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Journal articles on the topic 'European Union resources'
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1
Jeníček, V., and V. Krepl. "Energy and the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 1 (February 11, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2501-agricecon.
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There exists no energy policy in the European Union, but rather a whole series of long-term goals setting its strategic orientation. Until 2000, when the Green Book named “Towards the European Strategy of Energy Supplies Securing“ was accepted, no real debate on the strategy of energy was held in the EU. The Green Book represents a key document of the European energy policy and it originated as a consequence of the fears of the European Committee regarding the growing energy dependence on the energy resources imports, from the politically not stable parts of the world. Among the three key points of the energy strategy, there belong stable supply of energy, acceptable energy prices and environment protection. With regard to the deepening European integration and interconnection of the individual member states economies, the decisions of one country also have an energy impact on the other states. Therefore, the cooperation among the individual members is necessary.
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Morin, Michel. "The fisheries resources in the European Union." Marine Policy 24, no. 3 (May 2000): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-597x(00)00004-x.
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Cieslukowski, Maciej. "A Sustainable European Union Own Resources System." Perspectives on Federalism 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): E—11—E—45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pof-2016-0008.
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Abstract From 1992, after the UN “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development has become a priority of many countries and international organizations, including the European Union. After the crisis of 2008+ and the strong criticism of traditional economics, it also became a fundamental element of economic development in the XXI century. This new model is based on a solid and integrated economic, socio-cultural and ecological order. Such a development should be supported by suitable budgetary systems at each level of public government. The paper presents a conception of the sustainable EU own resources system and proposes the methodology of its evaluation.
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Larsson, Bengt. "Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.
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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Furåker, Bengt. "European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 26, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Gourlay, Catriona. "European Union procedures and resources for crisis management." International Peacekeeping 11, no. 3 (August 2004): 404–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353331042000249019.
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Nagy, Orsolya. "Renewable energy resources in the EU (Policy scenario)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 51 (February 10, 2013): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/51/2079.
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The use of renewable energies has a long past, even though its share of the total energy use is rather low in European terms. However, the tendencies are definitely favourable which is further strengthened by the dedication of the European Union to sustainable development and combat against climate change. The European Union is on the right track in achieving its goal which is to be able to cover 20% its energy need from renewable energy resources by 2020. The increased use of wind, solar, water, tidal, geothermal and biomass energy will reduce the energy import dependence of the European Union and it will stimulate innovation.
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Regelmann, Ada-Charlotte. "Civic Resources and the Future of the European Union." West European Politics 37, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.853526.
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Lipińska, Danuta. "European Union Water Policy: Key Issues and Challenges." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 3 (December 28, 2012): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0020-z.
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Water resources are among the most valuable resources of the natural environment. The sustainable and integrated management of these resources is the basis of European water policy. Pursuant to the Water Framework Directive, all waters in the European Union should achieve a state considered at least good by the year 2015. Just how this objective can be met continues to be a topic of discussions in some of the Member States. There exist serious problems and delays in performing and implementing the provisions of the Directive in most EU countries. What is more, the state of the water economy in several countries, including Poland, has been criticized by the European Commission. Many challenges stand before European water policy. They require solutions on a global and local level. This article presents current key problems and planned directions for EU water policy development, subjected to analysis and assessment. Note is taken on the newest initiative of the European Commission in the area of water policy, especially the plan for protecting Europe’s water resources—the Blueprint to Safeguard Europe’s Water Resources.
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Masternak-Janus, Aneta. "Efficiency of materials management in the European Union." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 15, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-03-2019-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure and evaluate the efficiency of materials management in the European Union countries (EU-28) during the period of 2008–2017. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and variables applied to determine the resource productivity indicator. Therefore, the components of domestic material consumption constituted inputs in the DEA method, while gross domestic product (GDP) was applied as an output. Findings The results of the analysis showed that the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Latvia and the UK are the efficiency leaders among all the member states of the European Union. One of the least efficient countries is Poland, which uses too much natural resources in the process of generating goods and services. However, this consumption is growing at a slower rate than the value of GDP, which is beneficial from the point of view of sustainable development. Poland, like other inefficient countries, should reduce its consumption of natural resources in line with the best international practices. Practical implications The obtained research results can be a valuable source of information for decision-makers, and contribute to the adoption of more effective policies in order to improve the relationship between materials consumption and economic growth. Originality/value The application of the DEA method for calculating the efficiency of materials management represents a new approach, and it is the first attempt of its kind in the European Union countries.
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Kovačič, Art. "European Union and Sustainable Development Indicators." Management of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msd-2017-0018.
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Abstract Assessment of sustainable position of selected countries is the important challenge in the last years. The sustainable theory has changed from the years of Rio conference and the availability of statistical resources is becoming better. Sustainable development is an important objective for each country. Enlargement of the EU has brought the current priorities and future direction of EU environmental policy sharply into focus. Enlargement process has increased the standards of environmental protection and social development. Significant environmental investments are necessary and the new members need to speed up their preparation for implementing the Gothenburg strategy “sustainable strategy”.
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Drucker, Susan. "Globalization and the European Union: Freedom of Expression Law Resources." Free Speech Yearbook 40, no. 1 (January 2002): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997225.2002.10556291.
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Korac, Srdjan. "Lobbying in institutions of European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 2 (2010): 348–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1002348k.
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The author analyses how big business interests groups influence the both EU legislative and policy making process, and by doing so how they distort pluralistic concept of public policy networking at the supranational level of governance. The enormous financial resources available to multinational corporations provide them the use of 'front group' strategy or the 'third party' strategy, manipulative public relations tactics, and an insider position in the European Commission's consultative fora, which all lead to exclusion of grass root groups. The author concludes that big business influence on the EU decision-makers will have negative effects on democratic legitimacy of the EU institutions, and he thinks that an efficient institutional control over lobbying activities in Brussels is needed.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Diversity of the selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (June 22, 2020): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/381/2019-agricecon.
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Agricultural importance in determining the directions of respective regions results from its production potential. The agricultural potential of a given country is determined by natural resources, ways of using them, natural conditions, workforce resources, technical resources and basic economic conditions. In this paper, only income and rural population are taken under consideration to describe the agricultural potential. Currently, European Union countries are functioning under the assumptions of the Common Agricultural Policy, assuming, among other things, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring an adequate standard of living for the rural population and stabilising markets. The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s leading exporters and importers of agricultural products. The obtained results allowed the identification in 2010 and 2018 of countries with high and low values of income and population potential. It is characteristic that within both potentials, population and income, the countries with the lowest potentials are the most numerous group. Poland and Romania stand out against the background of all countries, where due to the high share of people working in agriculture, the population’s potential has the highest values. Denmark is also an outstanding country for which income potential has the highest value. This study aims to examine the diversity of selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries. The research was conducted using, among other potential models and global and local spatial autocorrelation statistics. The analysis covered the years 2010 and 2018 by applying statistical data (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).
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Kabylda, Alisher, Natália Turčeková, Dominika Čeryová, Stefaniia Belinska, and Filip Valentíni. "Future of Oil and Gas Trade of Kazakhstan in the European Union Context – Application of Time Series Analysis." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0011.
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Abstract Energy is a fundamental factor in cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union; both sides strive for energy security but understand it differently. For Kazakhstan, the European Union is the primary export market for energy resources, a source of investment and technology. For the European Union, Kazakhstani oil and gas are the most valuable energy resources of the Central Asian region. The relevance of the chosen topic is that oil and gas are of crucial importance for the economy of Kazakhstan. In the future, Kazakhstan is going to increase production with the European Union. Kazakhstan’s oil and gas industry can be attributed to one of the leading sectors of the country’s economy. The purpose of the scientific paper is to analyse the oil and gas trade between Kazakhstan and the European Union using a time series model to examine Kazakhstan’s oil and gas trade flow, in order to describe its top 5 trade partners in the European Union, also providing objective information on the results and prospects of development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union in the field of oil and gas trade.
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Afonso, Alexandre, Samir Negash, and Emily Wolff. "Closure, equality or organisation: Trade union responses to EU labour migration." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 5 (November 2020): 528–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928720950607.
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This paper explores trade union strategies to protect wages in the face of EU migration after the enlargement of the European Union. We argue that unions have three instruments at their disposal to deal with the risks linked to downward wage pressure: closure through immigration control, equalisation through collective bargaining and minimum wages, and the organisation of migrant workers. Using comparative case studies of Sweden, Germany and the UK, we show how different types of power resources shape union strategies: unions with substantial organisational resources (in Sweden) relied on a large membership to pursue an equalisation strategy and expected to be able to ‘afford’ openness. German unions with low membership but access to the political system pushed for a mix of closure and equality drawing on political intervention (e.g. minimum wages). British unions, unable to pursue either, focused their efforts on organisation.
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Harrison, Daniel, and Lisa Bunker. "Research and Resources for Competition Lawyers." Legal Information Management 11, no. 2 (June 2011): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669611000442.
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AbstractDaniel Harrison, professional support lawyer, and Lisa Bunker, senior information officer, at Clifford Chance LLP explain why competition law research is so heavily based on European Union (EU) law and briefly describe the organisational framework and where to find key documents.
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Rollnik-Sadowska, Ewa. "YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKET." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 8 (October 24, 2016): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2016vol1.8.1482.
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In an era of aging of the European Union population, it is crucial to take care of human resources in various spheres of their life. The potential of young people is particularly important, as their economic activity creates the basis of maintaining the European welfare state model. However, the labour market situation of young people is difficult. Moreover, the phenomena, which have recently attracted increasing attention, are remaining for young people without employment, education or training (NEET). The occurrence of NEET's resources is harmful at micro level - due to pauperization of European households as well as for the whole economy due to insufficient usage of human resources. The paper aim is to compare how the situation of young people differs in the European Union labour markets.The paper was based on both the desk-research of literature as well as the analysis of selected economic indicators of young people (aged 15-29 years). The indicator analysis was made through the usage of cluster analysis (Ward's method and k-means method). The data was gathered from the databases of Eurostat. The selected indicators determine the labour market situation of young people in the EU countries and they are derived from two years – 2006 and 2014.Ward's and k-means methods allowed for dividing the EU countries into three groups. It occurred that the groups in 2006 have a completely different composition of countries than in 2014, which was mainly determined by crisis influences on the labour markets as well as directions of conducted reforms. Additionally, the k-means method allowed for comparison of selected groups on the basis of chosen variables and determination of countries with the best and the worst situation of young people.
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Melnyk, Olena, Inna Koreneva, Lyudmyla Zahorodnya, and Iryna Danyl'chenko. "European Union environmental security: the only achieving strategy." Securitologia 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.2968.
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The article deals with the main environmental policy stages in the EU. The principles of environmental protection are given. The legal environmental protection framework is considered. The features of regions with natural and common resources, industrial and human potential that has its own action plan for achieving common EU environmental safety strategy are considered.
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Jovanović, L., V. Radović, and M. Lukinović. "Significance of energy efficiency for energy security." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2018.4.08.
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Energy security of the European Union is one of the most important parameters that determine the present and the future on the world's geopolitical scene. EU countries are characterized by: insufficient fossil fuels from their own sources, continuous increase in consumption and strict environmental regulations (which limit the use of coal and oil). From all of the above, it follows that the long-term energy security of the European Union can be ensured by increase of gas supply capacity and diversification of sources of supply. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the situation and perspective of optimizing energy efficiency in the countries of the European Union through the application of resource of energy saving and new and innovative technologies of renewable resources.
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Horváth, Gy. "Regional Policy in Europe." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.6.
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Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
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Siedlecka, Agnieszka. "HOUSING CONDITIONS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND COMPA RED WITH SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7766.
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The aim of the paper was to analyze the housing conditions of households living in rural areas in Poland against a background in selected European Union countries. The household as a basic subject of economic life has limited resources. One of the elements of these resources is a flat. Both its area, equipment and infrastructure are an important element affecting the quality of life. The analysis of statistical data showed that worse conditions, described using the average number of rooms per person in households, were in Poland in comparison with other European Union countries. The statistical data for 2017 collected by the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) were used in the article.
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Reynolds, Megan M., and Veerle Buffel. "Organized Labor and Depression in Europe: Making Power Explicit in the Political Economy of Health." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 61, no. 3 (August 8, 2020): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146520945047.
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Despite engagement with the construct of power relations, research on the political economy of health has largely overlooked organized labor as a determinant of well-being. Grounded in the theory of power resources, our study aims to fill this gap by investigating the link between country-level union density and mental health while accounting for the compositional effects of individual-level union membership. We use three waves of the European Social Survey (N = 52,737) and a variation on traditional random-effects models to estimate both the contextual and change effects of labor unions on depressive symptoms. We find that country-level union density is associated with fewer depressive symptoms and that this is true irrespective of union membership. We discuss our findings vis-à-vis the literatures on the political economy of health, power resources, and fundamental causes of disease.
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Crawford Ames, Beverly, and Armon Rezai. "The Euro, The Gold Standard, and German Power." German Politics and Society 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2017.350404.
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Kindleberger’s theory of hegemonic stability states that fixed exchange rate regimes require a leader that will provide it with disproportionate resources to ensure stability. Applying his theory to European monetary cooperation, we argue that, like the tools of Goethe’s “Sorcerer’s Apprentice,” European Monetary Union was constructed as a “self-regulating system,” and it threatens to run amok without a hegemonic leader. Germany has exercised “soft hegemony” in Europe, providing the European Union with disproportionate resources to stabilize the single market. It has the capability to be the Eurozone’s leader. But, by 2017, blinded by its ordoliberal ideology, i t refused to do so, instead placing the burden of cooperation on the weak. If Germany continues to refuse to play the role of the hegemonic leader, European Monetary Union faces collapse.
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Kyseľová, Viera. "Industry as a Key Factor for Economic Recovery and Competitiveness of the Europe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 613 (August 2014): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.613.441.
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Promotion of an integrated approach for industrial policy at European and national levels is crucial to ensuring the future competitiveness of the European Union and to raise growth potential. Essential for economic success and economic recovery of the European Union is an integrated single market, which creates an attractive environment for business, production of goods and services. Industrial modernization, investing in innovation, new technology, production inputs and skills, increased productivity, efficient use of resources and goods and services with high value added are prerequisites for achieving Europe's comparative advantage in the global economy. The main source of industrial future and competitiveness of the European Union are becoming investments in innovation and key technologies that redefine global value chains, make more efficient use of resources and redesign the international division of labor.
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Haider, Inger Eriksson. "European Integration: History and Perspectives Report from a Colloquium Retracing the Evolution of the European Union." International Journal of Legal Information 30, no. 3 (2002): 466–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500010143.
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Fifty years ago, in the aftermath of the Second World War, Europe lay in ruins. What could be done to put an end to its belligerent past? Robert Schuman, then French Foreign Minister, envisioned that the European nations pool their resources together and unite their sovereign states, creating a unique form of political and economic union to be governed by supranational institutions. In the words of Jean Monnet: “Nothing can be achieved without institutions.” These ideas were the origins of the European Union.
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Batsenko, Liudmyla, Roman Halenin, and Wang Haibo. "Current status of human resource management in China and EU." VUZF Review 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.2.10.
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This paper studies the situation of human resource management in the construction industry between China and the European Union. According to the analysis, it shows the importance of human resource management. It summarizes the current situation and existing problems of human resource management in China and the European Union. Corresponding measures are proposed to facilitate the sustainable and healthy development of human resource management.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the EU, bilateral relations have developed smoothly. Later, the two parties established a strategic partnership. Subsequently, trade cooperation in various fields continued to develop. China proposes to implement the "One Belt One Road" initiative, and the European Union actively participates in the "One Belt One Road" framework agreement. The two parties' research on human resource management in the construction industry will be of great significance to promote further in-depth cooperation between the two parties in the field of construction and human resource management, and to expand and create a broader development space.
Suggested deepen the reform of teaching content and curriculum system in accordance with the modern development of human resources. Emphasized that education investment for developing human resources and improving the quality of workers is not a simple consumption, but a long-term productive investment. emphasis is placed on the personnel appraisal system establishment of its the guarantee for the stability of the management staff.
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Epstein, Rachel, and Martin Rhodes. "From governance to government: Banking union, capital markets union and the new EU." Competition & Change 22, no. 2 (January 15, 2018): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529417753017.
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European banking union and Capital markets union have emerged as two of the key pillars of European integration since the post-2008 financial crisis. Neither were anticipated prior to the financial crisis, nor was the rapidity of their construction. Both imply the same critical shifts in Europe’s institutional political economy. The first relocates national oversight and authority to supranational institutions (a political shift), while the second increases the power and responsibility of market actors by reducing national controls (an economic shift). If banking union aims to break the hold of national governments over banking entities to foster a less fragmented and more efficient European union banking market, capital markets union aims to remove national-level impediments to a single market for capital in which jurisdictional differences are minimized, investor freedoms maximized and business gains access to a greater range of financial resources.
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LIVENTSEVA, Hanna, Olena IVANOVA, and Yuliia DEMCHUK. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGISTS TO THE INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE EXPERIENCE OF PARTICIPATION IN THE EU FUNDING PROGRAMS." Ukrainian Geologist, no. 1-2(44-45) (June 30, 2021): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53087/ug.2021.1-2(44-45).238968.
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The public organization Ukrianian Association of Geologists (UAG) is active internationally. Since 2015 UAG (EC UAG) has been working on projects initiated by the European Federation of Geologists (EFG) within the framework of the European Union Framework Program for Research and Innovation «Horizon 2020»: KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030, INFACT, CROWDTHERMAL, ENGIE, REFLECT. Projects KINDRA, INTRAW, UNEXMIN, CHPM2030 are successfully completed. The active phase of the INFACT, REFLECT, CROWDTHERMAL, engie projects continues. The content of work on the projects fully coincides with the goals and objectives of the Strategy of the Ukrainian Association of Geologists to promote the implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union regarding the efficient and balanced use of natural resources for 2018-2025. “Geology for the European Future of Ukraine” and the International Platform “Implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union regarding the effective and balanced use of natural resources”, carried out with the aim of promoting the efficiency and competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy through the application of mechanisms and practices in the field of natural resources relevant European legislative acts, requirements of European standards in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union (EU). These projects are aimed at systematization / streamlining of knowledge to create networks of project stakeholders; assessment of available practical and scientific knowledge related to groundwater (KINDRA); expansion of the community of geologists and experts in the efficient and balanced use of natural resources, and mineral raw materials in particular; development and testing of innovative, non-invasive geological exploration technologies (INFACT); EU cooperation with other technologically advanced countries in the field of effective management of mineral, primarily critical, raw materials (INTRAW); reassessment of the mineral potential of abandoned mines for future mining operations (UNEXMIN); development of a new and potentially breakthrough technological solution that can help meet European needs for energy and strategic metals in a single interconnected process; reassessment of mineral resource potential in Europe (CHPM2030); empowering the European public to directly participate in the development of geothermal projects through alternative schemes (crowdfunding) and social engagement tools (CROWDTHERMAL); implementation of the European Atlas of Geothermal Fluids (REFLECT); expanding educational activities among young students and overcoming of gender stereotypes prevailing in geology and related disciplines (ENGIE).
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Curto Polo, Maria Mercedes. "Plant Patents in the European Union: Recent Developments." Revista Electrónica de Direito, no. 2 (June 2019): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2019-0002_0003.
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Biotechnology has become one of the most promising and important technologies for the development of innovation in agriculture. The economic importance of the invested resources justifies that innovators ask for an adequate means of protection to compensate their efforts. There are two possible ways of protection of the developments in plant innovation: A sui generis system born in the middle of last century in order to protect the results of traditional breeding processes, on the one hand; and the patentability of plant inventions which normally are the result of biotechnological processes which operate at the cellular level. The coexistence of these two systems of protection in the European Union causes some frictions which have to be solved, not only by the legislator, but also by the courts and the patent offices when they apply the law to a constantly evolving reality.
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Curto Polo, Maria Mercedes. "Plant Patents in the European Union: Recent Developments." Revista Electrónica de Direito 19, no. 2 (June 2019): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2019-0002_0003_.
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Biotechnology has become one of the most promising and important technologies for the development of innovation in agriculture. The economic importance of the invested resources justifies that innovators ask for an adequate means of protection to compensate their efforts. There are two possible ways of protection of the developments in plant innovation: A sui generis system born in the middle of last century in order to protect the results of traditional breeding processes, on the one hand; and the patentability of plant inventions which normally are the result of biotechnological processes which operate at the cellular level. The coexistence of these two systems of protection in the European Union causes some frictions which have to be solved, not only by the legislator, but also by the courts and the patent offices when they apply the law to a constantly evolving reality.
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Tomšík, P., and J. Sedlo. "Adaptation of the Czech viniculture to the conditions of the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 11 (February 21, 2012): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5146-agricecon.
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In the Czech Republic, the sector of viniculture tried to use the period before the entry into the European Union (1<sup>st</sup>May 2005) for the maximum development of resources needed for its both quantitative and qualitative advancement. The legislation concerning this sector was changed and harmonised with the legislation of the EU. The total acreage of vineyards was expanded and another 7 thousand hectares were planted. The size of business units changed as well. For the time being, the production potential of this industry is 19.3 thousand ha of vineyards, more than 18 thousand wine growers were registered and there are nearly 600 producers of wine. In this sector, there are approximately 20 thousand jobs and the consumption of wine is gradually increasing and equals 16.5 litres per capita per year. As far as the prices of grapes are concerned, it was found out that they were relatively stable in the period under study and that the price of blue varietals is higher than that of white ones. The Czech wine import is constantly higher than the export, both in volume and financial value.
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Pierzgalski, Edward. "European Union Water Policy in Aspect of Rural Areas Development." EU agrarian Law 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2013-0002.
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Abstract Agriculture and environment are among others the most important priorities of the European Union. Agriculture is strongly influenced by the state of the environment, including water resources. In addition to many other policies, the EU water policy is crucial for the sustainable development of rural areas. Directives are the main tools for implementation of water policy. This article contains an overview of the directives on aspects of quality and quantity of water resources. Within the paper three most important agricultural areas of the Directive are characterized: the Water Framework Directive, the Floods Directive and the Nitrates Directive. Presented mandatory EU action aimed at their implementation and the problems associated with it. Current proposals for changes in the EU water policy are described.
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Mačerinskienė, Irena, and Rasa Aleknavičiūtė. "National intellectual capital influence on economic growth in the European Union countries." Equilibrium 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i4.30.
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Research background: Importance of intangible resources for country’s economic growth is widely recognized. However, empirical evidence of this influence is hard to show due to measurement limitations of intangible resources. Majority of empirical studies concentrates on the analysis of a specific type of intangible resource’s influence on economic growth. National intellectual capital concept provides background for an integrated assessment of the country's intangible resources. This new approach enables the estimation of intangible resources’ influence to economic growth in a more complex way.
Purpose of the article: a) To examine various scientific approaches of the national intellectual capital and its impact on the economic growth; b) to offer a measurement model of the national intellectual capital influence on economic growth; c) to evaluate the specific European Union countries’ intellectual capital’s effect on their economic growth.
Methods: Econometric analysis; refined factor value computation method using the stand-ardized regression coefficients; the SAW method; expert evaluation, cluster analysis; corre-lation and regression analyses.
Findings & Value added: A review of the economic growth theories showed that structural components of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital, social capital, relational capital) in economic growth theories are analyzed as key determinants of economic growth. Our proposed research methodology consists time lag between variables and this let us evaluate casual relation. Empirical analysis of 25 European Union countries’ intellectual capital’s effect on their economic growth rate revealed that national intellectual capital and the countries’ level of economic development have statistically significant impact on economic growth rate. The analysis of intellectual capital components’ influence on economic growth rate of 25 European Union countries showed that only human capital and the level of economic development have statistically significant influence. A more comprehensive human capital’s influence on economic growth analysis revealed that 63.1 percent of the long-term economic growth rate in 25 European Union countries can be explained by differences in their economic development level and differences in educational achievement factor values. Moreover, analysis of national intellectual capital effect on economic growth in separate clusters allowed to identify influence differences in each group of countries.
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Calopereanu, Monica Florentina, Marian Șuică, and Alin Nicușor Calopereanu. "Considerations regarding compliance with the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR) in Human Resources Departments." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0048.
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Abstract Most companies and institutions, collect and process personal data about their employees, such as: name, phone number, email address, person’s location information and activities at work, surveillance images from CCTV cameras, - all of these are personal data of individuals. And the list remains open. Consequently, all state or private institutions are affected by REGULATION no. 679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95/46 (“GDPR”). In this paper we will present also, some of the past laws available in European Union prior to the approval of the REGULATION no. 679 of 27 April 2016. Those were also important for the life of the European citizens, but they have not been so well implemented and transposed into the legislation of all EU countries, which led in time to the appearance of the new REGULATION no. 679 of 27 April 2016. GDPR has a global impact as its rules are applicable to personal data that concern or describe the behavior of any natural person within the European Union even if the entities collecting and processing personal data are located outside the Union. Through this paper we aim to identify some of the main implications and risks deriving from the application of the GDPR at the level of the Human Resources Departments from the companies operating within the European Union.
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Lüderitz, Volker. "Towards sustainable water resources management." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830410513568.
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The European Water Framework Directive is the basis of sustainable water resources management in the European Union. The required “good status” of waterbodies can be achieved only by encouraging the application of natural renewable‐energy‐driven ecological engineering. Ecotechnological methods in wastewater treatment (e.g. constructed wetlands) can remove more than 90 per cent of total N and P, and organic load. These methods also save up to 80 per cent of the cost and energy compared with central technical systems. Because ecomorphology in around 80 per cent of German streams and rivers is disturbed to a high degree, increased efforts for renaturalization are necessary. Successful control concerning first initiated measures shows that improvement of stream morphology has a remarkable positive influence on water ecology.
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Martinho, Vítor João Pereira Domingues, and António José Dinis Ferreira. "Forest Resources Management and Sustainability: The Specific Case of European Union Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010058.
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Forest land provides several environmental services and goods with significant implications for different socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. Forestry and its management are determinant activities for sustainable development, specifically in the current context of urgent mitigation of climate change. In this perspective, one objective of this research was to survey the main insights from the literature about the forest and management dimensions put together, highlighting the contributions of these activities to mitigate climate change. Another objective was to explore indicators related to forest management (land, employment, output, and net emissions) in order to obtain a forest sustainability index through factor analysis. As main insights from this study, we can quote that the literature survey pinpoints the most relevant factors framing forest management: soil characteristics, ecology, ecosystems, biodiversity, deforestation, climate change, socioeconomic frameworks, local knowledge, public policies, institutional context, and new technologies. Forest indicators reveal a strong relationship between forest land, employment and output, and a weaker relation with net emissions. We concluded that there is a need for stakeholders to explore and improve the interlinkage with climate change impact, specifically with regard to improving the relationships of forestry greenhouse gas emissions impacts with forest size and output.
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Dediu, Vlad, Stavroula Leka, and Aditya Jain. "Job demands, job resources and innovative work behaviour: a European Union study." European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 27, no. 3 (March 2018): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2018.1444604.
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Milićević, Snežana, and Jelena Petrović. "Human resources in the function of European Union competitiveness as tourism destination." Bizinfo Blace 9, no. 2 (2018): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo1802053m.
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Salmaso, S. "European Union inventory of resources and means of control of communicable diseases." Eurosurveillance 3, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 51–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.05.00109-en.
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The Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) in Rome, in collaboration with the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) in London, and the Swedish Institute for Infectious Diseases Control (SIIDC) in Stockholm, is conducting a scientific and technical analysis
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Jakubowska, Agnieszka, Svitlana Bilan, and Jakub Werbiński. "Chronic diseases and labour resources: “Old and new” European Union member states." Journal of International Studies 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2021/14-1/9.
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Maryniv, Ivanna. "The European Union security policy." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-13.
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Problem setting. In spite of the presence of numerous conventions, treaties and organizations in the world today, the issue of security is still a very acute issue for the world community. There are many reasons for this: the presence of nuclear powers, serious disputes between countries that are justly considered world leaders, the existence of numerous local conflicts and wars of a more global nature across the globe. These and other factors are pushing states around the world to allocate budget funds to ensure effective security policies. Given today’s realities, one can trace the tendency of several countries to pool their own efforts and resources to pursue a common security policy. The European Union is one of the clearest examples of this behavior. This intergovernmental organization is committed to maintaining peace, diplomacy, trade and development around the world. The EU also promotes cooperation with neighboring countries through the European Neighborhood Policy. Target research. The aim of the research is to study the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. Analysis of recent research and publication. Many domestic and foreign scholars, including B. Tonro, T. Christiansen, S. Morsch, G. Mackenstein, and others. The institutional basis of foreign and security policy is analyzed in detail by J. Peterson, questions related to the European Union’s security policy. M. Shackleton. K. Gill, M. Smith and others study the general features of the development of a common EU security policy. Some contribution to the study of various problems related to European and Euro-Atlantic integration has been made by such national scientists as V. Govorukh, I. Gritsyak, G. Nemyrya, L. Prokopenko, O. Rudik, V. Streltsov, O. Tragniuk, I. Shumlyaeva, I. Yakovyuk and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the emergence and development of the European Union’s security policy from the date of the Brussels Covenant to the present. Particular attention is paid to the role of the European Union’s institutional mechanism in the exercise of its powers to ensure the defense and foreign policy cooperation of the Member States. A study of the officially adopted five-year global foreign and security policy of the EU is being done to improve stability in Europe and beyond, analyzing EU conflict resolution and crisis management activities. Conclusions and prospect of development. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the EU’s foreign and security policy institutional framework is an extensive system in which all the constituencies are endowed with a certain range of general and specific powers and are called upon to cooperate with one another to achieve a common goal. It cannot be said that such close cooperation puts pressure on Member States. Yes, a Member State has the right to refrain from voting for any decision that requires unanimity and such abstention will not prevent the above decision being taken. In this case, the mechanism of so-called “constructive retention” is triggered: the abstaining country is not obliged to comply with the decision, however, accepts the fact that it is binding on other Member States and takes this into account when concluding treaties, which should not contradict the said decision.
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Vintar Mally, Katja. "The Performance of European Union Countries in Decoupling Socio-Economic Progress from Environmental Impacts." Dela, no. 54 (February 12, 2021): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.54.105-123.
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Over the last few decades, the European Union has intensified its commitments to decouple socio-economic progress from resource use and environmental impacts. This article examines the performance of countries in implementing selected aspects of these commitments in the period 1990–2016. To this end, it focuses on the relationships between progress in human development, in particular in raising people’s incomes, and pressures on natural resources and ecosystem services, as incorporated in the concept of ecological footprint. The results show a certain measure of success in decoupling the two among the countries of the European Union, but the same cannot be said of the world’s countries more generally.
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Drastichová, Magdaléna. "Sustainability Evaluation of the European Union based on the Ecological Footprint." Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acta-2016-0008.
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Abstract Recent production and consumption activities impose a heavy burden on the Earth's current and future capacity. Therefore, it is inevitable to deal with the impacts of the economic activities on the natural resources which determine our future well-being and the survival by itself. The indicators reflecting impacts of regions and countries on the available resources are used in this Paper to operationalize the sustainable development concept. The Ecological Footprint, Total Biocapacity and their components are investigated in the European Union (EU) and its countries and the EU region is compared with the other regions of the world. The additional three developed countries – Norway, Switzerland and the United States (US), were included in the sample together with the EU countries to enable extended comparisons. The aim of the Paper is to evaluate sustainability in the EU and its countries by means of the Ecological Footprint and the available biocapacity and to detect the relations between the countries’ EF and their standard of living and human development level. Concerning the regions, the highest Ecological Footprint per capita is typical of North America followed by the EU region. The Northern countries show largest biocapacities and are thus the largest resource creditors. The worst results in the Ecological Footprint – biocapacity relations analysis are typical of Cyprus, Belgium, Netherlands and Italy. The cross-section regression models confirmed that, at least, in the sample of the developed countries the positive relations between the Ecological Footprint on the one hand and the standard of living / state of the human development on the other hand exist.
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Wysokińska, Zofia. "The “New” Environmental Policy Of The European Union: A Path To Development Of A Circular Economy And Mitigation Of The Negative Effects Of Climate Change." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0013.
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This paper analyses the evolution of the new environmental policy of the European Union in the context of the efforts undertaken to moderate the negative effects of climate change. It describes all the activities in the European Union designed to implement new tools of the EU environmental policy, such as low carbon economy technologies, tools that improve the efficiency of managing the limited natural resources, the environmentally friendly transport package, etc. All of them are aimed at laying the foundations of the circular economy, which may also be referred to as a closed-loop economy, i.e., an economy that does not generate excessive waste and whereby any waste becomes a resource.
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Habro, Irina, and Mykhailo Solomko. "Development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union." European Historical Studies, no. 18 (2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.01.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union. Today environmental diplomacy has become an important way for states to promote their course of environmental diplomacy, to protect their environmental rights and interests, to promote their own economic and environmental development. The most striking example of the application of green diplomacy on a regional and global scale is the environmental policy implemented by EU member states. Within the EU there is a huge number of environmental programs for the development of renewable energy sources, protection of flora and fauna, as well as combating pollution of water and land resources. To implement its own environmental diplomacy, the EU has adopted a number of important regulations, which are analyzed in the article. The most thorough legal act in the field of environmental diplomacy was Council Directive 85/337 / EEC of 1985 on the assessment of the effects of public and private projects on the environment. This directive reflects the EU’s desire to draw the attention of government agencies and the public to environmental issues and to encourage their collective solution. EU environmental diplomacy is carried out through diplomatic missions, missions, delegations, as well as at the individual level. It involves European politicians and officials who are able to influence international public opinion, employees of foreign ministries and diplomatic missions. The EU also involves third countries as partners to discuss the most pressing environmental issues and their future solutions: climate change, biodiversity conservation, soil depletion, forest and water resources, and renewable energy. Environmental protection is one of the priority areas for European integration. States wishing to join the EU must meet its environmental standards and implement key principles of environmental legislation. It is noted that the EU countries are trying to transfer the economy to clean technologies and diplomatically encourage others to take measures to improve the environmental situation.
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Fu, Tianbo, Changxin Xu, and Xinyi Huang. "Analysis of Virtual Water Trade Flow and Driving Factors in the European Union." Water 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131771.
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The inefficient application of water resources has become an urgent problem restricting the world’s sustainable development. Virtual Water Trade opens a new perspective on improving water resource utilization efficiency. Based on a multi-regional input–output model and the logarithmic mean Divisia index, the virtual water flows between 2000–2014 in 43 countries and regions have been evaluated, and the driving forces of changes in virtual water flows for the European Union were revealed. During the study period, the total amount of virtual water flow continued to increase. The United Kingdom is a net virtual water importer that depends on the European Union significantly. There was a large amount of virtual water flow from the European Union to the United States during 2000–2012. However, China gradually seized the share of virtual water from European Union exports after 2012. Economic effects and virtual water intensity effects are the most significant drivers of virtual water flows. The difference is that the economic effect positively drives virtual water flows, while the virtual water intensity effect negatively influences. The results reveal the nature of the United Kingdom in the virtual water trade and can provide post-Brexit recommendations.
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BUŞE, Mihaela. "THE ARCTIC REGION, EUROPEAN UNION AND CLIMATE CHANGE, AS A GLOBAL THREAT TO SECURITY." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 10, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-21-07.
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The Arctic region, on one hand, an area situated so far from the European Union and, on the other hand, an environment so hostile to life, is în the spotlight of the world's powers. The resources, so necessary for the nations, ‒ the riches în the depths of the soil and în the ocean ‒, the potential of tourism and the importance of shorter transport routes aroused the interest of some actors în the region. The European Union has developed a policy for the Arctic region. Are the European Union՚s concerns strictly related to security and the economy or is there a much wider horizon of goals to be achieved?
Keywords: The Arctic region; European Union; globalization; climate change; threat; international security.
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Özerol, Gül, and Jens Newig. "Evaluating the success of public participation in water resources management: five key constituents." Water Policy 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.001.
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Public participation (PP) is increasingly expected to enhance the effectiveness of water resources management. This is recognized in recent legislation such as the European Union Water Framework Directive. We identify five key constituents that affect the success of PP processes and which can be used as indicators thereof. These comprise: 1) the scope of the participants; 2) communication with the public; 3) capacity building; 4) timing; and 5) financing of participation. They are based on the management of resources—namely time, human and financial resources—and on further aspects that emerge from the utilization of these resources throughout the PP process. Drawing on existing case studies from the European Union and Canada, we demonstrate the applicability of our evaluative scheme. We find severe deficits in the PP cases that can all be attributed to the five key constituents. Although not representative, our analysis points to important challenges for water policy, particularly in the European multi-level context.
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Wysokińska, Zofia. "Sustainable Development in the European Union and World Economy-Main Selected Aspects." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 14, no. 3 (January 13, 2012): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-011-0017-z.
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The aim of the paper is to present key theoretical and empirical issues of sustainable development and environmental protection issues from the global and European perspective, with special reference to the implication of this concept for Central and Eastern European members of the EU. Main aspects are discussed in the paper from the EU and global perspective, with special reference to: the global partnership for sustainable development; fighting poverty and promoting social development; sustainable management of natural and environmental resources; trading in greenhouse gas emission allowances; main global and European challenges; goals and challenges facing the European Union member states as stemming from major strategic European Union renewed documents promoting sustainable development; especially promoting consumption and production that is sustainable and environmentally-friendly and green labeling system; a detailed look at "new" environmental policies; with special reference to sustainable transportation; a strategy for the sustainable use of natural resources; preventive strategy (preventing the creation of wastes) and waste recycling; sustainable and competitive tourism.