Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Evaluation des impacts environnementaux'
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Moreau, Valentine. "Méthodologie de représentation des impacts environnementaux locaux et planétaires, directs et indirects - Application aux technologies de l'information." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843151.
Full textYao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001/document.
Full textAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Yao, Kouadio Assemien François. "Développement d'une méthodologie pour une meilleure évaluation des impacts environnementaux de l'industrie extractive." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG001.
Full textAn increasing demand of mineral resources is associated with modern society development. In parallel, mining projects face strong oppositions both from public and from environment protection agencies, due to the potential impacts associated with ore extraction. In order to conciliate the needs of producing raw materials and of taking into account the preservation of the quality of the environment, it is necessary to assess the environmental impact previous to the start of the mining activities. The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure helps to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of a project. Although Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is mandatory, the regulations do not impose any impact assessment method. Thus, EIA practitioners are free to use the method that suits them and their own expertise to estimate the environmental impacts of a project. The main purpose of this work is to propose a method to more effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of the mining industry. To achieve this, two approaches have been explored: the Mining Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology (MEIAM) developed in this thesis and the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is a standardized methodology. MEIAM is based on the risk analysis approach and makes it possible to evaluate the impacts taking into account the climatic and geological conditions and the initial state of the zone. LCA is a standardized technique that assesses the impacts produced on the site and those generated off-site but whose generating activities are related to the system studied. These methods were implemented on a gold mine in Côte d’Ivoire.MEIAM, taking into account the particular characteristics of the study area, showed high impact results for both surface water and groundwater pollution, mainly at the operation and post-closure stages. This study has also shown that pollution sources with high level impacts include tailings, soils previously contaminated by dust fallout and mining works. Regarding the LCA, which is in essence an overall method, it has made it possible to highlight quite significant off-site impacts. For on-site effects, the study showed that the impacts on human health are mainly due to metal emissions from operation activities (ore processing and tailings management as well as blasting). Finally, our work showed that all the impacts were better taken into account by a combination of MEIAM and LCA in the EIA procedures
Laratte, Bertrand. "Evaluation dynamique et cumulative des impacts environnementaux dans le cadre d'une analyse de cycle de vie." Thesis, Troyes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TROY0033/document.
Full textEnvironmental impact assessment methods are now widely used in order to measure environmental impacts associated with human activities (for products, services, and systems). Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is without doubt the foremost assessment method. LCA is also often thought of as the more advanced one, despite serious limitations (e.g. LCA does not include properly economical or social dimensions). In this PhD report, I explore more specifically the issue of integrating time in both inventory models and impact assessments along the life-cycle. In the case of climate change, I offer an evolution of traditional LCA towards a framework that includes dynamic and cumulative aspects as expressed directly in CO2-equivalent. This approach, which is oriented towards reporting practices and/or public policies, is afterwards applied to three different case studies of growing complexity. The central hypothesis of this work is that switching from traditional to so-called “dynamic” LCA would allow for better results with regards to one reality of environmental processes
Ghalehnoee, Mahmoud. "Évaluation de la contribution de la forme urbaine aux impacts environnementaux : le cas des villes nouvelles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0274.
Full textThe contemporary new towns were a solution to the problems of suburban sprawl, demographic growth and the housing and employment shortage, congestion, land speculation, etc. But the environmental question perhaps related to the context of their creation (often after a period of crisis like war destruction), did not have priority in the decision-makings even if it were one of the fundamental pillars of the creation of the geneses of the new towns, i.e. the "garden-cities". The satellite model of town represents the concretization of the idea of the garden-city and then the new towns. It consists on a decentralization or polarization of the large cities and seeks to achieve several goals such as valorization of the suburbs, balance of employment-habitat, to relieve congestion the great centre and to stop the progressive extension of the large cities. The new news represents at the same time a new form of urbanization based on the principle of "table rase" (designing from zero) and the methods of expertise. Since 1970, the sustainable development makes its appearance and in particular the question of the environment is proposed for the cities and any urban project. Town and urban planning seek to integrate the principles of the sustainable development in the design or rehabilitation of cities. The multiplicity of the actors of the city and in particular the implication of the citizens, (in France promoted by law SRU) as well as the necessity to take into account of the environmental stakes imposes the development of tools for decisionmaking supports. These tools will have to be able to represent the consequences, in particular urban projects on the environment in order to control the dispersion of the opinions between the actors. At present a certain number of researches were undertaken in order to assess the durability of the projects of installation. An environmental approach to town planning (AEU) developed by French environment and energy management Agency (ADEME) undoubtedly constitutes the tool having the most retreat in terms of experiment. Nevertheless none of these tools clearly sticks to explain the relations between the urban form and the environmental impacts. Moreover many works aim to describe the urban form in term of mobility, accessibility or of density (Newman and Kenworthy, 1989; Frey, 1999; Newton, 2000; Williams et al., 2000). This thesis initially seeks to find out the convergences between the movement of the new towns and their geneses (garden cities) with the principles of sustainable development in particular with regard to environmental questions. The object of this work of thesis is to determine among the tools of environmental assessment the one or the ones that can be exploited in order to assess the relation between the urban form and the environmental impacts to answer the more general objective of decision-making support. We will propose an assessment method of the urban form and structure based on the method of network of Sorensen (1971) in order to know their role on the impacts caused on the environment. The work of this author was adapted to our research allowing the characterization interrelationships between the elements of the urban form and the environmental impacts. Finally the new town of Marne-la-Vallée is the subject of application of our method of environmental assessment
Chèze, Benoît. "Pollutions locales et globales : Evaluation de leurs impacts environnementaux et des poltiques publiques visant à les réduire. Trois analyses empiriques." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100052.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three different studies aiming at empirically analysing various pollutions and environmental policies examples, which are all emblematic of our contemporary life-style. A first Chapter provides air traffic CO2 emissions projections at the worldwide level and for eight geographical zones until 2025. We show that air traffic energy efficiency improvements yield effectively to reduce the effect of air traffic rise on corresponding CO2 emissions increase, but do not annihilate it. Thus, air transport CO2 emissions are unlikely to diminish unless there is a radical technological shift, or air travel demand is restricted. A second Chapter presents the results of a meta-analysis that focuses on the environmental valuation methods and their estimates of waste disposal sites disamenities. The mean external cost and the effect of key factors influencing these estimates are quantified by mean of specific econometric and statistical methods. A last Chapter aims at identifying the EU ETS carbon price drivers during its pilot Phase, i. E. From 2005 to 2007. The main result of this study features that price drivers of CO2 allowances linked to energy market prices, unanticipated weather events and economic activity vary around institutional events revealing the installations’ net short/long positions
Fouquet, Marine. "Réflexions et contributions méthodologiques à l'ACV de bâtiments neufs : modélisation du contributeur énergie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA032/document.
Full textIn France, since 1974 when the first thermal regulation on buildings appeared, thermal regulations have never stopped evolving in order to make more and more energy efficient buildings. Today, it is necessary to add new indicators, and not only energy, to describe building performance.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the basis for buildings environmental assessment. Several building LCA software currently exist; they have their own methodologies and indicators.Besides, the development of buildings producing energy and of electrical load management systems raises new questions. Indeed, the current LCA practice use results from dynamic energy simulation at yearly level whereas assessing benefits and drawbacks of such systems has to be done with a smaller time step.This thesis is particularly focused on the calculation of the environmental impacts from energy consumption during the building use phase and aims to answer the following questions:From a complete energy balance, how can we extract information necessary to the assessment of energy consumption during the building life cycle?Then, which environmental data are relevant and should be assigned?How can you express and display impacts linked to energy use?Thus, for buildings producing energy, the time step that should be used for the energy balance (i.e. differentiation between energy consumed on site, exported and imported) in order to assess properly environmental impacts of energy consumption is identified. Moreover, a building can benefit from renewable energy sharing and thus, the way to realize the energy balance for building block is determined.Temporal (short and long term) and spatial variations of energy mixes used in a building are characterized in order to show their influence on the environmental impacts. Then, the use of dynamic characterisation factors on case studies allows to better understand the potentials of dynamic LCA for buildings.Last but not least, the differences between methodologies to handle onsite energy production on the results are presented. Besides, the sensibility of the LCA results and reference values to the variation of the electricity mix environmental data is displayed
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.
Full textThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141.
Full textThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Pei, Long. "Evaluation of environmental impacts of buildings in China." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM068.
Full textThe urbanisation process in China brings a high pressure on the environment. The highest potential to reduce these impacts corresponds to decisions made during the building’s design phase, which can be supported by numerical simulation. This thesis is dedicated to the study of three boundary conditions related to the energy and environmental performance evaluation of buildings in China: - The ground: a ground coupled heat pump model is proposed integrating a fast calculation ground heat exchanger model for a large-scale boreholes field. This model can be used to improve the energy performance of the system in the design and operation phases. - The microclimate: a site-specific weather file generation method which can provide local hourly air temperature is proposed, accounting for the urban heat island effect. The effects of the microclimate on the building’s energy performance are quantitatively investigated. - The background system for life cycle assessment: the effects of the spatial and temporal variation of the electricity production mix in China on the environmental impacts are investigated. The environmental database is adapted to the Chinese national and local context. The results show that the environmental impacts of buildings could be more reasonably evaluated by considering these three boundary conditions
Benetto, Enrico. "Evaluation de l'incertitude des impacts environnementaux du cycle de vie (EI²CV) et la conception de l'éco-innovation : application à la filière charbon." Lyon, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAL0106.
Full textIt's widely accepted that the key drivers of the next decades of socio-economic development will be an unprecedented population increase, the environmental stress due to human activities and the value creation by means of product, service and process (PSP) innovation. The importance of environmental assessment, that gained an increasing important role in design and innovation during the last years, is expected to grown further in the next future. Several concepts such as Sustainable Development, Industrial Ecology and Eco-Efficiency and tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Management and Risk Assessment have been developed so far to contribute to eco-innovation, i. E. The environmental based innovation. Unfortunately, the implementation of these concepts and tools still face two critical drawbacks: the results of the tools, mainly for Life Cycle Assessment, are debatable due to the ignorance about the uncertainties involved; moreover, these uncertainties are hardly classified in an overall framework and the tools for their analysis are lacking; the application of the tools in the design and innovation of PSP is lacking of a sound methodological framework and of practicable rules; eco-innovation methodologies are fragmented and not completely structured. Our contribution to solve these problems consist in : a method for the Life Cycle Impact Assessment in an uncertain environment in order to model the whole set of uncertainties (imprecision, variability and uncertainty sensu stricto) in a comprehensive framework, an outline of a method for the design and eco-innovation of PSP taking into account the uncertain impact assessment. The feasibility of the methods is partially tested in the application of LCA to 9 scenarios of electricity production by the combustion and co-combustion of coal and biomass
Malagnoux, Laure. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux liés aux pratiques phytosanitaires en vergers de pommiers : approches écotoxicologique et écologique utilisant un auxiliaire des cultures, le forficule." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0331/document.
Full textIn the European context which aims at reducing risk and uses of pesticides, the development of tools to evaluate environmental impacts is a major focus. This thesis uses ecotoxicological and ecological approaches, from tissue level to population level. The model species is a generalist predator, the earwig, and the study site is apple orchards in Southeastern France. Pesticides expositions were tested both in laboratory or real conditions (in orchards). Lab studies allowed us to characterize and investigate the tissular distribution of B-esterases (AChE and CbE) of Forficula auricularia and to study its predatory behavior on the aphid Dysaphis plantaginea after exposure. CbE were more sensitive than AChE and males B-esterases were more sensitive than females ones to organophosphorus pesticides. The overall results allowed us to validate the use of B-esterases as biochemical biomarkers on F. auricularia. The predation behavior of F. auricularia was impacted by some insecticides with males more sensitive than females. The behavior results were supported by inhibition of biochemical biomarkers (B-esterases) validating predation behavior as a new biomarker. Taking into account the individual level, the reproduction and development of first larval stages were carried out thanks to a breeding set up with earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under different pest management (organic, integrated and conventional management). Eggs number by clutch was reduced and clutch date was delayed for earwigs trapped in orchards conducted under conventional agriculture. To assess the impact of pesticides on population level, the abundance and diversity of earwig (F. auricularia and F. pubescens) were carried out in different orchard management considering small-scale landscape parameters. Pesticide use had clearly much higher effects on earwig abundances and diversity than landscape characteristics. F. pubescens was more sensitive than F. auricularia, with the same sensitivity difference between sex on both species (males more sensitive) making earwigs a relevant bioindicator species of pesticides use in apple orchards. This study enhances the need of complementary biomarkers able to highlight physiological and behavioral modifications which influence natural enemy populations and the natural regulation of pests
Pollet, Félix. "Conception optimale de drones électriques : une approche multidisciplinaire avec analyse des incertitudes, de la tolérance aux pannes et des impacts environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0013.
Full textUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have undergone intensive development in recent years. Owing to their cost-effectiveness and versatility, UAVs are expected to gain popularity in a wide range of applications, such as parcel delivery, power line monitoring and precision farming. Concurrently, the development of new technologies and their integration into various drone concepts is expanding the range of design alternatives. This is driving the need for holistic design approaches with better technology integration, faster development time and greater modularity.The thesis develops and implements a methodology for the conceptual design of electric multirotor, fixed-wing and hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAVs. The framework enables the optimal sizing of a UAV from arbitrary specifications on the mission, technological choices and architecture, using a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach.Starting from a set of analytical models including scaling laws and regressions, a generic sizing methodology is developed. The proposed methodology relies on an efficient multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) formulation, which enables fast convergence to the UAV candidate with best performances. In particular, the application of this approach enables to rapidly assess the effects of changes in the requirements. Next, the uncertainties surrounding the models and the availability of optimal components on the market are assessed. To mitigate critical uncertainties in UAV performance, the sizing methodology is extended to allow the design to be optimized using catalogues of existing components instead of models. Finally, the thesis develops two specific aspects of UAV design related to regulatory and societal challenges. On the one hand, recent regulations issued by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) impose a level of safety for specific categories of UAVs. To this end, an approach is proposed to assess the controllability of various architectures in the event of failures. The assessment is further linked to the design framework to achieve fault-tolerance sizing of the rotors and control surfaces. On the other hand, societal acceptance of UAVs is strongly related to environmental concerns, including but not limited to climate change and resource consumption. This challenge is addressed by developing and integrating an environmental discipline into the design framework. The novel approach enables to assess the sensitivity of environmental impacts to mission requirements and technological assumptions, as well as minimizing environmental burdens at the earliest design stages.The thesis contributes to the development of a unified framework for optimizing the design of electric UAVs with a holistic approach. As such, it is relevant to future UAVs designed for applications subject to market, regulatory and environmental issues
Chervier, Colas. "Analyse économique des paiements pour services environnementaux dans les pays les moins avancés : Institutions, motivations et efficacité : Le cas du Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD001/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555/document.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Claireau, Fabien. "Evaluation des impacts de la fragmentation du paysage par une autoroute sur les chauves-souris à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0018.
Full textBiodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows
Claireau, Fabien. "Evaluation des impacts de la fragmentation du paysage par une autoroute sur les chauves-souris à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0018/document.
Full textBiodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows
Dumoulinneuf, Sandrine. "Evaluation a priori des impacts et performances d'actions proposées dans le cadre de la démarche de responsabilité sociétale d'une entreprise de distribution." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0735/document.
Full textThe development and internationalization of retailers whose success is based on new sales techniques on a mass scale at low prices were accompanied by an awareness of the social and environmental impacts of these activities. Meanwhile, the emergence of the concept of corporate social responsibility encourages companies to contribute to sustainable development goals. Thus, corporate social responsibility (CSR) approaches are implemented by a growing number of companies, including retailers, to integrate these issues into their business model.But how to evaluate the relevance of the actions against retailers' CSR issues? How to assess their contribution to companies' CSR goals? How to assess the multiple potential positive and negative effects of actions that are initially proposed to reduce one specific environmental impact? How to account for the multitude of stakeholders and issues, sometimes difficult to quantify, subject to uncertainty and changing over time? Despite the numerous existing methods, they do not adequately enable the identification and the assessment of these issues.Conducted within the Environment Department of a multinational retailer, this work tries to overcome these limitations by providing a methodological approach for a prior assessment of social and environmental impacts of actions both qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of issues listed in the ISO 26000 standard. To identify the limitations and benefits of this approach, it was tested on actions aimed at remplacing commercial refrigeration equipments
Herfray, Grégory. "Contribution à l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux des quartiers." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00658220.
Full textSabeh, Youssef. "Impacts environnementaux, toxicité et biodégradation des dégivrants pour avions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21862.pdf.
Full textBraiki, Houssem. "Construction d’une démarche participative pour améliorer la gestion de l’eau et du sol. Une application aux politiques des aménagements de conservation des eaux et des sols en Tunisie Centrale." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0003/document.
Full textIIn central Tunisia, the agricultural intensification of irrigated agriculture generates local and regional environmental impacts, linked to an increased consumption of inputs and resources, including water and soil. In favor of a more sustainable agriculture and in order to inform public policies of agricultural development, it is necessary to assess the impacts of agricultural practices and water and soil conservation planning (WSCP), and this at the territory scale. The question is how to implement an environmental assessment approach in a context of 1) scarcity of reliable data including statistics, and complexity of farming practices, 2) prominence of socio-economic issues over environmental concerns 3) lack of knowledge of the perception of local actors on these issues and therefore of difficulty in identifying relevant indicators (scientific and of the stakeholders) and mobilizable. We propose an innovative approach to design and implement a participative approach involving different types of actors, to enable them to get more insights into each other's logic and perceptions of the impacts of agricultural practices and WSCP. This approach is designed to produce quality information by valuing local knowledge, share and take into account the perceptions of different stakeholders, and finally, build a consensus to contribute to the development of more effective WSCP policies. This approach has been structured in two main stages: the design of a community of practices articulated to a participatory systemic rapid diagnosis and the implementation of participatory workshops. The evaluation mobilized a dual mechanism including external observers and a satisfaction survey among participants. The survey is based on an evaluation grid of this approach, its outcomes and its short term induced effect. Sharing and taking into account the information and data collected, as well as the expertise and perceptions of the various stakeholders, has made possible to produce information deemed satisfactory or very satisfactory by all the participants. This nourished the knowledge of almost all the stakeholders and contributed to a constructive dynamic of collective learning. Our approach has contributed significantly to the evolution of perceptions and to a stronger mutual understanding between government officials and farmers. A dashboard grouping the indicators mobilized by each stakeholder was discussed and allowed to highlight convergences and differences in their analysis grids. The gradual and adaptive structuring of the approach, the choices of the stakeholders, the venues for the workshops and the use of a neutral facilitator were very important factors for the commitment and the mobilization of the stakeholders, in particular at the central scale, in this operational space for consultation on territorial issues, agricultural practices and WSCP. This work demonstrates the interest of integrating the engineering of consultation and environmental assessment within one approach and its feasibility in a difficult context for the ACES policies implementation
Landry, Josée. "Impacts environnementaux d'une nouvelle technique de récolte de la tourbe." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25566/25566.pdf.
Full textBertin, Kevin. "Analyse des impacts environnementaux et socio-économiques des systèmes d'éclairage." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU30071.
Full textA brief history of lighting systems and a presentation of the terminologies and uses associated with them are presented first. Next, a systemic analysis of the challenges of the Anthropocene and what they imply for societal transition presents the context of this work. It highlights the need for material and energy sobriety, which is essential for mitigating climate crises. This is followed by an initial assessment of the benefits and risks associated with the development of new lighting technologies. The recent revolution in lighting systems, which has seen LED technology widely adopted, has led to considerable progress in terms of energy efficiency during the use phase and has thus helped to reduce the environmental impacts and costs associated with lighting systems. However, despite major advances in energy efficiency, many questions have arisen about the potential impacts of lighting systems on our environment, health, well-being and productivity, both positive and negative, which should not be ignored. A broad bibliographical study develops each of these impacts, ranging from photo-biological risks to light pollution, and including various socio-technical aspects linked to the use of lighting. Finally, a study of the different impact analysis methods in existence or under development is carried out in order to identify their advantages and limitations. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is probably the most effective and recognised tool for studying the impacts of products and services, its evolutions, Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCA), are still in the process of being developed and will probably require a few more years before they are uniformly recognised and used. Various case studies then discuss the imperatives of durability and efficiency, notably through the influence of the electricity mix on the results and conclusions of the LCA of lighting systems. This first study introduces the "maintained Megalumen.hour" as a functional unit and highlights different energy profiles as well as the presence of a tipping point in France which tends to see the manufacturing phase contribute as much, or even more, to the potential impacts as the use phase (in a similar way to electronic or computer equipment). This observation encourages us to go beyond energy efficiency and makes the durability and the end of life of lamps a determining parameter that needs to be developed. Secondly, a life cycle cost analysis (LCC) method confirms this durability imperative by defining an economic optimum of life span approximately twice as long as the average lamp currently on the market. Finally, this work focuses on a multi-criteria analysis of an emerging use of lighting systems: horticultural greenhouses. First, an LCA is carried out to evaluate the performance and impacts of different lamps specific to this use. Next, a quantification of light pollution on the walls and outside of the greenhouse highlights the systems that contribute most to nocturnal light pollution and the means to prevent it. Then a return on investment study evaluates the economic performance of the different configurations tested. Finally, a multi-criteria analysis based on the hierarchical analysis process (HPA) was used to determine which lighting systems are the most relevant according to all the above parameters and results. The results indicate that HPS and LED lamps perform best from the point of view of three observers: "environment", "light nuisance" and "economy". Finally, the results are discussed and some recommendations are proposed to improve the uses and practices around lighting
Fohet, Loélia. "Dissémination et vieillissement des particules d'usure de pneumatiques : impacts environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0056.
Full textTire and Road Wear Particles (TRWPs) are particles resulting from the abrasion of tires on the road while driving. They are being studied more and more because of their still poorly understood impact on the environment, particularly because of the molecules they can release. Indeed, the composition of tire tread is complex and constitutes a cocktail of chemical products. During this work, ageing of these particles was carried out under accelerated (photoaging and thermoaging) and natural conditions. Then, we followed the evolution of the concentration of 3 additives (antioxidants and vulcanization agents) and 20 transformation products within the particles thanks to liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The additives can degrade rapidly - with a half-life of a dozen of days - especially when TRWPs are subjected to photochemical aging. On the other hand, in the dark, the molecules seem to degrade more slowly. As a second step, we studied the evolution of the same molecules when TRWPs are in contact with water, in conditions closer to the environment. Most of the studied molecules are leached little into water compared to the total amount present in the particles. Thus, TRWPs could constitute a reservoir of chemicals in the environment. Finally, we looked for an efficient methodology to identify TRWPs in a sample taken in the environment, through microscopy and infrared imaging, by studying their morphology and their chemical composition
Le, Velly Gwenolé. "The Effectiveness of Payments for Environmental Services in Mexican Community Forests." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10473/document.
Full textDuring recent years, Payments for Environmental Services (PES) have become a popular forest conservation instrument and numerous new schemes have emerged around the world, particularly in developing countries. Nevertheless, despite a growing body of academic literature on the topic, little remains known of the effectiveness of PES schemes in reducing deforestation. This dissertation contributes to the literature with a specific focus on the impact of a federal Mexican PES scheme : the PSA-H. We begin with a general introduction retracing the emergence of PES and the current academic debates surrounding the mechanism. Chapter 2 introduces the particularity of the land tenure system in Mexico, the country's environmental policies and the PSA-H scheme and presents the data used in our empirical analysis. Chapter 3 looks at impact evaluation methodologies and how they have been used in the context of forest conservation instruments. We show that PES schemes are very complex treatment and that evaluating their impact using classic impact evaluation techniques requires many adjustments. After discussing these challenges, we propose three empirical essays based on primary and secondary data. Chapter 4 presents a new methodology allowing us to estimate the additionality and leakages of the PSA-H in our study area. Our results provide evidence that leakages can undermine PES effectiveness. Chapter 5 studies how land use can influence the allocation of PES payments within the beneficiary community. Using original survey data, our results show that, despite the attempts of the Mexican authorities to design the PES scheme as compensation for avoiding deforestation, payments have been redistributed as a reward for existing conservation. The deforesting agents receive less remuneration than other recipients, which shows that the polluter-paid principle at the origin of the Coasean notion of PES has not been appropriated. Chapter 6 studies the interactions between the PSA-H and Mexico's Community forest enterprises (CFEs) which are run by the communities and implement sustainable extraction activities in community forests. In a search for a relevant policy mix, it seems crucial to know how they interact with the PSA-H. The results of our empirical analysis show that the PSA-H can help these enterprises to develop and stabilize over time. Finally, in the conclusion, we discuss the implications of the empirical essays for the design of PES schemes and future research
Lachaux, Nicolas. "Impacts écotoxicologiques d’éléments terres rares à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique dans un réseau d’eau douce : approches intégrées en mésocosmes indoor." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0330.
Full textRare earth elements (REE) are a group of seventeen metals composed of the lanthanide series, yttrium and scandium, which share similar physicochemical properties. They have diverse applications, including in hi-tech and green energy areas. Mining, industrial, medical, agricultural activities and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) release REE in aquatic systems. This raises environmental concerns on their potential toxicity towards aquatic organisms, which is still poorly understood. The main objective of the thesis was to analyse speciation, bioaccumulation and biological effects of different REE on several key freshwater species to allow a reliable environmental risk assessment of REE. Three representative REE have been tested individually and in mixture: neodymium (Nd), gadolinium (Gd) and ytterbium (Yb). A complementary approach combining microcosms (standard tests) and mesocosms afforded to study their toxicity at several levels of biological organization in five species belonging to different trophic levels: a unicellular alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, a macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, a crustacean Daphnia magna, a bivalve Corbicula fluminea and a fish Danio rerio. Fate, speciation and bioaccumulation of REE in different exposure media (with and without dissolved organic matter = DOM; with different forms of phosphorous = P) were studied by modelling and measuring REE concentrations in the medium and in the organisms to better understand the observed biological effects. The results demonstrate strong links between speciation, bioaccumulation and toxicity shown by a decrease of toxicity and/or bioaccumulation of Nd, Gd and Yb in all studied species in the presence of DOM and inorganic phosphorous, which complexed and precipitated with REE reducing their bioavailability. These results highlight that it is essential to consider speciation, by using measured dissolved concentrations and replacing inorganic P by organic P, in order to prevent an underestimation of REE toxicity. Nd, Gd and Yb were significantly accumulated in studied species, leading to harmful effects at individual and subindividual levels. Internal distribution of Nd, Gd and Yb and several effects indicated that elementary homeostasis and osmoregulation disturbance is a relevant toxic mechanism of REE. The three REE induced additive mixture effects regardless of the type of species or exposure medium. Taking into account all these results and the fact that REE occur in mixtures in the environment, we propose an original approach by assessing environmental risk of REE in mixture instead of individually. The threshold concentration of REE mixture was determined at 3.2 µg L-1 by using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. The calculated risk from tests with individual organisms and the SSD together with results from a mesocosm experiment testing different species at three trophic levels show that current mining and industrial releases could strongly affect all trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems, especially primary producers. At present, WWTP effluents should pose a limited risk. However, we demonstrated that Gd, in constrat-agent form used in medicine, can be accumulated and provoke direct effects on aquatic organisms. The environmental risk of REE is currently restricted to some hotspots but it may get higher and more widespread in the future because of the increasing REE uses and releases
Khadraoui, Sofiane. "Analyse des impacts environnementaux liés à l'exploitation des réservoirs non conventionnels." Thesis, Pau, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03969353.
Full textThe objective of this work is to evaluate the environmental impacts related to hydraulic fracturing operations by studying the adsorption mechanisms of chemicals additives used in fracturing fluids and to predict the evolution of these additives injected in large quantities into the shale. Based on the results obtained, it appears that bentonite has a high adsorption capacity of xanthan additive compared to other minerals contained in the shale. The three-model matrices bentonite, calcite and kaolinite have the same adsorption capacity of sp breaker additive. It also appears that xanthan is a biodegradable product, unlike sp breaker, which is a non-biodegradable product, requiring other treatment methods other than the biological method. These two results allowed us to conclude that Bentonite can be used as an adsorbent for the treatment of return water for the elimination of the two products (xanthan and sp breaker), both of which are present in significant quantities in the return water (flow back) and present a fairly significant environmental problem. The results obtained by the rheology studies showed that the gelling agent (xanthan) has a high viscosity when applied under low shear stress and a low viscosity when applied under high shear stress. This shear stress tends to increase for the samples conserved for 24 hours and needs more energy to be injected into the shale. The water-gelling agent mixture behaves like a rheofluidifying fluid with a critical flow stress and flow is only observed when the applied shear stress is above this critical value. In addition, analytical, numerical and experimental hydraulic fracturing tests carried out in the laboratory on a number of cylindrical samples of synthesized PMMA showed that the flow rate and the initial crack size has more impact than viscosity on breakdown pressure. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the analytical and numerical models compared to the experimental results. The results of the numerical simulation study are nearly the same as the experimental (real) results compared to the analytical study, because the analytical study only takes into account the depth of the crack, but the numerical simulation, which considers the shape of the semi-elliptical crack (half-length and depth). Key Words: shale, fracturing fluid, source rock, PMMA
Seconda, Louise Lucie. "Identification de nouveaux profils alimentaires : Estimation des impacts environnementaux et individuels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131072.
Full textIn order to not exceed the environmental planetary boundaries and ensure a good life for future generations, the food systems have to be sustainable. This thesis proposes to assess the sustainability of dietary patterns by integrating environmental, economic or socio-cultural and nutrition indicators.This thesis is based on data from the NutriNet-Santé cohort and those collected in the BioNutriNet project. In particular, during the BioNutriNet project data on the environmental impacts of food production by distinguishing between organic and conventional production methods, as well as food prices by also distinguishing production methods and places of purchase were collected. We proposed three approaches to evaluate the sustainability of dietary patterns within the cohort: an approach based on greenhouse gas emissions related to the production of diets, a more exploratory approach leading to a typology and finally an a priori approach consisting of creating an index to assess the sustainability of French diets. In a second step, we assessed the associations between diets identified as sustainable and the risk of obesity, overweight, cancer and/or cardiovascular disease and with body weight gain. Finally, from the data, we proposed more or less conservative solutions for sustainable diets using optimization.We were able to identify different dietary patterns according to their sustainability. The approach chosen has little impact on the structure of the most sustainable diets. The proportion of food groups in these most sustainable diets were almost 50% fruit and vegetables, 15% starch, 10% dairy products, 3% meat and 2% fish, and 4% soybean products. The most important difference between the three approaches relies on the contribution of organic foods to diets. We have observed a decrease in the risk of obesity, overweight and cancer for those who adopted the most sustainable dietary patterns. Finally, solutions from the optimization showed that from the least to the most disruptive scenarios, the contributions of fruits, vegetables, starch and soybean increase while those of animal foods and fatty and sweet foods decrease. Trends were independent of the level of vegetal-based food in the initial diets. Several solutions could be found to meet environmental challenges, while remaining economically accessible and covering the main nutritional needs. The choice of scenarios will have to be discussed in the light of the effort that we want to make on food in relation to other areas.Finally, the work carried out during this thesis showed that it is possible to identify and propose diets on good nutritional quality and to meet in part to environmental and public health emergencies while trying to ensure their economic accessibility and acceptability. In the context of unsustainable food systems and an increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, these results may be of major interest to justify the integration of sustainability into agricultural and public health policies
Payen, Sandra. "Vers une prise en compte de l'eau en tant que ressource et vecteur de pollution dans les ACV de produits agricoles : Développement méthodologique et application à un système de culture pérenne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS119/document.
Full textIdentifying the environmental hot spots of agriculture is crucial in a context where humanity has to produce more food and pollute less. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of agricultural systems, but is still fraught with shortcomings, notably for the evaluation of impacts of freshwater use and of salinisation of water and soil. The core complexity lies in the double status of water and soil resources in LCA which are both a resource and a compartment. The three questions answered by the thesis were: How to better assess the impacts associated with water and salts fluxes? What model should be developed for a relevant inventory of field water and salts fluxes? Is the developed model operational for an LCA study on a perennial crop? The first question was answered through a literature review on salinisation impacts in LCA. It revealed the main environmental mechanisms of salinisation, the factors involved, and discussed the soil and water status, notably through a consistent definition of the technosphere and ecosphere boundary. To answer the second question, a critical analysis of water inventory and agri-food LCA databases showed their inadequacy for the LCA-based ecodesign of cropping systems: they provide estimates of theoretical water consumed, rely on data and methods presenting limitations, and do not support the calculation of both consumptive and degradative water use impacts. For the LCA-based ecodesign of cropping systems, the inventory of water flows should be based on a model simulating evapotranspiration, deep percolation and runoff accounting for crop specificities, pedo-climatic conditions and agricultural managements. For herbaceous crops, the FAO Aquacrop model constitutes a relevant and operational model, but no dedicated model is available to-date for perennials. To fill this gap, a tailored and simple model, so called E.T., was elaborated for the inventory of field water and salt flows for annual and perennial crops. The model combines daily water and salts balances, accounting for soil, climate, agricultural practices and possible crop water and salinity stresses. A first testing of the E.T. model demonstrated its discriminating power for agricultural practices and its robustness. Its validity domain can be extended and its accuracy increased thanks to the recommendations provided. E.T. was also tested in the LCA of a Mandarin grown in Morocco. For most impact categories, electricity use for irrigation was the main contributor revealing a water-energy nexus. Water use had a major contribution to damages for all areas of protection. Overall, to further improve the assessment of impacts due to water use (including salinization impacts) we recommend using a more mechanistic and hydrological approach
Collet-Foucault, Florence. "Caractérisation hydrique et thermique de matériaux de génie civil à faibles impacts environnementaux." Rennes, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAR0016.
Full textThis work deals with hydric and thermal characterization of cob, hemp and lime coating, hemp mortar and hemp wool. The first part deals with environmental quality of building materials and presents the ones studied. Their structural physical characteristics are given. The wet fixing and transfer are then studied by sorption and permeability measurement. The results obtained are compared with the porous structure and are coupled in order to calculate the isothermal hydric diffusivity coefficient. Lastly, the thermal characteristics of the materials are measured for three wet contents. The results are compared with those obtained for other materials. Simulations enable to compare the heating needs of a building with walls made of different materials (insulated concrete blocks, cob, hemp mortar). The results show that the heating needs for the studied materials are similar for lower environmental impacts all the building life cycle long
Presselin, Delphine Versace Rémy. "La perception des impacts environnementaux des transports apports et limites de l'environnement virtuel /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2008. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2008/guerin_d.
Full textPérigny, Yanik. "Les écologes et leurs impacts environnementaux dans la région de la Haute-Napo-Équateur." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4506.
Full textPérigny, Yanik. "Les écologes et leurs impacts environnementaux dans la région de la Haute-Napo - Equateur." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/MQ38759.pdf.
Full textGomes, Gabriel. "Impacts macroéconomiques, financiers et environnementaux des fluctuations du prix du pétrole : trois éssais empiriques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100084.
Full textThis thesis analyzes how fluctuations in the price of oil affect the economies of commodity exporting countries. More specifically, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the macroeconomic, financial and environmental impacts of oil price fluctuations, by paying particular attention to the oil currency hypothesis. To this end, this thesis is composed of three chapters. The first and second chapters deal with the real exchange rate of the currencies of several oil exporting countries. The third chapter explores the links between the price of biofuels and the current account of emerging and developing countries exporting or importing agricultural raw materials controlling for the potential nonlinear effect exerted by the price of oil on this relationship. Altogether these chapters show that while the price of oil has a macroeconomic effect on oil exporting and agricultural commodities exporting countries, its impact varies across countries and there is no one fits all rule
Cadero, Alice. "Modélisation de l'atelier d'engraissement porcin pour prédire ses résultats économiques et ses impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARB303/document.
Full textEuropean pig production is facing economic and environmental challenges. Decision support tools can help farmers testing the effects of rearing factors on their production system. For this purpose, we developed an individual-based model of the pig fattening unit which includes farmers’ practices, individual variability in performance among pigs and, and estimates economic results (ECO) and environmental impacts (ENV) of the unit. Global sensitivity analysis has shown that the model behavior is consistent and that the most influent input variables are related to the pigs’ characteristics. Formal comparison of predicted with observed data has enabled us to produce a process for parameterisation of the model and has shown that the model provides reliable estimates of ECO and ENV.A virtual experiment using the model was designed in order to evaluate the combined effects of feeding practices, health status of the pig herd, and infrastructure on technical performance, ECO and ENV of the unit. Health status has the major impact on unit performance but this effect can be reduced through batch management and feeding strategies. Approaching more closely the individual pigs’ nutritional requirements seems to be an appropriate solution to increase farm income and to reduce environmental impacts regardless the health status. The model will be included into a decision support tool designed according to the influent inputs resulting from the sensitivity analysis and the parameterisation process
Deprez, Samuel. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux du transport routier de marchandises : application aux zones urbano-portuaires." Le Havre, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LEHA0021.
Full textRoad freight has a major role in all cities but it actively contributes to the problems of air pollution and noise disturbances, both causing suffering city dwellers. So this research takes into account the activity and its implications upon the quality of life of the inhabitants of Le Havre and Rouen. The first part will reveal a solid link between the roles played by specific part of these cities and the organization of freight and underline the importance of specialized economic functions. The latter constitutes a necessary introduction to make an environmental impact study of this activity. This second part is dealt with through the constitution of indicators of sustainable development, derived from a combination of information about noise disturbance and air pollution. The use of theses indicators highlights situations in which city dwellers are exposed to harmful effects which degrade their health. The results of this study enable us to branch out towards the idea of sustainable city by examining trade flow in the project of the reinforcement of the multi-purpose city in its social and functional aspects as future organization for urban centers
Chaulet, Didier. "Approche expérimentale de la mobilité des éléments durant l'altération des matériaux vitreux : Impacts environnementaux." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2298.
Full textBlanchon, David. "Impacts environnementaux et enjeux territoriaux des transferts d'eau inter bassins en Afrique du Sud." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100134.
Full text8 major inter bassin tranfers (IBT) have transformed the Orange River into a "Plumbing system". This thesis shows that theses IBTs have been built mainly for political and geopolitical reasons during the Apartheid era. But there was no general planning and each project was discussed at the highest political level. These IBT have been highly criticised for the damages they cause on the river ecology. But the river was far to be in a pristine state when they were built in the 1970s : significant modifications in the river channel have been taking place at a local level, especially in the irrigated areas of the middle reaches. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that of IBT cannot be properly understood without considering their interaction with the environmental impacts of small weirs, levees and canals. It is also absolutely necessary to understand the regional settings in order to judge the spatial effects of IBTs. With the dismissal of apartheid in 1994, IBTs seem to be doomed. But il could be very difficult for the ANC government to buillt a new Orange river, combining environmental protection and economic development, without framing a inventive mangement strategy for IBTs
Virchez, Jorge. "Participation communautaire à la récupération environnementale de lacs contaminés : le cas des villes de Matamoros et de Reynosa au Mexique." Acfas-Sudbury, 2007. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/98.
Full textSchrub, Maximilien. "Méthodologie de prédiction de la durée de vie des vêtements selon la qualité des textiles et le comportement des consommateurs - Contribution à la réduction des impacts environnementaux : Contribution à la réduction des impacts environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CLIL0008.
Full textThe life span of products is an important factor in the evaluation of environmental impacts. However, the lifetime of textile articles is very difficult to evaluate, especially because of the variety of uses by consumers (maintenance, wear) and the nature of textiles (fibers and textile structures).The objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology for predicting the life span of garments by taking into account their quality, uses and consumer sensitivities.This methodology, built in a transdisciplinary framework, interacts the study of clothing aging in the laboratory with the study of consumer behavior.Thus, we have adapted a laboratory test to evaluate the aging of pullovers under the effect of repeated rubbing. This protocol was implemented on a series of pullovers and validated by a campaign of wear tests performed on the same garments. The observed degradation is pilling, which is similar in both cases. We have classified the pullovers according to their typologies of degradation behavior with a classification method called K-means. We have classified the pullovers according to their typologies of degradation behavior with a classification method called K-means. From these results, we propose a model to predict the aging of the pullovers according to their technical characteristics. By defining a threshold of defect acceptable by consumers, it is possible to estimate the life span of the clothes from the behaviors predicted by this model.In parallel, a survey of a sample of consumers was conducted. The results were analyzed and classified using an unsupervised hierarchical classification method. We defined 4 typologies of consumers according to their purchasing behavior, 3 typologies for their relationship to the environment, and 3 according to their laundry care practices. This study concludes with a model of the use of a garment taking into account the diversity of consumer profiles and their uses.Finally, we evaluated the influence on the environmental impacts of the previous results thanks to the Life Cycle Assessment. By integrating into LCA scenarios the aging behavior of clothing and the usage behavior associated with different consumer typologies, we have shown the potential reductions in environmental impacts possible by increasing the life span of a garment and choosing good usage practices
Andrighetto, Giulia <1990>. "Event Evaluation: Impacts and Legacy." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8530.
Full textLópez, Medina Fausto. "Impacts environnementaux des activités pétrolières actuelles et passées sur la qualité des eaux en Equateur." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30063.
Full textSpills and discharges of solid and liquid residues caused by the oil industry in Ecuador have resulted in the presence of pollutants with a high content of hydrocarbons (PAHs and BTEX) and metal elements (salts), which are known for their acute and/or chronic toxicity. This study aims to assess the quality of the aquatic environment in three watersheds (Esmeraldas, Napo and Aguarico) in the extraction and refining zones in order to determine the level of environmental and human risk from different water sources. The sources analyzed are in compliance with environmental guidelines and are defined as "non-toxic". Pollution from oil activities is punctual. Urbanization and agriculture are also visualized as stress factors for water bodies. Human risk is mainly related to low water mineralization and in some cases to the presence of inorganic elements (Mn, As, Al and Zn)
Tsiba, Jean-Kevin Aimé. "L'exploitation minière dans la région du Haut-Ogooué (Gabon) : contribution à l'étude des impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0361.
Full textThis dissertation is about the consequences of manganese and uranium mining on the environment in Gabon, especially in the Haut-Ogooué province. The extraction of manganese in Moanda, conducted by the Comilog company (a subsidiary of the French ERAMET), has both radically altered the landscape and caused chemical pollution in the local ecosystems. The extraction of uranium, formerly conducted by Comuf (a subsidiary of Areva, then known as COGEMA) has caused severe environmental damage, both in terms of abnormally high radioactivity and landscape alteration. In both cases, the confrontation of nature and society has seen an ever increasingly rapid transformation of nature due to the growth of human activity. Such manmade hazards have potentially fatal consequences. The environmental crisis created by the two mining projects has caused anger in the local population and the civil society at large, with people blaming the government and the companies concerned for not handling the hazards in the area responsibly enough or soon enough. This dissertation suggests several avenues to improve the local quality of life in Moanda (manganese mining) and Mounana (uranium mining) in the perspective of sustainable development. Those suggestions include the creation of public structures such as the “mine police” and of analysis laboratories in charge of environmental data
Laubie, Baptiste. "Dégradation bio-physico-chimique des élastomères silicones : Influence du catalyseur de polycondensation et impacts environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0095/document.
Full textDibutyltin compounds are widely used as crosslinking catalysts in silicone elastomer industry. The classification of dibutyltins by the European Union as mutagenic and reprotoxic molecules lead manufacturers of silicone materials to develop alternatives. The increase of silicone elastomers demand requires to study their impacts during waste treatment and to assess the influence of the catalyst change on their environmental behavior. This unexplored area of research requires the establishment of a specific methodology, combining physico-chemical and biological degradation experiments. Two types of simplified elastomers are targeted in this study. They are crosslinked with three polycondensation catalysts: a dibutyltin derivative using as a reference and two new molecules. The first part, devoted to the silicone matrix, demonstrates a two stages degradation pathway in the environment. Silicone elastomers end-of-life is very similar to some silicone fluids, also known as PolyDiMethylSiloxanes (PDMS). The first stage is a chemical hydrolysis of siloxane chains, giving oligosiloxanols (mainly the monomer dimethylsilanediol) and cyclic methylsiloxanes (e.g. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4). The second one is a biodegradation of hydrolysis by-products, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The second part, devoted to the polycondensation catalysts, demonstrates that these compounds play an important role in the degradation mechanisms. They mainly impact hydrolysis rates but also affect the nature of released products. In addition, they have a very distinct biological behavior: organometallic catalysts tested are assimilated as a single carbon source by microorganisms, while the organic catalyst (a derivative of guanidine) disrupts bacteria metabolism. Even if they have a limited mobility in the aqueous phase, biodegradable catalysts trapped in the silicone matrix are bioavailable and have an impact on bacterial communities. Moreover, a Fusarium fungus capable of metabolizing one of the new molecules developed is identified. The replacement of dibutyltin compounds undoubtedly reduces the toxicity of catalysts used to synthesized silicone elastomers. The methodology developed provides a lot of information about the environmental impacts of silicone elastomers and could be easily transposed to the study of other materials
Laubie, Baptiste. "Dégradation bio-physico-chimique des élastomères silicones : Influence du catalyseur de polycondensation et impacts environnementaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0095.
Full textDibutyltin compounds are widely used as crosslinking catalysts in silicone elastomer industry. The classification of dibutyltins by the European Union as mutagenic and reprotoxic molecules lead manufacturers of silicone materials to develop alternatives. The increase of silicone elastomers demand requires to study their impacts during waste treatment and to assess the influence of the catalyst change on their environmental behavior. This unexplored area of research requires the establishment of a specific methodology, combining physico-chemical and biological degradation experiments. Two types of simplified elastomers are targeted in this study. They are crosslinked with three polycondensation catalysts: a dibutyltin derivative using as a reference and two new molecules. The first part, devoted to the silicone matrix, demonstrates a two stages degradation pathway in the environment. Silicone elastomers end-of-life is very similar to some silicone fluids, also known as PolyDiMethylSiloxanes (PDMS). The first stage is a chemical hydrolysis of siloxane chains, giving oligosiloxanols (mainly the monomer dimethylsilanediol) and cyclic methylsiloxanes (e.g. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4). The second one is a biodegradation of hydrolysis by-products, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The second part, devoted to the polycondensation catalysts, demonstrates that these compounds play an important role in the degradation mechanisms. They mainly impact hydrolysis rates but also affect the nature of released products. In addition, they have a very distinct biological behavior: organometallic catalysts tested are assimilated as a single carbon source by microorganisms, while the organic catalyst (a derivative of guanidine) disrupts bacteria metabolism. Even if they have a limited mobility in the aqueous phase, biodegradable catalysts trapped in the silicone matrix are bioavailable and have an impact on bacterial communities. Moreover, a Fusarium fungus capable of metabolizing one of the new molecules developed is identified. The replacement of dibutyltin compounds undoubtedly reduces the toxicity of catalysts used to synthesized silicone elastomers. The methodology developed provides a lot of information about the environmental impacts of silicone elastomers and could be easily transposed to the study of other materials
Besse, Jean-Philippe. "Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Full textA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Sorel, Luc. "Paysages virtuels et analyse de scénarios pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes de production agricole." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440205.
Full text- l'analyse de successions culturales parcellaires observées afin d'identifier les déterminants spatiaux et temporels des transitions de cultures ; l'occupation du sol spatialisant les pratiques agricoles ;
- à partir du bassin versant de Naizin (12 km2, Morbihan, France) caractérisé par des activités d'élevage bovin et porcin intensives, la construction d'un jeu de paysages agricoles virtuels différant par leur milieu physique, les forçages climatiques et les pratiques agricoles auxquels ils sont soumis ;
- la réalisation d'une évaluation environnementale multi-cibles et multi-critères de ces agrosystèmes en permettant le couplage et l'intégration des sorties entre le modèle agro-hydrologique TNT2 et un modèle de bilan de phosphore du sol. Stochastree, un modèle de transition de cultures basé sur des arbres de décision stochastiques a été développé. Il a notamment permis de maintenir la distribution spatiale des cultures autour du corps d'exploitation, tout en respectant des contraintes d'hydromorphie des sols et d'objectif de production des exploitations. L'évaluation environnementale des paysages virtuels a quantifié l'influence du climat, du milieu et des systèmes de culture sur différents indicateurs agricoles, pédologiques et hydrologiques. Nous avons constaté que l'adoption d'un système de culture modéré (réduction d'intrants, intercultures hivernales) réduit significativement les flux excédentaires de phosphore vers les sols et accroît l'efficience des apports d'azote et de phosphore. Cependant, cet effet s'atténue pour des indicateurs incorporant des processus de transformation et de transfert de la matière organique, comme la concentration en nitrate à l'exutoire. De plus, les effets des interactions sol-climat sur cette concentration sont du même ordre qu'une réduction de 15% des apports totaux d'azote. Ainsi, la définition de pratiques agricoles alternatives devant satisfaire un objectif environnemental précis (cf. le non-dépassement du seuil des 50 mg NO3.l-1 dans les cours d'eau) ne peut se faire qu'en lien avec les caractéristiques du paysage et que leur transposition directe à un autre paysage peut ne pas atteindre l'effet escompté.
He, Jie. "Impacts environnementaux de l'industrialisation et du commerce international en Chine : cas de l'émission industrielle de SO2." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015396.
Full textcroissance spectaculaires. Malheureusement, cette croissance a aussi été accompagnée d'une très
forte dégradation de l'environnement et a positionné la Chine parmi les pays les plus pollués du
monde, notamment au niveau de son atmosphère. Ainsi, le considérable succès que représente cette
croissance économique, au point de vouloir présenter la Chine comme la prochaine première
puissance économique mondiale, conduit à poser la question de sa soutenabilité. Nous postulons que
la croissance actuelle de la Chine ne pourra être durable que dans la mesure où elle n'hypothèque pas
celle de son futur.
Cette thèse se base sur le cas de l'émission industrielle de SO2 – la pollution aérienne la plus
importante en Chine. En analysant son évolution au cours des années 1990 et en se focalisant sur ses
relations avec la croissance économique, l'industrialisation et l'ouverture commerciale – les trois
caractères les plus évidents du développement économique chinois –, cette thèse vise à identifier la
possibilité et les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour la Chine de réaliser un développement
soutenable.
Après une revue de la littérature sur la Courbe de Kuznets Environnementale (CKE), nous
commençons notre analyse par l'étude d'une CKE de forme réduite (Chap. 2), qui révèle une relation
assez optimiste entre la croissance chinoise et l'émission industrielle de SO2 par tête. Cependant, cette
CKE « par tête » ne garantit pas un même retournement de trajectoire pour l'émission industrielle
totale de SO2. Bien que notre analyse prédise ce retournement aux environs de 9000 yuan par tête
(prix constants 1990) pour le cas de l'émission industrielle de SO2 par tête, l'évolution de l'émission
industrielle de SO2 totale semble continuer à augmenter. Pour comprendre les raisons de cette
tendance à la hausse de l'émission industrielle de SO2 totale, nous menons deux analyses
structurelles, dans lesquelles les variations de l'émission sont décomposées de façon paramétrique
(Chap. 3) et non-paramétrique (la méthode de décomposition de l'indice de Divisia basée sur des
données détaillées de la production et de l'intensité d'émission de SO2 de 13 secteurs industriels dans
chaque province entre 1991 et 2002, Chap. 4) en contributions de ses trois déterminants structurels -
effets d'échelle, de composition et de technique. Les résultats montrent que le revenu par tête
fonctionne comme une variable omnibus qui capte les effets des trois déterminants structurels et
révèle seulement un « effet net » de la croissance sur l'environnement. Le détail de nos analyses
permet cependant de trouver les véritables raisons de cette tendance à la hausse de l'émission
industrielle de SO2. Cela serait principalement dû à une domination de l'effet d'échelle sur l'effet
réducteur d'émission issu des progrès techniques, le tout combiné à une transformation de la
composition industrielle exerçant un modeste impact à la hausse des émissions dans la plupart des
provinces chinoises.
La seconde partie de cette thèse accroît ses efforts de décomposition en donnant une attention
particulière au rôle déterminant du commerce international sur l'émission. Perçu par certains
économistes pessimistes comme un canal à travers lequel les pays riches déchargeaient leurs
fardeaux de pollution sur leurs partenaires commerciaux relativement plus pauvres (hypothèse de
« havre de pollution »), le commerce international a ainsi souvent été considéré comme une
explication statique de la formation d'une relation en U inversé entre le revenu et la pollution.
Cependant, les trois analyses menées dans cette partie, en recherchant les différents canaux de
transmission à travers lesquels le commerce affecte les trois déterminants structurels de l'émission,
nous offrent pour la Chine des preuves très limitées en faveur de l'hypothèse de « havre de
pollution ». Etant donné que l'avantage comparatif de la Chine basé sur sa dotation extrêmement
riche en travail est beaucoup plus attractif que son avantage de « havre de pollution », la conclusion
d'une analyse de style Antweiler, Copeland et Taylor (ACT, 2001) au Chapitre 5 nous montre que la
libéralisation commerciale peut réduire les dangers d'une augmentation de pollution liée à l'effet de
« havre de pollution » en guidant la transformation de la composition industrielle chinoise vers les
secteurs intensifs en travail, souvent considérés comme moins polluants. Le rôle du commerce sur
l'environnement n'est cependant pas aussi simple. Dans le Chapitre 6, en re-employant les résultats
de la décomposition de Divisia du Chapitre 4, nous vérifions les impacts indirects du commerce
(exportations et importations introduites de façon séparées) sur l'émission à travers les trois
déterminants structurels. Cette analyse confirme l'impact significativement positif du commerce dans
l'élargissement de l'échelle de production et sur les progrès techniques. Les analyses basées sur un
système d'équations simultanées au Chapitre 7 nous permettent de combiner ces trois aspects des
impacts indirects du commerce sur l'émission et d'inclure leurs interactions potentielles dans une
même estimation. Les résultats révèlent que le rôle total des exportations est positif pour
l'environnement mais que celui des importations (mesurées par l'accumulation de machines et
d'équipements importés) est négatif.
Dans le modèle en Equilibre Général Calculable (EGC) du Chapitre 8 (Partie 3), nous relions
directement les résultats de l'émission à la combustion des énergies dans les activités productives et
incluons toutes les interactions entre les variables économiques et l'environnement dont nous avons
pu discuter dans les chapitres précédents pour la spécification du modèle. Ce modèle nous offre
l'opportunité de paramétrer et de simuler de multiples aspects des relations entre croissance,
ouverture commerciale et émission. Les simulations basées sur ce modèle nous permettent d'obtenir
des comparaisons numériques de l'ampleur des impacts environnementaux du commerce et de la
croissance économique. La conclusion de ce chapitre montre que, sans une politique de contrôle de
pollution plus efficace, la croissance économique chinoise devrait s'avérer très polluante et que
l'accession à l'OMC devrait provoquer une hausse supplémentaire mais marginale de pollution.
En considérant les dangers potentiels de cette situation sur l'environnement chinois, nous décidons de
rechercher dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse (Chap. 9) l'effet de « feedback » potentiel de la
pollution sur la capacité de croissance de l'économie chinoise. Les résultats confirment un effet négatif
de l'émission de SO2 sur la prévalence des maladies chroniques au sein de la population. Une fois
dépassé le seuil de 8 g/m2, une augmentation de 1g/m2 de la densité de l'émission industrielle de SO2
accroît la probabilité pour une personne représentative de souffrir de maladies chroniques de 0,25%.
Cependant, si les progrès techniques réalisés dans les activités de contrôle de la pollution augmentent
de façon continue dans le temps, nos résultats indiquent également une dynamique potentielle
pouvant réduire de façon graduelle l'impact négatif de la pollution sur la santé avec la croissance
économique.
En résumé, les analyses menées dans cette thèse présentent un certain nombre de défis à relever et
d'opportunités à saisir pour que la Chine puisse poursuivre un chemin de développement qui soit
soutenable. Etant donnée la tendance actuelle à la détérioration de son environnement, la capacité de
la Chine à préserver une croissance soutenable dans le futur dépendra étroitement de l'adoption de
progrès techniques (conditions suffisantes) et d'un fonctionnement efficace et plus strict des politiques
de contrôle de pollution (conditions nécessaires), ainsi que d'une meilleure efficacité des systèmes
institutionnels et de marché.
Robichaud-Rincon, Philippe. "Impacts des stress environnementaux et thermiques sur l'efficacité des systèmes antimicrobiens chez Escherichia Coli: Approches transcriptomiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29284/29284.pdf.
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