Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'European Union resources'

The 1991 IGC has reformed the European Community and the nature of the host of relations between its Member States. It has created the European Union through the Maastricht Treaty. The central hypothesis is that reform seems not to have resolved fully the deficiencies in form and substance of the Community's politico-legal foundation. The analysis proceeds through the comparison of three aspects: the reform of the constitutional foundation of the Community carried out by the IGC; the changes in the nature of the relations between Member States in these areas of competence that are inalienable from their sovereignty, and the introduction of the concept of citizenship of the Union in order to consolidate certain elements of citizenship that were present in the Communitys framework. The conclusion reached is that the 1991 IGC has produced an entity of which the elements carry inherent contradictions; this tense nature appears to demand further reform.

Since the end of the 2nd World War, we have witnessed a tremendous amount of world trade expansion. This has been in part caused by the favourable international trading environment provided by the public good, the GATT, aided by the politico-economic hegemony of the United States of America. Korea took advantage of this favourable situation by pursuing an economic development strategy of export-led growth. As the US hegemony began to decline, the formation of a multipolar system based upon regional blocs, has given a new dimension to Korea's international trade. In EU-ROK economic relations, regionalism and globalization of world trade has brought Korea both challenges and opportunities. The case study of Korea's leading electronics firms clearly suggests the requirement for the maintenance of a physical presence through FDI to conduct business successfully in the European market. The new international, politico-economic order obliges firms outside a regional body to locate marketing, manufacturing or even product development within the territories of a regional economic group to avoid NTBS such as anti-dumping. Economic interaction between the European Union, a giant of regionalism with potential economic power and the Republic of Korea, a forerunner among newly industrialized nations, highly vulnerable to outer setting, seems to be regulated by rules and norms, like the pendulum moving between the two extremes of protectionism and a free, liberal trading environment. The study attempts to show that Korea's exports to the EU market will increase more and more as the pendulum moves toward the free trade logic based upon multilateralism. In order accurately to analyse the EU-Korean economic relationship, a better understanding of regionalism and globalization of World trade should be added to the existing literature on the international political economy (Realism, Liberalism, Marxism). The general assumption of the study is based upon economic liberalism which puts much focus on economic efficiency. As a model of deep economic integration, whether the European Union is strongly committed to multilateralism or resorts to protectionist trade regimes such as anti-dumping, quantitative restrictions, or local content rules, will be a major determinant of EU-Korea trade interaction in the future because Korea will continually pursue economic development with export-oriented characteristics. The maximization of EU-ROK economic exchanges will be achieved only when the world trading system is committed to multilateralism under the WTO in general, and the EU's pursuit of open regionalism to reduce NTBs against the ROK in particular. Of course, Korea should make reciprocal efforts further to liberalize and deregulate its trade regimes by opening more markets to foreign products. Korea's active pursuit of globalization and localization strategies to penetrate into the EU market is a prerequisite for a continuous rapid growth of the Korean economy.

Durant els últims 15 els recursos naturals que financen recursos armats han rebut una creixent atenció per part de la investigació acadèmica. La Unió Europea (UE) també ha reconegut la problemàtica dels anomenats “recursos de conflicte”, però fins ara li ha mancat un enfocament coherent per afrontar el problema. En alguns casos, la UE ha optat per mesures multilaterals per trencar el vincle entre els recursos naturals i els conflictes, però en altres casos, la Unió ha actuat d'una manera unilateral o no ha actuat en absolut. Aquesta falta de coherència pot semblar sorprenent ja que la UE és percebuda generalment com un ‘campió mundial’ de promoure solucions multilaterals pels problemes globals. La tesi es pregunta per tant: per què en situacions similars relacionades amb els recursos de conflicte la Unió Europa ha optat per polítiques diferents? Per respondre a aquesta pregunta s’ha dissenyat un marc analític que integra factors externs i interns. A nivell extern, en primer lloc s’ha examinat el nivell de suport a les institucions europees i els estats membres de polítiques com la restricció del comerç d’aquests recursos de conflictes. En segon lloc, s’ha estudiat el context mundial per les polítiques d’aquest tipus, utilitzant la conceptualització de les Xarxes Globals de Producció. Les dinàmiques de conflictes, alimentades pels ingressos de l’explotació dels recursos naturals, s’emmarquen en processos més amplis de la globalització econòmica. Aquest marc s’ha aplicat als casos de (I) els diamants i el Procés de Kimberley; (II) la fusta i el Reglament de la Fusta de la UE; i (III) els minerals de la República Democràtica del Congo. A nivell intern, en tots els casos estudiats es pot detectar una complexa interacció entre les consideracions normatives i econòmiques. Com més es poden reconciliar aquestes dues dimensions, més suport té una mesura en l'àmbit de la UE. Però pels resultats finals de les polítiques, el factor determinant és el context global. En primer lloc, perquè la UE es troba en un entorn més advers per a promoure les seves normes dins dels fòrums multilaterals com a conseqüència de l’auge de les economies emergents, reticents a mesures globals vinculants per motius ideacionals i materials. En segon lloc, perquè les normes privades transnacionals, sovint aclamades com una resposta a la “escletxa de la governança mundial”, tenen un impacte més aviat limitat a les Xarxes Globals de Producció. Aquestes normes tenen una certa presència i importància a la UE i altres mercats occidentals, però el seu pes en altres parts de la resta del món és limitat. Com a conseqüència, la UE pren cada vegada més mesures unilaterals. La tesi conclou que l’elecció de les polítiques unilaterals i bilaterals reflecteix un canvi des del suport a qualsevol preu al multilateralisme cap al reconeixement més pragmàtic d’una multipolaritat globalitzada.
La investigación sobre el papel que los recursos naturales juegan en la financiación de conflictos armados ha tomado fuerza durante la década de 2000. La Unión Europea (UE) ha reconocido el problema que suponen estos recursos, llamados "recursos de conflicto", pero carece de un enfoque coherente para su gestión. En algunos casos, la UE ha optado por medidas multilaterales para romper el vínculo entre los recursos naturales y los conflictos mientras que en otros casos, la Unión ha actuado de forma unilateral o no ha actuado en absoluto. Estas posiciones pueden parecer sorprendentes, ya que la UE es percibida generalmente como la promotora por excelencia de soluciones multilaterales en la resolución de problemas globales. La pregunta que se responde en la tesis es, por lo tanto, por qué la UE ha optado por diferentes políticas para estos casos tan parecidos. Para responder a esta cuestión se ha diseñado un marco analítico que integra factores internos y externos. Por un lado, se examina dentro de las instituciones de la UE y los Estados miembros el nivel de apoyo a dado a ciertas medidas para la restricción del comercio de estos "recursos de conflicto". Por otro lado, se estudia el desarrollo de este tipo de políticas en el contexto global utilizando el concepto de Redes Globales de Producción. Los conflictos son alimentados por los ingresos de la explotación de los recursos naturales y, por lo tanto, están incorporados en los procesos de globalización económica. Este marco se aplica a los casos de (I) los diamantes y el Proceso de Kimberley; (II) la madera y el Reglamento de la Madera de la UE; y (III) los minerales de la República Democrática del Congo. En todos los casos estudiados se puede detectar una compleja interacción entre las consideraciones normativas y económicas. Cuanto más se reconcilian estas dimensiones, más apoyo tiene una medida en el ámbito de la UE. Para los resultados de las políticas finales, sin embargo, el contexto global es el factor determinante. En primer lugar, debido al auge de las economías emergentes que se oponen a medidas globales vinculantes tanto por motivos ideológicos como materiales, la UE se encuentra con un entorno más adverso para promover sus normas a través de foros multilaterales. En segundo lugar, las regulaciones privadas transnacionales, a menudo aclamadas como una respuesta a la "brecha de la gobernanza global", sólo tienen un impacto limitado en muchas Redes Globales de Producción. Mientras tienen una cierta presencia e importancia en la UE y otros mercados occidentales, su peso en grandes partes del resto del mundo es limitado. Como consecuencia de estos dos acontecimientos la UE decide usar medidas unilaterales cada vez más. La tesis concluye que la elección de estas políticas unilaterales / bilaterales refleja un cambio desde el apoyo a cualquier precio al multilateralismo hacia un reconocimiento más pragmático de una multipolaridad globalizada.
Since the 2000s, the role of natural resources that are financing armed conflicts has come under increased academic scrutiny. The European Union (EU) has as well recognised the problem of these so-called “conflict resources”, but lacks so far a coherent approach to address it. In some cases the EU has opted for multilateral measures to break the link between natural resources and conflicts, but in other cases the Union acts unilaterally or not at all. This may appear surprising as the EU is usually perceived as the global champion of multilateral solutions for global issues. The dissertation asks therefore why the EU has chosen different policy measures for these similar-looking cases. To answer this question an analytical framework has been designed that integrates internal and external factors. On the one hand the level of support at the EU institutions and among the Member States for measures to curtail the trade in these “conflict resources” was examined. On the other hand, the global context for such policies was studied by using the Global Production Networks (GPN)-conceptualisation. The conflict dynamics, fuelled by the revenues of natural resource exploitation, were thus embedded in broader processes of economic globalisation. This framework was applied to the cases of (I) diamonds and the Kimberley Process; (II) timber and the EU Timber Regulation; and (III) minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On the internal level, in all studied cases a complex interplay between normative and economic considerations could be detected. The more these dimensions could be reconciled, the more support a measure had at the EU-level. For the final policy outcomes, however, the global context was the more determining factor. Firstly, due to the rise of the emerging economies that oppose for both ideational and material motives globally binding measures, the EU encounters a more adverse environment to promote its norms through multilateral forums. Secondly, transnational private regulations, often hailed as an answer to the “Global Governance Gap”, only have a limited impact on large parts of many GPNs. The EU had incorporated such schemes in its policies but they can therefore not provide genuine global solutions to this kind of problems. As a consequence of these two developments the EU is increasingly taking unilateral steps. The thesis concludes therefore that the EU’s choices for unilateral/bilateral policies in the field of conflict resources reflect a move from supporting multilateralism at any price to a more pragmatic recognition of globalised multipolarity.

This study is mostly based on previous research, which includes Sub-national actor’s attitudes and regional action towards the European Union. The purpose of the study is to investigate if four Swedish municipalities in Värmland operate internationally towards the European Union and deepen an understanding of their actions. The main research question is:   - How can we increase our understanding of municipal action against the European Union?   The research questions of this study are answered through qualitative method and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Eight key informants in position either as politicians or official workers were selected for interviews whose position is either politicians or official workers. The results were then analysed based on theories such as Fusion and regional action. The study shows that the four Swedish municipalities in Sweden operate internationally in varied form. The actions of smaller municipalities seem to be dictated to large extend by the available resources.

The thesis is about energy dependency of the European Union. Aim of the work is to analyze the situation of the energy relations of European Union and regions, which are the main energy suppliers from the trade policy point of view. Thesis is aimed at characterizing trade instruments used in trade with natural resources. EU - North Africa relations are studied in more detailed way as a concrete example of energy relations.

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
O orçamento da União Europeia (UE) é financiado por três tipos de recursos próprios: os recursos próprios tradicionais, um recurso baseado no imposto sobre o valor acrescentado (IVA) e um recurso calculado a partir do rendimento nacional bruto (RNB) dos Estados-Membros. Apesar de assegurar o cumprimento do princípio do equilíbrio do orçamento, o sistema de recursos próprios tem sido criticado quanto à sua complexidade e falta de transparência. Neste contexto, projetam-se dois modelos alternativos: (1) Um orçamento integralmente financiado pelo recurso RNB; (2) A criação de novos recursos próprios. No âmbito do segundo modelo, encontra-se em discussão a possibilidade de criação de um novo recurso IVA. Recorrendo a uma metodologia qualitativa, a presente dissertação procurou responder às seguintes questões de investigação: Caminhará a UE em direção à proliferação do recurso RNB? Ou dirigir-se-á no sentido da criação de um novo recurso IVA? Constatou-se que o Parlamento Europeu e a Comissão Europeia têm trabalhado no sentido da criação de um novo recurso IVA. Não obstante, qualquer modificação do sistema exigirá unanimidade no Conselho, pelo que o sucesso dos potenciais candidatos a novos recursos também dependerá da sua capacidade de convencer os Estados-Membros. Embora de concretização incerta, a proposta de criação de um novo recurso IVA apresentada pela Comissão (2011) está associada a fortes argumentos para a sua aplicação. Revela-se, todavia, pouco ambiciosa, não sendo capaz de eliminar a lógica de "saldo líquido" que tem caracterizado as negociações dos quadros financeiros plurianuais.
The European budget is financed by three types of own resources: the traditional own resources, a resource based on value-added tax (VAT) and a resource related to the Member States' gross national income (GNI). The EU's current system of own resources ensures the principle of budgetary equilibrium. However, the same system has been criticized due to its complexity and lack of transparency. Against this background, two opposing models are envisaged: (1) Financing the entire budget with a GNI resource; (2) Creating new own resources. In the context of the latter, the creation of a new VAT-based resource is currently in debate. Using a qualitative approach, this thesis aimed to answer the following questions: Is the European Union moving toward a system exclusively based on GNI resources? Or is it moving toward the creation of a new VAT-based resource? The European Parliament and the European Commission have been working on the implementation of a new VAT-based resource. Nonetheless, modification of the system requires unanimity in the Council. Hence, new own resources must be able to convince Member-States. The final outcome of the proposal for a new VAT-based resource, presented by the European Commission on 2011, is still uncertain. But is seems to be able to persuade national governments. However, it does lack ambition, and, in general, cannot eliminate the countries' preoccupation with national net balances.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Norint sukurti vienodas sąlygas bei tarnautojų nuopelnus išpažįstančią, visas šalis-nares atstovaujančią institucijų tarnautojų bazę, sąžininga ir efektyvi ES institucijų tarnautojų atrankos procedūra yra vienas iš esminių Europos Sąjungos institucijų deklaruojamų darbo principų. Atrankos procesas turi būti derinamas su efektyviausiais ir patikimiausiais atrankos metodais, sklandžiomis procedūromis ir atnešti geriausius rezultatus. Geriausi rezultatai suvokiami kaip tiksliausios prognozės apie būsimo ES tarnautojo tinkamumą užimamam postui. ES tarnautojų konkursinė atranka turi išlikti savalaikė vykstančių darbo rinkos pokyčių kontekste ir atrinkti geriausius kandidatus Šio darbo tikslas - išsiaiškinti ES tarnautojų konkursinės atrankos procedūras bei organizavimą ir nustatyti egzistuojančius ES institucijų vykdomos ES tarnautojų konkursinės atrankos rezultatus. Darbe analizuojamos konkursinės atrankos koncepcijos žmogiškųjų išteklių valdyme, nustatomos ES tarnautojų konkursinei atrankai būdingos procedūros ir aprašomos tų procedūrų organizavimas, rezultatai ir procesas, aprašomos viešajame diskurse girdimos ES konkursinę atranką vertinančios refleksijos. Pagrindinės nustatytos išvados šiame darbe įgyvendina darbo tikslą. Nustatyta, kad ES tarnautojų konkursinė atranka turi tiek lygių galimybių, tiek vertinimo pagal nuopelnus bruožų, perimtų iš ES valstybių nacionalinių viešojo administravimo institucijų žmogiškųjų išteklių valdymo sistemų. Kalbant apie atrankos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In order to guarantee a representative employment environment, where equal rights and merits are both recognized, fair and efective EU Staff selection system is one of the main declared principles. A selection process shall consist of the most efficient and reliable selection methods, smooth procedures and it shall bring the best results. The best results re percieved as the most exct predictions about the potential EU staff member‘s credibility to be settled in the post. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the procedures of the EU competition selection procedures. The thesis consist of the analysis of different concepts of the selection competitions in the human resource management, the description of the organization of such competitions, results, process, the description of reflections evaluating the EU staff competitive selection. The thesis concludes in the points fulfilling the aim of the thesis. It was concluded that the EU staff competitive selection consist of features derived from both merits and equal opportunities systems, that has been taken over from the human resource management systems in national public administration institutions. What regards the selection methods it has been indicated that the most popular methods ( such as interviews, cognitive tests, recommendations) are considered to be of a low or average value. The conclusions of the thesis also reflects the imperfectability of the “cascade” system used in the staff competitive... [to full text]

This case-study establishes the influences of power-knowledge relationships on capacity-building for sustainability in the European Union Funded ‘Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programme’ (EU Programme). It aims to capture the lessons learned for capacitybuilding to support nature-based tourism initiatives on the Wild Coast. The EU Programme aimed to achieve economic and social development of previously disadvantaged communities through nature-based tourism enterprises, and to develop capacity of local authorities and communities to support environmental management. The study discusses common trends in thematic categories emerging from the research data, and contextualises research findings in a broader development landscape. This study indicates that power-knowledge relations were reflected in the EU Programme’s development ideology by an exclusionary development approach, which lacked a participatory ethos. This exclusionary approach did not support an enabling environment for capacity-building. This development approach, guiding the programme conceptualization, design and implementation processes, resulted in a programme with unrealistic objectives, time-frames and resource allocations; a programme resisted by provincial and local government. The study provides a causal link between participation, programme relevance, programme ownership, commitment of stakeholders, effective management and capacity-building for sustainable programme implementation. The study argues that the underlying motivation for the exclusionary EU development ideology in the programme is driven by a risk management strategy. This approach allows the EU to hold power in the development process, whereas, an inclusionary participative development methodology would require a more in-depth negotiation with stakeholders, thereby requiring the EU to relinquish existing levels of power and control. This may increase the risk of an unexpected programme design outcome and associated exposure to financial risk. It may also have a significant financial effect on donor countries' consultancies and consultants currently driving the development industry. This study recommends an interactive-participative methodology for programme design and implementation, if an enabling environment for capacity-building is to be created. In addition, all programme stakeholders must share contractual accountability for programme outcomes. This requires a paradigm shift in the EU development ideology to an inclusionary methodology. However, this research suggests that the current EU development approach will not voluntarily change. I, therefore, argue that South Africa needs to develop a legislative framework that will guide donor-funded development programme methodology, to support an enabling environment for capacity-building.

The Master’s thesis deals with the renewable resources of energy and possibilities of funding of solar electrical power production from European union funds. The thesis also contains the feasibility study and the concept of Eko-Energie program grant application form, which can help to gain the financial support for increasing the effectivity of the project.

The thesis concerns small and medium-sized enterprises in the Czech republic. The thesisi is determined by the general definition of entrepreneur, small and medium-sized enterprises, business environment, related laws and sources of funding. General definitions were applied in the case study on the specific region -- microregion of Podralsko. Public administration support of small and medium-sized enterprises occurs either in direct or indirect form, the sources of fundings may be drawn from the state budget, from the local-authorities budget and from european sources. The role od public administration and other institutions in small and medium-sized enterprises support affects small and medium-sized enterprises on natinal, regional and local level of microregions and municipalities.

The theses describes the project funded from EU Fund targeted on education (e-learning) of real non-profit organisation - The Chamber of Tax Advisors of the Czech Republic - documentation, disposition, planning and financing.

The subject of this master´s thesis is the project of human resources development in the company Siemens Elektromotory s. r. o., plant Frenštát p. R. The goal of this project is to obtain finance granted by EU funds. Thesis is based on identification of possible ways of financing, analyzing of present situation and development possibilities in HR environment and preparation of project application.

The Human Resources and Employment Operational Programme is focused on minimization of unemployment by means of active policy on the labour market, professional education, reintegration of socially excluded citizens into society, improvement of public administration quality and international cooperation in the said areas.

The European policy focus on smart grids implies their development as an indispensable part of the future power system. However, the definition of a smart grid is broad and vague, and the actual implementation of a smart grid can differ significantly, depending on the stakeholders involved.This work aims to inform policy makers, the electricity industry and researchers about stakeholder interests and the technical complexities involved by presenting smart grids via a techno-institutional framework. This framework takes account of the technical nature of the electricity transport and supply service as well as the institutional nature of electricity markets, stakeholder perspectives and sector regulation. In addition, this work presents potential revenues resulting from flexibility management in smart grids and proposes a way forward for smart grids and flexibility management in Europe.

QC 20170925

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama kaip vyksta AEI politikos įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje , kuris lyginamas Švedijos Karalystės AEI politikos kontekste, akcentuojant, biomasės išteklių panaudojimą energetikoje, šios srities gerosios praktikos pavyzdžius, teisinį reglamentavimą, ypatingai pažymima darnios plėtros koncepcijos, Europos Sąjungos vykdomos energetikos politikos įtaka AEI politikos įgyvendinimui. Darbe, siekiama išanalizuoti AEI politikos įgyvendinimą Lietuvoje ir Švedijoje išskiriant biomasės panaudojimo aspektą. Tai įgyvendinama: apibrėžiant svarbiausias sąvokas susijusias su analizuojamo darbo tema bei palyginant Lietuvos ir Švedijos energetikos sektoriaus valdymą; išskiriant viešosios politikos veiklos instrumentus bei jų panaudojimą analizuojamose valstybėse; palyginant esminius atsinaujinančios energetikos politikos niuansus, per biomasės panaudojimo prizmę Lietuvoje ir Švedijoje ir pateikiant gerosios praktikos pavyzdžius naudingus efektyvesnei AEI plėtrai ateityje; analizuojant Europos Sąjungos, Darnios plėtros bei regioninės politikos įtaką energetikos politikos įgyvendinimui, nustatant strateginio planavimo svarbą atsinaujinančios energetikos plėtrai. Taip pat, pateikiama susisteminta, apibendrinta darbo temos analizė vertinant Lietuvoje įgyvendinamą AEI politiką Švedijos kontekste ir siūlomos rekomendacijos.
Master's thesis analyzes how the policy of Renewable energy recources is implementing in Lithuania, which is compared with example of Sweden‘s Renewable energy policy framework, emphasizing the use of biomass resources for energy. The paper aims to analyze the Renewable energy resources policies in Lithuania and Sweden with special Focus on biomass use of energy aspect. This is implemented: with defining the key concepts related to the theme; analyzed Lithuanian and Swedish energy sectors; selected intstruments of public policy and analyzed their use for the countries under discussion; by comparing the essential nuances of the renewable energy policy through biomass prism of Lithuania and Sweden, and providing examples of good practice which are useful for the future development of more effective energy policy; analysed European Union, sustainable development, regional policy and strategių planning impact for policy implementation of renewable energy resources. Also, there is a systematic summary of the topic analysis of the Renewable policy implementation in Lithuania and Sweden and the proposed recommendations.

Hlavným cieľom diplomovej práce je kriticky analyzovať politiku Európskej Únie a jej dopad na činnosť nadnárodnej spoločnosti E.ON. Keďže politika Európskej Únie má za cieľ zefektívniť spôsob podnikania vykonávaného v rámci Európskej Únie a okrem iného má predstavovať garanciu zodpovednosti jak spotrebiteľov, tak dodávateľov operujúcich na trhu, tak zámer práce bol definovaný na analýzu politického vplyvu rozhodnutí Európskej Únie a ich dopad na následné strategické rozhodnutia firmy. Analytická čas práce je preto zameraná na analýzu Európskej energetickej politiky s kladením dôrazu na profil spoločnosti E.ON, Európsku energetickú stratégiu, obnoviteľné zdroje, jadrovú energetiku, bezpečnosť energetickej dodávky a na Európsky systém obchodovania s emisiami.

The aim of my thesis was to identify sources of funding to selected public works and interconnect the impact of financing public construction order for manage-ment of the municipality. In the theoretical part are explained basic concepts relat-ed to public contract and the possibilities of its financing. In the practical part is characterizes specific public works, financed by using funding from the EU and its impact on the economy of the municipality.

L’eau souterraine représente 98% de la ressource en eau douce liquide sur Terre. Vitale, avantageuse par ses propriétés spéciales mais, souvent, particulièrement vulnérable à long terme, face aux dégradations continues générées par l’ère anthropocène, elle devrait faire l’objet d’une réglementation exprimant toute la signification du « niveau élevé de protection de l’environnement » requis en droit primaire de l’Union européenne. C’est pourquoi la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) pratiquée par l’UE devrait tendre, pour cette eau, vers un degré supérieur de préservation d’un milieu hypogé singulièrement fragile, via une distinction plus marquée entre les notions de «gestion» et de «protection» intégrées, selon l’intensité de la préservation qu’elles emporteraient. A travers cette évolution de la gestion vers la protection intégrée, que l’on érigerait en mode d’intervention à part entière, le droit de l’UE définirait une nouvelle balance entre intérêts économiques et nécessités environnementales. Un tel renforcement du droit dérivé pertinent passerait avant tout par une conception rénovée des eaux souterraines, affranchie d’une conception trop sommaire, dans la directive-cadre sur l’eau et la directive 2006/118/CE, pour en appréhender toute la richesse. Ce, sous peine de ne les protéger que partiellement. Sans préjudice de l’unité du droit de l’eau, des aménagements spécifiques devraient ainsi être prévus pour les eaux souterraines, dont les dynamiques peuvent grandement différer, dans le temps et l’espace, de la surface. Les eaux souterraines ne pouvant être séparées de leur réceptacle (sol et sous-sol), leur protection intégrée requerrait en outre de transcender les limites de la politique de l’eau, et d’aller au-delà de l’intégration telle qu’on la connaissait dans le cadre de la GIRE. Cette dernière, en effet, n’efface pas toutes les contradictions entre politiques sectorielles. Aussi faudrait-il poursuivre la mise en cohérence desdites politiques concernées (environnementale, agricole, industrielle, énergétique…), dont la convergence devrait être accrue dans le sens d’une protection globale du milieu souterrain – une protection affermie pour laquelle pourraient se mobiliser l’ensemble des acteurs intéressés, s’ils étaient orientés vers cet objectif par des dispositifs plus appropriés
Because groundwater, which represents 98% of the liquid freshwater on Earth, is vital, of particular benefit due to its special properties, but, often, especially vulnerable, in the long term, to the unceasing degra-dation caused by the anthropogenic era, it should be the subject of a regulation that would express the whole meaning of the “high level of protection of the environment” required in the European Union primary law. The integrated management of water resources management (IWRM) implemented by the EU should therefore, for this water, strive for a higher stage of preservation of a singularly fragile underground environment, through a sharper distinction between the concepts of integrated “management” and “protection”, according to the intensity of preservation they would respectively imply. Via such an evolution from integrated management to protection, the latter becoming an autonomous framework of action, the EU law would adopt a different position on the balance between economic interests and ecological necessities. This strengthening of the relevant secondary law must rest on, first and foremost, a new apprehension of groundwater, in the water framework directive and the directive 2006/118/EC, beyond a conception too perfunctory to comprehend the richness of it, otherwise it won’t be fully protected. So, without prejudice to the unity of water law, specific adjustments should be provided for, concerning ground waters, insofar as their dynamics may significantly differ, in time and space, from those of surface water. Since ground waters can’t be separated from its receptacle (soil and subsoil), its integrated protection would demand in addition to transcend the borders of the sectoral water policy and to go beyond the integration as we know it in the current IWRM, which doesn’t erase contradictions between sectoral policies. Thus has to be carried on the improvement of the coherence between relevant politics (environment, agriculture, industry, energy…), in order to build a complete protection of the underground environment. A new framework where would be mobilized all involved actors, converging towards this purpose thanks to more appropriate mechanisms

Global energy transitions and rises in demand for critical raw materials (CRMs) are predicted to reshape global politics in yet uncertain but profound ways. With CRMs being vital for Europe’s decarbonization process, the present study sets out to examine the EU’s geopolitical discourse by taking an inquisitive yet critical stance focusing particularly on the new “geopolitical” Commission’s geopolitical reasoning on CRMs. Building upon critical geopolitics, a discourse analysis was conducted on 9 European Commission communications (2019–2020). Three key observations were made: first, a ‘geopolitical’ and ‘assertive’ EU is crucial in an increasingly ‘fragile’, ‘polarized’ and ‘competitive’ world. Second, securing CRMs is a ‘security question’, requiring ‘strategic approaches and partnerships’, notably with ‘resource–rich regions’ and particularly with Africa. Third, the EU’s narrative is ambiguous. While classical geopolitical assumptions are distinguishable, it remains questionable whether the EU will depart from its familiar path of liberal cooperation, multilateralism and trade when scouting for CRMs, although its role as a “benign ally” can be questioned. Further studies on the EU’s geopolitical reasoning, along with its actual practice in the area of CRMs, are warranted. Likewise, a critical reading of reports and foresight preceding EU policymaking is encouraged, to better comprehend how the EU’s dominating geopolitical discourse on CRMs and subsequent practice is produced in the first place.

The goal of the thesis is to consider various ways how to finance expanded entrepreneurial plans of a selected starting company with the focus on sources of the European Union funds. The first chapters present the general possibilities of the financing of companies and consider suitability of their usage. At the end of these chapters forms of the financial support from the European Union Funds are discussed. The next part is focussed more practically. The expanded entrepreneurial plans of the Orange Academy company, which are intended for the grant, is introduced here. The ability of the company to meet a liability resulting from the given way of financing are mentioned as well. The aspects of the realization of the project appeal and possible consequences, if the conditions after approval are not completed, are the necessary part.

The aim of this work provides an analysis of the possibilities of utilization of Structural funds for the development of Czech SMEs with the focus on the support of human resources development. The theoretical part is focused on the structure of funds in the programme therm 2004 – 2006 and project cycle. The practical part is made as the case study for the Programme Human Resources Development in Vašstav company.

Central Asia is a region located between Europe and Asia, which gained sovereignty after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In the first decade of independence all the countries had to deal with many problems within the states and were not interesting areas for foreign partners. But the situation has changed at the beginning of the new century, when the world faced the question of energy security and the thread of terroristic attacks from the neighborhood of Central Asia. Rich natural resources and key location of this region attracted global players as Russia, China or European Union. They started creating cooperation ties in many areas with Central Asian countries. The goal of this thesis is to describe the evolution and analyze the current state of mutual relations. Moreover to analyze weak and strong points of Central Asian economies and characterize problematic and perspective areas of cooperation, from which involved countries can benefit.

This diploma thesis addresses the current analytical procedures and policies of renewable energy production in the Czech Republic and, mainly deals with the policy modifications that occurred between 2010 to 2012 which also influenced this policy. To give more explanation to the entire picture of the energetic situation in the Czech Republic we have to analyze the current potential situation of renewable and non renewable resources, the quality of electrical distribution network, the framework of available energy resources in the Czech Republic, the costs of producing energy and its impact on the environment. The current global trend in most developed countries is the development of renewable energy sources but, this is not the current case in the Czech Republic which has in its plans to reach its target set by the European Union for the year 2020 . But, instead the Czech Republic would like to set a different goal and decrease the use of renewable energy resources and increase the use of nuclear energy. The support of the analysis policy for renewable energy sources in the Czech Republic is measured in comparison with the European Union, the United States of America and the Peoples Republic of China. The main goal is to evaluate this policies support for renewable energy sources in the Czech Republic and for its possible improvement.

This Diploma thesis is focused on the possibilities of financing a specific project in the company from EU Funds. Theoretical part of this thesis describes an individual funds and policies of European Union. This part also defines the basic informations from Project management. The aim of the practical part is prepare a feasibility study of the project. This project will be co-financed from EU Funds. After that the whole process will be assessed. In the end of the thesis is processed the whole procedure of submission the request from the Business and Innovation Programme through the CzechInvest agency.

The thesis is focused on the suggestion of implementation of the prospectus, which leads towards the harmonization between work and family life of employees of research organization. The second area deal with European Union financial resources issue aim at research organization, or if you like it deal with Structural funds issue, that gives financial support to our implementation. Results of the thesis are further on check up in the real project that runs also in the time the thesis is drawn up.

Wie kann Lobbyingerfolg von Interessengruppen erklärt werden? Lange Zeit standen ausschließlich Ressourcen als Explanans für Lobbyingerfolg im Zentrum der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung. Später traten weitere unabhängige Variablen zur Erklärung von Lobbyingerfolg hinzu: Framing, Arenen, Issuetypen, Koalitionen und die politisch-ideologische Ausrichtung der Entscheidungsträger als intervenierende Variable. Die empirischen Beobachtungen am Beispiel der EU-Emissionspolitik zeigen, dass keine der genannten Variablen Lobbyingerfolg alleine erklären kann. Die Kongruenzanalyse wird belegen, dass die Erklärungs- und Prognosekraft der Variablen in den einzelnen Arenen variiert. Ressourcen sind ein guter Prädiktor für Lobbyingerfolg in der Arena der Kommission. In der Arena des Europäischen Parlaments ist vor allem das Lobbyingziel der einzelnen Interessengruppen entscheidend. In der Arena des Rats hängt der Lobbyingerfolg von einem komplexen Zusammenspiel aus Lobbyingziel, formellen Abstimmungsregeln und der Positionierung der Mitgliedstaaten ab, die wiederum von der Zusammensetzung der jeweiligen Regierungsexekutiven und der Ressourcenstärke einzelner Interessengruppen in den Mitgliedstaaten beeinflusst wird. In der Arena des Vermittlungsausschusses entscheidet die politisch-ideologische Position des Berichterstatters. Darüber hinaus kann gezeigt werden, dass sowohl in der Arena des Europäischen Parlaments als auch in der Arena des Rats bestimmte Framing-Strategien erfolgversprechend sind. Wohingegen die Zugehörigkeit eines Issues zu einem bestimmten Issuetypus von vornherein die Erfolgsaussichten mindert. Lobbyingerfolg am Ende des Mitentscheidungsverfahrens ist also das Resultat von Lobbyingerfolgen, die in den einzelnen Arenen auf unterschiedliche kausale Effekte zurückzuführen sind. Bemerkenswert ist, dass Lobbyingerfolg von einer Reihe von Faktoren abhängt, die von Interessengruppen selbst nicht unmittelbar beeinflussbar sind.
How can lobbying success of interest groups be explained? For a long time, solely resources were at the centre of the theoretical debate. Later, other independent variables were added to explain lobbying success: framing, arenas, types of issues, coalitions and the political-ideological position of decision-makers as an intervening variable. Empirical observations using the example of the EU emissions policy however show that none of the above variables can explain lobbying success alone. A congruence analysis demonstrates that the explanatory and predictive power of the variables varies in different arenas. Resources are a potent predictor of lobbying success in the arena of the Commission. In the arena of the European Parliament, it is the lobbying goal of stakeholders, which determines success. In the arena of the Council, lobbying success is the result of a complex interplay of lobbying goal, formal voting rules and the political position of the Member States. The political position of Member States, in turn, is influenced by the political-ideological composition of the government executive and the resources of individual stakeholders in the Member States. In the arena of the Conciliation Committee, the political and ideological position of the rapporteur is pivotal. In addition, it can be shown that both in the arena of the European Parliament and of the Council certain framing strategies support lobbying success. In contrast, the nature of an issue can diminish the chances of lobbying success right from the outset. Thus, lobbying success at the end of the co-decision procedure is the result of the combination of lobbying successes in the co-decision arenas, which are due to different causal effects. It is noteworthy that lobbying success depends on a number of factors, which cannot be directly influenced by interest groups themselves.

Los gobiernos, las administraciones públicas e incluso los Tribunales se han afrontado con la cuestión de aplicación del principio de subsidiariedad en variados aspectos del derecho público, y de modo singular, este tema se centra en la perspectiva administrativa y medio ambiental, más específicamente al tema del derecho de agua, de la gestión hídrica y de la distribución de competencias. Así, esta investigación hace una reflexión sobre el modelo subsidiario del derecho de agua, un estudio de derecho comparado, en el marco de la ordenación de la gestión del agua en Unión Europea, en aproximación, al ordenamiento constitucional de la política de agua de Brasil. Se señala que se trata de sistemas normativos de bases jurídicas distintas, por ello, la propuesta es verificar cómo se estructura específicamente la regulación de gestión y aprovechamiento del agua, de acuerdo con los principios generales y otras disposiciones comunes; además, hacer un análisis de algunos supuestos de conflictos que se afrontan en cada sistema, en situaciones más concretas y aproximadas, se confrontando las similitudes y respetándose las divergencias. La tesis se concentra en dos partes: la primera dedicada al estudio más profundo del elemento de subsidiariedad, en cuanto principio y función, volviéndose a sus raíces evolutivas, planteamientos de los conceptos jurídicos y sobretodo calcado en (re)dimensionar su naturaleza jurídica, a partir de la relación del componente de la subsidiariedad con otros elementos jurídicos, igualmente complejos, cómo la relación con la soberanía en la Teoría del Derecho Público, y otros componentes de la centralización, descentralización y autonomía y, de modo singular, los principios de cooperación y proporcionalidad del derecho europeo comparando con el federalismo cooperativo y de integración en Brasil. La segunda parte se despliega en reflexionar las cuestiones actuales sobre el bien jurídico 'agua' (patrimonio común) que llevaron al desarrollo del modelo subsidiario del derecho de agua, y propiamente sobre cómo en los sistemas jurídico-administrativos referidos, precisamente el tema de la gestión de los recursos hídricos se organiza y regula, engendrada desde el principio de subsidiariedad y de la cooperación bajo la integración de la política del agua en la unidad de cuenca hidrográfica.
Governments, public administrations and even courts face the question of implementation of the principle of subsidiarity in various aspects of public law, and, in a special way, this theme permeates the administrative and environmental perspective, more specifically with respect to the issues of water right, water management and distribution of competencies. Therefore, this research reflects on the subsidiary model of the right to water. It is intended to study the context of water management regulation in European Union through comparative law, including an approach to Brazilian laws on this subject matter. It is noted that these are normative systems of different legal bases. Therefore, the objective is to verify specially how regulation of water management and use is structured, in accordance with the general principles and other common provisions, as well as to analyze some particular cases of conflicts faced in each system, comparing their similarities and respecting their differences. The thesis focuses on two parts. The first one is devoted to a deeper study of the subsidiarity element, as a principle and function, focusing on its evolutionary roots, examining its legal concepts, and, mainly, is designed to (re)size its legal nature, from the relation of the subsidiarity component to other legal elements, equally complex, relating it to sovereignty in the Theory of Public Law, and to other components (centralization, decentralization and autonomy), in a singular way, as well as to the principles of cooperation and proportionality of European law, in comparison with cooperative and integration federalism in Brazil. The second one intends to reflect on current issues about the water heritage, under a normative point of view, which led to the development of the subsidiary model of water right, and specifically approaches the question of how the management of water resources in the aforementioned legal and administrative systems is organized and regulated under the water policy integration, based on the principle of subsidiarity and cooperation in the "watershed unit".
Els governs, les administracions públiques i fins i tot els tribunals han hagut d'abordar la qüestió de l'aplicació del principi de subsidiarietat en diversos aspectes del dret públic, i de manera singular, aquest tema afecta la perspectiva administrativa i mediambiental, centrada més específicament en la qüestió del dret de l'aigua, de la gestió hídrica i de la distribució de competències. Així, aquesta investigació fa una reflexió sobre el model subsidiari del dret de l'aigua, en el qual es pretén fer un estudi de dret comparat en el marc de l'ordenació de la gestió de l'aigua a la Unió Europea, en relació amb l'ordenament constitucional de la política de l'aigua del Brasil. S'assenyala que es tracta de sistemes normatius de bases jurídiques distintes, raó per la qual la proposta és verificar com s'estructura específicament la regulació de la gestió i aprofitament de l'aigua, d'acord amb els principis generals i altres disposicions comunes, a més de fer una anàlisi d'alguns supòsits de conflictes que es tracten en cada sistema, en situacions més concretes y aproximades, amb l'acarament de les similituds i amb respecte de les divergències. La tesi s'estructura en dues parts: la primera es dedica a l'estudi aprofundit de l'element de la subsidiarietat atenent les seves arrels evolutives, els plantejaments dels conceptes jurídics i sobretot l'estudi de la qüestió de (re)dimensionar la seva naturalesa jurídica, a partir de la relació del component de la subsidiarietat amb altres elements jurídics, igualment complexos, com la relació amb la sobirania en la Teoria del Dret Públic i altres components de la centralització, descentralització i autonomia i, de manera singular, els principis de cooperació i proporcionalitat del dret europeu, en comparació amb el federalisme cooperatiu i d'integració al Brasil. La segona part s'estén en la reflexió sobre les qüestions actuals sobre el bé jurídic aigua que han portat al desenvolupament del model subsidiari del dret de l'aigua, i pròpiament sobre com en els sistemes juridicoadministratius referits, precisament el tema de la gestió dels recursos hídrics s'organitza i es regula des de la integració de la política de l' aigua, engendrada des del principi de subsidiarietat i de la cooperació en la unitat de conca hidrogràfica.

This diploma thesis is focused on the customs policy of the Czech Republic as an EU Member State. The aim of the study is divided into three areas: The first objective is to characterize the changes that occurred in the Czech Republic after it became part of the single customs territory of the EU. Therefore to clearly describe the basic features of the EU customs policy - its principles, tools and techniques for customs proceedings, each customs procedures, Common Customs Tariff, etc. The second goal is to provide an overview of collecting customs duties in the territory of the Czech Republic just before and after joining the EU. The third objective of this diploma thesis is to characterize and analyze the revenues from customs duties throughout the EU, as the customs duties are one of the Traditional Own Resources (TOR) of the EU budget.

Society's concern over the negative impact of business activities on the natural environment has significantly increased and, as a result, environmental regulations have grown considerably both in number and scope. As these policies affect businesses and their competitive environment, firms are interested in shaping the nature of such legislation through corporate political activities (CPAs). This thesis investigates the CPAs of MNEs in the automotive industry that are directed towards environmental regulations in the EU. Using the resource-based view as its theoretical framework, it investigates six research questions that address the characteristics, determinants and consequences of these CPAs in relation to three regulatory areas (pollutant emissions, CO2 emissions and end-of-life vehicles). Case study analysis is based on 71 interviews with stakeholders from the automotive industry (the entire population of 11 MNEs from the Triad regions that are politically active in Brussels) and related industries, EU institutions and civil society organisations, representing the societal triangle (market, state, civil society). The thesis finds that the 11 automotive firms engage in CPAs to inform policymakers, and because of the impact that regulations have on their businesses. Whilst the firms attempt a cooperative approach, in reality this is not always the case: whereas individual company and association activities should lead to a united voice, this does not occur when it comes to important company-specific technologies and particular environmental policies. These regulations are viewed by companies as both a costly burden and as opportunities, though non-corporate respondents perceive that MNEs see them only as costs. The main (political) resources and competences used in CPAs are found to be human resources (including the related resources of expertise, contacts, trust and reputation, i.e. social capital), and technological resources. Regulations and the technological resources influencing CPAs are directly and uniquely linked to the product portfolios of MNEs. These differences in technological resources and product ranges account for most of the variance in MNEs‟ CPAs rather than the respective countries of origin within the Triad.

La presente tesis doctoral tiene por objeto de estudio el régimen de impuestos especiales sobre los productos energéticos y la electricidad del Derecho de la Unión. En la Primera Parte se revisa el proceso que va desde la integración europea hasta la consecución del régimen armonizado. En este ámbito, se delimita el concepto de mercado interior y las exigencias que los Tratados integran en su misión. Se estudian los efectos del principio de libre circulación de mercancías, en particular, la creación de la unión aduanera y la utilización de la nomenclatura combinada. Se valora la aproximación de las legislaciones nacionales y, específicamente, la armonización fiscal como instrumentos para garantizar el adecuado funcionamiento del mercado interior. Se revisan las disposiciones normativas de la Unión que constituyeron la primera estructura del sistema impositivo de los hidrocarburos: la Directiva 92/12/CEE, la Directiva 92/81/CEE y la Directiva 92/82/CEE. Se esquematiza el conjunto de normas vigentes del Derecho de la Unión en materia de impuestos especiales sobre los productos energéticos y electricidad, distinguiendo entre aquellas de carácter material de aquellas de carácter formal. Se hace mención particularizada de los motivos y objetivos generales de la Directiva 2008/118/CE y de la Directiva 2003/96/CE. Se analiza la integración de los fines ambientales en la imposición especial de los productos energéticos, incluyendo la introducción de los biocarburantes y otros combustibles renovables, como también las propuestas de modificación de la Directiva 2003/96/CE. Conjuntamente, se identifican las principales fuentes jurídicas nacionales que han dado lugar a la transposición en España, en Francia y en el Reino Unido. En la Segunda Parte se analizan cada uno de los elementos que configuran los impuestos especiales sobre los productos energéticos en el Derecho de la Unión y su respectiva transposición en España, Francia y en el Reino Unido. Se detalla el ámbito territorial de aplicación. Se analiza el ámbito objetivo de aplicación del impuesto especial, delimitando la expresión «productos energéticos y electricidad». Se coordinan los hechos imponibles dispuestos por la Directiva 2008/118/CE y Directiva 2003/96/CE y se identifica cada uno de los supuestos de devengo. Se examina la estructuración de los niveles de imposición y se analizan los niveles mínimos de imposición sobre los carburantes de automoción (incluyendo la distinción entre gasóleo de uso profesional y no profesional), sobre los carburantes de automoción utilizados en fines industriales y profesionales y sobre los combustibles para calefacción y la electricidad. Se coordinan y analizan las exenciones obligatorias y facultativas. Se distinguen los operadores del sistema de impuestos especiales y se examina la determinación del deudor. Se identifican los supuestos de circulación en régimen suspensivo, la obligación de garantía y el procedimiento de circulación basado en el sistema informatizado EMCS. Se analiza también la circulación e imposición de los productos tras su despacho a consumo, en específico: el régimen de adquisición por los particulares, régimen de tenencia en otro Estado miembro y el régimen de venta a distancia, como también las destrucciones de productos, pérdidas e irregularidades en estos supuestos.
The purpose of this PhD Thesis is to study the general arrangement for excise duties on energy products and electricity of the European Union Law. In the First Part, the process going from the European integration until the achievement of the harmonised regime is revised. In this scope, the concept of internal market is defined likewise the requirements that the Treaties include in their mission. The effects of the free movement of goods principle are studied, in particular, the creation of the customs union and the use of the Combined Nomenclature. An evaluation of the national legislations’ approximation and, specifically, the tax harmonisation as tools to guarantee the proper functioning of the internal market, is conducted. The legal provisions of the European Union that constitute the first structure of the tax system on hydrocarbon are revised: the Directive 92/12/EEC, the Directive 92/81/EEC and the Directive 92/82/EEC. The existing set of legal provisions and ruled of the European Union Law concerning distinguishing excise duties on energy products and electricity are schematized, distinguishing between the material and the formal ones. The grounds and general purposes of the Directive 2008/118/EC and Directive 2003/96/EC are individually mentioned. There is a thorough analysis of the integration of the environmental purposes of the excised duties on energy products, including the introduction of biofuels and other renewable fuels, as well as the amendment proposals of the Directive 2003/96/EC. The main national legal sources that have led to the transposition in Spain, France and the United Kingdom are jointly identified. In the Second Part, every feature that makes up the excise duties on energy products in the European Union Law and their respective transposition in Spain, France and the United Kingdom are analysed. The territorial scope of application is detailed. The objective scope of application of the excise duty, which defines the expression «energy products and electricity», is analyzed. The chargeable events stated by the Directive 2008/118/EC and the Directive 2003/96/EC are coordinated and every excise duty point is identified. The structuring of the levels of taxation is examined as are the minimum levels of taxation on propellant (including the distinction between commercial and non commercial gas oil used), propellant used with industrial and commercial purpose and heating fuels and electricity. The mandatory and optional exemptions are coordinated and analysed. The operators of the excise duty system are distinguished and the determination of the debtor is examined. The study identifies the cases of movement under suspension of excise duty, the guarantee’s obligation and the procedure of movement based on the computerized system EMCS. It also includes the movement and taxability of the products after release for consumption, in particular: the acquisition by private individuals, holding in another member state and distance selling arrangements, as well as the destruction of products, losses and irregularities in said cases.
La present tesi doctoral té per objecte l’estudi del règim d’impostos especials sobre els productes energètics i l’electricitat del Dret de la Unió. A la primera part, es revisa el procés que va des de la integració europea fins a la consecució der règim harmonitzat. En aquest àmbit, es delimita el concepte de mercat interior i les exigències que els Tractats integren a la seva missió. S’estudien els efectes del principi de lliure circulació de mercaderies, en particular, la creació la unió duanera i la utilització de la nomenclatura combinada. Es valora , la aproximació de les legislacions nacionals i, específicament, l’harmonització fiscal com instruments per garantir el funcionament adequat del mercat interior. Es revisen les disposicions normatives de la Unió que van constituir la primera estructura del sistema impositiu dels hidrocarburs: la Directiva 92/12/CEE, la Directiva 92/81/CEE i la Directiva 92/82/CEE. S’esquematitzen el conjunt de normes vigents del Dret de la Unió en matèria de impostos especials sobre els productes energètics i la electricitat, distingint entre els de caràcter material i els de caràcter formal. Es fa particularment menció dels motius i objectius generals de la Directiva 2008/118/CE i de la Directiva 2003/96/CE. S’analitza la integració dels fins ambientals en la imposició especial dels productes energètics, incloent la introducció dels biocarburants i altres combustibles renovables, com també les propostes de modificació de la Directiva 2003/96/CE. S’identifiquen conjuntament les principals fons jurídiques nacionals que han donat lloc a la transposició a España, França i al Regne Unit. A la Segona Part s’analitzen cadascun dels elements que configuren els impostos especials sobre els productes energètics en el Dret de la Unió i la seva respectiva transposició a Espanya, França i al Regne Unit. Es detalla l’àmbit territorial d’aplicació. S’analitza l’àmbit objectiu d’aplicació del impost especial, delimitant l’expressió «productes energètics i electricitat». Es coordinen els fets imposables disposats per la Directiva 2008/118/CE i la Directiva 2003/96/CE i s’identifica cadascun dels suposts de meritació. S’examina l’estructuració del nivells d’imposició i s’analitzen els nivells mínims d’imposició sobre els carburants d’automoció (incloent la distinció entre gasoil d’ús professional i no professional), sobre els carburants d’automoció utilitzats a fins industrials i professionals i sobre els combustibles per calefacció i electricitat. Es coordinen i analitzen les exempcions obligatòries i facultatives. Es distingeixen els operadores del sistema d’impostos especials i s’examina la determinació del deutor. S’identifiquen els supòsits de circulació en règim suspensiu, la obligació de garantia i el procediment de circulació basta en el sistema informatitzat EMCS. S’analitza també la circulació i imposició dels productes després del seu despatx a consum, específicament: el règim d’adquisició per part dels particulars, règim de tinència en un altre Estat membre i el règim de venda a distancia, així com les destruccions de productes, pèrdues i irregularitats en aquests supòsits.
Cette thèse doctorale a pour objet l’étude du régime des accises sur les produits énergétiques et l’électricité du Droit de l’Union. Dans la Première Partie, la procédure qui va de l’intégration européenne jusqu’à l’achèvement du régime harmonisé est révisée. Dans cette partie, les effets du principe de libre circulation des marchandises sont étudiés, en particulier, la création de l’union douanière et l’utilisation de la nomenclature combinée. Le rapprochement des législations nationales est évalué, en fonctionnement adéquat du marché intérieur. Les dispositions normatives de l’Union qui ont constitué la première structure du système d’imposition des hydrocarbures sont révisées : la Directive 92/12/CEE, la Directive 92/81/CEE et la Directive 92/82/CEE. L’ensemble des normes en vigueur du Droit de l’Union en matière d’accises est schématisé, en établissant une distinction entre celles d’ordre matériel et celles d’ordre formel. Une mention détaillée des raisons et objectifs généraux de la Directive 2008/118/CE et de la Directive 2003/96/CE est établie. L’intégration des fins environnementales dans l’imposition spéciale des produits énergétiques est analysée, y compris l’introduction des biocarburants et autres carburants renouvelables, ainsi que les propositions de modifications de la Directive 2003/96/CE. Les principales sources juridiques nationales qui ont conduit à la transposition en Espagne, en France et au Royaume-Uni sont identifiées conjointement. Dans la deuxième partie, chacun des éléments configurant les accises sur les produits énergétiques dans le Droit de l’Union est analysé ainsi que leur respective transposition en Espagne, en France et au Royaume-Uni. Le champ territorial d’application est détaillé. Le champ d’application objectif de l’accise est analysé, en délimitant l’expression « produits énergétiques et électricité ». Les faits générateurs établis par la Directive 2008/118/CE et par la Directive 2003/96/CE sont coordonnés, et chacun des cas d’exigibilité de l’impôt est identifié. La structuration des niveaux de taxation est examinée et les niveaux minima de taxation sur les carburants (y compris la distinction entre le gazole à usage commercial et privé), sur les carburants utilisés à des fins industrielles et commerciales, sur les combustibles et l’électricité sont analysés. Les exonérations obligatoires et facultatives sont coordonnées et analysées. Une distinction des opérateurs du système d’accise et la détermination du débiteur sont examinées. Les cas de circulation sous un régime de suspension, l’obligation de garantie et la procédure de circulation basée sur le système informatisé EMCS sont identifiés. La circulation ainsi que la taxation des produits après leur mise à la consommation sont analysées, en particulier : le régime d’acquisition par les particuliers, le régime de détention dans un autre Etat membre, le régime de vente à distance, ainsi que les destructions de produits, pertes et irrégularités dans ces cas-là.

The aim my diploma’s thesis is define financial resources for public contract and combine funding with village economy. The theoretical part deals with public contracts and funding of. As fading are selected external and internal sources. The second part is practical and it is followed by the areas described in the theoretical part. There are described budget territorial units. It deals fading of project village. Its ecpression and impact on the budget and village’s economy.

As the largest external supplier of natural gas to the EU with reserves sufficient for another 74 years at current production levels, Russia is a strategic energy partner for the EU, and will remain so in the coming decades. The first eight years of the 21st century brought a dramatic rise in European oil and gas prices, and the idea of Russia as an ‘energy superpower’. However, such a characterisation of Russia failed to account for the interdependent nature of the Russia-EU gas relationship, and reflected a lack of nuanced Western understandings of the relationship between political and commercial entities in Russia’s energy sector. This thesis contributes to the gap in the literature by employing a social constructivist approach to the examination of Russian state and Gazprom conceptions of natural gas as a strategic resource and Russia’s gas exports to the EU. The crux of this research is the analysis of the convergence and divergence of Gazprom and Russian state interests and strategies, on the basis of their conceptualisations of natural gas as a strategic commodity. These interests are then played out in the relationship between Gazprom and the Russian state: where Gazprom and Russian state interests diverge, the degree to which the Russian state is able to impose its interests on Gazprom is highly significant. The extent to which Russia’s political leadership conceptualises gas as a political, rather than purely economic, resource not only influences Russian state interests, but also the degree to which those state interests converge with the commercial interests of Gazprom. The identification of Gazprom and Russian state conceptions of, and interests in relation to, natural gas therefore offers the possibility of rationalising Gazprom’s actions and strategies in commercial terms, where previously the presence of political interests may have led to the reductionist interpretation of those actions being little more than further evidence of Russia wielding the ‘energy weapon’. In Russia itself, the state conceptualisation of gas as a strategic national resource has led to the government using state-owned Gazprom as a vehicle for state control over Russia’s resources. In Russia’s relations with Ukraine and Belarus, natural gas is both political and economic – the Russian government views gas exports to Ukraine and Belarus as potentially lucrative, but it is willing to trade economic utility for political concessions, with Gazprom again the vehicle for such deals. It is in relation to Russia’s gas exports to the EU that the Russian state sees gas as an overwhelmingly economic resource, where prices are highest and the potential for barter or leverage is lowest. The examination of the Nord Stream gas pipeline highlights the convergence of Gazprom and state interests in strategic gas projects, and further emphasises the economic interests of the Russian state in such projects, thus demonstrating that state interests are not always completely political. Again, this challenges the interpretation of the fusion of energy and foreign policy as evidence of the ‘energy weapon’, and offers the possibility of rationalising Gazprom’s policies. Such a rationalisation increases our ability to understand the dynamics of Russia’s gas exports, which in turn offers the possibility of more constructive cooperation between supplier and consumer. The Medvedev presidency of 2008-2012 is particularly noteworthy, because it was marked by dramatic fluctuations of European gas prices, which exposed Russia’s economic vulnerability to commodity price shifts. At the same time, the EU gas market underwent a significant development in terms of increased supply-side competition, increased spot trading, and regulatory development (particularly the Third Energy Package), which rendered that market an increasingly competitive environment for Gazprom. The extent to which Gazprom is able to adapt to these developments, and the extent to which the Russian state will be willing to continue supporting Gazprom if it does not, will be significant factors in Russia’s future role as a strategic gas supplier to the EU.

The main goal of this diploma work is to clear the possibility of financing human resources development in the company Lemon, s.r.o., operational programmes introduction in the frame of programming period of 2007 – 2013, with the aim to programmes, which are determined for human resources development financing. Main source is European social fund and above all operational programme Human resources and employment. Partial objective of the work is to introduce how to set plan of the human resources development in the company Lemon, s.r.o. on the basis of the question-form and workshop, therefore to educate employees in a complex and sytematic way. Further objective of the work is also identification of proposals preparation, above all proposal structure and contents of particular sections.

This diploma thesis is focused on the present situation analyse of the company IVANA ČECHOVÁ. The begining part contains the characteristic of the analysed company and the theoretically resources. The practicall part is focused on the company problems and present situation analyse, from which the most significant lacks of business developement are determined. The improvement proposal represents the entrepreneurial intension of the company IVANA ČECHOVÁ. The examination of the entrepreneurial intension aimed at European funds is in this thesis mentioned too.

Die Doktorarbeit untersucht institutionelle Aspekte von staatlichen Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES, positive Anreizinstrumente i.F.v. Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen) in der EU und den USA. Die Untersuchung ist zweiteilig: Zunächst werden Design und Performance von bestehenden agrarumweltpolitischen Anreizinstrumenten analysiert, welche vermehrt als PES verstanden werden. Dann wird die Relevanz des Ecosystem Services (ES) Konzeptes für die Ausgestaltung der bestehenden Instrumente identifiziert. Die generellen Forschungsfragen werden hinsichtlich institutionellem Design, institutioneller Performance und institutionellem Interplay konkretisiert und im Rahmen von fünf individuellen Veröffentlichungen beantwortet. Hinsichtlich der Anreizinstrumente werden Regeln für eine effektive Gestaltung hervorgehoben. Ferner wird herausgearbeitet, wie Anreizinstrumente mit bestehenden institutionellen Strukturen interagieren. Hinsichtlich der Politikrelevanz des ES Konzeptes wird dargelegt, dass es bisher nicht in die Umweltgesetzgebung integriert wurde, eine Integration aber fortschreitet. Der größte zukünftige Einfluss des Konzeptes wird für die Klima- und Agrarpolitik vorausgesagt, insbesondere für bestehende Zahlungsinstrumente. Generell wird aufgezeigt, dass Zielgerichtetheit und Integration von staatlichen PES wichtig sind. Für einen funktionierenden Instrumentenmix von PES und Regularien muss die jeweilige Eigentumsrechtsituation transparent gemacht werden und verschiedene Akteure müssen auf einer gemeinsamen Basis zusammenarbeiten. Demgemäß wird diskutiert, welches Potential das ES Konzept dafür bietet, die Kommunikation zwischen den Akteuren zu verbessern und neue Impulse für eine Kooperation zu geben. Schließlich wird argumentiert, dass eine systematische ES Untersuchung und Quantifizierung bessere Möglichkeiten für Zieldefinition und Monitoring bieten könnte, der Nutzen einer ökonomische Bewertung von ES aber immer sehr sorgfältig geprüft werden sollte.
The doctoral thesis identifies and analyses institutional aspects of governmental Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in the EU and US. The analysis is twofold: First, the design and performance of existing governmental agri-environmental payment schemes that are increasingly labelled as PES have been investigated. Second, the influence of the ecosystem services (ES) concept on such payments has been identified. The general research objectives are structured in terms of institutional design, performance, and interplay. Five individual research papers shed light on the raised issues. Regarding payment schemes, findings indicate certain design rule sets that can be crucial for environmentally effective governmental payments. Furthermore, scheme interactions with other institutional arrangements have been shown. In terms of ES concept driven policies, the identified design principles have hardly been included but their integration is proceeding. The greatest future ES impact on policy design is predicted regarding climate and agricultural policies, especially on existing payment schemes. In summary, effective targeting and integration of governmental PES have been outlined as important. To create and achieve a sound mix of PES with regulations and policies, the property rights situation, the reference point for application of the ‘provider-gets’ and ‘beneficiary-pays’ principles, and any deviations therefrom should be made transparent. Furthermore, different actors must collaborate on basis of common denominators. The potential of ES to enhance communication among actors and provide new impulses for cross-sectoral and cross-level cooperation in existing governmental payments schemes implementation has been discussed. Moreover, it has been argued that regarding governmental payments, systematic ES definition and quantification may offer the opportunity to enhance targeting, and economic valuation and monetarization of ES should be very carefully considered.

Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies