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Rodríguez, Morales Jorge Ernesto. "Competition Policy and State Aid under the European Union Emissions Trading System." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115611.
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The interaction between competition and environmental policy is quite complex, particularly before state aids, whose control level reflects the emerging opportunity cost between both policies. In order to illustrate the potential efficiency losses or the imbalances on level playing field of competition, this article analyzes the legal, economic and political dimensions of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) free allocation of allowances mechanism for the power generation sector.La interacción entre la política de competencia y la medio ambientales bastante compleja, especialmente en el caso de las ayudas estatales, cuyo nivel de control refleja el coste de oportunidad emergente entre ambas. Con el fin de ilustrar las potenciales pérdidas de eficiencia o los desequilibrios en la equidad de condiciones de competencia, este artículo analiza las dimensiones legal, económica y política del mecanismo de asignación gratuita de permisos de emisión del Régimen Comunitario de Comercio de Derechos de Emisión (RCCDE) de la Unión Europea para el sector de la generación eléctrica.
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Lacombe, Romain H. "Economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme : evidence from the refining sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42936.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-182).
I study the economic impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on the refining industry in Europe. I contrast previous ex-ante studies with the lessons from a series of interviews I conducted with industrials, and the public data available on the first phase of the scheme, effective from January 1st, 2005 to December 31st, 2007. I conclude that because of organizational inertia, weak incentives linked to the low emission permit price that prevailed during its second part, and important industrial and regulatory constraints, the Phase I of EU ETS has had a limited economic impact on firms. However, this first trading period was instrumental in allowing the rening sector to build the capabilities needed to respond efficiently to the carbon price signal in the long run. I argue that the internal and external constraints that this first phase revealed will shape the future outcome of the scheme. Based on evidence from the rening sector under EU ETS, I take position in the current debate over policy design to suggest ways for regulators to improve the economic impact and environmental effectiveness of carbon markets.
by Romain H. Lacombe.
S.M.
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Braun, Nathan Eric. "Accounting for permit price differentials in the European Union emissions trading system." Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/braun/BraunN1211.pdf.
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Since 2005, industrial installations regulated by the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) have been required to surrender a permit for every ton of CO₂ they emit. In addition to the standard EU ETS permit - the European Union Allowance (EUA) - installations are allowed to surrender limited numbers of offsets. Offsets currently trade at a discount relative to EUAs. While it is well known that an offset limit theoretically results in a permit price differential, the current offset limit is not binding in aggregate. This thesis reconciles this nonbinding offset limit with the EUA - offset price differential. It is shown how such a limit can cause a price differential by binding for individual installations even when it is not binding in aggregate. At the same time it is shown how, under certain circumstances, barriers to entry in the offset market result in two types of behavior: installations either use offsets up to what they believe is their cap or forego them entirely. This appears consistent with empirical EU ETS behavior. Results suggest navigating the regulatory process makes up a significant portion of these barriers to entry.
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Moore, Brendan. "The political effects of climate policy : policy feedback from the European Union Emissions Trading System." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/69974/.
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Greenhouse gas emissions trading has been widely promoted as a policy instrument that overcomes well-known political barriers to climate change mitigation. But others contend its political consequences make climate mitigation more difficult. However, few in-depth, theoretically-informed studies directly assess these claims. This thesis addresses these gaps by exploring the circumstances in which emissions trading generates policy feedback influencing subsequent political processes by reinforcing or undermining political support for the original policy. The study focuses on the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the world's largest and longest-operating trading system, combining the existing policy feedback literature with related literatures on emissions trading and EU policy making. Through document analysis and elite interviews, it examines the evolution of the ETS from 1998 to 2018, tracing its effects on actors, resources, and policy preferences over time. This analysis reveals that while EU policy makers anticipated political obstacles to adopting the ETS, they gave less consideration to post-adoption policy feedback. Indeed, the unintended feedback effects of the ETS were significant. One such selfreinforcing effect was the growth of a network of actors - such as industry associations and environmental NGOs - that became involved in subsequent policymaking processes and largely supported emissions trading. However, self-reinforcing feedback also stymied attempts to recalibrate the ETS to fit changing conditions. Other, self-undermining feedback reduced support for the status quo policy but facilitated political opportunities for policy centralization and steeper emission reductions. Self-reinforcing and self-undermining policy feedback therefore coexisted and interacted in subtle ways not fully explained in the existing literature. These findings are useful to those studying the long-term political viability of climate mitigation policy. They also contribute to the existing literature on policy feedback by analyzing a regulatory policy area in which feedback has been less explored. Finally, for EU scholars, they bring into sharper focus the endogenous influence of existing EU public policies on subsequent politics.
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Stahlavsky, Jan. "The Win-Win Promise of Carbon Trading? : Discursive Analysis of the European Union Emissions Trading System in the Czech Republic." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-146252.
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This thesis is using the idea that climate change is a product of discourses. It puts focus on the knowledge creation of particular climate change governance. This thesis aims to identify the discursive articulations of carbon trading in the Czech EU ETS. Environmental discourses, informed by M. Foucaults governmentality concept, have an impact on how climate change is rendered governable. Discourse analysis of the Czech EU ETS uses governmentality lens to detect fields of visibility, technical aspects, forms of knowledge and formations of identities of the particular environmental discourse to uncover, how the EU ETS is translated into the national level and how does it hold together.
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Sørmo, Aleksander. "The European Union Emissions Trading System : Why has it developed into an inefficient mechanism to lower greenhouse gases?" Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for historie og klassiske fag, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23460.
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Gewecke, Hanne. "It’s Complicated : A quantitative analysis explaining member state compliance with the EU’s 2020 emission target." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-338928.
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The European Union’s climate mitigation is highly dependent on member state compliance with EU climate policy. This paper therefore investigates the effect of different factors on national compliance with the EU’s emission target of a 20 percent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990. This target is further divided into additional ones, covering different sectors: a 21 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to 2005 in the sectors covered by the Emissions Trading System (ETS), and differentiated targets for each member state under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) during the same period. Common operationalizations of compliance in quantitative research are associated with problems since the available data mostly concern policy output. This paper measures compliance in terms of outcome instead, by comparing the emission targets to the actual reductions made by the member states. The results indicate that compliance with the nation-specific targets in the ESD sector is mostly decided by how much a state is required to reduce their emissions. Regarding the ETS target, compliance appears somewhat likelier in member states where a larger share of citizens are members of an environmental organization, and a little more unlikely in states where the industry contributes economically with a larger share of GDP.
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Grosjean, Godefroy [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer, Frank [Gutachter] Jotzo, and Jan [Gutachter] Minx. "Reforming the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) : an institutional perspective / Godefroy Grosjean ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Frank Jotzo, Jan Minx ; Betreuer: Ottmar Edenhofer." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/115627026X/34.
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Arnqvist, Angelica. "The Compatibility of EU State Aid for Environmental Protection with the Polluter Pays Principle : In the Context of the EU Emissions Trading System." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-168924.
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This thesis, examines three research questions concerning the coherence between the European Union (EU) rules about State aid for environmental protection and the “polluter-pays-principle” (PPP) in the context of the free allocation practice in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The aim of the first research question is to study whether the free allocation of emission rights within the EU ETS is compatible with the EU State aid rules. The conclusion to this research question is that the free allocation practice does fulfil the criteria to constitute State aid but that the Commission has permitted derogations against this prohibition, provided certain conditions such as necessity and proportionality are fulfilled. The second research question is whether the free allocation method is compatible with the PPP. The PPP can be divided into an economic dimension and a legal dimension and it is concluded that the free allocation practice is contrary to at least the legal dimension of the PPP. According to the OECD, exceptions from the principle can be made but the EU has not established conditions for when such derogations from the PPP can be made. The third research question concerns the compatibility between the EU State aid rules and the PPP. Generally there is no disharmony between the State aid rules and the PPP, since the PPP should not be seen as a mere prohibition against aid to polluters, but can also be considered a complement to State aid rules. However in the specific case of the free allocation rules in the EU ETS, State aid measures contrary to the PPP are carried out. Since the EU has not established conditions for whether derogations from the PPP can be made, it is concluded that the free allocation practice within the EU ETS does expose a disharmony between the PPP and the State aid rules. It is suggested that the EU clarifies the conditions for permitting derogations from the PPP, in preparation for the fourth phase of the EU ETS.
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Zelená, Vladimíra. "Komparace emisního obchodovacího systému EU a programu kyselého deště v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9233.
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The thesis focuses on comparison of emission trading of the European Union (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) which trades with carbon dioxide allowances and emission trading of the United States of America (Acid Rain Program) which trade with sulphur dioxide allowances. Despite of using same mechanisms and principles, these systems brought diverse results -- mostly because of different implementation of key parameters. The thesis which concerns with both of these systems is trying to find the major reasons of unsuccessful implementation of the European Union trading and the most important reasons leading to successful performance of the U.S. program.
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Batini, Claudia. "L’Emission Trading System europeo e la sua applicazione a un’azienda del settore ceramico." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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L’elaborato esplora l'Emission Trading System (ETS) dell'Unione Europea come principale strumento contro i cambiamenti climatici. Viene analizzato il meccanismo di funzionamento e il “ciclo di conformità” del sistema, che, attraverso monitoraggio, comunicazione e verifica, ne garantisce la credibilità e l’attuazione. L'ETS è stato contestualizzato all’interno del quadro normativo europeo ed italiano, ponendo particolare attenzione alle modifiche che verranno apportate nella quarta fase di scambio, che avrà inizio nel gennaio 2021 e terminerà nel 2030.
Nell’elaborato sono stati approfonditi i processi produttivi di piastrelle in ceramica, le relative emissioni di combustione e di processo ed il meccanismo di assegnazione di quote a titolo gratuito nel settore di riferimento.
Il caso oggetto di questo studio è una grande azienda ceramica italiana, di cui sono state calcolate le emissioni di combustione e di processo relativamente all’anno 2019, redigendo il Piano di Monitoraggio e la Comunicazione delle emissioni relativamente all’anno di riferimento. È stato calcolato l’impatto economico legato all’applicazione del sistema EU ETS sull’azienda ceramica del caso studio, nel periodo 2013-2020, corrispondente alla Fase III, e nel periodo 2021-2030, corrispondente alla quarta fase del periodo di scambio del sistema. Ciò è stato possibile attraverso una analisi di sensitività, che prevede tre diversi scenari di evoluzione del prezzo della CO2 nei prossimi dieci anni.
Sono state inoltre delineate soluzioni alternative che l’impresa potrebbe adottare, svolgendo un ruolo proattivo nella riduzione delle proprie emissioni di CO2 e, conseguentemente, di costi legati all’applicazione dell’EU ETS.
Lo scopo ultimo dell’elaborato è quello di comprendere l’efficacia del sistema di scambio ETS in relazione ai suoi obiettivi e di analizzarne criticamente le conseguenze per le aziende con particolare riferimento al settore industriale oggetto di studio.
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Liu, Xin. "Emission Trading For China : the inspiration from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58643.
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How to avoid and deal with dangerous climate change, which will have catastrophic economic and social consequences, has already become the focus worldwide. From the UNFCCC to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community has been trying to find effective means to reduce GHGs. Facing both internal demand and external pressure, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China needs to make further efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. So far, emission trading, especially the EU ETS has proved to be a good system to reduce emissions with low cost. In this thesis, the valuable experience and lessons of the EU ETS and the current situation of China are reviewed. The necessity, feasibility and limitations of applying the EU ETS in China are analyzed through comparative study and SWOT – PEST analytical model. In the light of the analysis result that establishing its own emission trading scheme based on the EU ETS will be a good choice for China, several recommendations are put forward concerning both the process of the “Sino ETS” and various stakeholders.
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Bertrand, Vincent. "The european union emission trading scheme and energy markets : economic and financial analysis." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00930886.
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This thesis investigates relationships between the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and energy markets. A special focus is given to fuel switching, the main shortterm abatement measure within the EU ETS. This consists in substituting Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs) for hard-coal plants in off-peak power generation. Thereby coal plants run for shorter periods, which allows power producers to reduce their CO2 emissions. In Chapter 1, we outline different approaches explaining relationships between carbon and energy markets. We also review the literature relating to these issues. Next, we further describe the fuel switching process and, in particular, we analyze the influence of energy and environmental efficiency of thermal power plants (coal and gas) on fuel switching. In Chapter 2, we provide a theoretical analysis that shows how differences in the efficiency of CCGTs can rule interactions between gas and carbon prices. The main result shows that the allowance price becomes more sensitive to the gas price when the level of CO2 emissions increases. In Chapter 3, we examine interactions between carbon, coal, gas and electricity prices in an empirical study. Among the main results, we find that there is a significant link between carbon and gas prices in the long-run equilibrium.In Chapter 4, we analyze the cross-market price discovery process between gas and CO2 markets. We identified in previous chapters that there is a robust significant link between gas and CO2 markets. They are linked commodities, and their prices are affected by the same information. In an empirical analysis, we find that the carbon market is the leader in cross-market price discovery process.
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Abrell, Jan. "Transport under Emission Trading." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-39433.
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This thesis analysis the impact of private road transport under emission trading using two different Computable General Equilibrium models. A static multi-region model with special emphasis on the European Union, addresses the welfare impact of road transport under the European Emission Trading System. Including terms-of-trade effects, this model does not account for congestion which is the main externality of road transport. Furthermore, technological details of electricity generation which are an important factor in evaluating climate policies are not included. Therefore, the second model is a static Small Open Economy model of the German economy including congestion effects and detailed technological characteristics of electricity generation. The results of both models highlight the important role of already existing taxes on transport fuels for the evaluation of carbon mitigation measures in road transportation.
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Lindloff, Kirstin [Verfasser]. "Beyond "Trading up": Environmental Federalism in the European Union : The Case of Vehicle Emission Legislation / Kirstin Lindloff." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106280385/34.
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Forsberg, Joel. "The effects of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme on the energy enterprises with small carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-44234.
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To reduce the rate of global warming the EU has implemented the European Union EmissionTrading Scheme (EU ETS) as the world’s largest Cap and Trade system in an ambitiousattempt to reduce greenhouse gases with high cost-effectiveness. However, Cap and Tradetheory stipulates that transaction costs should be low for a Cap and Trade system to workeffectively. There is a possibility that small actors producing district heating and electricitypay too large a part of their costs in transaction cost, thereby making the EU ETS fail in itseffort to reduce emissions in the most cost effective way. To research this, interviews withrepresentatives from ten small producers of district heating and electricity in Sweden whereconducted. This study details their time and cost necessary to administrate the EU ETS. Theresults showed that transaction costs where high at around 50%. The cause for the hightransaction costs are the administrative requirements necessary to fulfill the legal obligationsin the EU ETS, a system that requires a little less than a week to administrate. Despite thehigh transaction costs the EU ETS does not lower the energy producers CO2 emissions, sincebio-fuel is already the preferred fuel. It is recommended is that the Swedish government usesthe possibility stipulated in the EU legislation to opt-out small emitters from the EU ETS.
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Rotoullié, Jean-Charles. "L'utilisation de la technique de marché en droit de l'environnement. L'exemple du système européen d'échange des quotas d'émission de gaz à effet de serre." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020053.
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L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender, à travers l’exemple du système européen d’échange des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre, les conditions d’efficacité d’un instrument particulier de réalisation du développement durable : la technique de marché. Définie comme un instrument de police consistant en la poursuite d’un objectif de politique publique, préalablement défini par les pouvoirs publics, au moyen de la création volontaire d’un marché, c’est-à-dire l’organisation d’échanges d’« unités » entre opérateurs économiques, la technique de marché est utilisée de manière privilégiée en matière environnementale. La création ex nihilo d’un marché pour protéger l’environnement ne doit pas induire en erreur : la technique de marché ne conduit pas à une substitution de la liberté à la puissance publique. Au contraire, la technique de marché n’est efficace que si elle est sous-tendue par une action publique forte. Une intervention permanente – au stade de l’élaboration et de la mise en oeuvre de cet instrument – et multiforme – au niveau international, régional et national – de la puissance publique est nécessaire. La « main invisible » du marché ne produit ses effets que grâce à la « main visible » de la puissance publiqueBy taking the example of the European Union emission trading system, the objective of the present study is to understand the conditions of effectiveness of a specific tool: the market-based instrument. Market-based instrument is defined as a tool of policing aiming at the achievement of a public policy objective (pre-established by public authorities) with the creation of a market, i.e. the organisation of exchanges of “units” between economic operators. This tool is widely used in environmental law. The ex nihilo creation of a market in order to protect the environment must not mislead: the market-based instrument does not lead to a shift from public action to freedom. To the contrary, the effectiveness of the market-based instrument depends on a strong public action. A permanent (i.e. both during the preparation and the implementation of this tool) and multifaceted (i.e. at international, regional and national levels) public intervention is therefore required. The “invisible hand” of the market could only be effective with the “visible hand” of public authorities
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Dhavala, Kishore. "Essays on Emissions Trading Markets." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/733.
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This dissertation is a collection of three economics essays on different aspects of carbon emission trading markets. The first essay analyzes the dynamic optimal emission control strategies of two nations. With a potential to become the largest buyer under the Kyoto Protocol, the US is assumed to be a monopsony, whereas with a large number of tradable permits on hand Russia is assumed to be a monopoly. Optimal costs of emission control programs are estimated for both the countries under four different market scenarios: non-cooperative no trade, US monopsony, Russia monopoly, and cooperative trading. The US monopsony scenario is found to be the most Pareto cost efficient. The Pareto efficient outcome, however, would require the US to make side payments to Russia, which will even out the differences in the cost savings from cooperative behavior.
The second essay analyzes the price dynamics of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), a voluntary emissions trading market. By examining the volatility in market returns using AR-GARCH and Markov switching models, the study associates the market price fluctuations with two different political regimes of the US government. Further, the study also identifies a high volatility in the returns few months before the market collapse. Three possible regulatory and market-based forces are identified as probable causes of market volatility and its ultimate collapse. Organizers of other voluntary markets in the US and worldwide may closely watch for these regime switching forces in order to overcome emission market crashes.
The third essay compares excess skewness and kurtosis in carbon prices between CCX and EU ETS (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) Phase I and II markets, by examining the tail behavior when market expectations exceed the threshold level. Dynamic extreme value theory is used to find out the mean price exceedence of the threshold levels and estimate the risk loss. The calculated risk measures suggest that CCX and EU ETS Phase I are extremely immature markets for a risk investor, whereas EU ETS Phase II is a more stable market that could develop as a mature carbon market in future years.
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Delport, ClydeniaL Edwina. "Towards a fairer multi-lateral trade relations between the European union and African Caribbean and pacific countries?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7779.
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Magister Legum - LLMSugar, bananas, beef and cotton are some of the few products, which are the primary commodities in many African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP).2 Many are highly vulnerable small islands, landlocked and least developed states,' thus rendering the above-mentioned sectors, of great importance to their economies." In these countries, for instance, the sugar producers often provide housing, health care, education and other benefits.i
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Tomás, Rogério António Ferreira. "Avaliação do impacto do plano nacional de atribuição de licenças de emissão na indústria química portuguesa." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22171.
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MESTRADO EM GESTÃO E ESTRATÉGIA INDUSTRIAL.As alterações climáticas que se fazem sentir no planeta devem-se em parte ao chamado Efeito de Estufa, provocadas na sua grande maioria por emissões para a atmosfera de gases provenientes da actividade humana, nomeadamente, actividades económicas. Com o objectivo de combater estas alterações climáticas, foi assinado em 1997 o Protocolo de Quioto à Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre as Alterações Climáticas, tendo a União Europeia e os seus Estados-Membros assumido o compromisso de redução global de 8% das emissões de Gases com Efeito de Estufa, relativamente aos valores de 1990. Para cumprir este objectivo, a União Europeia aprovou a Directiva 2003/87/CE, e cada Estado-Membro desenvolveu um Plano Nacional de Atribuição de Licenças de Emissão, o que deu origem ao Comércio Europeu de Licenças de Emissão, com uma fase piloto de 2005 a 2007, seguindo-se um segundo período de 2008 a 2012, dotando os sectores afectados de um instrumento económico que lhes permita minimizar os custos, afectando o menos possível a sua competitividade. Na primeira fase, o Comércio Europeu de Licenças de Emissão irá abranger as emissões de dióxido de carbono de centrais termoeléctricas, refinarias, fomos de coque, siderurgias, as indústrias de cimento, cal, vidro, cerâmica, pasta e papel, bem como todas as instalações de combustão de outros processos industriais com uma potência térmica nominal superior a 20 MW, onde se incluem algumas instalações da Indústria Química. Partindo de uma base de comparação estabelecida a partir de estudos publicados, pretende-se com este trabalho avaliar potenciais impactos resultantes da comercialização de licenças de emissão na Indústria Química portuguesa, analisando a sua influência na estrutura de custos de produção marginal e total bem como potenciais efeitos na competitividade e inovação.
The EartlTs climate changes are caused by the so called Greenhouse Gas Effect, which is caused by the atmospheric emission of gases generated by human activities, namely economic activities. With the purpose of climate change mitigation the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed in 1997. The European Union and its Member States agreed in an 8% reduction of Greenhouse Gases emissions compared to 1990 leveis. In order to achieve this goal, the European Union approved the 2003/87/CE Directive, and each Member-State developed a National Allocation Plan, thus originating the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. With a pilot phase running ffom 2005 to 2007, followed by a second phase ffom 2008 to 2012, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme provides an economic instrument to the sectors included, which helps them to minimize costs, affecting their competitiveness the least possible. In the pilot phase, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme will cover carbon dioxide emissions ffom power generators, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel, cement, lime, glass, ceramics, and pulp and paper, as well as ali combustion plants with a rated thermal input of more than 20MW of capacity, including some installations of the Chemical Industry. By establishing a comparison baseline from published literature, this work seeks to assess potential impacts in the Portuguese Chemical Industry arising from emission allowances trading, analysing its influence in marginal production costs as well as the potential effects on competitiveness and innovation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Zamorano-Ford, Jorge. "Essays on environmental regulation under imperfect competition." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E057.
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Cette thèse couvre deux sujets : le dessin des permis à polluer et la gestion des déchets. Le premier chapitre analyse la mise en œuvre des permis à polluer. Le chapitre se concentre sur les impacts de la distribution liés à la sévérité de l’allocation gratuite basée sur la production courante quand deux secteurs sont couverts par le marché des permis et le plafond reste constant. Un nouveau type d’augmentation des profits dans les secteurs qui ne sont pas exposés à la concurrence internationale a été démontré théoriquement. Le deuxième chapitre traite la question de la différenciation de l’allocation des permis dans les différentes régions, liée à la possibilité des entreprises à délocaliser. Les conditions dans lesquelles le bien-être décroît avec la délocalisation sont déterminées. Dans ce cas, des distributions gratuites de permis peuvent être utilisées pour éviter la délocalisation des entreprises. Le troisième chapitre compare l’efficacité des programmes de la responsabilité élargie du producteur (REP) avec l’efficacité d’une ex-ante taxe. La taxe permet plus de flexibilité ex-ante quant aux conditions du marché, mais la REP permet plus d’adaptation ex-post aux réalisations des coûts. Ainsi, l’efficacité relative de la REP augmente avec l’incertitude des coûts et la compétitivité du marchéThis thesis covers two subjects. One is the design of pollution permits and the other is the waste management. The first chapter analyses the implementation of pollution permits. It focuses on the distributional impacts linked with the stringency of output-based allocation,when two sectors are covered by the market for permits and the total cap is held constant. Theoretically demonstrated is a new type of profit increase in sectors that are not exposed to international competition. The second chapter addresses the issue of differentiating permit allocation across areas, this being linked to the possibility of firms to relocate. The conditions under which welfare decreases with relocation are determined. In such a case, free allowances may be used to prevent firms from relocating. The third chapter compares the efficiency of extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs and the efficiency of an ex-ante tax. The tax allows more ex-ante flexibility regarding market conditions, but the EPR allows more ex-post adaption to cost realizations. As a result, the relative efficiency of the EPR increases with uncertainty of the costs and competitiveness of the market
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Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou. "Les Etats et la protection internationale de l'environnement : la question du changement climatique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0228/document.
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Le changement climatique est devenu aujourd’hui le fléau environnemental qui préoccupe etmobilise le plus la communauté internationale. L’aboutissement de cette mobilisation générale reste sansdoute la mise en place du régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique dont la Conventioncadredes Nations Unies sur le changement climatique et le Protocole de Kyoto constituent les basesjuridiques. Ce régime innove en ce qu’il fixe des engagements quantifiés de réduction des émissions de gaz àeffet de serre pour les États pollueurs, mais aussi en ce qu’il instaure des mécanismes dits de « flexibilité »dont la mise en oeuvre est assortie d’un contrôle original basé sur un Comité dit de « l’observance ». Mais, endépit de toute cette production normative, il est regrettable de constater aujourd’hui que le régimeinternational du climat est un véritable échec. En effet, si la mobilisation des États ne fait aucun doute, enrevanche, les mêmes États qui ont volontairement accepté de s’engager refusent délibérément d’honorer leursengagements pour des raisons essentiellement politiques, économiques et stratégiques. Ce travail ambitionnedonc de lever le voile sur les causes de cet échec en dressant un bilan mitigé de la première périoded’engagement de Kyoto qui a pris fin en 2012, et propose des perspectives pour un régime juridique duclimat post-Kyoto efficient et efficace, en mesure d’être à la hauteur des enjeuxClimate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges
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Osses, Lennart David. "The European Union emissions trading system and its impact on eco-innovation." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/106918.
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The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the world’smost extensiveemissionscap-and-trade system. The Porter Hypothesis states that a policylike the EU ETS can induce eco-innovation and ultimately alter the financial performanceof regulatedfirms. Nevertheless, previous research has not yet comprehensively confirmed the validity of the Porter Hypothesis in cap-and-trade systems in general, and in the EU ETS specifically. Exploiting installation-level inclusioncriteria, thepaper assessesthecausal impact of the EU ETS on firm’s eco-patent outputand return on assetsby followinga matched difference-in-difference approach. In line with the weak Porter Hypothesis, itis found thatthe second phase of EU ETS altered the eco-patent output of regulated firmsin the sampleby 1.8%, mainly inducinginnovationsin German companies.Reasons for therather low policy effect entailtheinnovation-impedingimpact ofthe Financial Crisis, an oversupply of allowances,and the subsidized deployment of renewable energy sources to electricity, which resulted inlow permitprices. Contraryto the strong Porter Hypothesis, the policydidnot enhancefinancial performance of regulated companies, which can befurtherexpoundedby the time lag associatedwith the profitability of eco-innovations. Deriving from thefindings,policy makers should enact EU ETS reforms focused ondecreasing the emission cap, introducing means to stabilize the allowanceprice, carefully assessing if the scheme can be extended to other sectors, and launching other eco-innovation enhancing instruments.
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Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.
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For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction.
The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions.
Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies.
Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP).
An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.
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Tauchmanová, Barbora. "Evropský systém obchodování s emisními povolenkami (EU ETS), jeho fungování a úspěšnost." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357357.
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Bibliografický záznam TAUCHMANOVÁ, Barbora. Evropský systém obchodování s emisními povolenkami (EU ETS), jeho fungování a úspěšnost. Praha, 2017. 81 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut mezinárodních studií. Katedra evropských studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce doc. Mgr. Tomáš Weiss, M.A., Ph.D. Abstract This thesis European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS), its functioning and success analyzes EU's emission trading scheme that has been created in 2005. This system has gone through a considerable development but his most visible and very important parameter - price of one emission allowance - still points out the problems of the whole system through its value (or the lack of it). In this work, the ETS is understood as an institution and is looked at through the optics of combination of rational and historical institutionalism. The aim of the thesis was to answer two questions - why can be the emission trading system considered dysfunctional despite a series of reforms and, consequently, why this system stays preserved in its current form and settings. As the work explains, considerable role in the long-term price failure had been played by economic crisis. But its influence can be tied only to a certain time period, so the continuing problems have to be ascribed...
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Freitas, Carlos Jorge Pereira. "Avaliação do Impacto do Mercado de Carbono nos Mercados Elétricos de Portugal e Espanha." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30979.
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Tese de doutoramento em Gestão de Empresas, na especialidade de Finanças, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de CoimbraO Sistema de Comércio Europeu de Licenças de Emissão (CELE) constitui um dos instrumentos centrais da estratégia da União Europeia para o combate às alterações climáticas, sendo uma ferramenta chave para o desenho de uma solução custo-eficiente na redução das emissões de gases com efeito estufa. O objetivo do nosso trabalho consiste em estudar o impacto da participação dos setores elétricos Ibéricos no CELE nomeadamente pela avaliação da ligação entre os preços das licenças de emissão transacionadas nos mercados de carbono e os preços da eletricidade transacionada nos segmentos português e espanhol do Mercado Ibérico de Energia Elétrica (MIBEL) durante a Fase II (2008-2012) e início da Fase III (2013) de operação do CELE. A eficácia do funcionamento deste mecanismo de sinalização do custo da utilização de licenças de emissão de carbono ao preço da eletricidade é fundamental para que os estímulos à redução das emissões de gases com efeito estufa se propaguem da produção ao consumo. Para testar estatisticamente o vínculo entre aqueles preços recorremos a várias técnicas de ajustamento econométrico adequadas à natureza específica das séries de dados com que trabalhamos. Na modelização mais complexa ajustamos um Modelo Vetorial de Correção de Erros (VECM) onde os preços da eletricidade, do carbono e dos combustíveis usados na geração elétrica (gás natural e carvão) são modelados em conjunto como variáveis endógenas a que se somam um conjunto de variáveis exógenas de controlo destinadas a acomodar as características especificas de operação dos sistemas elétricos Ibéricos nomeadamente no que respeita ao papel das energias renováveis no abastecimento elétrico. A estimação dos diferentes modelos econométricos permitiu-nos concluir que o preço do carbono, a par do preço dos combustíveis, é relevante para o estabelecimento da relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo (relação de cointegração) à qual o preço da eletricidade está ancorado. Os resultados a que chegamos, em linha com trabalhos publicados para outros mercados europeus de energia elétrica, permitem concluir que os produtores elétricos Ibéricos têm capacidade para fazer refletir no preço da eletricidade o custo de oportunidade associado às licenças de emissão de carbono, tendo beneficiado de condições para acumular rendas económicas (lucros extraordinários) durante a Fase II de funcionamento do CELE uma vez que essas licenças lhes foram atribuídas gratuitamente. Nesta medida, os nossos resultados suportam a decisão da Comissão Europeia de introduzir uma alteração às regras de alocação das licenças de emissão ao setor elétrico no início da Fase III, passando de atribuição gratuita à obrigação de aquisição pelas empresas. Estimando a taxa de repercussão do preço do carbono no preço da eletricidade para diferentes períodos de funcionamento do CELE, concluímos que o vínculo entre aqueles preços se vem enfraquecendo como resultado do colapso do preço nos mercados de carbono, podendo estar a pôr em causa o mecanismo de transmissão do custo do carbono ao preço da eletricidade e por essa via a comprometer a eficácia do sistema no alcance dos seus objetivos ambientais. Nesse caso, desaparecerão os incentivos para que os produtores de eletricidade reduzam as suas emissões, nomeadamente trocando para tecnologias de produção menos intensivas em carbono ou investindo em nova capacidade de geração elétrica não poluente, e os estímulos para que os consumidores (domésticos ou industriais) reduzam no médio e longo prazo o seu consumo, incrementando a eficiência energética. Esta conclusão suporta a opinião dos que defendem a necessidade de implementação de políticas no âmbito do CELE que evitem a manutenção do preço do carbono em níveis excessivamente reduzidos durante longos períodos de tempo.
The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change and it’s a key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of the EU ETS on the Iberian electricity systems throughout the assessment of the link between the carbon price and the wholesale electricity price traded on Iberian Electricity Market (MIBEL), Portuguese and Spanish systems. Our sample includes all Phase II (2008-2012) and the first year of Phase III (2013) of the EU ETS, from January 2008 to December 2013. The price signal mechanism between the carbon and electricity price is fundamental for an effective carbon cost transmission from production to consumption and thus provide incentives to producers and consumers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We tested empirically the link between those two prices through several econometric adjustment techniques specially designed to deal with financial time series. In the most complex econometric modeling, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied to estimate not only long-run equilibrium relationships, but also short-run interactions between the electricity price, carbon price and fuel (natural gas and coal) prices. The four commodities prices are modeled as joint endogenous variables. Additionally, and motivated by the purpose of accounting for the specific operating conditions of Portuguese and Spanish electrical systems, a set of exogenous variables was integrated into the model, namely the amount of renewable energy. We found a long-run equilibrium relationship (cointegration relationship) between electricity price, carbon price and fuel prices demonstrating that carbon price, as the other fuels, plays an important role in formulating the equilibrium price of electricity. These empirical results, in line with studies concerning other European electricity markets, show evidence of a significant link between carbon and electricity prices demonstrating that during Phase II of EU ETS Iberian power producers passed on the opportunity costs of freely allocated emission allowances to the electricity price, enabling power companies to get windfall profits. Therefore, these results support the change in the allocation rule of emission allowances to the electricity sector, from grandfathering to auctioning, implemented by the European Commission for the Phase III of the EU ETS. By estimating the dynamic pass-through of carbon price into electricity price for different periods of our sample, it is possible to observe the weakening of the link between carbon and electricity prices as a result of the collapse on carbon price and consequently putting at risk the mechanism for transmission of the carbon cost to the electricity price and therefore compromising the efficacy of the system to reach proposed environmental goals. In such case, the incentives for electricity producers to reduce their emission, through the use of less carbon intensive production technologies or the investment in renewables, and the stimuli for end-users to cut their long term consumption, through increased energy efficiency, will disappear. This conclusion is in line with the need to shape new policies within the framework of the EU ETS that prevent excessive low prices for carbon over extended periods of time.
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(9109973), Yifei Xu. "ESSAYS ON FIRMS’ BEHAVIORS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION EMISSION TRADING SCHEME (EU ETS)." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
This dissertation consists of three chapters about the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). All chapters contributes to the scarce but recently great developing literature on installation and firm-level studies in the EU ETS. The first chapter evaluates the policy effectiveness and efficiency by theoretical modelling and
empirical assessment of firms’ emission abatement activities. The second chapter overviews the global emission trading market, documents the institutional background
of emission trading, and analyzes firms’ emission trading patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter studies productivity and firms’ emission
permit trading behaviors by considering a complete set of options. In the first chapter, I investigate how firms reduce emissions under continuous adjustment of the policy by using the implementation of the three phases of EU ETS
as a cost shock. I develop a model of emission abatement with heterogeneous firms by introducing two channels: Reallocation and Investment which incur variable and
fixed abatement costs respectively. More productive firms are cleaner as they put more effort on Investment. However, the policy effect is ambiguous driven by the magnitude
and correlation of the proposed abatement technology parameters, which highlights the importance of the current abatement technology for firms’ responses to climate
policy. I then empirically test the model by using a novel dataset that matches firms’ financial, production and emission data. In addition to providing the elasticity of
emission intensity, the elasticity of Reallocation and Investment, the model enabled me to estimate the firm’s abatement technology parameters and decompose the emissions into the proposed two channels. The results indicate that firms have a higher efficiency on abatement in utilizing of inputs than green technology investment. The emission change is primarily driven by the channel of Reallocation and is concentrated in non-metallic
mineral companies. The green innovation is limited under the policy with a small emission intensity decrease even though there is large emission reductions. The second chapter reviews the global rise of emission trading, documents the institutional background of emission trading, and summarizes firms’ emission trading patterns. To the best of my knowledge, this study is one of the first to empirically analyze the trading behaviors of all ETS firms covering all three phases in the EU ETS. I use two micro-level datasets to investigate the permit trading behaviors of all types of trading in the market, including international offset permits. Some explanations of the identified trading patterns are provided in this paper. Additionally, this study also discusses the patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the firms’ permit trading behaviors. The development of the EU ETS has complicated firms’ decisions around carbon trading and offered firms more options to offset emissions. We provide a first look at the determinants behind firms’ participation in the EU ETS as well as their trading behaviors by considering a complete portfolio of permit trade markets
in the EU ETS. Based on a comprehensive permit transaction dataset linked with individual level firm’s characteristics, we quantitatively analyze firms’ participation
decisions and trading patterns. We focus on the impact of firms’ productivity, endowment position, and endowment value on market choice and trading amount. Our
results suggest that productive firms are more likely to participate in permits trading and to purchase the permits in the secondary and international markets. Conditional
on firms’ market choice, the permit trading amount is also correlated with a firm’s productivity and endowment value. In addition, firms in power and energy sector are
more likely to participate in permit trading than other manufacturing firms. Overall, the empirical results indicate that less productive firms have disadvantages competing
in the permit trade market.
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Wang, Li-Hua, and 王俐驊. "The Impact of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme on Taiwan Airline Operations." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97464900538235894529.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
管理學院運輸物流學程
99
Implementation of the carbon emissions transaction scheme (EU ETS) by the European Union will significantly impact European airline routes. This work presents a novel mathematical model to evaluate how the EU ETS scheme will impact operations of a Taiwan airline and devises corresponding strategies. Analytical results indicate that aircraft type, flight patterns and frequency can determine the carbon emissions of each European airline. Therefore, airlines should either adopt stopover flight strategies rather than direct flights or use fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce carbon emission costs. Moreover, free carbon credits are determined based on the average emissions and revenue ton-kilometers of the base year. We thus recommend that airlines first arrange numerous European flights, increase the number of passengers, and utilize belly hold cargo strategies when launching new European routes to magnify the average emissions and RTK of the base year, gradually increasing the number of free carbon credits. Furthermore, the high price of carbon credits will increase direct operating costs of airlines. Airlines can subsequently reduce emissions costs through hedging strategies such as fuel hedging measures. Finally, airlines can transfer the appropriate cost of carbon emissions to passengers such as the bunker adjustment factor to compensate for the increased cost of carbon emissions based on price elasticity of demand.
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Vaverka, David. "Ochrana klimatického systému Země." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-349873.
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In accordance with its title, this Thesis Aims to Analyse Legal Aspects of Climate protection. Therefore its structure comprises of Five major sections dedicated to offer substantial amounts of information on the topic of Climate Change and its Protection. The first section describes the Issue of Climate Change, the History of its Protection as well as necessary measures and certain difficulties to achieve a consensus usually occurring during international negotiations. The second, third, and forth sections address Legal Climate Protection at International, European Union, and National Levels. Finally, the closing fifth section not only summarizes all that has been stated in previous sections but also evaluates Efficiency of actions taken at the three levels mentioned. Furthermore, the last section suggests where the major efforts should be focused on in the forthcoming years. All in all, the main objective of all the sections introduced is to Highlight the Urgent Need for Effective and Coordinated Action taken by the Whole International Community based on Conscious and Mindful Doings of each and every Individual. This requirement is the very crucial precondition in order to keep the global rising temperature below 2 degrees celsius by the end of the 21st Century so that potential negative and...
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Kong, Wan-Shong, and 康文尚. "The Evolution of European Union Emission Trading Scheme: Commenting on Taiwan’s Legislative Proposal on Greenhouse Gases Reduction Act." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6nw5v5.
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博士國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
100
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the largest multinational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading system in the world, has already accumulated approximately 8 years of operational experience since its launch in 2005. Based on the outcome of the trial phase (Phase I, 2005-2007), the EU ETS was modified to enhance operation during Phase III, which will start in 2013. For countries planning to adopt GHG emissions trading, the evolution of the EU ETS could provide a valuable example. The aim of my dissertation was to analyze the EU ETS based on environmental economics theories of emissions trading and the institutional transition of emissions trading in the United States during the mid 1970 to 1990s. My objective was not only to identify the major problems encountered during Phase I and II of the EU ETS, but also to explore whether modifications to the EU ETS could help to avoid problems that were encountered or to proactively anticipate challenges that may be encountered when Phase III becomes operational. Then, based on the EU ETS practical experience, this dissertation further comments on the proposals for the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act (GGRA) (one initiated by the Executive Yuan and another which was reviewed by the Legislative Yuan), which aim to create an emissions trading system in Taiwan. Additionally, the GHG reduction strategies initiated by Taiwan’s Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) were analyzed as well. My findings show that the EU ETS cap-and-trade downstream system encountered problems including price volatility, overloaded reduction burden with non-ETS sectors, competitive distortion, and over-compensation to the ETS sectors and unwanted distribution effects. These problems were likely due to the free allowance allocation and decentralization system design of Phase I. During Phase II unilateral linking with the Kyoto Protocol flexible reduction mechanisms resulted in the regulated companies’ arbitrage of purchasing cheap Kyoto credits and transferring them into a huge amount of stored allowances to be used in Phase III. To correct these problems and to promote operational stability, the EU modified and substantially switched the ETS to a centralized system by setting the cap of ETS by EU institutions, increasing the amount of allowances to be auctioned, and laying down more consistent free allocation rules based on benchmarking. However, due to the loose cap of the ETS and the lenient standards of identifying carbon leakage industries, the EU ETS will likely encounter difficulties in managing the stability of carbon price signal and enhancing the amount of allowances to be auctioned. Additionally, auctioning allowances in an open, transparent, and non-discriminatory process and coordinating the interaction of ETS with other policy instruments (promoting renewable energy and imposing an energy tax) must be managed carefully as well. In respect to Taiwan’s GGRA proposals, this dissertation found that both version of the Executive Yuan and the Legislative Yuan exist defects due to misunderstandings regarding the concepts and the characteristics of emission trading systems. Typical defects include unclear subject of transaction, no distinction between allowance and permit, the decentralized allowances allocation, and running performance control ahead of CAT (which makes the implementation of CAT unnecessary). However, the most serious problem of all relates to uncertainties embedded within the system itself, which not only significantly raise political resistance against emissions trading, but also fuel doubt from industry and environmental groups on whether the government will truly run emissions trading for a long period of time. To resolve the doubts from industry and environmental groups and to build public confidence in implementing emissions trading, the EPA shall, through democratic open discussion, eliminate the uncertainties of policy and system design. This will be done by clearly revealing the intention of setting national reduction targets, the possible stages of CAT, the potential regulated installations, the rules for allowance allocation, and by predicting the reduction in costs that may be incurred by the regulated companies.
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Abrell, Jan. "Transport under Emission Trading: A Computable General Equilibrium Assessment." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24315.
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This thesis analysis the impact of private road transport under emission trading using two different Computable General Equilibrium models. A static multi-region model with special emphasis on the European Union, addresses the welfare impact of road transport under the European Emission Trading System. Including terms-of-trade effects, this model does not account for congestion which is the main externality of road transport. Furthermore, technological details of electricity generation which are an important factor in evaluating climate policies are not included. Therefore, the second model is a static Small Open Economy model of the German economy including congestion effects and detailed technological characteristics of electricity generation. The results of both models highlight the important role of already existing taxes on transport fuels for the evaluation of carbon mitigation measures in road transportation.
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Jui-Feng, Hu, and 胡睿峰. "Study of Climate Change’s influence to ROC civil aviation operator’s competitive: The feasibility study of aviation biofuel usage under European Union Emission Trading Scheme." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8rkxr3.
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碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
104
This study set global warming as background to discover the influence to civil aviation operator’s competitive, Aviation biofuels feasibility study for civil aviation operators in our nation. The conclusions of this study are presented as follows: 1. ICAO-MBM and United Nation’s influence to our nation’s civil aviation operators. 2. EU-ETS influence to our nation’s civil aviation operators. 3. Feasibility Study of our nation’s civil aviation operators learning experience from EU’s civil aviation cases. 4. Feasibility Study of our nation’s civil aviation operators self-product aviation biofuels.
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Kao, Ting-Yen, and 高挺晏. "Discussion on the Formation of International Regimes: A Case Study of European Union Emission Trading System’s First Phase- Program Formation (Regulations) and the Actual Operation." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98287530107832967840.
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碩士銘傳大學
國際事務研究所碩士班
98
Climate change has become a global issue; not a single country can solve the problem solely. International community must be cooperative in order to face its challenges. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in Japan in 1997, which is an agreement of international cooperation in terms of climate issue. The document includes a proposed flexible mechanism that makes sure the goals of the Protocol, mainly the emission reduction, are achievable. The European Union is currently the most advanced and united region dealing with environmental issues, two-thirds of member countries joined the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. This thesis will discuss why EU members unanimously agreed to accept the emission trading system and analyze the possibility of existence of international regimes in the system by using Oran R. Young’s theory, including three theoretical stages: Agenda Formation, Negotiation Stages and Operationalization Stage. As the Protocol may not be beneficial to all participants, this thesis will also focus on finding reasons why EU member states are still willing to collaborate with each others for the sake of achieving the target.
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Ševčík, Jakub. "Vznik a vývoj evropského právního režimu pro obchodování s povolenkami na emise skleníkových plynů." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339653.
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The aim of this thesis is to describe and subsequently analyze the establishment and the development of the European legal regime for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading. Methodology of the thesis is focused on capturing the processes of establishment and development of the emission trading regime as processes of rather dynamic nature, having their causes and consequences, and so is not only an isolated description of each of their respective stages. The dynamics of development is analyzed within each of the basic elements of the emission trading regime, taking due account of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. Given the considerable complexity of the subject concerned, and therefore also the need for integration of the analysis into a certain perspective, a brief explanation of the phenomenon of climate change, including its economic implications, as well as of the international legal framework set up to tackle this issue forms a part of this thesis.
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Babka, Tomáš. "Ochrana klimatického systému Země z pohledu práva." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297091.
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Climate system protection from the legal point of view Climate change seems to be a defining ecological issue of the 21st century. However, unlike other global threats there are still some scientific uncertainties about the gravity of this problem and its actual consequences. On the other hand the proven fact is that the Earth climate is affected by altered atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Dozens of recent studies clearly indicate that the changes in the atmosphere are a result of human activities and that an immediate action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avoid reaching more harmful levels. If nothing is happened, climate change would lead to a rise in global average temperature together with other associated impacts such as melting glaciers, rising sea-levels or more frequent appearence of extreme weather events. The climate change issue is being addressed both at international and national level. There is a need to take a coordinated action of all states worldwide with respect to their development capabilities and historic responsibilities. International negotiations in last couple of years have shown that it will be very difficult to achieve an agreement between countries with different intrests. The aim of this diploma thesis is to summarize a development of the...
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Radošinský, Adrián. "Ochrana klimatického systému Země z pohledul práva." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298853.
Full textAbstract:
Climate system protection from the legal point of view The global warming is one of the most serious and acute problem, that is touching all the global society. Growing of the greenhouse gasses is evoking the change of climate system, especially the warming of the Atmosphere and the Earth. In the last 100 years the temperature rises, what cause a lot of problems not just on the environment, but impacts on human health and society. Many of recent scientist studies clearly indicate, that climate changes are a result of human activities. Consequences of the global warming have been observed for several years, included rising global average temperature, rising of the sea level, melting glaciers and severity of extremes such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. To preclude this consequences, there is necessary a global action with participation of every country. The aim of the diploma thesis is an introduction to the reader create a picture of the functioning of the climate system and its changes, causes and consequences of these changes and clarify the activities to protect, whether it is the activities of international, multinational or the Czech Republic. Finally, I will try to assess the individual activities and measures, including measures of adaptation, or to compare them and...