Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Évaluation de stabilité'
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El, Moubarki Lassad. "Décomposition et évaluation des mesures de stabilité d'un partitionnement." Paris 9, 2009. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2009PA090035.
Full textDuring the last ten years, several stability measures have been proposed with the aim to assess partitions obtained from clustering algorithms. These measures differ in the way to compare partitions. Based on the idea that a lack of stability is due to either a lack of cohesion and/or isolation of clusters, we propose a validation process based on a two decomposition level of stability measures. We propose an additive decomposition of some partition stability measures such as the well known Rand index. The terms of this decomposition are related to either the cohesion or the isolation of any cluster in the examined partition, and each of these terms is the sum of the contributions of all the individual objects of the dataset. We then present our approach both on real and simulated datasets. In particular, we investigate simulated datasets that illustrate the theoretical limitations on partition stability measures, as recently established by Ben-David and von Luxburg (2008). The obtained results for these datasets suggest that the above decomposition of stability measures, may help to avoid misinterpretations of partition stability values
Pigalle, Florence. "Etude de la stabilité du cisplatine en solution aqueuse : proposition et évaluation de protocoles de conservation." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P029.
Full textDkhissi, El Houssine. "Étude et évaluation de la stabilité d'un égaliseur DFE avec décodeur partiellement intégré." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2003.
Find full textLiu, Zaobao. "Évaluation et amélioration des modèles numériques pour l'analyse de la stabilité des pentes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10018/document.
Full textSlope failures and rock burst, which are two typical types of geological hazards, create tremendous economic damages and cause massive losses to the health of domestic humans or animals every year throughout the world. The severe situation implies that they are still in need to be further studied despite the fact that they have been discussed for a long time. The present work is devoted to presenting the analysis of slope failures and rock burst using some computational intelligent models with modifications and improvements. Then landslide, a common type of slope failure, is analyzed for time occurrence prediction using the Gaussian Process by means of field-observed displacement series. After that, the problem of slope stability evaluation is discussed using the strategy of relevance vector machine (RVM) with adaptive hyper-parameter. An iteration approach is presented to find optimal hyper-parameter values in this chapter. Afterwards, the comprehensive evaluation of slope stability is carried out with the cloud model (CM) and weighted analytical hierarchy process (WAHP) closely related to the left abutment slope of Jinping 1 Hydropower Station, southwest of China. Finally, prediction of rock burst classification is engaged using the cloud models synthesized with the attribution weights on the basis of 164 rock burst cases. In each modeling of the associated problems, comparisons are given on the performance of each strategy as well as some evaluations
Nguyen, Hieu Toan. "Évaluation des effets de site topographiques dans les pentes soumises à des sollicitations dynamiques par simulations numériques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0074/document.
Full textEarthquakes are known as destructive and murderous natural catastrophe. Particularly in the mountainous regions, the effects of earthquakes are still much aggravated due to the topographic site effects. The presence of a slope causes an amplification of the seismic signal, particularly in the vicinity of the crest. Numerous earthquakes in the past such as the 1909 Lambesc earthquake (Ms=6.2) which led to the destruction of the Rognes village (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), or more recently the 1999 Athens, Greece earthquake (Ms=5.9) which damaged the Adames city as well as the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan earthquake (MW=7.6), the 2001 El Salvador earthquake (MW=7.6) and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake (MW=7.9) responsible for numerous catastrophic landslides are representative examples. Post-seismic investigations demonstrated a significant contribution of topographic site effects on the human and material damage assessment.In order to improve the knowledge of this phenomenon, numerous numerical simulations were performed on the step-like slope models by using the FLAC 2D software (Itasca). The obtained results were analyzed by considering various criteria such as amplification factors, dimensions and area of amplification zones as well as spatial distribution of these zones inside the slope mass. The parametric analyses allow underlining the principal role of the dimensionless frequency, ratio of the slope height to the wavelength of the seismic signal, in the evaluation of topographic site effects. These results also show that the slope angle is the second important parameter, followed by the Poisson's ratio and the geometry of the crest and of the toe of slope.These numerical results allow pointing out empirical equations, called ANS, which can be used to estimate the topographic site effects according to different interpretation criteria. These formulas are suitable for seismic signals with a relatively narrow band of predominant frequencies. For other cases, the method concerning decomposition of seismic incident wave (MD) was developed in this work. This method is based on the decomposition of the complex multi-frequency seismic signal into multiple mono-frequency waves by using Fourier transform. The effect of the complex signal is then evaluated through a combination of the effects of elementary waves. The approaches developed in this work (ANS and MD) allow evaluating the topographic site effects, by taking into account geomorphologic and seismic parameters of the slope as well as the frequency content of the seismic signal, without recourse to numerical simulations
Boyer, Antoine. "Synthèse, caractérisation et évaluation biologique d'apatites phosphocalciques carbo silicatées." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068540.
Full textBelkacem, Lotfi. "Processus stables et applications en finance : CAPM, risque, choix des portefeuilles, évaluation des options dans un marché "[alpha]-stable"." Paris 9, 1996. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1996PA090053.
Full textBrasseur, Edmond. "Recherche, synthèse et évaluation de « biolubrifiants » : peresters d'acides gras et de sorbitol." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES081.
Full textJacquinot, Pascal. "Évaluation des propriétés internes d'un modèle économétrique : application au modèle Muscat." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010031.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is to detect the variable(s) which originated the cyclical behavior of the university of Paris i econometric model, muscat. For this purpose we have performed an internal analysis of this model. Because of its heaviness, the analysis has not been applied directly to the original model. So a maquette, named muscadet, which keeps the endogeneous cycle, has been built. Since it caracteristizes muscat, the use of error correction mechanisms in the maquette has been generalised. That is for us the opportunity to represent more generally this kind of model. Among methods of aggregation, there are automatic procedures and more empirical ones which take care of the specificity of the model. The latters have our preference. The causal analysis is the occasion to highlight the loop variables. They confirm the keynesian structure of muscadet. As we must also study the dynamics of the model, we have recalled the main results on this subject. After, keeping in mind the Kuh, Neese and Hollinger's works on the mqem model, eigenvalues have been computed. Decompositions of multipliers and responses to parameters perturbations allow to exhibit important roots for the model dynamics. One of these roots is complex and is at the origin of the cyclical behavior. Thanks to a sensitivity analysis, the root has been associated with the labor demand
Touzin, Maryse. "Évaluation de la stabilité d'une couche mince de simili-téflon déposée par plasma sur un substrat d'acier inoxydable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26178/26178.pdf.
Full textMetallic stents are mainly made of 316L stainless steel. Even though this material possesses the required mechanical properties needed in a stent, its long-term safety is still controversial. Indeed, in the aggressive biological environment, this material is prone to localized corrosion attack and possible corrosion products include elements classified as carcinogenic. To improve the long-term safety of the 316L stainless steel stents, a multi-step process was previously developed in our laboratory to isolate the stainless steel surface from the body fluid by depositing an ultra-thin plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon coating. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of the ultra-thin film, a series of tests was performed. In this context, the aim of this project is to develop and realize tests allowing the evaluation of both the stability and the efficiency of the coating. Firstly, to evaluate the stability, static immersion tests were performed in different solutions. Aged and non-aged surfaces were then characterized and compared by using different surface analyses methods. Secondly, the effectiveness of the ultra-thin film against general and localized corrosion was verified using accelerated corrosion tests; i.e. cyclic polarization tests and Tafel plot corrosion measurements. In this case, different surface conditions were tested and the results were compared to see if the coating was efficient on flat substrate and under a plastic deformation, to which it will be submitted when put in the human body. Even though part of this study has shown that the ultra-thin film was unstable in an aqueous environment, another part has shown that combined pre-treatment and ultra-thin film increased the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Furthermore, an appropriate protocol to evaluate those properties has been developed and will be most useful to evaluate future coatings deposited under different conditions.
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Millerioux, Jennifer. "Formulation et évaluation de la stabilité et de l'efficacité de topiques protecteurs vis-à-vis des composés organophosphorés." Lyon 1, 2009. http://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6v40sbv.
Full textPrevention of exposure to the neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OP) that are quickly absorbed in the skin is a major concern both for pesticide users and soldiers. Skin barrier creams are being developed to complement or replace uncomfortable chemical protective suits. The objectives of this work were to formulate and assess physicochemical stability and protective efficacy of topical skin protectant (TSP) against OP compounds. The first objective was to formulate several different TSP (emulsions, gel) and validate their physicochemical stability. The second objective was to determine the consistency of results from in vitro tests and the importance of the formulation composition in the skin protective efficacy. Quick evaluation of formulations efficacy mainly relies on in vitro tests which lead to consistent, complementary and relevant results. Our results indicated that the least effective formulations could be quickly identified by performing in vitro permeation tests with silicone membrane and by evaluating interfacial interactions between formulations and OP. We showed that a hydrogel containing specific hydrophilic polymers was by far the most effective of the formulations evaluated against VX, OP compounds, skin permeation in vitro
Bonilla, Sierra Viviana. "De la photogrammétrie à la modélisation 3D : évaluation quantitative du risque d'éboulement rocheux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI072/document.
Full textStructural and mechanical analyses of rock mass are key components for rock slope stability assessment. The complementary use of photogrammetric techniques and numerical models coupling discrete fracture networks (DFN) with the discrete element method (DEM) provides a methodology that can be applied to assess the mechanical behaviour of realistic three-dimensional (3D) configurations for which fracture persistence cannot be assumed. The stability of the rock mass is generally assumed to be controlled by the shear strength along discontinuity planes present within the slope. If the discontinuities are non–persistent with their continuity being interrupted by the presence of intact rock bridges, their apparent strength increases considerably. In this case, the contribution of the rock bridges located in-between these discontinuities have to be accounted for in the stability analysis. The progressive failure of rock slope involving non–persistent discontinuities can be numerically investigated based upon simulations performed using a DEM approach. The intact material is represented as an assembly of bonded particles interacting through dedicated contact laws that can be calibrated to properly represent the behaviour of the rock material. The advantage of the method is that it enables to simulate fracture initiation and propagation inside the rock matrix as a result of inter-particle bond breakage. In addition, pre–existing discontinuities can be explicitly included in the model by using a modified contact logic that ensures an explicit and constitutive mechanical behaviour of the discontinuity planes. Stability analyses were carried out with emphasis on the contribution of rock bridges failure through a mixed shear-tensile failure process, leading to the generation of new failure surfaces. Jennings' formulation being considered to be one of the first rock slope stability analysis that evaluates the resistance to sliding as a weighted combination of both, intact rock bridges and discontinuity planes strengths, its validity was discussed and systematically compared to results obtained from numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the validity of Jennings' formulation is limited as soon as tensile failure becomes predominant and an alternative formulation is proposed to assess the resulting equivalent strength. Regarding field slope stability, we show that the combination of high resolution photogrammetric data and DFN-DEM modelling can be used to identify valid model scenarios of unstable wedges and blocks daylighting at the surface of both natural and engineered rock slopes. Back analysis of a real case study confirmed that failure surfaces can be simulated as a result of both fracture propagation across rock bridges and sliding along pre-existing discontinuities. An identified wedge failure that occurred in an Australian coal mine was used to validate the methodology. Numerical simulations were undertaken to determine in what scenarios the measured and predicted failure surfaces can be used to calibrate strength parameters in the model. The work presented here is part of a more global need to improve natural and mining hazards management related to unstable rock masses. We believe that the proposed methodology can strengthen the basis for a more comprehensive stability analysis of complex fractured rock slopes
Helary, Christophe. "Hydrogels de collagène concentrés pour des substituts dermiques améliorés : évaluation in vitro et in vivo." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066288.
Full textMartini, Luigi. "Développement et évaluation de l'hypothèse de stabilité modale pour la variabilité du comportement vibratoire des structures minces modélisées par éléments finis." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1736.
Full textTaking into account variability or uncertainties in structural mechanics is a real challenge and leads to intensive research activities in particular in dynamics. In this context, this work deals with the development of a methodology for the variability analysis of a structure mod¬elled by finite elements. The calculation of statistical quantities: mean value, standard devia¬tion and probability density functions, is applied to the output parameters of the model ac¬cording to the input variable parameters. The input parameters considered are: Young moduli, thicknesses, sections, nodal coordinates, densities. The output parameters retained for the study are natural frequencies and frequency response functions. The basic assumption is that the mode shapes do not depend on input parameters perturbations. For this reason the method is called: Modal Stability Procedure (MSP). It requires only one complete finite element anal¬ysis and a post-processing procedure. The method allows the reduction of the high computational costs that characterize most of the existing methods. Moreover this method has the following advantages: no limitation on the number or the level of variability of the parameters considered and easy interfacing with standard finite elements software. For academic exemples and an industrial application: a car windshield, MSP has been compared with the Monte Carlo Simulation considered as reference. Very satisfactory results have generally been obtained for the mean value, standard deviation and probability densities of quantifies of interest, for modal analysis as well as for frequency response. The limitations of the modal stability assumption have also been highlighted. Thanks to the quality of results obtained and the performances in terms of computational cost, MSP is well adapted to industrial applications
Xu, Jixian. "Simulation statistique de discontinuités et évaluation de la blocométrie de massifs rocheux : applications à l'analyse de l'écoulement et de la stabilité." Paris, ENMP, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ENMP0250.
Full textKaidi, Sami. "Couplage fluide-structure pour la simulation et le diagnostic de la stabilité des ouvrages hydrauliques de protection." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0116.
Full textIn this paper, a numerical study is conducted to assess the stability of the seaward facing slope of breakwaters under hydrodynamic loading using a coupled fluid-structure interaction framework. Stability characteristics of breakwaters have traditionally been analysed using empirical approaches which do not take into account important factors such as nonlinear wave-structure effects. A modelling framework is proposed for coupling deformable discontinuous media (DDA) with a finite element method (FEM) for solving free-surface flows where the Navier-Stokes equations are solved for velocity and pressure. It is necessary to take into account contacts between different shaped blocks and this study assumes that contact constraints are imposed through an augmented Lagrangian algorithm. To illustrate the performance of the proposed framework two breakwaters consisting of cubic and acropod shaped blocks are simulated under hydrodynamic forces
Bonnyaud, Céline. "Caractérisation de la cinématique et de la trajectoire du centre de masse des patients hémiparétiques lors d’une tâche de navigation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV074/document.
Full textThe gait characteristics of patients with hemiparesis are usually assessed during stable, straightline gait. Clinical tests are mostly based on timed performance, although biomechanical gait analysis may be carried out. The analysis of navigational tasks that involve constraints encountered in daily life is necessary to increase understanding of gait deficits. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) includes oriented gait towards a target, and turning tasks, typical of real-life gait. However, the simple analysis of performance time does not provide sufficient information regarding actual performance of the tasks. The main aim of this thesis was to characterize the locomotor displacements of hemiparetic patients during navigational tasks, such as those involved in the TUG. To this end, we carried out a biomechanical analysis of gait during the three navigational tasks of the TUG (oriented gait to the target, turning and oriented gait to the seat). We analysed the kinematics, stability and locomotor trajectories of patients and healthy subjects. This work is original because it provides a biomechanical characterization of the organization of gait in patients with hemiparesis during navigational tasks, using innovative parameters. The longer performance time in hemiparetic patients, compared with healthy subjects, was related to a decrease in the majority of spatio-temporal and joint kinematic parameters. Moreover, the results showed that oriented gait tasks were controlled by the same parameters in hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects, but in different proportions. In contrast, the turning task was controlled by different, specific parameters. Organizational differences between hemiparetic patients and healthy subjects were also highlighted, namely a lack of stability, slowing during the turn and deviation from the trajectory by the patients. These results suggest that hemiparetic patients use a strategy which is a compromise between stability, trajectory and performance for the optimal achievement of navigational tasks, such as these involved in the TUG. The implications of this work for the clinical management of hemiparetic patients are explained
Kfoury, Miriana. "Préparation, caractérisation physicochimique et évaluation des propriétés biologiques de complexes d'inclusion à base de cyclodextrines : applications à des principes actifs de type phénylpropanoïdes." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0397/document.
Full textPhenylpropanoids (PPs) are one of the largest families of plants secondary metabolites. They protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Nowadays, extensive research has been dedicated to PPs aiming their use as natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in food and pharmaceutical formulations. However, PPs suffer from a low water solubility, high volatility, high light and thermal sensitivity that limit their further use. This current study aimed to encapsulate seven PPs in host cage molecules, cyclodextrins (CDs), in order to develop natural and biocompatible formulation that may find applications in food and pharmaceutical fields. It focused on three main research axes. The first part dealt with the preparation and the characterization of CD/PP inclusion complexes both in solution and in solid state. Characterizations were performed with Static-Headspace-Gas Chromatography (SH-GC), UV-Visible, ¹H NMR, (2D) ROESY NMR, FTIR, DSC and molecular modeling. These investigations were complemented with phase solubility studies. The second part was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of CDs on the PPs photostability and controlled release. The last part aimed to evaluate the CD/PP inclusion complexes as radical scavengers, antibacterial and antifungal agents. Results showed that CDs could successfully encapsulate PPs, reduce their volatility, enhance their solubility and photostability and generate controlled release system. In addition, encapsulation maintained the antioxydant, antibacterial and antifungal properties of PPs. Thus, the CD/PP inclusion complexes could be considered as a promising tool for formulation optimization
Ariffin, Arman. "Etude des critères de seconde génération de la stabilité du navire à l'état intact." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0043/document.
Full textThe Sub-Committee of Ship Design and Construction of International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has undertaken the development of Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria (SGISC). The GISC is an additional rule that complement present rules. Five failure modes will be address in SGISC are excessive roll in dead ship condition, pure loss of stability, broaching, parametric roll, and excessive acceleration. Moreover, these criteria are structured in three levels namely, first level, second level and direct assessment. Direct assessment procedures for every stability failure are developed with the most advanced state-of-the art technology available either by numerical analysis or experimental work for quantitative analysis. In this thesis, implementations of Level 1 and Level 2 of the SGISC in the hydrostatic solver, experimental approached for dead ship condition and RANS simulation are presented.In conclusion, it was possible to implement the stability criteria of the intact second-generation vessel in the GHS © code of stability, a code commonly used by industrialists in the field. Five vessels were considered to verify this implementation. An experimental wind tunnel method and a simplified CFD calculation method were used on two different models. In both cases, the results show that the maximum roll angle reached by the two vessels studied is lower than the one given by the regulatory calculation. The experimental method is certainly closer to reality and the calculation CFD remains conservative without being as binding as the regulation.Therefore, the two approaches, numerical and experimental can be proposed to be used for Direct Assessment of the criterion
Hadadou, Rafik. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une méthodologie de contrôle de stabilité des talus d'une grande mine à ciel ouvert : application à la mine de Carmaux (Tarn)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_HADADOU_R.pdf.
Full textPasquier, Daniel. "Evaluation de la personnalité à l'aide des questionnaires auto-descriptifs : approche critique du postulat de la stabilité de l'image de soi : pour une autre utilisation et une autre lecture du modèle des cinq facteurs." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUEL584.
Full textThe psychologist use self-reported questionnaires based on the five factors model, FFM. This a-theoretical model, supposed to describe in an exhaustive way the personality using five orthogonal bipolar factors, would be stable in time and social space by the fact of the genetic origin of the differences. After a review we show that the structure of FFM does not answer the criterion of orthogonality, nor of stability because of its sensitivity to the contexts of making. Experiments confirm that additional information with the instruction of a Q-sort image of oneself make it possible to direct the choices in the direction induced by this information, with a personnologic share of 10% of the variance. Beyond variability, we emphasizes the existence of transverse scripts ordering the items in implicatives sequences. We finishe by elaboration of a model dynamic which takes into account the social regard of oneself, the management of impression and the emotional vulnerability state/trait
Damar, Hada. "Évaluation de la stabilité du rendement fourrager et de la dynamique du potassium et du phosphore dans un Gleysol humique de l'Est du Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69370.
Full textA stable supply of forages is important to ensure sustainability of the dairy farms in Eastern Canada. In addition to nitrogen, optimal forage growth requires an adequate supply of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), whose availability could be influenced by agricultural practices. The main objective of this thesis was to assess forage yields stability under contrasting management practices, but also to understand how these practices influence K and P dynamics in clayey soils of Eastern Canada. We used along-term experiment established in 1989 in the region of Saguenay Lac St-Jean. This was a fixed barley-forage-forage rotation established on a humic Gleysol under moldboard plow (MP) or chisel (CP) plowing and supplied by mineral (MIN) or organic (liquid dairy manure, LDM) fertilizers. We found that crop yields were more stable cyclically (per three-year cycle) than annually. Yield stability index was reduced by factor of 1.86 ± 0.57 for grains, 1.87 ± 0.24 for straw and 2.00 ± 0.25 for forage using cyclic assessment. The LDM returned higher forage and straw yields than MIN. However, yields were not influenced by the tillage practice. Cumulative K budget averaged −579 kg K ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ with MIN and +69 kg K ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ with LDM. Exchangeable K accumulation in upper soil layers was higher with LDM than MIN. Nevertheless, no significant relationship between cumulative K budget and exchangeable K was observed across cycles. Exchangeable and non-exchangeable K fractions between 2001 and 2016 increased under MIN (deficit K budget), underlying the dynamic equilibrium between soil K forms. For P, cumulative cyclic budget varied from –20 to +150 kg P ha⁻¹ with LDM, and –33 to +3 kg P ha⁻¹ with MIN, while higher reserves of Mehlich-3 P were measured in topsoil (0–15 cm) with MIN than LDM. The negative relationship between cumulative P budget and Mehlich-3 P highlighted the complex mechanisms controlling soil P availability. Soil analysis in 0–15 cm layer showed lower total P with LDM than MIN for two dates (2001 and 2016), and a decline of organic P between 12 and 27 years under LDM probably due to organic P mineralization or loss. Tillage practices had significant effect on soil K and P distribution. Due to the difference in plowing depth between CP (15 cm) and MP (20 cm), the CP led to greater K and P accumulation than MP in the 0−15 cm layer, while the reverse was observed in 15−30 cm layer. The results also indicated that K and P uptakes by plants occurred in the 15−30 cm depth. Overall, this study showed that cyclic yield stability opened up a new perspective for land allocation and forage storage, and underlined the high buffer capacity in K and P of fine-textured soils. With regular monitoring of crops, and soil K and P status, CP and LDM could ensure the sustainability off orage production systems in Eastern Canada. However, the approach relating K and P budget to their available forms to support soil fertility buildup and maintenance appeared to be wrong in this clayey soil. Finally, we suggest to revisit local fertilization strategy of forage legume and grass mixtures in rotation with cereal established on a humic Gleysol in order to include non-exchangeable K content in K fertilizer recommendation and soil clay content in P fertilizer recommendation.
Harraki, Bouchra. "Étude des interactions liées aux oligo-éléments en nutrition parentérale : évaluation de la stabilité et influence des acides aminés sur la biodisponibilité cellulaire du zinc." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE18007.
Full textMercier, Jean-François. "La détermination des salaires en présence de complémentarité entre travailleurs : une analyse de la stabilité d'un modèle d'assortiment." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27538/27538.pdf.
Full textFauteux, Marie-Christine. "Évaluation de l'effet d'apports de caroténoïdes de la luzerne déshydratée sur son transfert dans les sécrétions lactées et la stabilité oxydative des matières grasses du lait." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30618/30618.pdf.
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Alem-Boudjemline, Salima. "Réalisation et caractérisation des cellules photovoltai͏̈ques plastiques." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0007.
Full textPolymers are widely studied in view of commercial applications, such as the photovoltaic devices, because of their easy processability and relatively low cost. The efficiency and stability of such devices are the main parameters to be improved. At first, we have fabricated and characterized a device based on a composite of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (MEH-PPV) and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The insertion of interfacial layers, the surface treatment and the improvement of the morphology of the active layer have significantly increased the photovoltaic performances of the structure compared to the previous performances (> 2. 5%). After, we studied new organic materials in bulk heterojonction solar cell configurations. At last, we developed a new structure of solar cells to improve their stability
Eleter, Mohamad. "Synthèse, Caractérisation et évaluation de nouveaux précurseurs azotés pour dépôt de films d'oxydes métalliques MO2 (M = Hf, Zr) par MOCVD à injection liquide." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376276.
Full textGabriela, Dan. "Processus Gravitaires et Évaluation de la Stabilité des Pentes : Approches Géologique et Géotechnique. Application à la marge algérienne et à l'effondrement de l'aéroport de Nice en 1979." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00274695.
Full textLa marge au large d'Alger n'avait fait l'objet d'aucune campagne scientifique majeure jusqu'à la réalisation de la campagne Maradja en 2003. Du coup, le travail de thèse sur la zone d'Alger a d'abord concerné la caractérisation morpho-sédimentaire de la zone et la cartographie des instabilités et des dépôts gravitaires. Dans un deuxième temps, il s'est concentré sur la caractérisation des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des sédiments, l'identification des mécanismes responsables de l'initiation des instabilités observées dans la zone d'étude et l'évaluation de la stabilité actuelle de la zone d'étude. Plusieurs résultats importants ont été obtenus :
• les processus sédimentaires sont très clairement influencés par la morphologie de la marge, elle-même contrôlée par l'activité tectonique. La sédimentation sur la marge algérienne est donc très hétérogène, contrastée et contrôlée par deux processus : (a) les processus gravitaires incluant les courants turbiditiques et les glissements sous-marins et (b) la sédimentation hémipélagique ;
• de nombreux glissements ont été observés et décrits sur la zone d'étude. La majorité des glissements est caractérisée par une surface inférieure à 0.2 km2 et un volume moyen de 0.003 km3. Seul, un glissement au large de la ville de Dellys est hors norme, caractérisé par un volume très supérieur à la moyenne et égal à 0.18 km3 ;
• la présence de couches de silt et sable susceptibles de se liquéfier est un facteur prépondérant d'initiation des glissements. L'évaluation du potentiel de liquéfaction pour les couches de sable, montre une possibilité de liquéfaction pour des séismes soumettant la colonne sédimentaire à un PGA de 0.2 g, une valeur qui a pu être atteinte par les séismes historiques connus ;
• l'évaluation de la stabilité de la même zone montre l'instabilité et la rupture de la pente pour un PGA de seulement 0.1 g, valeur encore plus facilement atteinte par les séismes historiques connus ;
Au contraire de la marge algérienne, la zone de Nice avait déjà fait l'objet de nombreuses études décrivant le contexte géologique lié à l'accident de 1979 et cherchant à comprendre son fonctionnement. Le travail présenté ici a d'abord concerné une synthèse de l'ensemble des données disponibles et en particulier des mesures géotechniques nouvelles réalisées dans la zone, ainsi que de nouveaux prélèvements de terrain. Ceci a permis de mieux modéliser la stabilité de la pente niçoise près de l'aéroport et de simuler la stabilité du prodelta du Var avant et après la construction de l'aéroport. Une nouvelle explication du déclenchement du glissement est proposée : ce serait le fluage d'une couche d'argile sensible sous l'effet de la charge de l'aéroport qui aurait initié la rupture. Cette hypothèse semble très solide au regard des nouvelles données obtenues. Le poids des différents facteurs déclenchant de l'accident de 1979 est aussi discuté et sert de cadre pour une estimation des risques actuels.
Burlet, Jean-Laurent. "Mécanique de la neige et variabilité." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21401.
Full textAigle, Pascal. "Stabilisation des talus de déblai par les techniques de drainage - simulation numérique des écoulements tridimentionnels à surface libre - Évaluation de l'augmentation de stabilité par méthode tridimensionnelle à la rupture." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10037.
Full textFailloux, Nelly. "Etude cinétique de la stabilité et de la diffusion cutanée du rétinol par spectrométrie Raman : évaluation de la cytotoxicité et du potentiel inflammatoire du rétinol et de ses dérivés." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066112.
Full textBarbottin, Aude. "Utilisation d'un modèle de culture pour évaluer le comportement des génotypes: Pertinence de l'utilisation d'Azodyn pour analyser la variabilité du rendement et de la teneur en protéines du blé tendre." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001262.
Full textDing, Haiyang. "Commande prédictive distribuée pour un réseau de systèmes partiellement coopératifs." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT027.
Full textIn this dissertation, a partially cooperative distributed control framework is proposed. The framework is dedicated to the control problem for a network consisting of linear/nonlinear subsystems that are interconnected through their states and control inputs. By partial cooperation, it means that each subsystem is able to preserve its own objective while using a tunable cooperation index that defines to what extend it accepts to degrade its own performance level so as to help its neighbors maintain their integrity under potentially destabilizing interconnections. The communication between the subsystems is rather reduced comparing to most of the existing contributions. Another attractive feature of the proposed framework is that each subsystem in the network can be assigned with priority indicating the importance of the corresponding subsystem seen by its neighbors. Through proper parameterization of the priority assignment, improved performance of the subsystems and the network can be acheived. In the linear version, a rigorous stability assessment method is presented and a systematic way of proposing an optimized priority assignment for a given network is introduced as well. The proposed scheme is applied to handle the load frequency control problem in a 4-area power network and the control problem of a cryogenic system to illustrate its effectiveness
De, vaugelade du breuillac Segolene. "Évaluation des paramètres nécessaires à la détermination de la Date de Durabilité Minimale (DDM) et de la Période après Ouverture (PAO) des émulsions cosmétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX022.
Full textAccording to Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009, implemented in July 2013, the manufacturer must mention the Date of Minimum Durability (DMD), or if DMD exceeds 30 months, the Period After Opening (PAO) on the product packaging. At the present time, no text regulates the procedures applicable to the validation of a DMD or a PAO. Some guidelines are published by Cosmetics Europe, the National Agency for the safety of medicines and health products, the Scientific Committee for consumer safety, or the European Commission; but the evaluation remains at the discretion of the person responsible for marketing the product. In this context, this work proposes recommendations to establish a stability protocol in order to quickly determine the DMD. Experimental approaches on an emulsion representative of the major category in the cosmetics industry have been established. Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological stabilities were evaluated. The emulsion stability has been tested in accelerated conditions and in real time. A statistical approach has been proposed to evaluate the product shelf life according to its organoleptic properties. The sensory properties of the cosmetic emulsion changed differently depending on the temperature and the material in which it has been stored. A mathematical correlation between the results of studies under normal and those obtained under accelerated conditions has been proposed for some parameters. A microbiological study focused on the validation of a commercially available method, alternative to total count of aerobic microorganisms, normed by the ISO 21149 for cosmetic application. Once validated, this method has been used as an economical, quick and easy tool to evaluate the microbiological stability of cosmetic emulsions. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to follow the degradation of antioxidant and preservatives. To take into account the photostability of the emulsion, an analytical strategy was proposed to identify the mechanisms involved in phototransformation reactions. The study focused on two molecules: dehydroacetic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Both gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (LC-UHR-MS) were used for the separation and the structural identification of photoproducts. The main photoproducts were detected in the reference emulsion after UV-visible irradiation, thus showing the possible formation of photoproducts in a complex oil/water emulsion. Both in silico and in vitro toxicity tests highlighted the need for taking into account the potential formation of photoproducts in the safety evaluation of a cosmetic product
Weatherdon, Nathan. "Expropriation risk with social and political instability : a dynamic conservation modeling approach." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28485/28485.pdf.
Full textGauthier, Mélanie. "Relation entre les comportements extériorisés et la stabilité de l'expérience de garde chez les enfants de 4 à 5 ans qui fréquentent un centre de la petite enfance." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26469.
Full textPoette, Christopher. "La fragmentation du paysage : impact sur l'écoulement atmosphérique et la stabilité au vent des peuplements forestiers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0387/document.
Full textAt present only the characteristics of a forest stand and its immediate environment are taken into account in calculating forest wind risk. However, it is known that the wind is strongly affected by the surfaces over which it has previously flowed. Forest edges in particular play an important role in determining the characteristics of the atmospheric flow by generating increased turbulence, triggering the formation of coherent tree scale structures. In a fragmented landscape, consisting of surfaces of different heights and roughness, the multiplicity of edges may have cumulative effects at the regional scale leading to increased forest damage during storms. Flow changes in the atmospheric boundary-layer across surface roughness changes have received extensive study in the past because of their importance in determining velocities, turbulence levels and exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere or ground. There have also been a number of studies across single forest edges both in the field, wind-tunnels and computer models. However, there have been no studies of flow across multiple forest edges or the impact of forest fragmentation on the characteristics of the boundary-layer. The only studies on multiple surface changes have been wind-tunnel examination of the flow though and across multiple wind-breaks. In this thesis we show results from a series of wind tunnel experiments on a range of levels of forest fragmentation. Five gap spacings (L = ~ 5, ~ 10, ~15, ~20, ~30h, where L is the length of the gap and h is the canopy height) were investigated using 3D laser doppler velocimetry in order to assess the effects of fragmented landscapes on mean and turbulent wind characteristics. The fragmentation was two-dimensional with the transition between forest and gaps only being along the wind direction and the forest and gaps were continuous perpendicular to the wind direction. The wind speeds and turbulence characteristics are compared against measurements from a single forest edge in the wind tunnel, which acts as a reference. No enhancement of turbulence formation at a particular level of fragmentation was observed but there was a consistent pattern of wind speed and turbulence back from the first edge of each simulation with the horizontal velocity at tree top increasing and the turbulent kinetic energy decreasing as gap size increased. We also compare mean wind speeds (U and W) and turbulence characteristics (variance in u, v, and w; skewness in U, V, and W; Reynold’s stress, and TKE) at all points in the experimental measurement domain of the wind tunnel with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) results, which allows us to confirm the validity of the LES calculations and to conduct a wider range of experiments than was possible in the wind-tunnel. The results demonstrate the importance of the frontal area index or roughness density of elements (in this case trees) in determining the nature of the flow and the effective roughness of the overall surface. They also show that as the gaps between forest blocks increases the flow transitions (at a gap size between 10 to 15 tree heights) from flow comparable to that over a continuous forest to flow across a set of isolated forest blocks
Oikonomopoulou, Apostolia. "APPROCHES NUMERIQUES POUR L'ETUDE DU COMPORTEMENT DES STRUCTURES MAÇONNEES ANCIENNES : Un outil basé sur le Calcul à la Rupture et la visualisation graphique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493588.
Full textHor, Boramy. "Évaluation et réduction des conséquences des mouvements de terrains sur le bâti : approches expérimentale et numérique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737787.
Full textMeric, Elise. "Compréhension des effets matrices de boissons à base de jus de fruits enrichies en ingrédients protéiques sur la stabilité de ces jus et évaluation in vivo et in vitro de l'impact de cet enrichissement protéique sur le système glycémique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29032/29032.pdf.
Full textPedron, Antoine. "Développement d’algorithmes d’imagerie et de reconstruction sur architectures à unités de traitements parallèles pour des applications en contrôle non destructif." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112071/document.
Full textThis thesis work is placed between the scientific domain of ultrasound non-destructive testing and algorithm-architecture adequation. Ultrasound non-destructive testing includes a group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage. In order to characterize possible defects, determining their position, size and shape, imaging and reconstruction tools have been developed at CEA-LIST, within the CIVA software platform.Evolution of acquisition sensors implies a continuous growth of datasets and consequently more and more computing power is needed to maintain interactive reconstructions. General purprose processors (GPP) evolving towards parallelism and emerging architectures such as GPU allow large acceleration possibilities than can be applied to these algorithms.The main goal of the thesis is to evaluate the acceleration than can be obtained for two reconstruction algorithms on these architectures. These two algorithms differ in their parallelization scheme. The first one can be properly parallelized on GPP whereas on GPU, an intensive use of atomic instructions is required. Within the second algorithm, parallelism is easier to express, but loop ordering on GPP, as well as thread scheduling and a good use of shared memory on GPU are necessary in order to obtain efficient results. Different API or libraries, such as OpenMP, CUDA and OpenCL are evaluated through chosen benchmarks. An integration of both algorithms in the CIVA software platform is proposed and different issues related to code maintenance and durability are discussed
Ihsan, Mohammad. "Analysis of the stability of slopes submitted to water infiltration using advanced models : coupled hydromechanical model and Nonlinear Dynamics Method." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10091/document.
Full textThis research concerns analysis of landslides, which constitute a major natural risk responsible for high human losses as well as large damages to structures, infrastructure and natural environment. This issue becomes particularly important, because of the climate change, which increases the risk of heavy rains as well as severe drought and consequently the risk of slope instability due to the environment change. Generally, analysis of slope stability is conducted using the limit equilibrium theory. As this theory does not take into consideration the process of mobilization of the friction, it could lead to an overestimation of the safety factor. A reliable analysis of the slope stability, in particular in heterogeneous soils submitted to the water action, requires the use of advanced numerical methods. Two methods were used in this research: the coupled hydro-mechanical method and the nonlinear dynamic method
Diallo, Alpha Oumar. "Contribution à la caractérisation des profils de dangers physico-chimiques des liquides ioniques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2124/document.
Full textIonic liquids are advanced chemicals promised according to many people to a brilliant future in a number of strategic applications that might serve greener future in chemistry and energy related technological developments. However, lack of appropriate thermodynamic data as well as some what misleading discourse advocating on high thermal stability and absence ofany intrinsic hazard as absolute trends of these chemicals have led to initiate this thesis workwith the objective to develop a dedicated and pertinent methodology aiming at characterizing the comprehensive physico-chemical hazards profile of such chemical.Indeed, given the huge potential number of ionic liquids, a better strategy consists in exploring real world properties of these materials, not neglecting potential physico-chemical hazards,including the fire hazards, as to contribute to their green use. For that purpose, experimental tools have been implemented and used; obtained results so far confirm that the physico-chemical hazards potential must be assessed on a case by case approach. Finally, perspectives regarding future work with regard to better knowledge and assessmentof ionic liquids physico-chemical related issues are given with the aim of serving sustainable design and use of ionic liquids
Coopman, Quentin. "Impact des aérosols sur les nuages en Arctique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10154/document.
Full textThe Arctic region is warming particularly rapidly. The aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) plays an important role on cloud radiative properties and climate change but aerosol impact on cloud microphysical parameters is still poorly understood.In this study we combine measurements from the satellite instruments POLDER-3 and MODIS to temporally and spatially co-localize cloud microphysical properties with carbon monoxide concentrations, passive tracer of aerosol content, from GEOS-Chem and FLEXPART. We also add ERA-I reanalysis of meteorological parameters to stratify meteorological parameters, such as specific humidity and lower tropospheric stability. Thus, observed differences in cloud-microphysical-parameters can be attributed to differences in aerosol content and not in meteorological parameters. We define a net ACI (ACInet) which can be interpreted as a measure of the sensitivity of a cloud at any given location to pollution plumes from distant sources. We study the impact of aerosols from anthropogenic and biomass-burning sources on liquid-cloud microphysical properties in Arctic, between 2005 and 2010, above ocean, and for different meteorological regimes. Our results suggest that the effect of biomass pollution plumes is smaller than the effect of anthropogenic pollution plumes. Meteorological parameters can significantly influence the ACI. We analyze the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on thermodynamic phase transition. The smaller the effective radius, the greater the supercooled temperature, whereas the greater the aerosol concentration, the smaller the supercooled temperature
Seck, El Hadji Boubacar. "Contribution au développement d’outils analytiques et numériques pour quantifier et qualifier la robustesse des structures." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100060/document.
Full textLocalized initial failures in constructions can sometimes be followed by disproportionate damage (collapse) spreading to the whole or the major part of a building. Since the partial and progressive collapse of the Ronnan Point tower (London, $1968$) caused by a gas explosion, the concept of robustness has been introduced in standards. Structural robustness is defined as the ability of a structure to withstand unforeseen events causing local damage like fire, explosion or impact, without suffering disproportionate collapse. This definition encourages engineers to include the concepts of initial damage (local failure) and disproportionate damage (global failure) in design procedures. The main objective of this PhD work is to develop a simulation tool in order to highlight the potential weakness in a structure when uncertain sollicitations (accidental events) and/or dimensional fault (design or realization) interfere with the standard predictions. The robustness is evaluated by an index varying from 0 (non-robust structure) to 1 (very robust structure) and is calculated from the initial and global failure probabilities. The proposed methodology is based on an event tree analysis summurizing all the distinct potential scenarios, from the initial damage to the collapse of the structure. The developed approach is applied to statically indeterminate unidimensional structures like beams and frame. The redundancy's consequence is that the break of one or several cross sections will not necessarily lead to the collapse of the whole system: the redistribution of the internal efforts allows the remaining undamaged parts of the structure to support the external (applied) loading. The methodology is illustrated by some examples of clamped-clamped beam and frame, loaded with punctual forces. The cross sections are supposed to have an elastic behaviour until the formation of plastic hinges (local failure). Two types of probabilistic laws, Gaussian and Log-normal, are tested by the developed approach and by Monte-Carlo simulations. The chosen random variables can be either independent or correlated. The resulting complete event tree contains all the exclusive paths from an localised damage to the global failure, without intersection between branches stemming from the same node. This specific property allows to evaluate the robustness indexes of the structure with the ratio between the local and global probabilities, according to each scenario. The analysis of the event tree and of the robustness indexes allows to highlight the potential brittleness which could cause a generalized collapse of the structure with respect to accidents or malicious acts. The developed methodology provides an effective tool of simulation and diagnostic, both in the design phase and in the rehabilitation one, useful to the reinforcement of existing or future buildings and to ensure the safety of people and surrounding structures
Imyim, Apichat. "Méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale des déchets stabilisés / solidifiés par liants hydrauliques." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0091/these.pdf.
Full textThis research aims to assess the long-term release of inorganic pollutants leached from stabilised wastes by hydraulic binders in the environmental point of view. The research divides in three parts: (1) proposition of an assessment methodology of the long term behavior of pollutant species, (2) application and validation of the methodology to synthetic stabilised wastes, (3) application of the methodology to stabilized galvanic sludge and stabilized fly ash. The methodology includes leachning tests and a model of the long-term behavior prediction of pollutant contained in the wastes. The selected leaching tests permitting the identification of the necessary parameters for behavioral model have been done. The developed model is based on a diffusional model in the porous matrix coupled to chemical reactions of major species contained in the stabilized materials. The consistency between the experimental and simulated results proves that the model describes the physico – chemical mechanism of considered species release well. This approach leads to determine the long-term behavior of stabilized wastes in order to assess their impact on the environment
Madore, Jean-Benoît. "Évaluation de la modélisation de la taille de grain de neige du modèle multi-couches thermodynamique SNOWPACK: implication dans l'évaluation des risques d'avalanches." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8941.
Full textAbstract : The snow thermodynamic multi-layer model SNOWPACK was developed in order to address the risk of avalanches by simulating the vertical geophysical and thermophysical properties of snow. Risk and stability assessments are based on the simulation of the vertical variability of snow microstructure (grain size, sphericity, dendricity and bond size), as well as snow cohesion parameters. Previous research has shown a systematic error in the grain size simulations (equivalent optical grain size) over several areas in northern Canada. In order to quantify the simulated errors in snow grain size and associated uncertainties in stability, snow specific surface area (SSA), was measured using a laser-based system measuring snow albedo through an integrating sphere (InfraRed Integrating Sphere, IRIS) at 1310 nm. Optical grain size was retrieved from the IRIS SSA measurements in order to validate the optical equivalent grain radius from simulated SNOWPACK outputs. Measurements occurred during a field campaign conducted during the 2013-2014 winter season in the Canadian Rockies. The two study plots selected are located at Glacier National Park, BC and Jasper National Park, AB. Profiles of density and stratigraphic analysis were completed as well as grain size (IRIS) profiles, combine with snow micropenetrometer (SMP) measurements. Density analysis showed good agreement for the simulated values (R[superscript 2]=0.76) and thus the simulated resistance for the SSI was assumed of reasonable precision. Snow instabilities predicted by SNOWPACK were observed by SMP resistance variation. The optical grain size analysis showed systematic overestimation of the modeled values, in agreement with the current literature. Error in SSA evolution in a rounding environment was mostly constant whereas error in conditions driven by temperature gradient was variable. Finally, it is suggested that a climate-oriented parametrization of the microstructure could represent an improvement for stability assessment in Canada given the variability and size of avalanche terrain.
Moulin, Stéphane. "Réexamen des inégalités entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail : des philosophies politiques aux évaluations empiriques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00095542.
Full textNous soutenons qu'il n'est pas possible de donner une définition non ambiguë de la discrimination sur le marché du travail sans rentrer dans des questions de philosophie politique de la justice. Chaque philosophie politique implique une conception différente de la discrimination et impose des contraintes sur la méthodologie empirique de mesure des inégalités. Une conception pluraliste de la discrimination conduit ainsi à critiquer la conception consensuelle de l'égalité des chances, la théorie marginale de la juste distribution ainsi que la « bonne » pratique de mesure de la discrimination.
Nous présentons d'abord une grille d'analyse pluraliste de la discrimination entre les sexes articulant philosophies politiques de la justice sexuée, théories économiques de la discrimination, et méthodologies statistiques de mesure de l'inégalité de traitement sur le marché du travail. Nous proposons ensuite des mesures économétriques des barrières discriminatoires à l'accès à l'emploi, au temps plein et aux responsabilités hiérarchiques. Ces mesures nous permettent enfin de revenir sur l'identification et l'évaluation de la ségrégation verticale, de la discrimination salariale, et de la discrimination positive dans les politiques de l'emploi.
Cléry-Melin, Galichon Marie-Laure. "Étude des fonctions neurocognitives dans la dépression : caractérisation de déficits motivationnels et cognitifs, évaluation de leur valeur pronostique Why don't you try harder? An investigation of effort production in major depression Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort Psychomotor retardation is a scar of past depressive episodes, revealed by simple cognitive tests Are cognitive deficits in major depressive disorder progressive? A simple attention test in the acute phase of a major depressive episode is predictive of later functional remission Progress in elucidating biomarkers of antidepressant pharmacological treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 15 years Stability of the diagnosis of seasonal affective disorder in a long-term prospective study." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB218.
Full textHese deficits coexist in the acute phase of a depressive episode and interfere with decision-making and goal-directed behaviors, and the associated feeling of effort. They appear to persist in periods of clinical remission, decreasing the quality of the therapeutic and functional response and lately worsening the prognosis of the disorder. The aim of this work is to identify objectively measurable neurocognitive markers in clinical practice, and to study their association with the prognosis of a depressive episode, in order to better predict remission and potentially to optimize therapeutic prescribing strategies for patients accordingly. The impairment of neurocognitive processes related to reward constitutes a first vulnerability marker for major depressive disorder (MDD): in a study assessing the production of motor effort in order to obtain a reward, depressed patients had a deficit in production of effort, unlike healthy subjects. Such deficit in incentive motivation - a process underpinned by the activation of ventral cortico-striatal circuits in healthy subjects - may constitute a specific dimension of MDD. It participates in the decision-making and action processes impairments and is associated with – and possibly a consequence of- more specifically cognitive deficits. In a study assessing several cognitive functions in a large cohort of depressed patients, the persistence of psychomotor retardation after 6 to 8 weeks of treatment - in patients considered as being in clinical remission - was positively and independently correlated with the number of past depressive episodes, thus constituting a marker of "cumulative" marker of past depressive episodes. Finally, in a literature review on the progressive evolution of cognitive deficits in MDD, we discussed the existence of a “neurotoxic” effect of the lifetime accumulation of depressive episodes on neurocognitive deficits and its consequences on disease prognosis (increased risk of incomplete functional/clinical remission, relapses, evolution towards dementia). One of the main interest in identifying clinical and cognitive markers of vulnerability is to highlight their capacity to predict the course of a depressive episode-or disorder. In a study based on a cohort of more than 500 depressed patients, a measurement of attention (d2 attention test) was able to significantly and independently predict the subsequent course towards complete remission (clinical and functional) and to constitute a trait -marker of depression, easy to use in clinical practice. Other cognitive markers (such as executive functions) have shown high predictive values for therapeutic response, comparable to those provided by imaging or electrophysiology markers, according to the results of a recent meta-analysis, that emphasizes the interest of using them in patient’s follow-up. Finally, in order to better assess the prognosis of depressive disorder, we have shown that Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) diagnosis criteria - which nevertheless represents a specific depressive disorder with well-known physiopathology substrates (construction validity) - had a low predictive validity, prompting to consider this disorder as a temporary expression of a mood disorder, rather than a specific disorder. The identification of clinical tools measuring motivational and cognitive deficits in clinical routine and predicting the course of a depressive episode or disorder represents a major challenge in the improvement of personalized therapeutic management and the long-term prognosis in depressed patients
Kiss, Marc-Olivier. "Évaluation de la stabilité primaire d'une greffe ostéochondrale autologue stabilisée au moyen d'un ciment ostéoconducteur résorbable." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8730.
Full textThe objective of this project is to compare the primary stability of osteochondral autografts stabilized with a resorbable osteoconductive bone cement to that of bottomed press fit grafts inserted according to the original mosaicplasty technique. Biomechanical testing was conducted on pairs of cadaveric bovine femurs. For each femoral pair, osteochondral grafts were inserted and stabilized with an osteoconductive bone cement (Kryptonite, DRG inc.) on one bone whereas on the controlateral femur, grafts were inserted in a press fit fashion. Grafts were inserted in 2 different configurations, single grafts as well as groups of 3 adjacent grafts, and submitted to biomechanical testing. Axial loads needed to sink the grafts to 1, 2 and 3 millimeters below cartilage level were recorded and compared according to the fixation technique, cement or press-fit impaction, for each graft configuration. According to those results, cemented osteochondral autografts appear more stable than press fit grafts for both single and 3-in-a-row configurations. Using such a cementation technique could potentially prevent the initial loss of stability that has been shown to occur with osteochondral grafts in the post-operative period, allowing patients to perform early weight bearing and rehabilitation.