Relevant bibliographies by topics / European Union European Union Electronic books

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'European Union European Union Electronic books'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "European Union European Union Electronic books"

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Álamo Cerrillo, Raquel, and María Gabriela Lagos Rodríguez. "Tax Implications of Selling Electronic Books in the European Union." Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research 11, no. 2 (2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-18762016000200004.

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Cerrillo, Raquel Alamo, and Ma Gabriela Lagos Rodriguez. "VAT And Electronic Books." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 8 (2015): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i8.9064.

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The publishing sector has experienced an important change linked to the emergence of electronics books. This new reality has an impact in the cultural industry and demands the adaptation of public regulations that affect the production and consumption of cultural goods and services. For this purpose, the authors carry out an analysis of the legislation applicable to the cultural sector, focusing on the publication of electronic books, in order to meet the impact of these measures in the economy.The importance of public action is made clear in the protection of copyright and the fight against illegal access, in order not to reduce tax collection, because this could be negative for the support of the worselfare state.The analysis is carried out for the Spanish case, although the results obtained may be extrapolated to the rest of the states of the European Union, given that the regulations are community-based.
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Rowe, Heather. "Electronic commerce — European union developments." Computer Law & Security Review 15, no. 2 (1999): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(99)80023-5.

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Braquet, Louis. "Cogeneration Growth Projections—European Union." Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal 15, no. 4 (2000): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668680009508914.

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk, Adriana. "Forest Protection in the European Union." Forest Research Papers 80, no. 4 (2019): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0025.

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AbstractAn estimated 5% of the world’s forests are located in the EU and these forests have continuously expanded for over 60 years, although recently at a lower rate. Forests and other wooded land now cover 155 million hectares and 21 million hectares, respectively, together more than 42% of the EU land area. Although the treaties in the European Union contain no provisions for a common forest policy, there is a long history of EU measures supporting forest and forest-related activities coordinate dwith member states, mainly through the Standing Forestry Committee. For several decades now, environmental forest functions have attracted increasing attention mostly in relation to the protection of biodiversity and, more recently, in the context of climate change. The main objective of this paper was twofold: first, to identify the EU legislation directly and indirectly connected to forest protection, and second, to determine its legal character and effectiveness. In conclusion, in recent years the EU has adopted numerous regulations that are directly and indirectly connected to forests and they can be divided into two groups: internal and international acts. Moreover, we can distinguish legally binding acts such as regulations, directives as well as international agreements and soft law acts including strategies, green books, communications, action plans or declarations.
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Saman Shojae Chaeikar, Mazdak Zamani, Christian Sunday Chukwuekezie, and Mojtaba Alizadeh. "Electronic Voting Systems for European Union Countries." Journal of Next Generation Information Technology 4, no. 5 (2013): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jnit.vol4.issue5.3.

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Horák, Josef, Jiřina Bokšová, and Jiří Strouhal. "Electronic Invoicing Adoption within the European Union." International Advances in Economic Research 26, no. 4 (2020): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-020-09802-3.

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Čmakalová, Kateřina, and Jan Martin Rolenc. "Actorness and legitimacy of the European Union." Cooperation and Conflict 47, no. 2 (2012): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836712443176.

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The article surveys the current state of the academic debate about actorness and legitimacy of the European Union. It investigates various kinds of EU’s actorness, as well as concepts and categories of its legitimacy, and attempts to trace their relationships, which remains an underdeveloped aspect of the discussion. We examine a wide range of scholarly articles, books and other academic sources in assessing the quality and fairness of the respective discussions and suggest that, within the current mostly normative debate, a positive evaluation of the EU’s legitimacy is unattainable and that it is necessary to acquire a fairer notion of what kind of international actor the Union is.
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Kovac, Miha, and Mojca Kovac Sebart. "Books, reading and book usage in the European Union." Publishing Research Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2006): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12109-006-0016-2.

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Parnall, Judy. "European Broadcasting Union (EBU) Update 2021." SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 130, no. 8 (2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/jmi.2021.3090162.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "European Union European Union Electronic books"

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Spikula, Deanna. "Convergence and enlargement in the European Union /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1440928.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006.<br>"December, 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-84). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2006]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Dogan, Turguy. "Turkey's military and the path to the European Union /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447809.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.<br>"May, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-86). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2007]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Ayden, Ayse Ozlem. "An application of European Union disability policies to the case of Turkey." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433393.

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Drzewińska, Agata. "Digital exhaustion in European Union." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385620.

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The plea of applying the exhaustion doctrine to intangible copies of copyrighted artistic works has been extensively discussed within scholar circles. Although, the debate substantially concerns provisions of the international treaties and the explanation of the exhaustion doctrine under European Union copyright law, the subject brings more uncertainties. Under the European Union copyright law the distribution right is exhausted after the first sale with the consent of a right holder. However, there is neither explicit regulation nor decision in regard to the exhaustion doctrine to the online resale of digital goods. As the act of distribution is shifting and fulfilled through digital means these days, the application of the first sale doctrine is challenged. The given work provides with the legal, organizational and technological analysis of the exhaustion doctrine under European Union copyright law and possible scenarios in respect to digital secondary market.
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Panagopoulos, Ilias. "Electronic warfare : a critical military and technological asset for the improvement of the Common European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FPanagoloulos.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Wadsworth, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-144). Also available online.
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Simhandl, Katrin. "Der Diskurs der EU-Institutionen über die Kategorien "Zigeuner" und "Roma" die Erschliessung eines politischen Raumes über die Konzepte von "Antidiskriminierung" und "sozialem Einschluss" /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=qI90AAAAMAAJ.

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Travis, Robin. "Air transport liberalisation in the European Community, 1987-1992 a case of integration /." Uppsala, Sweden : R. Travis : Distributor, Uppsala University Library, 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=65mKAAAAMAAJ.

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Farah, Youseph Anton. "Jurisdiction over disputes relating to electronic transactions : a comparative study of European Union and United States laws." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428899.

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Hasselbalch, Jacob. "The Contentious Politics of Disruptive Innovation: Vaping and Fracking in the European Union." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246795.

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This thesis investigates what it means to view disruptive innovation as a political problem. I take my point of departure in the tendency for controversial disruptions in heavily regulated sectors, such as electronic cigarettes or hydraulic fracturing, to open regulatory spaces by challenging established expectations about how they ought to be governed. In the wake of such disruption, policy actors with a stake in the matter engage in sensemaking and discursive contests to control the meaning of the innovations in order to close the regulatory spaces by aligning them with one set of laws instead of another. I study these contests in two recent legislative initiatives of the European Union to address the disruptive potential of e-cigarettes and fracking: the 2014 revision of the Tobacco Products Directive and the 2014 Commission recommendations on unconventional fossil fuels. The research draws on 51 interviews carried out with key policy actors during and after the policy debates. I bolster this with an analysis of policy documents, press releases and scientific studies, as well as a content and network analysis of position statements in newspaper articles. I find that the strategic use of rhetoric and framing plays an important part in creating, maintaining, and entrenching opposed coalitions in both policy debates. In both case studies, the policy solution is accompanied by deteriorating levels of trust among participants, leading coalitions to engage in strategies of venue-shopping to circumvent their opponents. This underscores the significant challenges there are for policymakers to address disruptions while maintaining legitimacy. The original contribution of the thesis lies in its novel conceptualization of disruptive innovation as a political problem, its application of micro-sociological approaches to the politics of expertise and European public policy, and its practical and theoretical suggestions for how to better study periods of disruption and govern through them.<br>Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Makarovič, Andrej Boštjan. "The evolution of EU communications law and next generation networks : the limits of legal flexibility." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8609.

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This thesis analyses the evolution of the EU legal regulatory framework for electronic communications in light of the changes in the law's technological and business environment, namely the shift to Next Generation Networks (NGN). Using systems theory as its central research method, the thesis explores communications law as a self-referential phenomenon which, despite its internal attempts to promote itself by means of responding to the changing environment, remains locked-in by its own autopoietic structures. This is demonstrated by the law's traditional focus on voice telephony as the essential communications service provided in the public interest. Whereas the idea of 'technological neutrality' has enabled the law to embrace new applied technologies such as VoIP, it could not move its attention away from its autopoietic concepts to NGN-related issues such as net neutrality. Even though legal concepts without reference to any particular technology are increasingly used in regulation, as is the case with competition law images of 'relevant markets' and 'market power', the shift to NGN only remains visible to the law on its 'internal screen'. This becomes evident when the implementation of new technologies fails to achieve the results implied by the legal system, namely effective competition among different access infrastructures. Systems theory keeps a distance from both neo-liberal ideas that ideologically reject regulation, as well as from the autopoiesis of the NRAs' and the Commission's harmonising efforts, which inevitably result in more legal rules. Whereas the 'efficiency' of NGN investments cannot be implied based on the mere absence of ex ante regulation, the expected further proliferation of regulation based on the law's autopoietic programmes, although more cognitively open than before, will not be able to take on board all (possibly desirable) solutions that are not foreseen by the EU legal framework.
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Books on the topic "European Union European Union Electronic books"

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Martin, Holmes. European integration: Scope and limits. Palgrave, 2001.

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Paraskevopoulos, Christos J. Interpreting convergence in the European Union: Patterns of collective action, social learning, and Europeanization. Palgrave, 2001.

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The actors in Europe's foreign policy. Routledge, 2002.

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Cameron, Fraser. The future of Europe: Integration and enlargement. Routledge, 2004.

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Sloan, Barbara. Accessing European Union information. Delegation of the European Commission, Office of Press & Public Affairs, 1998.

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Goehlert, Robert. The European Union: Basic resources. Center for the Study of Global Change, Indiana University, 2004.

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Kroes, Quinten. E-Business law of the European Union. Kluwer Law International, 2003.

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E-business law of the European Union. 2nd ed. Kluwer Law International, 2010.

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Law Library of Congress (U.S.). Global Legal Research Directorate. Online privacy law: The European Union. Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2012.

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Managing migration: Civic stratification and migrants rights. Routledge, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "European Union European Union Electronic books"

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Mărcuț, Mirela. "The Electronic Frontier in the European Union." In The Socioeconomic Evolution of the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40304-5_4.

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Mărcuț, Mirela. "What Is the Electronic Frontier?" In The Socioeconomic Evolution of the European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40304-5_3.

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Androutsopoulou, Aggeliki, Francesco Mureddu, Euripidis Loukis, and Yannis Charalabidis. "Passive Expert-Sourcing for Policy Making in the European Union." In Electronic Participation. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45074-2_13.

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Boehmer, Robert G. "A Comparison of US Privacy Law with the European Union Data Protection Directive." In Electronic Business und Multimedia. Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85202-1_2.

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Narbón-Perpiñá, Isabel, and Diego Prior. "Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in European Union Countries: A Comparison." In E-waste Recycling and Management. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14184-4_7.

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Selhofer, Hannes, and George Karageorgos. "Electronic Business in the European Union: An Assessment of the Digital Divide in Business." In The Information Society in an Enlarged Europe. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33156-5_3.

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Rikhárd-Árpád, Pantilimon. "Enforcement of a Claim with the Support of the New Information Technology in the European Union, Romanian Case Study." In Electronic Technology and Civil Procedure. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4072-3_11.

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Mendelson, Danuta. "National Electronic Health Record Systems and Consent to Processing of Health Data in the European Union and Australia." In Legal Tech and the New Sharing Economy. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1350-3_6.

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Leskinen, Pekka. "Legislation Relating to Electronic Web Commerce Created at the European Union Level, Implementation in Finland, Role of the Authorities." In Future Directions in Postal Reform. Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1671-2_21.

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"Lessons From Eastern Europe." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4291-0.ch009.

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This chapter summarizes the key points of the book and discusses lessons other countries can learn from the Czech Republic and Hungary. It first looks closer at democratic backsliding—mainly what it is and whether former communist countries are suffering from it. Next, political leaders and parties in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the United States are examined, including how much influence they have over policy. The importance of democratic values and civic education are also discussed. Being knowledgeable about freedoms one should have in a democracy allows people to identify when those freedoms are being taken away. Separation of powers is then examined along with how well the Czech Republic and Hungary are doing, preventing the executive from having too much unilateral power. Finally, it is discussed whether the Czech Republic and Hungary are democratically backsliding and the role of the European Union in potentially stopping democratic erosion.
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Conference papers on the topic "European Union European Union Electronic books"

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Aliakseyeu, Dzmitry, and Jean-Bernard Martens. "The electronic paper prototype with visual interaction enriched windows." In the 2nd European Union symposium. ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1031419.1031422.

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Skobelev, Dmitry. "DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE BOOKS ON BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.1/s20.034.

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Jasevics, Aivo, Laila Zemite, and Lubov Petrichenko. "A Comparative Assessment of the Deployment of PV Technologies in the Baltics and in the European Union." In 2018 IEEE 6th Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aieee.2018.8592452.

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Farmaki, Polytimi, and Apostolos Tranoulidis. "Greek Hydropower production and the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive: potentially conflicting interests and sustainable governance of river basins ." In 5th International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences. MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-5-08446.

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Tumkor, Serdar, John W. Sutherland, and Vishesh V. Kumar. "Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recovery and Recycling in Turkey." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81358.

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Discarded electrical and electronic equipment contains valuable materials, low value parts, and hazardous substances. There is a growing concern regarding the management of end-of-use equipment owing to the environmental concerns associated with discarding used devices. Electronic waste or scrap consumes valuable landfill space and may ultimately contaminate groundwater sources. In addition, replacing discarded components with new components typically consumes valuable virgin material resources. With the advent of the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) Directive, used electrical and electronic products are now being recovered in Turkey as a European Union (EU) candidate country, and several companies in Turkey have begun to recover latent value through disassembly and reuse/recycling of materials and components. To remain competitive, these companies must implement economical and environmentally responsible recovery processes. There are a number of research challenges associated with product recovery. This paper describes the current product recovery infrastructure in Turkey, and discusses future trends and drivers for successful product take-back.
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Stansfield, Mark, and Kevin Grant. "Barriers to the Take-Up of Electronic Commerce among Small-Medium Sized Enterprises." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2662.

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Since small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role within many major economies throughout the world, their ability to successfully adopt and utilize the Internet and electronic commerce is of prime importance in ensuring their stability and future survival. In this paper, initial findings will be reported of a study carried out by the authors into the use made of the Internet and electronic commerce and key issues influencing its use by SMEs. In order to broaden the scope of this paper, the results gained from the study will be compared with figures relating to businesses in the rest of Scotland and the UK, as well as the US, Canada and Japan, and European countries that include Sweden, Germany, France and Italy. The issues raised from this study will be compared with similar studies carried out in other countries such as Australia, New Zealand and British Columbia, as well as countries within the European Union in order to provide a wider meaningful international context for the results of the study.
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Farkas, Gabor, Andras Vass-Varnai, Lajos Gaal, and Marta Rencz. "Modeling of Light Emitting Device Populations in the Electrical, Thermal, and Optical Domain for Luminaire Design." In ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2019-6547.

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Abstract A modeling methodology to speed up the design of luminaires composed of solid state light emitting devices has been elaborated in the Delphi4LED research project of the European Union. Starting with integrated and automated measurements of packaged LED devices in the electric, thermal and optical domain; the methodology provides SPICE like models, which besides the electrical properties also reflect the thermal and optical ones. The electrical and optical model is based directly on semiconductor physics, for precise modeling of the low-current and high-current decay of efficiency. The compact model of the thermal domain is based on the methodology defined in the previous DELPHI project. Measured data on the population are converted in an optimization process to best fit the model parameter sets. The paper presents the elaborated methodology and also outlines a new JEDEC standard encompassing multiple thermal test environments.
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Stanciu, Florentina. "Training in French communication skills in online learning through the efficient use of video sequences." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p146-150.

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The last decades, characterized by changes in the transnational relationships, by the growth of the European Union and the increasing need to communicate in the globalized world, lead to a reevaluation of the practices, methodologies and materials used in teaching languages, especially in teaching French as a foreign language. Online learning completes the classical learning suggesting accessible information which can be accessed anytime through electronic platforms. Qualitative online learning involves planning online learning, online teaching and online learning its-self. Using multimedia contents in teaching constitutes an advantage in shaping the communicative competence of the students in French as a result of the pictures in general and particularly of the videos, which make learning efficient. Interaction and communication facilitate the learning-teaching-evaluation process and the authentic materials – the videos expose the learner to situations which enable them to improve the comprehension competences, the written and oral communication and the development of intercultural competences.
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Groll, Manfred, and Rainer Mertz. "Minichannel Heat Transfer: An Overview on Activities in Europe." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1002.

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An overview will be given about investigations on heat and mass transfer in narrow channels and narrow cavities, from work carried out in the last years up to the current status of research of some relevant scientific groups in Europe. The major topics of this report are evaporation heat transfer and the flow boiling pressure drop in narrow channels; microscale heat and mass transfer phenomena in pool boiling from enhanced evaporator tubes with sub-surface channels are also addressed. In the last years a challenging topic has been the enhancement of the efficiency of heat exchangers by employing micro-structured heat transfer surfaces. The need for smaller heat exchangers with higher heat transfer rates and/or smaller thermal approaches is caused by the ongoing miniaturisation of mechanical and electronic components, leading to higher heat fluxes which can damage or even destroy the components. On the other hand, enhanced heat transfer in big equipment, e.g. heat exchangers for the petrochemical and chemical industries, can lead to significant materials and energy savings and thus reduce environmental pollution. Therefore the European Union, European industries and national organisations have supported various projects to develop and to investigate a new generation of heat transfer surfaces, to better understand the related heat transfer phenomena and to model the heat transfer from these micro heat exchanger elements. There is a very extensive research in this scientific field, comprising both flow boiling and pool boiling. The present paper deals with heat transfer in narrow channels and/or cavities and with the flow boiling pressure drop occurring during heat and mass transfer in narrow channels. Investigations of major European institutions, carried out in the past and at the moment will be presented as a contribution to the overview on the current state-of-the-art in Europe, without claim of completeness. Some recent results on microscale pool boiling and flow boiling obtained in our institute will also be presented (Shuai et al., 2002; Kulenovic et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2002a, b).
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Ryan, Claire, Jeff M. Punch, Bryan Rodgers, Greg Heaslip, Shane O’Neill, and Eamonn Murphy. "An Investigation of the Lead-Free Surface Mount Soldering Process: Solder Joint Evaluation and Process Optimisation." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60491.

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A European Union ban on lead in most electrical and electronic equipment will be imposed as of July 1st 2006. The ban, along with market pressures, means that manufacturers must transfer from a tin-lead soldering process to a lead-free process. In this paper the implications on the surface mount (SMT) soldering process are presented. A set of experiments was conducted to investigate the screen-printing and reflow steps of the SMT process using a tin-silver-copper (95.5Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu) solder and a baseline of standard tin-lead (63Sn37Pb). 10×10 arrays of micro Ball Grid Array (micro-BGA) components mounted on 8-layer FR4 printed wiring boards (PWBs) were used. The screen-printing experiment addressed the deposition of the solder paste on the board. The parameters used in the investigation were print speed, squeegee pressure, snap-off distance, separation speed and cleaning interval, with the responses being measurements of paste height and volume. Optimum screen-printer settings were determined which give adequate paste volume and height and a good print definition. The reflow experiment investigated the following parameters of the temperature profile: preheat, soak, peak and cool down temperatures, and conveyor speed. The resulting solder joints were evaluated using cross-section analysis and x-ray techniques in order to determine the presence of defects. A mechanical fatigue test was also carried out in order to compare the strength of the solder joints. The overall quality of the lead-free solder joints was determined from these tests and compared to that of tin-lead. The outcome is a set of manufacturing guidelines for transferring to lead-free solder including optimum screen-printer and reflow oven settings for use with an SnAgCu solder.
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