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Bagvilaitė-Raugalienė, Rasa. "Teisės mirti (eutanazijos) legitimumo problema." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060308_114809-24831.
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The legitimating of euthanasia raise the conflict of private and social interests. While raising the autonomy and wealth of individual as an ideal order to every state in the society of the second half of twentieth century people felt, that they have a right to carry out their decisions related to their as well as to the other individual’s way of death. In 1996 in Lithuania the legislation which gave the right to the patient to reject the treatment was adopted which is why now in our country we can also raise the question whether the right to choose the treatment is not enough liberal to call it the right to choose death.
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Grove, Lourens Botha. "Framework for the implementation of euthanasia in South Africa." Diss., Pretoria ; [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07102008-131712/.
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Engström, Amanda. "A Human Right to Die? : The Legality of Euthanasia under the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-86496.
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Yung, Nancy. "The right to be killed : reassessing the case for the moral right to voluntary active euthanasia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2aa54686-b621-4323-b836-ce6099b5d2fd.
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This thesis defends an individual's moral right to be aided in dying by a physician (that is, voluntary active euthanasia, or VAE), but departs significantly from the view in its favor generally accepted in the bioethics literature. The prevailing view appeals to both respect for an individual's autonomy and promotion of an individual's well-being as necessary conditions for a right to VAE, so as to justify the right only for those suffering grave illnesses and/or disabilities. The author argues that such a view is logically untenable; one or another aspect must be given up. Since invoking the premise that certain individuals would be better off dead necessarily relies on controversial assumptions about both the value of life and the nature and value of death, about which reasonable people disagree, it is the justification from an individual's best interest which must be excluded in a liberal society. The author endorses a self-determination justification for the right to VAE, but rejects understanding this in terms of respecting personal autonomy, instead making the case for a right to VAE grounded in self-ownership. The author's main conclusion is that the right to VAE is a general right applying to all competent adults, not only those suffering grave illnesses or disabilities, or those whose choice for VAE is an exercise of autonomy. Moreover, by analyzing the basis of physician authority over prescription medicine and how this can be justified to a society of self-owners, she maintains that individuals have not only the right to choose VAE without state interference, but also the right to be provided VAE by doctors. Nevertheless, both rights are compatible with reasonable limitations to protect both the interests of VAE seekers and the rights of others.
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Park, Ian David. "The right to life in armed conflict." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c14a488-9d06-43fd-a0e2-cb5bd900b508.
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There is only passing reference made to human rights law in United Kingdom armed forces doctrine and military publications. Moreover, there is no reference made to the United Kingdom's right to life obligations in respect of those affected by the actions of the state's armed forces, or armed forces personnel themselves, during international and non-international armed conflict. As a consequence, no formal mechanism exists to ensure that the United Kingdom can comply with its right to life obligations pursuant to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Recent judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, advisory opinions and a judgment of the International Court of Justice, and views of numerous United Nations human rights bodies and rapporteurs would appear to indicate that human rights law can and does, however, apply during armed conflict. The exact nature of how human rights law, and the right to life specifically, apply during armed conflict and the obligations thus created, remain largely unresolved and generate considerable debate. This study therefore aims to consider both the extent to which the United Kingdom has right to life obligations during international and non-international armed conflict and, on the basis of current doctrine and procedures, how far the state complies with such obligations. Implicit in this analysis is a determination of what positive and negative right to life obligations are created by the ECHR and ICCPR, the extent to which these obligations have extraterritorial effect during armed conflict, how these obligations interact with the United Kingdom's obligations pursuant to international humanitarian law, and the effect of a derogation from the ECHR during armed conflict. This study concludes that the United Kingdom has both substantive and procedural right to life obligations during armed conflict, albeit partially modified by reference to international humanitarian law. Adhering to current United Kingdom military doctrine and procedures does not, however, always ensure full compliance with these obligations.
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Sandin, Cimona. "The Protection of children : the right to family right and how they can conflict." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-27214.
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Abstract This paper examines the right to family life and how it can conflict with the child’s right to protection against harm. The paper examines how the international community views the family and what rights the family has in international law. In addition to this, the paper also looks at the different family structure a family can have and it also examine whether there are a universal definition of family. Furthermore, the paper also talks about the children and the rights afforded to them and how the rights has developed through time. The concept of childhood is a much-debated issue. There have been debates on when the childhood begins but also on when it ends and the views of the States differs somewhat. Childhood is a concept that is heavy with different psychological, physical, religious and cultural believes and practices. When the States was working on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they had to try to consolidate the different views on both the beginning and the end of childhood but it proved to be problematic. To say that the childhood began at conception would have made the convention incompatible with the national law that allows abortion and it could therefore risk that some States did not sign the convention. They therefore made a compromise that meant that the States could keep their own definition on the beginning of childhood. The family as well as the well-being of the child is important and this is reflects in international law. This paper therefore also examines the articles in international and regional treaties concerning the family and the protection of the child. It also examines several cases from the European Court of Human Rights to illustrate how the Court has reasoned in cases where rights of the parents has been in conflict with the children’s rights and best interest. The conclusion drawn from this paper is that no set of rights weigh more than the other. They are both very important and if it is possible, the authorities shall try to balance them with each other. They have to have both what would be best for the child and the parents right to family life in mind. Even if the authorities have to remove a child from the parents care they need to have a reunification of the family as a ultimate goal to work towards.
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Tolliner, Lina. "The right to life in Europe : Its beginning and end." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10917.
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The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) was adopted in 1950. One of the most important rights established therein is the right to life, which can be found in article 2.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine how far the scope of this right reaches concerning the beginning and the end of life. This is mainly done by examining the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”) which is set to monitor the observance of the rights. To make this thesis manageable, the three areas of abortion, euthanasia and the death penalty have been chosen as the starting-point of the examination.
The position of the three areas among the member states varies. Abortion and euthanasia have been regarded by the Court as sensitive areas in which the states have a wide margin of appreciation to decide on their own. This is much due to the lack of consensus within the states as to how they should be regulated.
Whether the unborn foetus is protected by the Convention and in such case to what extent is still in dispute. This is also the case concerning when life begins. The Court has stated that any right the foetus may possess is limited by the rights of the mother. They have also said that they do not want to impose a certain view on the member states.
The Commission has stated that if the foetus would have an absolute right to life under the Convention, then it would lead to serious implications for the mother, as she would not be able to have an abortion in any circumstance. Also, in Vo v. France one of the dissenting judges stated that the foetus’ right to life have to be narrower in scope than the right of the born.
In the case Pretty v. the United Kingdom the Court unanimously ruled that article 2 does not include a right to die. However some member states, like the Netherlands, have made euthanasia legal without being found to violate its obligations under the Convention. Consequently, it does not seem to be against the Convention for states to make their own legislation allowing for euthanasia to be practiced.
One important aspect to this debate is whether one considers life to be inalienable or not. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has said that even though the rights of the terminally ill should be respected, it does not mean that one has the right to die at the hands of someone else. The Court has also said that in this area, it is important to protect those vulnerable from being used, and therefore states have the right to legislate against euthanasia.
The situation is different when it comes to the death penalty. Two additional protocols have been adopted restricting or completely abolishing the penalty since the adoption of the Convention. In 1950 there was no possibility to exclude the right to use the death penalty from the Convention since many European states still retained it in their domestic laws. However, the development since has moved towards a complete abolition. This is for instance evident since aspiring members of the Council of Europe have to be willing to abolish the penalty to be accepted.
The Court has dealt with the death penalty in several cases. In Soering v. the United Kingdom they said that extraditing someone to a state where he or she risks being executed not automatically means a violation of the right to life or the prohibition of torture. In Öcalan v. Turkey they established that the imposition of the death penalty after an unfair trial was a violation of article 3. Also, they considered the death penalty to now be regarded as an unacceptable punishment in peace time. Abolition of the death penalty is something the Council of Europe has worked for in decades to realise.
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Yang, Hongyan. "The death penalty, the right to life and human rights in China." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B38627899.
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楊紅艷 and Hongyan Yang. "The death penalty, the right to life and human rights in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38627899.
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Lima, Andrei Ferreira de Ara?jo. "Dignidade da pessoa humana e autonomia da vontade : um estudo interdisciplinar sobre os limites ?ticos e jur?dicos nos casos de eutan?sia." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8116.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This work is the result of an interdisciplinary study between the Science of Law and Bioethics. It aims to understand the ethical and legal limits of the possible right to die, specifically euthanasia. In order to achieve that goal, we will investigate the conflict and the conformation between the fundamental right to life, to human dignity and the autonomy of the will, taking into account both doctrine and national and international jurisprudence. The main reason for the reincorporation of the subject of euthanasia into the medical and legal debate (both academic and jurisprudential) refers to the fast-moving and efficient evolution of medical science, developing treatments that can prolong the patient?s life, possibly, depending on the sickness, forever. In face of this reality, one can perceive the alteration of certain paradigms of Bioethics, such as the breaking of the paternalistic relationship between doctor and patient, the principle of beneficence according to what would be best for the patient, and the removal of unreasonable obstinacy, based on the autonomy of the will and in human dignity. In this scenario, the patients? rights are increasingly debated and new contour to the state?s duty to protect life are being given, especially when in conflict with the dignity and autonomy of the patient. In this scenario, it?s debated a possible right to die with dignity. This right promotes numerous questions, especially concerning the ethical and legal limits in cases of euthanasia, requiring the establishment of clear criteria, having as a basic principle the maximum protection of the patient?s dignity. It is emphasized that, in spite of the varied forms of assisted death, as well as the recent incorporation of ortotan?sia (term in Portuguese used for terminal patients who decline useless treatments and have their right to die granted) as legal conduct in medical ethics in Brazil, the work seeks to solve questions related to euthanasia. First classifying it, in order to avoid any form of semantic confusion. In the following points it will be discussed as a possible establishment of legal criteria as well as the practical developments, taking into account both the medical deontology and the patient?s fundamental rights.
O presente trabalho de disserta??o ? fruto de um estudo interdisciplinar entre a Ci?ncia do Direito e a Bio?tica, buscando compreender quais s?o os limites ?ticos e jur?dicos relativos a um poss?vel direito ? morte, especificamente ? eutan?sia. Para tanto, se investigar? o conflito e a conforma??o entre os direitos fundamentais ? vida, ? dignidade e ? autonomia, levando em considera??o tanto a doutrina quanto a jurisprud?ncia nacional e internacional. Elucida-se que o principal motivo para a reincopora??o da tem?tica da eutan?sia no debate m?dico e jur?dico (tanto em n?vel acad?mico quanto jurisprudencial), se refere ? r?pida e eficaz evolu??o da ci?ncia m?dica, desenvolvendo tratamentos que possam prolongar a vida de um paciente, por vezes, de modo ad eternum. Frente a essa realidade, se percebe a gradativa altera??o de determinados conceitos da Bio?tica, como a quebra da rela??o paternalista entre m?dico e paciente, o princ?pio da benefic?ncia de acordo com o que seria melhor para o paciente, e o afastamento da obstina??o irrazo?vel, todos calcados na autonomia da vontade e na dignidade da pessoa humana. Nesse cen?rio, os direitos dos pacientes s?o cada vez mais debatidos e o dever de prote??o da vida por parte do Estado passa a receber novos contornos, impondo-se limites ? dimens?o objetiva do direito fundamental ? vida, podendo prevalecer, em casos espec?ficos, a dimens?o subjetiva desse mesmo direito. Dessa rela??o entre vida, dignidade e autonomia, fala-se em um poss?vel direito ? morte digna. Contudo, restam in?meras quest?es quanto aos limites desse direito, tanto em um sentido ?tico quanto jur?dico, pois por mais que se conclua pela exist?ncia de um direito ? morte, necess?rio ser? o estabelecimento de crit?rios, limitando a autonomia dos pacientes, tendo como norte a prote??o m?xima de sua dignidade. Frisa-se que, em que pesem as mais variadas formas de morte assistida, bem como a recente incorpora??o da ortotan?sia como conduta legal na ?tica m?dica brasileira, o trabalho buscar? resolver quest?es relacionadas ? eutan?sia. Primeiro classificando-a, de modo a evitar qualquer forma de confus?o sem?ntica, para nos pontos seguintes estabelecer os crit?rios jur?dicos, bem como os desdobramentos pr?ticos calcados na deontologia m?dica.
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Machaya, Musavengana. "The death penalty in Zimbabwe: a human rights perspective." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4456.
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Magister Legum - LLMThere has been an ongoing debate on the abolishment of the death penalty in Zimbabwe. The public, non-governmental organisations and human rights activists need clarity as to the effectiveness, justification and purpose, if any, of the retention of the death sentence in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this paper shall give an insight on whether or not the decision to retain the death penalty in Zimbabwe is line with the country’s international and regional mandate of protecting and promoting human rights.
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Self, Julie. "The right to life in the international law of human rights : looking beyond the horizons." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13639/.
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There is a ‘right to life’ Article in a number of international and regional human rights treaties which is not currently being employed to give the full potential effect to the right. There are issues arising ‘beyond the horizons’, particularly with regard to the identity of the rights-bearer, the ‘human’ in the international law of human rights, that fail to be addressed by a restrictive interpretation. For instance, a failure to recognise the human represented by human genetic material and to record it the respect called for by an expanded notion of human dignity has implications for the future, when ‘new humans’ – clones, hybrids, chimera – might enter the realm of created beings, with, it is argued here, a valid claim to respect for their human rights entitlements, including that their right to life shall be protected by law. In order to establish the potential scope of the right to life treaty provision, the texts are introduced and a case is made for the validity of a dynamic and evolving interpretation of the right, the ‘living instrument’ approach, within the international legal framework established by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The human identity is then examined across a number of disciplines, as well as in law, in order to challenge an interpretation that places any requirements on the rights-bearer of ‘personhood’. The proposed solution is to argue for broader definitions, both of the human and of the life protected, than is currently the case, and for a greater realisation of what is at stake in human rights jurisprudence regarding the right, involving issues of the moral nature of the protecting law. A failure to realise and act upon the issues raised will allow intolerable injustice to be perpetrated.
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Gohari, Mohammad J. "A legal study of the right to life in the European Convention on Human Rights and Islam." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2010. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/e4b2660a-c1ca-4da8-acf8-c6dec09c13d4/1/.
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The right to Ii fe is provided by the European Convention n Human rights. The Convention has also offered provisions of how this right must be protected. This has entailed - at stages in a gradual move - the abolishment of the death penalty. Next to the death penalty, abortion, euthanasia and death occurring as a result of the excessive use of force are predominantly the main right to life issues. The European Court of Human rights by offering opinions and judgments encompassing its interpretations on these issues has generated the Conventionbased jurisprudence ofthe right to life. On the other hand this is a human rights regional system that is obliged to consider other legal systems because of the influence of those systems both inside its jurisdiction and outside it. Islamic law or Shariah is a major legal system that commands a great deal of respect and compliance in and around the geographical territories of the Council of Europe and thus the Convention. Shariah is a legal system based on religion. It offers a comprehensive code of law to include criminal, family and commercial laws. Shariah - inter alia - contains laws with life and right to life as their concern. These laws are sporadically spread and to be found in areas such criminal law and family law as well the Islamic international law. Shariah differs from the Convention in many ways. These differ in their historical origination, development and operational modes as well as their philosophy and also details oflaw. They also differ in their level of attachment to jurisprudential dogmas as a direct result of one being a pure religious law and other being a secular law with the centricity of human mind. Whereas the death penalty is abolished by the Convention, it is theologically endorsed and upheld by Shariah. Intermittent discussions of abolishment in Shariah are chiefly focused on moderating the enforcement and not the divine law. However in many areas including aspects of protection against the excessive use of force as well as beginning and end of life issues the contrast is not as sharp and similarities could be discerned. Likewise it can be established that areas in legal philosophy in both systems may bear resemblances both as concepts and their legal results; notions such as "the margin of appreciation" in the Convention's jurisprudence and' Urfin Shariah's principles of legal interpretation.
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Kihara, Evonne W. "Impact of terrorism and counter-terrorism on the right to education." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/16771.
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After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, there has been a shift in the policies of many countries to combat terrorism. Terrorism has had a devastating effect on many. These include „the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilise Governments, undermine civil society, jeopardise peace and security, and threaten social and economic development.‟ All of these also had a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. Therefore the fight to curb further terrorist attacks is paramount. States are charged with the responsibility of curbing terrorism by their citizens. But with responsibility comes obligations to the citizenry. States should therefore not engage in policies or actions that further deprive others of their enjoyment of human rights. This is well put by Hoffman when he says „history shows that when societies trade human rights for security, most often they get neither.‟Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010.
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Lukas Muntingh at the Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Ramaroson, Mianko. "The human right of HIV positive persons to non-discrimination in getting life insurance in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1071.
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"The insurance industry was among the first to understand clearly the serious nature of the epidemic, as the HIV/AIDS epidemic disintegrates and destabilizes slowly the traditional extended African family system. The extended family, which traditionally constitutes a social safety net in African communities, is not able to cope with the sudden burden of HIV/AIDS orphans, since the age group 20-44 is the most hit by the epidemic. A study commissioned by the Henry Kaiser Family Foundation showed that, by the year 2005, HIV/AIDS is expected to make around one million children under the age of 15 orphans in South Africa. Besides, stigma and secrecy around the disease expose HIV/AIDS orphans to discrimination in their community and even in their extended family. As a result, a large number of HIV/AIDS orphans are abandoned and forced to seek help in the streets, begging for money, a situation that exposes them to abuse and criminality. Since 1988, most insurance companies in South Africa have had a policy of compulsory HIV testing which excludes HIV positive candidates from their scheme. The reason put forward is that they represent an 'unacceptable risk'. According to the National Association of People Living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA), this is a widespread problem in South Africa. The impact of discrimination in getting life insurance is catastrophic on the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families. As was noted by the Supreme Court of Canada in the case of Zurich Insurance Company v Ontario, there is a fundamental tension between human rights law and insurance practice. Insurance practices, particularly, impedes on equality and privacy rights of HIV positive persons. ... Therefore, at the root of the debate on HIV/AIDS and insurance is the question on how to strike a balance between the need to ensure that insurance companies extend their coverage without being financially endangered and the human and constitutional rights of HIV positive persons. ... The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introductory chapter. Chapter two examines the principles of insurance as well as the characteristics of HIV/AIDS. It aims at understanding the arguments in favour of HIV testing and exclusion of persons living with HIV/AIDS from life insurance schemes. Chapter three analyses the problem from the perspective of persons infected with HIV. It investigates the impact of the refusal to grant them life insurance because of their HIV status. This chapter shows how the insurance business infringes the rights of HIV positive persons ot non0discriminatory treatment. Chapter four looks at the position of foreign jurisdictions in the conflict of interests and analyses how they have dealt with the human rights implications of insurance companies policy towards the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Chapter five is the concluding chapter, which puts forward redommendations." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
Prepared under the supervision of Adv. Annelize Nienaber at the Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Young, Sharon. "A right to die? : examining the centrality of human rights discourses to end of life policy and debate in the UK." Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/39248/.
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Death and dying are emerging as substantial topics for political and social debate in contemporary UK society. The management of end of life, traditionally defined within a medical model of care, is being challenged by a cultural shift that is apparent in the changing trajectory of dying, increasing healthcare consumerism and a rising human rights rhetoric. To a significant extent, liberty to determine one’s own death, and to request assistance to die, has come to be articulated by some as a “right to die”. Human rights discourses grounded in the values of dignity and freedom of choice are important and relevant to dying in the UK. These discourses have the potential to influence law and policy, practices and public opinion on end of life. However, there is no sociological analysis of how or when rights have come to be appropriated in an end of life context and no explanation of in what way, or to what extent, social actors are using rights discourses in relation to death and dying. This research explores the centrality of human rights discourses to end of life policy and debate on assisted death in the UK. A broad social constructionist approach to rights is taken to illuminate the ways in which selected actors understand and articulate rights in an end of life context, and how, as a result of this, a right to die may be conceived. It includes the examination of: current UK law and policy documents; transcripts of the historical and contemporary House of Lords debates; a case study of a highly influential organisation (Dignity in Dying) who campaign to legalise assisted dying, and three focus group discussions with Death Café Hampstead participants. Analysis of the data reveals that rights discourses involving individual liberty, dignity and human vulnerability are central to defining the end of life debate and policy. A notion of rights at the end of life has impacted our perception of dying but in ways that are complex, and arise as a reflection of dying at a specific period in time.
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Karlsson, Norman Nine. "Human Rights Law as an Intervention in Covert Surveillance of Communication : The Right to Private Life and Communication in Large-Scale Surveillance." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65708.
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Berger, Felix. "Climate Change – A Matter of Life or Death : A Study of the Connection Between Climate Change and the Right to Life in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76487.
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Hedlund, Beatrice. "The right to life, A case research on how article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights is connected to the act on forced disappearance, according to the Inter-American Court on Human Rights." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23171.
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Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda hur rätten till liv har ett samband med tvångsförsvinnande enligt den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte genomförs en rättsutredning kring gällande rätt, där en rättsdogmatisk metod och fallstudie applicerats. Uppsatsen kommer vidare att analyseras mot bakgrund av en rättsvetenskaplig teori, där relevant rättspraxis som den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter bemött samt en kortfattad genomgång av kontexters påverkan. Under utredningen av de konventionella källorna finns vissa krav för att uppfylla om en stat kan hållas ansvarig. Utifrån det och med de grova mänskliga rättighets kränkningarna staten utfärdat i åtanke, är bevisbördan och statsansvar av stor relevans för att klargöra sambandet mellan rättigheten och handlingen. Uppsatsen avslutas med att konkludera att det råder brister i hur den Inter-Amerikanska Domstolen om Mänskliga Rättigheter arbetar mot att förvara och skydda Mänskliga Rättigheter i fall som berör tvångsförsvinnande.The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the right to life has a connection with the forced disappearance of persons, according to the Inter-American Court on Human Rights. In order to reach this purpose, a legal dogmatic approach and a case study is used, in the light of a legal theory. The research concerns relevant cases that the Inter-American Court on Human Rights has been confronted with, and, to clarify the contextual importance, a brief explanation on the surroundings is provided. With the grave human rights violations committed by State authorities in mind, the thesis shows that the standard of proof, and principle of state responsibility, becomes of importance, in order to be able to determine whether the right to life is violated in cases of forced disappearance. The essay will conclude that the issue prevails defectiveness in relation to preventing and protecting human rights in cases of forced disappearance of persons.
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Kruuse, Helen Julia. "Life in the suburbs after "Grootboom": the role of local government in realising housing rights in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1113.
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Razmaitė, Toma. "„Google Street View" atvejis: teisės į privatumą ir technologijų plėtros santykis." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140127_130426-36712.
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Šiandien gausu technologijų, kurios suteikia galimybę paprasčiau bendrauti, dalintis informacija bei įspūdžiais, kitos, tikėtina, atlieka prevencinę funkciją prieš nusikaltimus, apsaugant mus ir mūsų nuosavybę. Tačiau tokia technologijų plėtra iškėlė grėsmę pačiam asmeniui, sumažindama teisę išlaikyti savo privatumą. Konkrečiau kalbant, turima omenyje tik tas technologijas, kurios susijusios su asmens atvaizdu ir jo paviešinimu. Viena iš tokių technologijų yra 2007 metų gegužę Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose pristatyta Google Street View paslauga – jos pagalba galima virtualiai keliauti po pasaulį ir matyti aplinką 360 laipsnių kampu. Pasirodžius minėtai paslaugai kilo didžiulis sąmyšis dėl intervencijos į asmens privatumą, nes įgyvendinant užmanytą šio projekto tikslą, kartu su gatvių ir pastatų vaizdais buvo užfiksuoti ir žmonės. Todėl šiame darbe pateikiama minėtos paslaugos ir jos poveikio asmens privatumui analizė.
Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, ar Google Street View pažeidžia teisę į privatų gyvenimą. Siekiant minėto tikslo pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama teisės į privatų gyvenimą samprata pagal tarptautinę ir nacionalinę teisę, toliau analizuojamas minėtos paslaugos įgyvendinimo atitikimas valstybių iškeltiems reikalavimams. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojami du privatumo pažeidimo atvejai: gatvėje ir privačioje teritorijoje. Paskutiniame darbo skyriuje pateikiama atliktos apklausos analizė, kuria buvo siekta atskleisti privatumo vertinimo įvairovę Google... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Today there are numerous technologies, that allow to have easier communication with each other or to share information, the other part of them are likely to perform preventative function againts crimes, in order to protect person and his property. The advancement of new technologies is changing the world, however, it raises the threat to the person by reducing his right to maintain his privacy at the same time. More specifically are meant only technologies that deal with person’s image and its disclosure. One of such technologies is Street View project of Google, which was introduced in May 2007 in United States of America. Street View makes possible to take a virtual travel around the world and viewing and navigating within 360 degree scenes of street-level imagery. Its realization caused huge commotion because of intervention to privacy – the cameras of Google vehicles captured images not only of buildings, automobiles but even passersby. The aim of this thesis is to ascertain whether Google Street View violates the right to the private life. The work is devided into three chapters. In first chapter of thesis the conception of the right to privacy according to international and national law is discussed. The realization of Google Street View under the standarts defined by States is also included into this chapter. The second one analizes two cases of privacy violation: on the street and in the private area. And in the third chapter the results of survey accomplished with... [to full text]
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Ferraz, Gustavo Dantas. "A proteção do direito fundamental à vida e as pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-07022011-154645/.
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A dissertação trata do debate acerca do início da proteção do direito à vida e as consequências dessa proteção em relação às pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas, autorizadas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, julgada constitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. A abordagem, que se concentrou no estudo da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, tem caráter preponderantemente dogmático jurídico, nas dimensões analítica, empírica e normativa. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: o direito à vida garantido pela Constituição Federal, estruturalmente, consiste em um princípio, com âmbito de proteção amplo, ensejando a necessidade de sopesamento com outros valores protegidos pelo ordenamento jurídico para sua aplicação; dentre as possíveis interpretações acerca do que consiste esse direito, ele pode ser considerado como um direito à própria existência, um direito à vida digna e um direito à proteção em face do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia; o início da proteção do direito à vida e as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias são disciplinados no direito brasileiro por dispositivos internacionais e nacionais, tais como a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, a Constituição Federal e a Lei nº 11.105/2005; o fato de o Supremo Tribunal Federal ter considerado constitucional o artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, em sede de controle concentrado, não afastou a aplicação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (a qual contém norma que protege o direito à vida, em geral, desde a concepção) e nem impediu um controle estatal e internacional efetivo sobre as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias a fim de resguardar, dentre outros aspectos, o direito à vida em um enfoque transindividual.The present work deals with the debate about the beginning of the protection of the right to life and the consequences of this protection related to human embryo-based stem cell research, authorized by the Brazilian legal legislation according to the Article 5 of Law no. 11.105/2005, considered constitutional by the Federal Supreme Court in the concentrated model of constitutional control. The approach, centralized in the study of the doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, is based on a predominantly dogmatic legal nature, in the analytical, empirical and regulatory dimensions. Following are the main conclusions: the right to life grated by the Federal Constitution structurally consists of a principle, with a broad protection scope, that justifies the need of weighting with other values protected by the legal legislation for its application; among the possible interpretations of what this right is consistent of, it can be considered as a right to the existence itself, a right to a decent life and a right to protection facing the development of the biotechnology; the beginning of the protection of the right to human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies are set in the Brazilian Law by national and international precepts, such as the American Convention of Human Rights, the Federal Constitution and the Law nº 11.105/2005; the fact that the Federal Supreme Court considered the Article 5 of Law nº 11.105/2005, in the concentrated model of constitutional control, did not distract the application of the American Convention of Human Rights (which contains the regulations that protects the right to life, in general, from its conception) neither obstructed an actual state or international control on the human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies in order to protect, among other aspects, the right to life in a transindividual approach.
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Provost, René. "Human Rights in Times of Social Insecurity: Canadian Experience and Inter-American Perspectives." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115752.
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Canada’s experience in the war against terrorism goes back to the seventies, and continues to develop nowadays, with the last direct terrorist activity in 2017. The Canadian Government reacted to these terrorist attacks by enacting a number of statutes that reflect a changing international paradigm in relation to the fight against terrorism. Fundamental rights and liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to private life and to personal freedom have been curtailed by these legislative measures. The practical consequences of these measures are analyzed via a comparative examination of the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In general terms, the war against terrorism produces significant impacts over the human rights.La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de los setenta y se desarrolla hasta la época actual (los acontecimientos más recientes han tenido lugar en el año 2017). Las medidas legislativas fueron la vía adoptada por parte de Canadá para contrarrestar los ataques y reflejar el cambio de paradigma político en la esfera internacional con relación al fenómeno del terrorismo. Derechos fundamentales como el derecho a la libre expresión, a la vida privada y a la libertad personal se encuentran particularmente afectados por estas medidas. Un análisis comparativo del sistema canadiense y el sistema interamericano permite identificar las consecuencias de estas medidas. En términos más amplios, la lucha contra el terrorismo genera impactos significativos sobre los derechos humanos en general.
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Chenwi, Lilian Manka. "Towards the abolition of the death penalty in Africa a human rights perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10062005-151306/.
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Thesis (L.L.D.)--University of Pretoria, 2005.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 22, 2006). "Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Laws (LLD) in the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria." Includes bibliographical references (p. 355-386).
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Čekanauskaitė, Laima. "Europos Žmogaus Teisių Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo ypatumai ginant pažeistas teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120124_131603-03991.
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1950 m. visuotinis aplinkos apsaugos poreikis dar nebuvo akivaizdus, todėl teisė į aplinką nebuvo paminėta Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos Konvencijoje. Dėl aplinkos taršos iškilo asmenų teisės į aplinką problema ir šios teisės gynimo būtinybė. Dėl šios priežasties galima teigti, kad Europos žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos vaidmuo aiškinant teises, įtrauktas į EŽTK, šiomis dienomis yra labai svarbus spendžiant aplinkos problemas žmogaus teisių kontekste.
Teismas interpretuoja aplinkos teises kitų teisių, esančių EŽTK, pagrindu, įskaitant teisę į privatų ir šeimos gyvenimą. Kadangi tam tikra rimta žala aplinkai gali pažeisti ir asmenų teises, ypač teisę į privatumą ir būsto neliečiamumą, šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama EŽTK 8 straipsnio taikymo su aplinka susijusiose bylose problema.
Magistriniame darbe siekiama išnagrinėti svarbiausius EŽTK 8 str. taikymo ginant pažeistas žmonių teises su aplinka susijusiose bylose ypatumus Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencijoje, ir šio straipsnio taikymą bei aiškinimą Lietuvos teismuose. Todėl yra analizuojami teismų sprendimai, susiję su aplinkos teisių pažeidimais, kylančiais dėl aplinkos būklės blogėjimo.
Darbe nagrinėjamos Konvencijos 8 straipsnio taikymo sąlygos su aplinka susijusiose bylose. Jos yra dvi: ryšys tarp pažeidimo ir valstybės bei rimta tiesioginė žala, pasiekianti minimalų sunkumo lygį. Taip pat analizuojami šio straipsnio taikymo ypatumai. Pagrindiniai ypatumai yra susiję... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In the 1950s, the universal need for environmental protection was not yet apparent, therefore there was no mention of right to environment in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Due to pollution of natural environment, there arise an important problem of the human right to environment and the necessity of the protection of this right. For this reason it is possible to state that the role of the European Court of Human Rights practice and its interpretation of the rights, included in the ECHR, to respond environmental concerns within the context of human rights is especially relevant nowadays. Court interprets the environmental rights on the basis of other rights, which are included in the ECHR, including the right to private and family life. Since some serious damage to the environment may violate the rights of individuals and, in particular their right to privacy and the inviolability of home, in this master's final work a problem of the application of Article 8 ECHR in environment-related cases is examined. Master's Work seeks to examine the most important specificities of application of Article 8 of the ECHR in defending violated human rights in environment-related cases in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the application and interpretation of this Article in the courts of Lithuania. Therefore the judgments, related to interference in individual rights derived from environmental degradation, are analyzed. It examines... [to full text]
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Mickevičiūtė, Sandra. "Homoseksualių asmenų teisės Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo jurisprudencijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20120124_135732-40025.
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Homoseksualumas – lytinė orientacija, kuri paprastai suprantama kaip priešinga heteroseksualumui, nes pasižymi lytiniu potraukiu tos pačios lyties atstovams, ir todėl visuomenėje dažnai pripažįstama nukrypimu nuo normos, o tai suponuoja šių asmenų diskriminaciją.
Darbe analizuojamos Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo praktikos tendencijos, susijusios su baudžiamosios atsakomybės už homoseksualius santykius panaikinimu, ginant šių asmenų teisę į privatumą. Atskleidžiama, kad Teismas pasisako prieš bet kokį baudžiamąjį persekiojimą, grindžiamą lytine orientacija, siekdamas, kad Europos Tarybos valstybėse būtų pripažįstamos ir saugomos homoseksualių asmenų teisės.
Šiandien vis garsiau kalbama apie homoseksualių asmenų teisę į santuoką. Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama EŽTT praktika, siekiant nustatyti, ar kartu gyvenančių homoseksualių asmenų santykiai patenka į šeimos gyvenimo apimtį. Be to, ar pagal Europos žmogaus teisių konvenciją valstybės turi pozityvią pareigą teisę į santuoką užtikrinti ne tik skirtingų lyčių poroms, t.y. neatsižvelgiant į lytinę orientaciją. Egzistuojantis registruotos partnerystės institutas yra alternatyvi forma įteisinti homoseksualius santykius, tad siekiama nustatyti, ar EŽTT įpareigoja valstybes suteikti minėtą galimybę tos pačios lyties poroms savo nacionalinėje teisėje.
Homoseksualių asmenų teisė įsivaikinti yra viena iš kontraversiškiausių teisių, nes siejasi su vaiko teisėmis, jo geriausiais interesais. Tad magistro baigiamajame darbe yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Homosexuality – sexual orientation which is the opposite of heterosexuality because it is characterized as sexual desire for persons of the same sex. That is why a society often acknowledges it like a deviation from norms and this may sometimes result as an act of discrimination. The Master’s thesis analyses the tendency of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights which is related to abolishing the criminalisation of private homosexual relations. It is important because of defending the right to privacy of homosexuals. The Court speaks against criminal prosecution on the ground of sexual orientation and finds that Member States of the Council of Europe should recognize and protect the rights of homosexual persons. Today the discussions about the right to the same-sex marriage are becoming louder and louder. The thesis attempts to ascertain whether the cohabitation of homosexuals falls in the ambit of a family life according to the European Court of Human Rights as well as whether the Member States of the European Convention on Human Rights have a positive obligation to ensure the right to marry for the same-sex couples. Furthermore, the institute of a registered partnership is an alternative form for legalizing homosexual relationships. Thus, it is necessary to identify whether the Court puts an obligation to the Member States to make that opportunity for the same-sex couples in the national legal systems. The right of adoption of homosexuals is a highly... [to full text]
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Lindered, Susanne. "Att fly väpnad konflikt : Om kompletterande skydd och rätten till ett värdigt liv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351936.
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Armed conflicts of our time tend to be prolonged, characterised by indiscriminate violence and the direct targeting of civilians. These conflicts cause situations where civilians are not only at risk of being exposed to threats of direct violence, but also unbearable humanitarian situations, a form of indirect harm resulting from armed violence. Current protection regimes only address direct harm to civilians, which leaves a significant protection gap. Previous research has identified a possibility for recognising severe humanitarian conditions as a basis for international protection in recent human rights law developments. This thesis explores if the right to a dignified life can further address this form of indirect harm to civilians and create assessment criteria for providing international protection to persons fleeing severe humanitarian conditions caused by armed conflict. The right to a dignified life is constructed from theories on human dignity as a basis for human rights, as well as case law from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. The results show that the right to a dignified life is able to provide criteria for assessing the severity of a humanitarian situation and establish a threshold for triggering international protection, but several legal difficulties remain for its practical application.Dagens väpnade konflikter tenderar att vara utdragna och komplexa. De karaktäriseras ofta av urskillningslöst våld och våld riktat mot civila. Väpnade konflikter i vår tid har orsakat svåra humanitära situationer, som innebär att civila inte endast riskerar att utsättas för skada till följd direkt våld, utan även en form av indirekt skada till följd av våld. Nuvarande skydd för den som flyr väpnad konflikt omfattar endast den som riskerar skada som en direkt följd av väpnat våld. Detta innebär att det finns en lucka i existerande skydd som behöver adresseras. Tidigare forskning har identifierat en möjlighet att inkludera även personer som riskerar att utsättas för skyddsgrundande behandling på grund av humanitära situationer i den senaste utvecklingen i regionala människorättsdomstolar. Denna uppsats undersöker huruvida rätten till ett värdigt liv kan adressera allvarlig skada som en indirekt följd av väpnad konflikt och skapa kriterier för när en humanitär situation ska omfattas av internationellt skydd. Rätten till ett värdigt liv konstrueras med hjälp av teorier om mänsklig värdighet samt praxis från Inter-Amerikanska domstolen för mänskliga rättigheter och Europadomstolen för mänskliga rättigheter. Resultatet visar att rätten till ett värdigt liv kan erbjuda kriterier för att bedöma allvaret hos en humanitär situation och aktivera internationella skyddsmekanismer, men finner att det kvarstår juridiska svårigheter för att applicera i verkliga fall.
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Haenflein, Rebecca. "The Cubicle Warrior : Drones, Targeted Killings, and the Implications of Waging a "War on Terror" from a Distance Under International Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265085.
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Shulga-Morskaya, Tatiana. "La démocratie électronique, une notion en construction." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0958.
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La démocratie représentative reste un régime essentiellement représentatif qui a été conçu précisément pour exclure la participation directe de l’universalité des citoyens à la prise de décisions politiques. L’introduction d’instruments de la participation directe, en forme de l’e-démocratie, crée un conflit au sein de ce régime, conflit qui ne sera résolu que par un aménagement de la notion de démocratie représentative, voire sa substitution par une autre notion, ayant vocation à concilier les exigences de la participation et de la représentation. Cette thèse se propose de réfléchir à un modèle de régime politique-type susceptible de permettre l'intégration de l'e-démocratie.Une telle intégration met en lumière l’interdépendance entre la démocratie et les droits fondamentaux qui sont menacés de manière inédite à l’ère numérique. La possibilité d’introduire l’e-démocratie est donc conditionnée à la protection renforcée des droits essentiels : la liberté d’expression, le droit au respect de la vie privée, ainsi qu’à la reconnaissance de nouveaux droits fondés sur l’autodétermination personnelle. L’introduction de l’e-démocratie peut également remettre en cause certains concepts bien établis, tels que le principe majoritaire, ou exiger leur reconsidération, comme dans le cas de la bonne gouvernanceRepresentative democracy remains essentially a representative government that was created precisely to avoid all the citizens to participate directly in political decision-making. Implementation of direct participation’s instruments in form of e-democracy creates a conflict within this government, a conflict which can be solved only by a renewal of representative democracy concept, even its substitution by another idea committed to reconciling representation and participation. This thesis aims a reflection on a concept of government capable of integrating e-democracy.Such an integration highlights the interdependent character of the link between democracy and human rights that are exposed to totally new threats in the digital era. The possibility to introduce e-democracy is conditional upon the reinforced protection of such essential rights and freedoms: as freedom of expression and right to respect for private and family life in the digital environment, as well as recognition of new rights based on personal self-determination. Implementation of e-democracy can also challenge well-established concepts such as majority principle or require their reconsideration, as in the case of good governance
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Elfström, Amanda. "The Killing of Osama bin Laden, Was it Lawful?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-21892.
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The main purpose of this work is to investigate if the US ́s killing of Osama bin Laden on 2 May 2011 in Abbottabad in Pakistan was lawful. The background to the killing is what happened on 11 September 2001 when four US airplanes were hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon. Al Qaeda, a terrorist organisation led by Osama bin Laden, was immediately suspected for the attacks, which led to the starting point of the US ́s ‘global war on terror’. This work tries to give a short brief on ‘global war on terror’ and answer if there is a global war on terror and/or if a new category of war is needed. In order to get an answer to the main question of this work I had to investigate if US is in an international armed conflict or in a non-international armed conflict with Al Qaida. Another important question to investigate is if an armed conflict in one State can spill over to another State and still be consider as an armed conflict. Other important questions to answer are, if Osama bin Laden was a legitimate target under international humanitarian law, if he was a civilian or if he had a continuous combat function and what level of participation in hostilities he had? Not less important is also to investigate if human rights law is applicable when Osama bin Laden was killed, especially the fundamental right to life. Lastly I end my investigation with a quick review of the laws of jus ad bellum in order to get an answer if US had a right to resort to force in Pakistan. My conclusion is that the US was not involved in an armed conflict with al Qaeda in Pakistan where the killing took place. The conflict between the US and al Qaeda in Afghanistan is to be categorised as a non-international conflict. This conflict cannot be described as a conflict that has spilled over to Abbottabad where Osama bin Laden was killed. All people, including Osama bin Laden, has a right to life. Because of lack of information on what happened in Abbottabad when Osama bin Laden was killed it is impossible to give a clear legal answer if the US had the right to kill him. It could be lawful, but it could also be considered as a crime against international human rights law.
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Tomc, Nicolas Antoine. "Mourir à l’hôpital : entre droit privé et droit public : approche pratique, théorique et philosophique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40065/document.
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Il est quasiment devenu un lieu commun aujourd’hui de mourir à l’hôpital. Et s’il fallait traiter ce sujet, le plus souvent c’est la perspective médicale qui tenterait d’en percevoir les enjeux. C’est au tournant du milieu du XXème siècle, au lendemain d’un énième génocide, marquant l’esprit de l’humanité certainement pour l’éternité, qu’un nouveau langage bioéthique va se faire le vecteur d’une considération renouvelée de la personne. L’homme devient personne humaine dans les textes internationaux proclamant dès lors d’inédits droits de l’homme. C’est en prenant la bioéthique comme objet de réflexion qu’un certain droit de la santé, largement inspiré par la production de comités d’éthiques, a émergé d’une doctrine privatiste en premier, afin de cerner de premiers droits définissant celui qu’il serait convenu d’appeler alors le mourant. Toutefois, l’établissement public de santé confronté à la technologisation médicale, permettant alors un allongement de la fin de vie, s’est rapidement trouvé être un lieu de conflit entre ceux qui furent considérés comme des usagers de service public, et les commettants médecins de l’Etat. La primauté du droit privé de la personne semblait alors menacée, le droit administratif prenant le pouvoir afin d’indemniser les victimes de l’hôpital. Cependant, à force de réductions systématiques ne regardant la personne mourante que sous un angle génériciste, relevant d’un droit public, celle-ci s’est progressivement retrouvée parfaitement ignorée en son essence première que le droit privé parvenait à percevoir. Les formes les plus récentes de déresponsabilisation attesteraient d’une consécration de l’indemnisation finissant d’objectiviser l’être sous-jacent à la personne mourante, allant jusqu’à justifier l’acte euthanasique. L’approche réitérée de ce difficile objet d’étude trouverait à générer une réflexion que le philosophe du droit engagerait, réintroduisant la personne irréductible se manifestant comme point de départ et d’arrivée, de telle sorte que se pourrait être harmonisée la rencontre inévitable des domaines public et privé, juridique et politique, afin de rendre toute sa vérité onto-axiologique aux droits premiers du sujet mourantToday, dying at hospital is the most curently idea agreed in order to protect people. That’s maybe the reason why medical studies took this as an issue more than lawyer studies. It’s around the middle of the twentieth century, after one more genocide, marking the spirit of the humanity certainly for all eternity, that a new bioethical language is going to be made the vector of a consideration renewed by the person. The man becomes a human-person in the international texts, proclaiming from then on of unpublished works human rights. While taking the bioethics as object of reflection a certain health law, widely inspired by the production of committees of ethics, emerged from a privatiste doctrine in the first one, to encircle first rights of the one that it would have been advisable to call then the dying. However, the public institution of health confronted with the medical technologisation, allowing then an extension of the end of life, quickly was to be a place of conflict between those who were then considered as users of public service, and principals doctors of the State. The superiority of the private law of the person seemed then threatened, the administrative law taking the power to indemnify the victims of the hospital. However, by means of systematic reductions looking at the dying person only under an angle génériciste, recovering from a public law, this one gradually found itself perfectly ignored in the first essence which the private law succeeded in perceiving. The most recent forms of deresponsabilisation would give evidence of a consecration of the compensation stopping an objectivisation the underlying being to the dying, going person to justify the euthanasic act. The approach repeated by this difficult object of study would find to generate a reflection which the philosopher of the right(law) would engage, reintroducing the person inflexible as point of departure and arrival, so that could be harmonized the inevitable meeting of the public and private, legal and political domains, to return all its onto-axiological truth to the first rights of the dying subject
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Emery, Arnaud. "L'otage en sauvetage : étude juridique." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3006.
Full textAbstract:
Les prises d’otages sont nées le jour où l’homme a compris qu’il pouvait manipuler le lien émotionnel unissant deux individus afin de les forcer à lui céder une contrepartie. Forme de criminalité aussi ancienne que complexe, la prise d’otage fascine autant qu’elle inquiète depuis que les victimes sont régulièrement sacrifiées sur l’autel du conflit opposant ravisseurs et autorités négociatrices. À l’inverse de l’impact médiatique hors-norme qu’elles génèrent, ces crises semblent susciter une relative indifférence auprès des juristes et de la doctrine. Ce sujet qui semble échapper au droit touche pourtant à sa raison d’être : la protection du plus faible, la recherche du bien commun et de la paix. Ces travaux de recherches essaient de poser les jalons d’une réflexion juridique sur les questions allant de l’usage de la force armée en opération de sauvetage à la légalité des rançons en passant par la négociation de crise ou le rôle du juge. Les hypothèses émises sont systématiquement confrontées à l’avis des opérateurs rencontrés dans le cadre de ces travaux. In fine l’auteur pose un regard prospectif sur le cadre juridique entourant les opérations de sauvetage d’otage. À travers ce prisme cette thèse questionne les limites de l’État de droit et les appareils antiterroristes de nos sociétésHostage-taking began when man realized that he could manipulate the emotional bond between two individuals in order to force their hand and obtain an advantage. Hostage-taking is a crime extremely old and complex. It has started to fascinate our societies so much since victims have begun to be regularly sacrificed by kidnappers and negotiating authorities alike. Unlike the extraordinary media frenzy they generate, these crises seem to arouse relative indifference among lawyers and doctrine. This subject, which seems to elude the law, touches on its raison d'être: the protection of the weakest, the search for the common good and peace.This research work attempts to lay the groundwork for legal reflection on issues ranging from the use of armed force in rescue operations, to the legality of ransoms, to crisis negotiation and the role of the judge. The hypotheses put forward are systematically compared with the opinions of the operators met in the course of this work. Finally, the author takes a forward-looking look at the legal framework surrounding hostage rescue operations. Through this prism, this thesis questions the limits of the rule of law and the anti-terrorist apparatus of our societies
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Venter, Roxan. "Die grondwetlike reg op lewe : 'n ontleding van enkele vraagstukke." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4746.
Full textAbstract:
LL.M.The right to life, which is guaranteed in section 11 of the Constitution, is a particularly important right in South Africa, especially seen in the light of the human rights violations of the apartheid-era. Firstly, this study conducts an analysis of the right to life and attempts to establish who the bearers of the right are; what the protected conduct and interests of the right are; who is bound by the right and what their responsibilities are; and whether the right can legitimately be limited in terms of section 36 of the Constitution. However, when we analyse the right to life in this way, certain problematic and controversial issues become apparent. Two of these issues are discussed in this study – namely abortion and euthanasia and assisted suicide. Before these issues can be adequately addressed, however, the study takes a stance on the value of human life, which forms the moral framework for the discussion of the specific issues. However, the primary focus of the study is the analysis of the specific issues relating to the right to life. The terminology relevant to the respective issues is discussed and the current legal position, including relevant case law and legislation, with regard to the issues is indicated. The arguments, counter arguments and alternative approaches to the issues are discussed and criticized, and consideration is given to the question to what extent the right to life, in cases of abortion and euthanasia, can legitimately be limited if the principled stance regarding the value of human life is accepted. In addition, some other jurisdictions’ experiences of and responses to these issues are also discussed. Finally the study concludes that human life (in all its forms) deserves the full respect and protection of the law, regardless of the quality of life or the capabilities of the individuals whose lives are at stake. Furthermore it is submitted that the state and every member of society has a special responsibility to respect and protect the most vulnerable and marginalised members of our community – instead of suggesting ‘quick fixes’ to desperate people.
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Lo, Ting-Wei, and 羅挺維. "Research on the Right to Life in the American Convention on Human Rights – On the View of Intenational Human Rights Law." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19510505509028932301.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
拉丁美洲研究所碩士班
97
The importance of the right to life has been a growing concern by the international community, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, “American Convention on Human Rights”, “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, “Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty”, “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide“, ”European Convention on Human Rights”, “African Charter on Human and Peoples'' Rights” all contain provisions about the right to life; this thesis will discuss the right to life of other aspects related, such as: the death penalty, abortion, fetal protection, etc.. How is the International Human Rights treaties deal with this right? and in the law how to protect it? In addition, in the formulation of the right to life, what is the different between “American Convention on Human Rights” and other international conventions? What is special about the beginning of the right to life and the scope of the definition of security? In the region of Latin American as a result of the prevalence of the Catholic Church and its cultural background factors, in addition to the impact of the formulation process of the Convention, as women’s rights, the right of unborn children, and even the right to fetus will produce what kind of effects? What benefits between Convention States Parties and the effectiveness of the implementation of the jurisprudence of the Court held will produce? These issues are the main concerns and reasons for academic research.
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Moabelo, Kgorohlo Micro. "Inconsistency in judicial decisions : the right to life in perspective." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18631.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation critically examines and compares the decisions of the
Constitutional Court and the High Courts in cases dealing with the right to life, as
contained in section 11 of the Constitution of South Africa Act 108 of 1996. The
dissertation analysis the issues of adjudication and the concept of justice in
perspective. The main question is as follows: Are the Constitutional Court
decisions objective, based on the interpretation of the constitutional text, or do they
rather reflect the individual judge(s) personal perspective(s) or preference(s).
The purpose of this dissertation is to undertake a comparative study and analysis
of the Constitutional Court decisions on the right to life, same aspect from different
perspective, and show that the right to life is not given proper effect to on account
of the subjective approach to its interpretation undertaken by the judges.
It examines and scrutinises the Constitutional Court’s adjudication process. It found
that the law is indeterminable, because the court’s decisions are not based on the
interpretation of the law, but on the individual judges’ background and personal
preferences. This is so because the court uses the majority rule principle in its
decisions: The perception of the majority of the judges becomes a decision of the
court. It is argued that when taking a decision a judge does not apply the law but
instead uses the law to justify his predetermined decision on the matter. The
conclusion supports the critical legal scholars’ theory relating to the indeterminacy
of the law. It tests the objectivity of the judges using their own previous decisions.Criminal & Procedural Law
LLM
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Afonso, Isabella Fellet da Cunha. "DISPOSIÇÃO DO DIREITO À VIDA: uma análise da morte digna." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85832.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA discussão acerca da existência ou não de um direito de morrer, inevitavelmente, passa pela a abordagem dos direitos da personalidade e fundamentais, bem como de sua possível disposição voluntária, motivo pelo qual a pesquisa deve originar-se no estudo conceitual do tema, passando pelas questões relativas à sua renúncia e imperativo de tutela estatal. Somente através da densificação deste tema permite-nos avançar para a possível concretização de um direito a uma morte digna através das diversas modalidades de eutanásia, quando preenchidos os requisitos de doença terminal, lesão definitiva, sofrimento intenso e vontade genuína. A colisão com os direitos fundamentais e de personalidades será sempre inevitável, motivo pelo qual a ponderação de interesses envolvidos deverá ser sopesada pelos operadores do direito, sem que influências religiosas ou políticas possam fazer frente a uma discussão substancialmente ética-existencial. Se, por um lado, a vida é direito fundamental e de personalidade, prima facie, indisponível, por outro, há de se reconhecer um mínimo existencial em que a qualidade e a prosperidade são relevantes para definição da dignidade da pessoa humana. Neste passo, é o consentimento, como manifestação genuína da autodeterminação ético-existencial do paciente, capaz de definir a amplitude desta dignidade pessoal.A discussão acerca da existência ou não de um direito de morrer, inevitavelmente, passa pela a abordagem dos direitos da personalidade e fundamentais, bem como de sua possível disposição voluntária, motivo pelo qual a pesquisa deve originar-se no estudo conceitual do tema, passando pelas questões relativas à sua renúncia e imperativo de tutela estatal. Somente através da densificação deste tema permite-nos avançar para a possível concretização de um direito a uma morte digna através das diversas modalidades de eutanásia, quando preenchidos os requisitos de doença terminal, lesão definitiva, sofrimento intenso e vontade genuína. A colisão com os direitos fundamentais e de personalidades será sempre inevitável, motivo pelo qual a ponderação de interesses envolvidos deverá ser sopesada pelos operadores do direito, sem que influências religiosas ou políticas possam fazer frente a uma discussão substancialmente ética-existencial. Se, por um lado, a vida é direito fundamental e de personalidade, prima facie, indisponível, por outro, há de se reconhecer um mínimo existencial em que a qualidade e a prosperidade são relevantes para definição da dignidade da pessoa humana. Neste passo, é o consentimento, como manifestação genuína da autodeterminação ético-existencial do paciente, capaz de definir a amplitude desta dignidade pessoal.
The discussion about the existence or not of a right to die inevitably goes through the approach of the personality rights and fundamental rights, as well as of its possible voluntary disposition, reason for which the research must originate in the conceptual study of the subject, happening by the issues related to their renunciation and imperative of state protection. Only through the densification of this theme we can advance towards the possible realization of a right to a dignified death through the several modalities of euthanasia, when the requirements of terminal illness, intense suffering and genuine will are fulfilled. The collision with fundamental rights and personality rights will always be inevitable, which is why the weighting of interests involved should be weighed by legal practitioners without any religious or political influences being able to cope with a substantially ethical-existential discussion. If, on the one hand, life is a fundamental right and a personality right, prima facie, unavailable, on the other, an existential minimum must be recognized in which quality and prosperity are relevant to the definition and breadth of the dignity of the human person. In this step, it’s consent, as a genuine manifestation of the patient’s ethical-existential self-determination, capable of defining the breadth of this personal dignity.The discussion about the existence or not of a right to die inevitably goes through the approach of the personality rights and fundamental rights, as well as of its possible voluntary disposition, reason for which the research must originate in the conceptual study of the subject, happening by the issues related to their renunciation and imperative of state protection. Only through the densification of this theme we can advance towards the possible realization of a right to a dignified death through the several modalities of euthanasia, when the requirements of terminal illness, intense suffering and genuine will are fulfilled. The collision with fundamental rights and personality rights will always be inevitable, which is why the weighting of interests involved should be weighed by legal practitioners without any religious or political influences being able to cope with a substantially ethical-existential discussion. If, on the one hand, life is a fundamental right and a personality right, prima facie, unavailable, on the other, an existential minimum must be recognized in which quality and prosperity are relevant to the definition and breadth of the dignity of the human person. In this step, it’s consent, as a genuine manifestation of the patient’s ethical-existential self-determination, capable of defining the breadth of this personal dignity.
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OPOKU, EFUA BABOA. "Human Rights Violations under the Guise of Counter-Terrorism Measures: A Question of Reconciling Security Concerns and Protecting the Fundamental Right to Life." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6815.
Full textAbstract:
Both security and human rights are important to all within the civilized world. Yet there are some serious tensions between the two political norms. For instance, it may not be easy for a state or the international community to reconcile well intentioned acts to maintain security and to preserve human rights. In the recent past, such a difficulty has been played out not only in the events, but also in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States. The result of the attacks, culminating in the massive loss of lives and property, has been in the adoption of various international treaties and domestic laws that have swiftly been enacted and deployed to counter terrorism, and the development of a concept of a state of “urgency” that appears to shadow the obligation to protect fundamental human rights, particularly the right to life under international law. This thesis thus focuses on the promotion and protection of fundamental human rights, particularly, the right to life with the subsequent declaration of the “war on terror” by the United States. The work targets the debate between security and human rights in the light of terrorism post 9/11, highlights the impact of choosing one ideal over another, and eventually rationing out a balance that would serve as a threshold for upholding standards in both security and human rights in the face of terrorism threats.
Essentially, however, this thesis is hinged on the argument that to allow the ideal of security which apparently appears advantageous to a “continuing state of urgency” to overwhelmingly influence the implementation of counter-terrorism measures while paying no attention to the fundamental right to life would constitute a paradox in combating terrorism. I posit that the result of the above exercise, if chosen, implies more tragic consequences when implemented than the singular acts of terrorism in themselves.Thesis (Master, Law) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-03 13:40:21.534
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Hung, Chia-Yeh, and 洪佳業. "On Expulsion Treatments against Foreigners--Base on the Right of Family Life, Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44563004190358779906.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
The border control of a nation is the key of the sovereignty showing. However, since everyone is protected by Constitution rather than only their own people are, when a country deports foreigners or prohibits them from entering, the relevent person should have rights to ask for the court to protect his fundamental right. This thesis is concerned that the deportee who has family in the country should have the chance to claim “the right of family life” against those deporting treatments which do not comply with the principle of proportionality. This thesis chooses the European Convention on Human Rights as a comparison research object. First of all, the thesis confirms "foreigner" can also own the fundamental rights, and then researchs for which rights, and to what extents. Second, it researchs for the protection of family life in Convention. It observes how the Convention views "Family Life", and what meaning it is. This thesis also introduces the types of family life which European Court of Human Rights has decleared, such as cohabitation, homosexual couples, transgender person couples, relationship between illegitimate children and his father-in-blood, and even other more distant relatives relationship. Next, the thesis concerns the condition that "people''s right of family life" and "the national right to refuse foreigners entering or to deport them" mutually collide in the judgments of European Court of Human Rights, and finds how to operate "the principle of proportionality" specifically. The thesis hopes the principle of proportionality is not only a arbitrary sense of the judge, but a clear judgment rule through the ways of the accumulating of verdicts, treaties, and regulations. The judgment method is to find the elements in the judgments of European Court of Human Rights that are conducive to justify the expulsion treatments (such as the seriousness of their crimes) and the factors helping to protect family life (such as the family life has established very long in the country). I name the former factors “social links”, and the latter factors “social damages.” In fact, the operation of the principle of proportionality is to measure of social links and social damages. What’s more, the thesis analysizes different reasons of deportation, including crime and national security, and generalizes some principles that the judgments of European Court of Human Rights have used. These principles can be provided to judges to refer to when judging a relevent case. In the end, after understanding the protection levels of the European Convention on Human Rights, the thesis goes back to our domestic laws to carry out comparative study and tuning. It analyzes the articles of Constutition, the interpretations of the Constitution Courts, and the judgments of the courts. At last, the thesis points out the problems of the judgments, the inadequacy of the legal system, and then provides some suggests of amending direction of the law.
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Khanyile, Bathini Purity. "An analysis of patients' awareness and attitude concerning end of life issues." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4527.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach. It was based on an
analysis that was done to determine awareness and attitude of patients in end of life
issues. The semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. A sample of
ten patients, five inpatient and five outpatient, was purposively chosen. Permission was
obtained from the hospital superintendent and heads of departments, and also consent
from patients, for the study.
Data was analyzed, using the NVIVO program, a computer software, for data coding, and
a conceptual model for categorization. From the findings, the researcher concluded that
poor communication causes lack of knowledge in patients, which in turn limits the
capacity for decision making in patients. The researcher also noted that participants were
not aware of their autonomy in decision-making.Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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"Die reg op lewe met spesifieke verwysing na aborsie as kritieke beslissingsmoment." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14172.
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Neradová, Kateřina. "Trest smrti a vzdání se práva na život spácháním zvlášť závažného trestného činu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339866.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to define, what is the position of right to life in the system of protection of human rights and whether is the death penalty a justifiable institute in international human rights law. The thesis focuses on the death penalty and its history in connection with the right to life as an inherent human right. It explores the conventions, protocols and resolutions that are related to the matter. The thesis is divided into seven chapters, whereas first of them is introduction, where the author asks questions about vindicability of the capital punishment. That is followed by a brief history of the death penalty and explanation of the purpose of the punishment. Following chapter looks into a view of international society on the death penalty, summing up views of international governmental organizations, as well as non- governmental. Fundamental part of the thesis is a chapter disserting on the right to life, its history, where we can find right to life in international law, interpretation of right to life and case law. Last chapter deals with an issue of a crime as an act of forfeiting the right to life. The analysis consists of criticizing the conclusions made in the course of the thesis and propositions of further possibilities.
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Niklová, Ivana. "Vybrané aspekty problematiky základního lidského práva dle čl. 6 Listiny základních práv a svobod." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312830.
Full textAbstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the selected aspects of the dilemma of the basic human right according to Declaration of Basic Rights, paragraph 6. It focuses mainly on controversial themes such as euthanasia, abortion and death penalty. It provides readers with the definition of the conflict of these three perspectives with breaking the right to life. It shows historical development of the enactment in the Czech Republic and also in the international context. Last but not least, it describes the attitude of selected states (namely Germany, USA and China) to the solution of conflict relations within this area. The attitude of other states is foreshadowed in terms of euthanasia and abortion.
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Svárovská, Gabriela. "Neviditelní nositelé lidských práv." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-304027.
Full textAbstract:
The idea of universal applicability of human rights has been a symbol of hope that peace and justice in the world is possible, since the late 1940s. Although it is a fiction, and anthropology can proof this bringing countless evidence, strong general awareness of this idea still inspires many in their strive for freedom and dignity as well as opposition to violence. The aim of this thesis is to bring two controversial examples, illustrating how and why value-driven struggle for promotion of human rights fails. The aim is nevertheless not to compromise this noble idea but to contribute to its more thorough understanding as well as more effective implementation. A chapter on so called female genital circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation) offers critical analyses of the international campaign for eradication of this practice, led by international feminist movement since the late 1970s. The attention is drawn mainly to manipulation of facts and unfair argumentation, thanks to which the so called female genital circumcision was labelled cruel practice of backward societies serving degradation and control of women, making more structured understanding of reality impossible. A chapter dedicated to abortion tries to see political and cultural influences hidden under the surface of debate on...
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Kenfack, Henri Bandolo. "L'impact de la dignité humaine sur la protection du droit à la vie en droit international des droits de l'homme." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19279.
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Mswela, Mphoeng Maureen. "A selection of legal issues relating to persons living with albinism." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21640.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the fact that albinism affects several South Africans, it is a condition that
remains deeply misunderstood. Albinism is steeped in myth and false notions, and is
perceived by many as a curse and contamination. For years, persons living with
albinism have been treated with doubt and suspicion. Also in schools and in the
wider community, children with albinism are subjected to violence and ridicule. In
certain areas on the African continent, including Southern Africa, persons living with
albinism are killed for the trade in body parts for use as sacramental medicines, or
sexually assaulted as a result of the belief that raping them may offer a cure for
HIV/AIDS. All of this highlights the extreme vulnerability of persons living with
albinism, not to mention the many violations of their fundamental rights that follow
from the manner in which they are treated. Within the social context that frames the
experience of persons living with albinism, the primary purpose of this study is to
highlight some of the pertinent challenges faced by persons living with albinism in
South Africa which compromise the full enjoyment of their fundamental rights as
enshrined in the South African Constitution. The thesis makes a number of practical
recommendations that will assist in promoting the legal position of this vulnerable
group, while also contributing to a better understanding of albinism in general which
will ultimately change negative perceptions and debunk the myths surrounding the
condition.Jurisprudence
LL. D.
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Wagner, Filip. "Ochrana osobnosti." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358588.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on the issue of protection of personality rights as one of the fundamental institutions of civil law. The thesis is mainly focused on contemporary conception of man and his personality in current civil law. The theoretical foundations of the concept of general right of personality is summarized and valid legislation of protection of personality right made by Act no. 89/2012 Coll. - Civil Code, is described in the context of general right of personality and its theoretical conception. The thesis is divided into twelve chapters; the first chapter defines basic concepts and terms such as the person, personality and legal personality. The second chapter deals with the theoretical concepts of general right of personality in an objective and subjective sense. The third chapter is focused on the historical development of the protection of personality right in the world and in our country and the development of legislation on protection of personality right is described. The fourth chapter contains a comparison of the concept of protection of the protection of personality rights in continental law and common law. The fifth chapter presents a list of sources of the general right of personality on the level of constitutional law, international law, European law and internal law. The...
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Castelen, Milton Andy. "Women's Reproductive Health Rights: The Rule of Law and Public Health Considerations in Repealing the Criminal Laws on Abortion in the Republic Suriname." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18236.
Full textAbstract:
Within the Surinamese jurisdiction the Constitution grants women the right to health and imposes a legal duty on the state to facilitate the realization of this right. Also treaty law, in particular, the ICESCR article 12 and the CEDAW article 12 grant women the right to the highest attainable standard of health and the right to non-discriminatory access to healthcare. But due to the criminal law applicable to abortion women lack non-discriminatory access to reproductive healthcare and therefore do not enjoy the highest attainable standard of pregnancy related health. Despite its decision not to enforce the abortion prohibiting criminal laws, Suriname remains in a state of failure to comply with its legal duties as imposed by the Constitution and treaty law. This, due to the state’s reluctance to repeal the criminal laws on abortion and its failure to enact effective health regulations to facilitate women in need of an abortion.
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Ahmed, Farid. "Fair access to environmental justice in poor nations: case studies in Bangladesh." 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/8517.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is about environmental values that we encounter in our everyday life. The thesis also talks about environmental justice dialogues and tensions that play in Bangladesh. The thesis, in the first place, explores how an environmental planning and resource management approach causes a particular type of environmental injustice; i.e., non-recognition of access to the decision making process of local ethnic communities, which identifies them as adivasi meaning indigenous, poses a threat to their livelihood and culture, and obstructs the process of environmental protection in Bangladesh.The existing theories of environmental justice and four case studies conducted in Bangladesh have been used to interrogate the research findings. I argue, along with Low and Gleeson (1998) that for environmental justice, recognition of environmental needs for every entity as an ingredient of human dignity should be basis of the planning process. The research findings also suggest that , at all levels of decisions, fair access to decision, information and justice for all entities should be an integral part of environmental planning and resource management.
The thesis explores avenues for fair access to justice, meaning redress and remedy of environmental injustice, in the context of Bangladesh. I argue that capillaries of justice such as Salish, a process and institution for public interest negotiation (PIN) embedded in Bangladesh culture, can be reinvented. In addition, access to information should be a prerequisite for meaningful deliberation at all levels of decision making and dispute resolving processes.
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Tshoose, Clarence Itumeleng. "Social assistance : legal reforms to improve coverage and quality of life for the poor people in South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21939.
Full textAbstract:
The South African Constitution in section 27(1)(c) obligates the state to develop a comprehensive social security system. It affirms the universal right to access to social security, including appropriate social assistance for those unable to support themselves and their dependants. It orders the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of these
rights.
The underlying normative commitment of social security is the improvement of the quality of life of the population by promoting economic or material equality. Social security ensures that all citizens have a stake in society and that each individual has an incentive to contribute to the development of the commonwealth. It plays a crucial role in the lives of communities and families viewed in the context of social transfers which
provide broader development objectives and tackles income poverty transfers.
The objectives of this study are threefold. Firstly, it examines the extension of social assistance coverage to the indigents in South Africa. Secondly, it looks at the legal mechanisms employed by courts and government in order to improve the social security rights of the poor in South Africa. Thirdly, the research investigates the possible reform
and trends in India and Brazil with the aim of improving South Africa’s system of social security.
For the avoidance of doubt, the law evaluated in this work is at 15 September 2015.Jurisprudence
LL. D.
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Górski, Michał. "Prawo do poszanowania życia rodzinnego cudzoziemców w polskim porządku prawnym na tle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka." Praca doktorska, 2019. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/73753.
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