestheticization, and mitigation of negative impacts on the environment.
The study's findings concluded that when selecting a location for modular settlements, it is crucial to evaluate the site's position within the overall building structure, the availability of infrastructure, accessibility, socio-cultural environment, as well as conduct economic, demographic, and environmental analyses. The research determined that an optimal solution for modular settlements is to create communities for approximately 300 people, utilizing two-story modular buildings. It is recommended to form courtyards that provide more privacy to inhabitants. In a grid planning structure for a modular settlement, it is essential to effectively organize public spaces, including children's and sports grounds, recreational areas, as well as administrative and service buildings. For the long-term residence of refugees, it is recommended to utilize residential units where shared kitchens and bathrooms are designed for inhabitants of 2 to 5 rooms. Additionally, individual residential units or houses can be allocated for single families, equipped with furniture and appliances, including individual bathrooms and kitchen niches. The minimum living space per person is suggested to be between 4.5 to 5.5 square meters. The findings of this research can be utilized to enhance existing settlements and inform the development of new urban planning and architectural solutions for the design of future modular settlements.
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Chuchkalov, A. S., and A. I. Alekseev. "“New” rural settlements – former urban-type settlements." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019618-34.
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Since the 1920s, when the notion of urban-type settlement (UTS) was introduced in Russia, and until the 1980s the number of UTSs was constantly increasing. But since the 1990s, their rapid decline began, and by 2019 more than a third of them were transformed into rural settlements. In this article, the authors try to find out what the new villages the former UTSs are; where they are located; what their functions (largely lost) are, and what the specific features of their population are. From 1989 to 2010, the processes of transformation of UTSs into rural settlements administratively increased rural population of Russia by 2.4 mln people and held back the growth of the urban population share, which increased only slightly from 73.4 to 73.7%. When comparing the census data of 1989 and 2010 in many regions, the administrative ruralization radically changed the dynamics of the population: instead of a real decrease in the number of rural residents, Census-2010 showed the increase of rural population. Former UTSs are losing population more rapidly than the rural areas of their municipal districts, and the most intensive outflow is in logging settlements, centers of construction and colonies-settlements. The average population size of the former UTSs is minimal in the North of European Russia and the Far North, and maximum in the European South and in the Ural-Volga area, where the former UTSs-district centers are mostly concentrated, in which change of their status was purely formal.
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Badina, Svetlana, Alexey Pankratov, and Kirill Yankov. "Transport accessibility problems of the isolated settlements in Russian European Arctic zone." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 1 (2020): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-1-26-305-317.
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The article identifies and analyzes the list of settlements in the Russian European Arctic regions that are not provided with year-round ground transport accessibility with another territory, that is, are not included in regional and federal land transport networks. The year-round ground transport accessibility concept is introduced as the availability of a year-round transport connection with the core federal highways network on hard-surface roads providing year-round operation along the entire length, or by rail, with possible transfers (congestion) between roads and by rail. A database and GIS of this settlements category are compiled; a quantitative assessment of the resident population living number in them is given. Quantitative estimates indicate an extreme unevenness between the settlements number in the existing Russian European Arctic settlement network and the distribution of their population. The features of the internal Arctic regions transport systems are identified and analyzed from their optimization point of view taking into account the isolated settlements presence. Based on the study, recommendations on specific problems of the island and other isolated territories development, including the use of “local” transport modes, transport and pedestrian infrastructure are formulated.
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Petrov, Kamen, and Petar Borisov. "Opportunities to improve the typology and regional development of rural settlements in Bulgaria." Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Management 69, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.61308/whyy2614.
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Within the European space, there is more and more talk about the differences between the center and the periphery, regional development at different speeds, depressed states of the settlements and other problems with a focus on the condition and functioning of the settlements. Our focus is on rural areas and their particularities of settlement and functioning of the settlements in them. In this direction. We set ourselves the goal of deriving the regularities caused by the historically developed network that rural settlements form in the EU and to propose an up-to-date methodology for the typology of villages. This is possible only by systematizing the facts and establishing the main types of approaches and criteria for typology.
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Wils, Wouter P. J. "Settlements of EU Antitrust Investigations: Commitment Decisions under Article 9 of Regulation No. 1/2003." World Competition 29, Issue 3 (September 1, 2006): 345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2006026.
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Article 9 of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 provides for formal settlements of investigations by the European Commission into suspected infringements of Articles 81 or 82 EC. This article analyses the origin and optimal use of this provision, the procedure for the adoption of commitment decisions, the content and effect of such decisions, and the scope for judicial review. It also explores the possibilities of informal settlement, and of settlements that include the payment of a fine.
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Kovalev, Sergey N. "THE IMPACT OF EROSION-CHANNEL SYSTEMS ON THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 2 (2023): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2023-2-49-61.
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The infrastructure of any settlement, whether it is a village or an urban agglomeration, ensures the functioning of the systems that serve the needs of the population. Regardless of the age of the settlement, its size and layout, the system of engineering communications depends on the features of the relief and erosion-channel processes in this area. To identify the impact of gully erosion and riverbed processes on the functioning of infrastructure, the southern megaslope of the Russian Plain was selected. There is a high degree of erosive dissection and activity of riverbed processes. Satellite images and cartographic material were used to assess the impact of erosion-channel processes. For the basins of the Volga, Oka, Don, and Dnieper rivers (within the territory of the Russian Federation), a map of the impact of erosion-channel processes on the infrastructure of settlements has been compiled. The basis for drawing up the map was a physical and geographical map of Russia on a scale of 1:8,000,000 and a map of the hazardousness of channel processes on the rivers of Russia. The resulting map shows 120 settlements: 84 – in the Volga River basin, 13 – in the Don River basin, and 24 – in the Dnieper River basin (within the Russian Federation). According to the developed methodology, each settlement was assigned a score of the impact of erosion and riverbed processes on the infrastructure. The most common are small values of such impact: 1 point – 45%, 2 points – 29.5%, 3 points – 23%, 4 points – 2.5% (only 3 settlements). The lowest (1–2 points) impact on the infrastructure corresponds to the territories within the lowlands and relicts of glacial relief. Settlements on the Central Russian and Volga Uplands are more dependent on gully erosion (3–5 points) and show a weak dependence on riverbed processes. The research results indicate an ambiguous impact of erosion and riverbed processes on the infrastructure of the settlements. Large and big cities are less dependent on erosion and riverbed processes, in contrast to small and medium-sized ones.
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Wils, Wouter P. J. "The Use of Settlements in Public Antitrust Enforcement: Objectives and Principles." World Competition 31, Issue 3 (September 1, 2008): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2008029.
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This article discusses two general questions concerning the use of settlements in public antitrust enforcement,namely under which conditions the use of settlements contributes to optimal antitrust enforcement, and under which conditions self–incrimination and waivers of procedural rights by settlement candidates are compatible with fundamental rights of defence. The discussion of these general questions will be illustrated with the specific example of the two settlement procedures for the enforcement by the European Commission of the antitrust prohibitions contained in Articles 81 and 82 EC, namely the commitment procedure under Article 9 of Regulation 1/2003, and the new settlement procedure in cartel cases. This online article has updated information in the printed version.
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Scholtus, Lizzie, and Johannes Müller. "European settlement demography." Documenta Praehistorica 50 (December 28, 2023): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.50.22.
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In this paper we compare multiple types of domestic settlements from different chronological periods in prehistoric continental Europe to inform occupancy patterns and demographic trends. We focus in particular on the evidence of a boom and bust pattern that appears to be constant across all the sites studied. We find evidence of a growth plateau after 200 to 300 years of existence. But because the number of sites used is small, due to the quality restrictions of the data, the results still need to be confirmed by further investigations.
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Berkemer, Sarah J., and Peter F. Stadler. "Street Name Data as a Reflection of Migration and Settlement History." Urban Science 4, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4040074.
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Street names (odonyms) play an important role not only as descriptors of geographic locations but also due to their sociological and political connotations and commemorative character. Here we analyse street names in Europe and North America extracted from OpenStreetMap, asking in particular to what extent odonyms reflect early European settlements in the New World, i.e., the immigration of German, Austrian and Scandinavian minorities. We observe that old street names of European origin can predominantly be found in rural areas. North American street names indeed recapitulate local and regional settlement histories. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that easily accessible data sets from freely available map data such as street names convey usable information concerning migration patterns and the history of settlements in the case of European immigrants in North America as well as colonial history. We provide a freely available pipeline to analyse this kind of data.
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Wierzbicka, Anna Maria, Paweł Trębacz, Renata Jóźwik, and Magdalena Duda. "The Conceptualization of a Modular Residential Settlement Project Emerging in a Displacement Situation due to War in the Context of Sustainable Development Requirements." Sustainability 16, no. 14 (July 12, 2024): 5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16145971.
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Modular housing represents an opportunity for the mass provision of housing of an appropriate standard, implemented sustainably. We analyzed the theoretical basis of this type of housing for refugee populations. We identified several generations of housing provision, from tented camps to container settlements, and ultimately to units resembling traditional housing estates. The latter is feasible due to technological advancements. Our research contributes to the implementation of the principles of the New European Bauhaus initiative, which underpins the European Green Deal policy on space design. Using the Research through Design (RtD) method within the framework of a settlement project for the Ukrainian population migrating from war zones (Modular Refugees Settlement Project “ProModSe”), we tested the suitability of these principles in extreme and critical war-related situations. The most important criteria were speed of implementation, the prospect of long-term residence, and ensuring safety. We analyzed the social, environmental, and aesthetic–functional aspects, comparing them with existing practices in the design of settlements for displaced persons, modular settlements, and quality standards in residential environments. The results demonstrate, at multiple scales, the critical interdependence of sustainable development, aesthetics and functionality, and community creation. We emphasize the need to include security as an essential fourth axis within the New European Bauhaus concept. This study contributes to addressing the complex housing problem for refugee populations. The generalizations formulated based on empirical research complement the knowledge of housing and the functioning of the sociotechnological system.
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Verevkina, E. D., and E. V. Sitnikova. "Administrative organization of villages of Spassky rural settlement in the late 19th and early 29th centuries." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-1-9-18.
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The article discusses the formation of Siberian settlements on the example of villages of the Spassky rural settlement (the Tomsk region, Russia). The influence of the MoskovskoSibirskii Tract on the development of villages is determined by the number of houses and residents. The analysis of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement includes the history of the formation of settlements; territorial management units; volost management; volost assignment to settlements after 1861, and changes in the volost boundaries based on lists of settlements in Tomsk Gubernia at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the study is determined by little information on the historical and cultural heritage of Tomsk villages and the problems of preserving historical rural settlements in Russia.Purpose: A study the history and development of villages in the Spassky rural settlement. Practical implications: the results obtained can be used in the implementation of design work on the prospective development of old Siberian villages. Scientific novelty: Historical study of the formation and development of settlements in the Spasskoye rural settlement, which has not been studied previously. Methodology/Approach: The critical analysis of the literature, system and structural analysis of information and creative synthesis of conclusions were used in this work. Theoretical works of historians and architects listed in the bibliographic list of this article. Research findings: The formation of villages in Siberia occurred, to a large extent, owing to immigrants from the European part of Russia, who brought their own traditions of housekeeping. The analysis of the volost distribution of the villages of the Spassky rural settlement shows that the territories inhabited by certain nationalities transformed to separate volosts and were called foreign. The growth in the number of courtyards and residents of settlements in the adjacent villages of the Tomsk Province confirmed the more intensive development of the adjacent villages.
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Parcu, Pier Luigi, and Maria Alessandra Rossi. "Reverse Payment Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Sector: A European Perspective." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 260–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001227.
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On 17 January 2011, the European Commission launched , a monitoring exercise of patent settlements in the pharmaceutical sector for the second time after the Pharmaceutical sector inquiry of 2009. As was the case for the first monitoring exercise launched in January 2010, a number of pharmaceutical companies were asked to submit copies of their patent settlement agreements concluded in the European Economic Area (EEA), together with any relevant annex, amendment or related agreement.The rationale for the monitoring exercise derives from some of the findings of the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, which had highlighted the possibility that some of the agreements reached by originators and generics to settle IP-related disputes (generally believed to be efficiency-enhancing tools to save money on litigation costs), may in fact turn out to have anticompetitive effects on the market. This is particularly the case for so-called “reverse payment agreements”. These are settlements that involve a payment (in direct or indirect form) flowing in a direction that intuitively appears “reverse”, as money is paid by the patent holder (the originator) to the alleged infringer – a generic firm.
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Gorbenkova, Elena, and Elena Shcherbina. "Historical-Genetic Features in Rural Settlement System: A Case Study from Mogilev District (Mogilev Oblast, Belarus)." Land 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050165.
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Settlement system development is currently one of the basic objectives in land use planning, which is significant for Belarus, as it is the most urbanized country in the European region. Historical-genetic analysis is the most effective approach for studying the transformational changes in settlement systems. The research was aimed at analyzing the transformation peculiarities in the rural settlement system of Belarus. The core of the methodological basis lies in general scientific methods (systematic approach, historicism approach, historical-genetic method) and special interdisciplinary methods (cartographic analysis using GIS software). Historical-genetic analysis made it possible to identify the most significant historical periods in the formation of the rural settlement system in Belarus: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and recent. For each period, the pattern and spatial configuration of the rural settlement system were analyzed. Spatial changes in settlement pattern were highlighted: polarization, increasing the share and the population number of the “largest” settlements, the decreasing of “large” and “medium-sized” settlements and the degradation of “small” settlements. As a result, two types of rural settlement transformation were identified: “development” and “degradation”. Three ways of spatial configuration of the rural settlement system were identified: “relocation to city”, “relocation to the center of the settlement system” and “relocation to settlement”. Directions for future research are linked with conceptualizing the model of the spatial–territorial organizing of the rural settlement system.
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El Kallab, Tania, and Cristina Terra. "French Colonial Trade Patterns and European Settlements." Comparative Economic Studies 60, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 291–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41294-017-0040-6.
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Buckland, P. C., T. Amorosi, L. K. Barlow, A. J. Dugmore, P. A. Mayewski, T. H. McGovern, A. E. J. Ogilvie, J. P. Sadler, and P. Skidmore. "Bioarchaeological and climatological evidence for the fate of Norse farmers in medieval Greenland." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082910.
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Greenland, far north land of the Atlantic, has often been beyond the limit of European farming settlement. One of its Norse settlements, colonized just before AD 1000, is — astonishingly — not even at the southern tip, but a way up the west coast, the ‘Western Settlement’. Environmental studies show why its occupation came to an end within five centuries, leaving Greenland once more a place of Arctic-adapted hunters.
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Djukicin-Vuckovic, Smiljana, Jelena Milankovic-Jovanov, Ljubica Ivanovic-Bibic, Jasmina Djordjevic, Tijana Djordjevic, and Igor Stamenkovic. "Changes in the hierarchy of settlements and attitude of the local population: Evidence from a developing region." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 70, no. 3 (2020): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2003227d.
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In post-socialist European countries, smaller cities were most vulnerable to economic restructuring during the transition years, as a result of which they suffered political and economic changes. These changes significantly influenced the hierarchy of these settlements in the settlement system. The phenomenon of urban hierarchy and changes in the hierarchy of settlements are rare research topics in Serbia. In this research, Kolubara District (in Western Serbia) is used as a case study because it has a good traffic position, as well as good potential for industrial development, but despite this, its inhabitants migrate to larger cities. This paper tests Schmook?s method for the centrality of settlements. A survey was used to examine the attitude of the local population in regard to the centrality and hierarchy of settlements. A closed type questionnaire was used. The results show that the local population has a positive attitude toward the functional development of the cities in the Kolubara District.
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Bérczi, Szabolcs, Zita Szabó, and Ágnes Sallay. "Strategic Directions: Evaluation of Village Development Strategies in the Case of Applicants for the Hungarian Village Renewal Award." Land 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2022): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050681.
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Village roles have changed significantly in Central Europe over the last century and a half. In our article, we mainly deal with the conditions in Hungary. Based on the relevant literature, we follow the changing role, problems and presence of Hungarian villages. Our research focuses on evaluating village development strategies; thus, an essential part of the article is the presentation of the European and Hungarian village renewal movement, as the 50 settlements examined are also part of the settlements launched at the Hungarian Village Renewal Award competition. In this research, the 50 settlements were divided into three groups according to their role in the settlement network. The settlement group analysed their development priorities by summarizing the Hungarian Village Renewal Award applications. As a result, it was found that the development directions of the villages belonging to the individual settlement groups can be well separated from each other. The choice of the settlement development strategy is greatly influenced by the distance from the central settlements and the settlement network situation. We compared our results with the analysis of the strategies of some foreign villages (located in the former socialist bloc) and then examined the Hungarian village surveys of the last century and a half, focusing on land use changes and their role in development. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that the importance of land use in the life of villages in the initial period decreased spectacularly over time and was replaced by employment and the role of the settlement network. The main result of our research is that we have proven that the strategic priorities of village development can be grouped based on the position of the villages in the settlement network, and the priorities are mainly determined by the size of the central settlement and the distance from it.
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Kamyshanov, Фю Ью. "Evaluation of Archaeological Sources for the Study of the Spatial Organization of the Rural Territory of Bosporus in the VI–III Centuries BC." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 4/2 (December 30, 2023): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2023-4-249-261.
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The article deals with the history of the study of settlements of the VI–III centuries B.C. in the rural territory of the European Bosporus: the chora of the Bosporan polis around the “agrarian towns” and in the remote “royal” lands. The main attention is paid to the large-scale archaeological surveys of the 1950s – 2010s, which can give a generalized idea of the localization and chronology of rural settlements on a large territory. Most of the studies discussed in this article are micro-regional in nature: each of them covered only a small part of Eastern Crimea and followed its own methodology of studying monuments. The given review of archaeological works makes it possible to conclude that by now the overwhelming majority of rural settlements of the European Bosporus, which existed in the VI–III centuries B.C., have been identified. But these monuments have been studied unevenly, often lacking data on their exact localization, size and more detailed and narrow dating. The territories adjacent to Theodosia and Nymphaeum, as well as the Crimean Azov region, are the most fully and evenly studied, which opens prospects for the study of rural settlement systems in these areas. However, other areas of Eastern Crimea require additional fieldwork.
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Burkette, Gary D., Michael P. Riordan, and Diane A. Riordan. "BRANCH ACCOUNTING: EVIDENCE FROM THE ACCOUNTING RECORDS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MORAVIANS." Accounting Historians Journal 18, no. 1 (June 1, 1991): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.18.1.21.
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Europeans transported continental accounting practices during the period of worldwide colonization. This paper describes the transportation of branch accounting by members of the Moravian Church. Physical records maintained in the Archives for the Southern Province of the Moravian Church at Salem, North Carolina, and for the Northern Province at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, contain a complex, two-tiered system of branch accounting for the enterprises within the settlements and the settlements within the worldwide Church. This paper traces recorded activity for 1775 from an enterprise to its diacony (business organization of a church) and from the diacony to the European Church headquarters. Reporting practices in both North American diaconies reflect a similar practice of branch accounting, each culminating in formal financial statements to the European “home office” of the Moravian Church.
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Waller, Joseph N. "Late Woodland Settlement and Subsistence in Southern New England Revisited: The Evidence from Coastal Rhode Island." North American Archaeologist 21, no. 2 (April 2000): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dgvh-cxyy-k3yf-rwjk.
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Archaeological investigations at Woodland sites in the Narragansett Bay drainage have aided in a refinement of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence models. Popular theory holds that intensive maize horticulture and the formation of tribal villages occurred relatively late in the prehistoric period or possibly were the result of European Contact. Archaeological investigations in coastal sections of Rhode Island indicate that village settlements and likely intensive maize horticulture were elements of Late Woodland settlement and subsistence behavior in and around Narragansett Bay and not Contact period phenomena.
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Ulchitckii, Oleg Aleksandrovich. "Bolshekaraganskaya Valley – a Proto-Indo-European boundary of ancient civilization." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.2.30112.
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The object of this research is the territory of formation of fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in Southern Ural – Bolshekaraganskaya Valley and adjacent territory within the Chelyabinsk Region. The subject of this research is the territorial-geographic complexes and historical-theoretical approaches towards studying the fortified settlements of ancient Ural in dynamics of their development. The author explores such aspects of the topic, as the formation of the center and core of resettlement of the Bronze Age in the basin of Bolshaya Karaganka River, which joins Ural River in southern part of Chelyabinsk Region, the territory also known as Arkaimskaya Valley. Special attention is given to localization and layer-wise fixation of the fortified settlements, as well as typology of their morphogenesis. Research methodology is built on the theory of historical-architectural comparativism and comparative analysis of patterns of the fortified settlements in their layer wise fixation. The main conclusion is defined by the most comprehensive review of the typology of fortified settlements of South Ural of the Bronze Age. The analysis of planning analogues determined the typological and morphological similarity of the objects, succession of construction traditions in territories with the advanced urban development systems of Middle Asia. The results of analysis provided certain clarifications in determining the unique morphology of the plans of fortified settlements related to multi-functionality of the objects, virtually first known in history at the moment of research, living and industrial fortified structures with the dominant metallurgical function. The research results allow suggesting the origin of Sintashtinsko-Petrovsky city-forming fortification system in compliance with the ancient architectural and urban traditions in Middle Asia at the early development stages of Indo-European states.
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Saliari, Konstantina, and Peter Trebsche. "Cattle Make the Difference: Variations and Developments of Animal Husbandry in the Central European La Tène Culture." Animals 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111847.
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The first part of our research focuses on the analysis of animal remains (>6000 identified specimens, NISP) from the Middle La Tène central settlement Haselbach in Lower Austria, one of the largest investigated archaeozoological assemblages of present-day Austria. Based on the age and sex profiles, the faunal assemblage from Haselbach shows characteristics of urbanization and centralization and bears striking similarities to the archaeozoological material of the central settlement of Roseldorf (Lower Austria), some 35 km northwest of Haselbach. The second part of our research discusses the historical and regional context of the archaeozoological results from Haselbach and compares them with other sites, based on a detailed review of published archaeozoological data from the La Tène period (c. 450 BC to the end of the first century BC). In total, 55 faunal assemblages from 46 sites in nine countries in Central Europe, representing different types of sites (lowland settlements, hilltop settlements, central settlements, oppida, assemblages of ritual activity, and mining sites) were examined. The synthesis of the archaeozoological data exhibits different husbandry strategies and suggests major changes, especially during the Middle La Tène period indicating agricultural intensification. The differences in the biological profiles of the major domesticated species are of crucial importance to better understand aspects of socio-economic organization; especially in the case of cattle, age and sex profiles are used to distinguish different patterns of cattle husbandry. Finally, morphometric and recent genetic analyses on cattle bones and teeth from La Tène sites in Central Europe provide new insights into the complex socio-economic behavior as well as long-distance networks, involving animal supply and mobility in an exciting period of change involving centralization and increasing influence from the South during the pre-Roman late Iron Age.
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Fomenko, V. A., and A. T. Dzhumagulova. "History of Karras Colony and Nearby Settlements of Europeans in 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries at Present Stage of Study." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 496–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-496-512.
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The issues of the current stage of studying the history of the Karras colony and nearby European settlements in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries are considered. A review and analysis of new sources and historiography from 2000 to 2020 has been carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the poorly studied and fragmentary coverage of the history of European settlements in the central part of the North Caucasus in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries in Russian historiography. The authors dwell on terminology issues. It is emphasized that the terms-cliches ‘mountaineers’ and ‘Tatars’ are characteristic of the historical literature of the 19th century and are inaccurately used by some authors today. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in this work the history of the Karras colony and neighboring settlements of Europeans in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries is considered based on publications of 2000—2020. It is concluded that there is a possibility and a need for an independent review of the history of the Scottish mission, the center of which was originally located in Karras. The authors proceed from the fact that the history of the settlements of the colonists has a broader chronological framework and the main task of the colonists was not always missionary activity.
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Sekushina, Irina A. "Practical application of methodological recommendations for identifying key settlements: A case study of the European North of Russia." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 26, no. 2/2023 (June 30, 2023): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2023.80.011.
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This article addresses the challenges associated with establishing a system of key settlements as one of the tools to ensure balanced spatial development of the country. In 2022, the Government of the Russian Federation approved methodological recommendations for classifying settlements as key ones, and corresponding lists were compiled in each region. The purpose of this article is to assess the practical applicability of these methodological recommendations as a mechanism for managing spatial development, using the regions of the European North of Russia as a case study. The study employs research methods such as synthesis, generalization, statistical analysis, spatial analysis, and content analysis. The study is based on works by Russian and international authors on spatial and regional economics, statistical data, and regulatory documents issued by public authorities. The research examines the role of key settlements in the socio-economic development of regions and tests the officially approved methodological recommendations in the European North of Russia. A list of small towns, semi-urban settlements, and villages that meet the specified criteria has been compiled. Based on a content analysis of the regulatory documents regarding the regions of European North of Russia, the towns and settlements were identified that had been classified as key ones. It is observed that authorities often do not fully adhere to the official requirements outlined in the methodological recommendations, mainly due to their general nature and the lack of consideration for regional features. Another issue lies in the absence of a hierarchy of key settlements. The novelty of this research is associated with providing an assessment of the practical applicability of the approved methodological recommendations for selecting key settlements. The results of the study have scientific value and practical applicability within relevant fields of study and can also be used by federal authorities and local governments when developing measures for the formation and development of a network of key settlements on the territory of the European North of Russia.
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Dahrendorf, Marianna, and Ilya Kolesnikov. "From the history of the settlements of European colonists in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX — early XX centuries)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi18.
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The article is devoted to the topical problem of the history of settlements (colonies) of Europeans (Scots, Germans, Italians) in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX century - early XX century). The development of the system of colonies of Scots, Germans and Italians in the Kavminvod region is considered. Some socio -economic and cultural -ethnic processes of interaction and mutual influence of Scottish, German and Italian colonists are analyzed. The article emphasizes, in general, the positive (economic and cultural) significance of the existence of European settlements in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
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Bakšys, Donatas, and Leonidas Sakalauskas. "SIMULATION OF AUTOMATED REAL‐TIME GROSS INTERBANK SETTLEMENT." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.123-135.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze algorithms for the automated real‐time gross inter‐bank settlement (RTGS). One can change the efficiency of settlement systems by perfecting the processing of settlements and/or implementing rules for solving the gridlocks, or by applying the tools of refinancing and reservation. We focus on the settlement simulation of the Trans‐European Automated Real‐time Gross Settlement Express Transfer system (TARGET2). The system of modelling, simulation, and optimization of settlements (Bakšys and Sakalauskas 2007b) is applied in the simulation of TARGET2, estimating the parameters of simulation according to the real data. Santrauka Tarpbankinių mokėjimų apimties didėjimas, augantis poreikis atlikti mokėjimus realaus laiko režimu kelia papildomų reikalavimų tarpbankinių atsiskaitymų sistemų technologijoms. Aktyvus elektroninių informacijos perdavimo priemonių diegimas į bankininkystę ir dideles atsiskaitymų dalies sutelkimas tam tikruose bankų sistemos centruose leido sukurti automatizuotus atsiskaitymo centrus ‐ tarpbankinių lėšų pervedimo ir priešpriešinių mokėjimų padengimo sistemos. Straipsnio tyrimo objektas ‐ transnacionalinių automatizuotų tarpbankinių atsiskaitymų algoritmų analizė imituojant atsiskaitymų procesą. Tyrimų metu buvo nagrinėjami transeuropinės automatizuotos realaus laiko atskirųjų atsiskaitymų skubių pervedimu sistemos (TARGET2) atsiskaitymų algoritmai. Atsiskaitymų procesui imituoti buvo naudojama atsiskaitymų modeliavimo, imitavimo ir optimizavimo sistema. Algoritmu tyrimo rezultatai gauti remiantis realiais mokėjimų ir atsiskaitymo sistemos duomenimis.
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Zhukov, Dmitry Sergeevich, Valery Vladimirovich Kanishchev, and Sergey Konstantinovich Lyamin. "Modeling of demographic processes in the Tambov and Tver regions (1989 – 2020)." Историческая информатика, no. 1 (January 2023): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2023.1.40097.
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The aim of the study is to reconstruct the demographic strategies of rural societies. The object of the study is individual settlements and village councils (groups of settlements) of the Tambov and Tver regions (a total of 2861 settlements and 371 village councils). The presented work is undertaken within the framework of a large project on fractal modeling of demographic strategies of the agrarian population of European Russia in a long historical retrospective – since the middle of the XIX century. The chronological framework of the article covers not only the agricultural crisis of the 1990s, but also a certain recovery of some rural settlements in the 2000s - 2010s. To conduct experiments with the proposed computer model, a database was created in which the main parameters of the studied settlements and village councils are presented in a formalized form. The authors conclude that, despite all the differences, the demographic strategies of Tver and Tambov settlements evolve within the same pattern: Tver and Tambov regions are simply in slightly different phases of the same process. Peasant society in the Tver region has less potential as a migration donor and a base for natural growth. The older and northern Tver Region has been following the path of de-settlement and urbanization for a longer time. Tambov peasant society is somewhat less depleted and, therefore, could demonstrate great demographic success in the case of a successful demographic policy.
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Chakraborty, Titas. "The Household Workers of the East India Company Ports of Pre-Colonial Bengal." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (April 2019): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000038.
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AbstractThis article examines the various experiences of slavery and freedom of female household workers in the Dutch and English East India Company (VOC and EIC, respectively) ports in Bengal in the early eighteenth century. Enslaved household workers in Bengal came from various Asian societies dotting the Indian Ocean littoral. Once manumitted, they entered the fold of the free Christian or Portuguese communities of the settlements. The most common, if not the only, occupation of the women of these communities was household or caregiving labour. The patriarchy of the settlements was defined by the labour and subjection of these women. Yet, domestic service to VOC/EIC officials only partially explains their subjectivity. This article identifies the agency of enslaved and women of free Christian or Portuguese communities in their efforts to resist or bypass the institution of the European household in the settlements. These efforts ranged from murdering their slave masters to creating independent businesses to the formation of sexual liaisons and parental/fraternal/sororal relationships disregarding the approval or needs of their settlement masters.
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Udolph, Jürgen. "Home and Spread of Indo-European Tribes in the Light of Name Research." International Journal of Language and Linguistics 12, no. 3 (May 30, 2024): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20241203.13.
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Today, large parts of Europe are populated by speakers of Indo-European languages. People have long wondered where they came from, where their original home was. Archeology has long been trusted to provide a solution to the problem. This has now been abandoned. Today there is a great deal of trust in the results of genetic research, which can certainly contribute to important findings. However, one should not forget an important aspect: when one looks for the speakers of Indo-European languages, one is not looking for specific material finds (devices, weapons, etc.) or for the carriers of certain genetic peculiarities, but for the speakers of languages. Their homeland and distribution can only be determined using linguistic methods. The languages alone are crucial. And at this point a scientific discipline that is based on languages comes into view: it is place name research. Place and river names are firmly anchored in the original region. They often pass on their names to changing populations and are therefore undoubtedly the most important witnesses to the history of peoples and languages. And another scientific discipline must be included: agricultural science, because early settlements were based on good and productive soils that enabled continuous settlement. With the help of geographical names and the distribution of Europe's good soils, the study determines the original settlements of the Slavs on the northern slope of the Carpathians, the Germanic tribes north of the Harz and those of the Celts on the western edge of the Carpathians. River names that can be assigned to Old European, i.e. Indo-European, hydronymy also show that old ones come from almost all settlement areas. There is evidence of connections to the Baltics and the Baltic languages. The Baltics are therefore the center of Indo-European names and there is no reason not to consider them as the starting area and home of Indo-European expansions. A homeland outside of Old European hydronymy, be it in southern Russia or in Asia Minor or in the Caucasus, as is often assumed today, especially on the basis of genetic studies, is excluded.
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Nicolau, Rita, and Cristina Cavaco. "Automated delimitation of urban areas comprising small-sized towns – Comparison of two methodologies applied to mainland Portugal." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516668856.
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At European level, the different methodologies used for the classification of urban areas rely on the spatial allocation of population to 1 km2 grid cells, failing therefore to identify small-sized settlements that play an important role in urban systems mostly composed by small towns, such as the Portuguese. This paper reports the development of alternative methodologies which overcome the problem stated, successfully enabling the automated recognition and delimitation of small-sized urban settlements – the prime goal of this work. Two alternative methodologies (A and B) were developed and later compared. The settlements identified by A are clusters of census tracts, previously classified using an urban–rural typology proposed by the authors. In B an adaptation of the Urban Morphological Zones methodology published by the European Environment Agency was used, whereby settlements are clusters of specific Land Use/Land Cover classes combined with the urbanised areas defined by Municipal Master Plans.
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Okuniewska-Nowaczyk, Iwona, and Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka. "Palynology and Archaeology of Late Vistulian and Early Holocene Sites in Lubuskie Lake District, Western Poland." Studia Quaternaria 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/squa-2014-0004.
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Abstract The Lubuskie Lake District played an important part in recolonisation of the Polish Plain due to its location and the character of the terrain. Despite that, it is and especially its northern part, poorly explored regarding both history of Late Glacial and early Holocene settlements, and the natural environment. The paper presents results of multidisciplinary research in this area. The most spectacular discoveries were connected with remains of settlements of the Hamburgian culture societies at Myszęcin - currently the richest site of this culture over the entire North European Plain. In the vicinity of this site several Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic settlements of varied functions were recorded. First palynological records came from the Younger Dryas sediments in this area. In a log with a palynological spectrum comprising Younger Dryas and the beginning of the Holocene, a charcoal dust was found and it could indicate human activity as humans lived at a lake shore. An important complement to the image of the Late Glacial settlement at the Lubuskie Lake District was provided by the research near Lubrza that resulted in data regarding settlements of the Federmesser and Świderian culture societies. This region was not typical in a palynological spectrum of deposits during Allerød but also indicated highly diversified thickness of basal peat in a small area.
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Yuan, Xiaotian, Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, Jie Zhou, and Qiting Chen. "Filtering the NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data for Improved Detection of Settlements in Africa." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11243002.
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Observing and understanding changes in Africa is a hotspot in global ecological environmental research since the early 1970s. As possible causes of environmental degradation, frequent droughts and human activities attracted wide attention. Remote sensing of nighttime light provides an effective way to map human activities and assess their intensity. To identify settlements more effectively, this study focused on nighttime light in the northern Equatorial Africa and Sahel settlements to propose a new method, namely, the patches filtering method (PFM) to identify nighttime lights related to settlements from the National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) monthly nighttime light data by separating signal components induced by biomass burning, thereby generating a new annual image in 2016. The results show that PFM is useful for improving the quality of NPP-VIIRS monthly nighttime light data. Settlement lights were effectively separated from biomass burning lights, in addition to capturing the seasonality of biomass burning. We show that the new 2016 nighttime light image can very effectively identify even small settlements, notwithstanding their fragmentation and unstable power supply. We compared the image with earlier NPP-VIIRS annual nighttime light data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI) for 2016 and the Sentinel-2 prototype Land Cover 20 m 2016 map of Africa released by the European Space Agency (ESA-S2-AFRICA-LC20). We found that the new annual nighttime light data performed best among the three datasets in capturing settlements, with a high recognition rate of 61.8%, and absolute superiority for settlements of 2.5 square kilometers or less. This shows that the method separates biomass burning signals very effectively, while retaining the relatively stable, although dim, lights of small settlements. The new 2016 annual image demonstrates good performance in identifying human settlements in sparsely populated areas toward a better understanding of human activities.
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Savchuk, Ivan G., and Sergii P. Zapototskyi. "Cottage settlements in capital region of Ukraine." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112037.
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In this paper, the phenomenon of suburbanization in Ukraine is considered for the first time on the example of cottage settlements of the capital region. The issue of cottage settlements has not been studied specifically in Ukrainian human geography. A review of the achievements of foreign colleagues has revealed that they are mainly being studied as a new stage in the development of former summer cooperatives (dacha). In our opinion, it is rather one of the forms of pseudourbanization and imitation of Western European standards and forms of life. The cottage settlements have a higher quality of life than the surrounding villages and this causes social polarization within the urban agglomeration of the Ukrainian capital. It was revealed that the transport accessibility to Kyiv, the capital of the country, as well as the presence of natural attractors – the river, pond or forest plays an important role in their location. Conflicts have arisen over access to former public beaches and recreation areas. Currently, only residents of the respective cottage settlements have access to them, which causes social conflict with the local rural population. With the exception of four villages within the administrative boundaries of the capital, the rest are 10 to 30 kilometers away from the main motorways. The social stratification of cottage settlements has great importance. The most prestigious of them arose on the south direction 10 km from Kyiv. They are located in Koncha-Zaspa along the Dnieper river. Here their greatest concentration is revealed. Cottage settlements in the Koncha Zaspa area have become the main residence of the richest citizens of Ukraine. This led to the complete transformation of this settlement into a network of gated communities. Thus, a new structure of population distribution in the city agglomeration is gradually forming. It is presented on the map of accommodation of cottage settlements among traditional urban and rural settlements.
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Slingenberg, Lieneke, and Louise Bonneau. "(In)formal Migrant Settlements and Right to Respect for a Home." European Journal of Migration and Law 19, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 335–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340013.
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Abstract Across European cities, migrants without access to state facilities, resort to living in ‘makeshift camps’ or squats. These settlements are usually evacuated and demolished by state authorities. Instead of discussing the state’s positive obligation to provide decent housing, this article focusses solely on the state’s negative obligations under the right to respect for a home as laid down in Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (echr). Drawing upon the cases of Calais and Amsterdam, this article scrutinizes domestic case law about evictions from (in)formal migrant settlements and compares that to case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). We argue that the ECtHR case law provides a relevant framework that should be used to evaluate the legitimacy of evictions and destructions of (in)formal migrants’ settlements. Despite the fact that applying this framework would not entail a complete ban on evictions, it would provide some welcome (procedural and substantive) protection for migrants.
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Sawczuk, Piotr. "Exemption from VAT for Training, Advisory and Related Services Provided by Subcontractors of Beneficiaries Implementing Projects Financed from the European Social Fund." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.464.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze regulations concerning exemption of training, advisory and related services from Value Added Tax to the extent that these services are implemented by subcontractors of beneficiaries of funds from the European Social Fund. The “Rapid Response Instrument” project, financed from the European Social Fund, was implemented in the financial perspective of 2007–2013 under the Human Capital Operational Programme. However, the tax issues related to its implementation remain relevant. Firstly, because the period in which its implementing entities can be covered by tax inspections with regard to compliance of the conducted settlements with the valid regulations has not elapsed yet. Secondly, the mechanism of settlement of similar projects may be used in the new financial perspective for the period of 2014–2020. Therefore, the stance with regard to tax consequences of the settlement mechanism used between entities carrying out trainings funded from the European Social Fund, worked out so far by the tax authorities and administrative court, may apply accordingly also to those projects.
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May, Daniel E. "The Risk of Losing Deserted Medieval Rural Settlements: Opportunities for Agroturism and Rural Development." European Countryside 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 636–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0033.
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Abstract A significant number of deserted medieval rural settlements have been identified in Europe. These sites are at risk of disappearance as a consequence of current urban development and cropping intensification implying that relevant features of the cultural landscape informing about past rural traditions in the European countryside may be lost. The objective of this article is to illustrate this fact by means of a case study consisting of a deserted medieval rural upland settlement in Wales. A field walk carried out in this site revealed that old rural traditions and past ways of living can be identified from its own bodily engagement with the surrounding landscape. This evidence is used to argue that strategies that involve personal experience of deserted medieval rural settlements such as agroturism may be implemented to protect these sites and the cultural information contained in them.
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Pantić, Marijana. "Considerations regarding a new settlement typology in Serbia." Arhitektura i urbanizam, no. 53 (2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/a-u0-31678.
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A division between urban and rural settlements/areas has been traditionally applied in statistical reporting worldwide. The reports applying these terms have been used to create and implement development policies and measures. However, international policies such as those featured by the European Union (EU), as well as national policies, also recognize, define and render transitional types of settlements. The Program of Implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia (2010) called for a new definition of the term "settlement" determined by new criteria for a settlement typology by the end of 2015. Except for theoretical contributions, this task has not been completed yet. At the same time, a trichotomous settlement typology has been recommended to Serbia by the EU as a result of the accession process. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze and discuss a new settlement categorization, taking into account considerations on the number of categories, number of variables, choice of variables and territorial level for data collection. These aspects are empirically tested on a data set collected through the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) in Serbia. The data are analyzed using two approaches: descriptive and cluster analysis. A parallel with other countries and theoretical recommendations is drawn in the discussion, based on which some recommendations are presented.
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Kalafatić, Hrvoje, Rajna Šošić Klindžić, and Bartul Šiljeg. "Being Enclosed as a Lifestyle: Complex Neolithic Settlements of Eastern Croatia Re-Evaluated through Aerial and Magnetic Survey." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100384.
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Archeological excavations and field survey of Neolithic sites during the last 100 years have formed a certain framework within which we developed an interpretation of Neolithic life in this area. Even though researchers have stressed the importance of sites, region, or period in their publications, most of the results revealed very modest remains of Neolithic settlements, too small or too scarce to provide insight in settlement size, organization, and other aspects of life. A combination of non-destructive methods of research is proving to be a more effective means of Neolithic site detection and interpretation. Here, we present the sites Gorjani-Kremenjača, Koritna-Pašnik, Gat-Svetošnice, Ivanovac-Korođvar, Klisa-Groblje, and Brdo, whose size and shape were defined through a combination of the analysis of aerial and satellite imagery and geomagnetic survey. Experience in combined research strategies will help us in our efforts to define parameters in recognizing regularities in the remains of settlement organization visible only from the air. Our results showed a complex network of densely populated settlements with elaborate internal organization and infrastructure varying in size from 10 to 50 ha. All settlements were surrounded by at least one set of ditches. Their internal organization was complex and suggests dense habitation. Many sites have several ditched spaces organized in complex systems. Obtained data and results provide a comprehensive review in a wider European context.
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Pomberger, Beate Maria, Nadiia Kotova, and Peter Stadler. "New Hypothesized Musical Instruments of the European Neolithic." Archaeology, no. 3 (September 22, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.03.028.
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New finds from the Early Neolithic settlements in Austria and Hungary reconstructed as the first ceramic bells are published in the article. Modern copies of such bells were made and their sound was recorded.
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Bujdosó, Zoltán, Lóránt Dávid, and Gulmira Uakhitova. "The effect of county border on the catchment area of towns on the example of Hajdú-Bihar County – methodology and practice." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 22, no. 22 (December 1, 2013): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0028.
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AbstractTowns constitute 9% of the settlements of Hungary and represent 68% of the population. This value roughly corresponds to the European Union average. Their number, however, considerably grew in the past decade. While in 1980 there were 96 settlements with town status in 1990 there were already 177 and at present there are 324, which is more over three times more than in 1980. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in their size and scope of activities. Several researches have been conducted concerning the urban fields of many settlements and larger territorial units in Hungary but there no comprehensive map of the urban fields has been prepared yet. Inter-settlement relations started to play a more and more important role in the economic life of the country. The paper focuses on the study of the urban fields of the towns situated along the borders of Hajdú- Bihar county pointing out those functions whose attractions remain within the administrative border and those which cross it. The studied area are the towns along the county border. A special methodology was used which could be used for other regions and towns in other countries.
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Мазаев, Антон Григорьевич. "THE PHENOMENON OF «WEAK SURVIVAL» OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST." Академический вестник УралНИИпроект РААСН, no. 2(49) (June 30, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25628/uniip.2021.49.2.003.
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В статье рассматривается специфическая для Дальневосточного региона России проблема - полная и массовая утрата населенных пунктов, в том числе и существовавших длительное время. Показано отличие этого процесса от подобных случаев на территории Европейской России. Рассмотрена реальная историческая динамика этого процесса, приведены примеры утраты населенных пунктов, показаны несколько основных причин, по которым она происходит. Опровергается устоявшееся мнение о том, что утрата поселений характерна только для постсоветского периода. Рассмотрены типичные заблуждения относительно характера этого процесса. Указанное явление получило авторское наименование «слабая приживаемость» населенных пунктов. Введение этого термина является одним из важных для характеристики состояния системы расселения Дальнего Востока. The article examines a problem specific to the Far Eastern region of Russia - the complete and massive loss of settlements, including those that existed for a long time. The difference between this process and similar cases on the territory of European Russia is shown. The real historical dynamics of this process is considered, examples of the loss of settlements are given, several main reasons why it occurs are shown. The well-established opinion that the loss of settlements is characteristic only of the post-Soviet period is refuted. Typical misconceptions about the nature of this process are considered. This phenomenon has received the author‘s name «poor survival rate» of settlements. The introduction of this term is one of the most important for characterizing the state of the settlement system of the Far East.
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Blažo, Ondrej. "More Than a Decade of the Slovak Settlement Regime in Antitrust Matters: From European Inspirations to National Inventions." YEARBOOK OF ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY STUDIES 16, no. 27 (2023): 9–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2023.16.27.1.
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The settlement procedure in Slovakia stems from three sources of inspiration: top-to-bottom (European Union law), bottom-up (incentive of an undertaking’s lawyer) and horizontal sources (Czechia). After more than ten years of application of this feature of Slovak competition law, there are several cases which were settled. These cases show a certain variety from the point of view of the legal basis, the stage of procedure as well as the character or relevance of the case. This makes it possible to assess their features, practice, effects, and consequences of settlements from the empirical point of view. The present paper analyses the legal framework and practice from a historical point of view. It provides a qualitative overview with evaluation of the settlement procedure in the context of European law and the Slovak legal order as well as a quantitative overview based on data extracted from the decisions of the Slovak NCA (PMÚ) and court rulings. In its conclusions it brings forward fresh suggestions de lege ferenda.
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Guttuso, Laura. "From Mono to Stereo: Fine-Tuning Leniency and Settlement Policies." World Competition 38, Issue 3 (September 1, 2015): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2015032.
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The article brings out the ambivalent role played by leniency and settlement policies in today’s cartel enforcement. Both occupy a prime position in the prosecution of cartels, whilst nevertheless having the potential, if not carefully managed, to undermine deterrence. The article first discusses leniency and settlements within the context of economic theories on deterrence and optimal sanctions. The key practical challenges in the operation of leniency and settlement policies are then outlined, providing examples from recent European Commission and United Kingdom practice, as well as from experiences further afield. There is a risk that over-reliance on leniency and settlements compromises fairness, particularly in the context of the often one-dimensional manner in which these tools are deployed. In the second part, the article argues that beyond a purely economics-driven paradigm, the effective administration of leniency and settlement policies requires fairness and due process to be accommodated in equal measure. Due process within penalty-setting has multiple facets, such as respecting the principles of transparency and equality of treatment, to name but a few. The message in the final part is that competition agencies need to consider ways in which to administer remedies more effectively, addressing the goals of deterrence, restoration and behaviour control in a more coherent manner.
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Petrovič, František, and Lucia Petrikovičová. "Landscape Tranformation of Small Rural Settlements with Dispersed Type of Settlement in Slovakia." European Countryside 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0027.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper we will focus on one of the five areas of dispersed settlement in Slovakia – Novobanská štálová area and the forecast of its development on the example of selected characteristics (household income and its use, population). The analysis of historical development by using historical maps can relatively and accurately locate areas with permanently low intensity of use and areas that have fulfilled a stabilizing function in the cultural landscape throughout the observed development. At the same time, based on the analysis of the historical development of settlements, we can interpret the trend of the development of land use in the future. The originality of this type of landscape with a dispersed type of settlement also in the sense of the European Landscape Convention lies in its limited occurrence. Besides Slovakia, it occurs only in the Czechia and especially on the Czech-Slovak border. The analysis of demographic characteristics of selected municipalities also indicates qualitative and quantitative changes leading to the gradual extinction of the territory. The presented area as a part of small dispersed settlement has some unique cultural, historical and natural values, which are a reflection of human life and activities in difficult mountain conditions.
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Celka, Zbigniew, Andrzej Brzeg, and Adam Sobczyński. "Transformations of Vascular Flora of a Medieval Settlement Site: A Case Study of a Fortified Settlement in Giecz (Wielkopolska Region, Western Poland)." Diversity 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010035.
Full textAbstract:
Exceptional components of the cultural landscape of Central Europe include archaeological sites, e.g., castle ruins, prehistoric or medieval fortified settlements, other settlements and burial mounds. The plants associated with them help us explain the processes of species persistence on habitat islands as well as the process of naturalization of crop species, which escape from fields or are abandoned. This study describes the flora of a medieval fortified settlement in Giecz (Wielkopolska region, western Poland), presents plant indicators of former settlements (relics of cultivation), species of high conservation value, and transformations of the vascular flora of this settlement over a few decades. Field research was conducted in 1993–1994, 1998–1999, and 2019. At the study site, 298 species of vascular plant species were recorded, and nearly 70% of them (201 species) have persisted there over the last 20 years. The flora includes seven relics of cultivation (Artemisia absinthium, Leonurus cardiaca, Lycium barbarum, Malva alcea, Pastinaca sativa, Saponaria officinalis, and Viola odorata), 5 species threatened with extinction in Poland and/or Wielkopolska, and 53 species of least concern (LC) according to the European red list. We have attempted to explain the floristic changes. The archaeological site in Giecz is of high conservation value, very distinct from the surrounding cultural landscape because of its specific flora, and composed of species from various habitats (e.g., dry grasslands, wooded patches, meadows, aquatic and ruderal habitats), including threatened, protected, and relic species.
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de Margerie, Stanislas. "Pay-for-Delay Settlements: In Search of the Right Standard." World Competition 36, Issue 1 (March 1, 2013): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2013005.
Full textAbstract:
In its 2009 pharmaceutical sector inquiry, the European Commission observed that patent settlements involving a value transfer from the originator to the generic manufacturer (reverse payment) could fall under the prohibition of anticompetitive agreements. In 2012, it issued its first two statements of objections in reverse payment cases. In the US, where competition authorities have dealt with this issue for more than a decade, courts remain split on the applicable competition standard. Condone reverse payments as long as the settlement does not exceed the potential exclusionary scope of the patent? Or, conversely, consider them as prima facie evidence of an agreement to keep generics off the market ('pay for delay')? One reason for this indecision is that many courts are reluctant to interfere with the complex dynamics of patent settlements: while reverse payments could be indicative of anticompetitive intent, they could also be seen as a necessary mechanism to help parties reach a settlement. Blindly condemning all reverse payments thus seems excessive, but determining which payments are legitimate and which are not poses serious difficulties. In light of these difficulties, the more lenient approach to reverse payments that is currently adopted by the majority of US courts at least has the merit of pragmatism.