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Pérez-Leroux, Ana, Alexander Tough, Erin Pettibone, and Crystal Chen. "Restrictions on ordering of adjectives in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (2020): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5277.
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Abstract. Sequences of multiple modifying adjectives are subject to poorly understood lexical ordering restrictions. There are certain commonalities to these restrictions across languages, as well as substantive language variation. Ordering restrictions in Spanish are still under empirical debate, with some proposing strict ordering for direct modifier adjectives; others proposing broad ordering restrictions based on the contrast between intersective and non-intersective adjectives, and yet others raising the possibility that adjectival order is fully unrestricted. The goal of the present study is to examine corpus evidence for adjectival sequences. We look at both sequences of two postnominal adjectives (Noun +Adjective + Adjective, NAA sequences) as well as sequences of one prenominal, and one postnominal adjective (Adjective + Noun +Adjective, ANA sequences). The results from the NAA datasets clearly categorically confirms that relational adjectives are structurally closer to the noun. There is some evidence for an ordering bias along the line of the intersectivity hypothesis, but little else in term of hard evidence for restrictions. Additional ordering constraints appear once we incorporate the ANA datasets into the empirical picture. One interpretation is that these restrictions can be subsumed under an approach where evaluative adjectives have to occupy the prenominal restriction. In sum, the evidence is most compatible with the middle ground approach, but not with a fully articulated set of ordering restrictions.
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BRASOVEANU, ADRIAN, and JESSICA RETT. "Evaluativity across adjective and construction types: An experimental study." Journal of Linguistics 54, no. 2 (2017): 263–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226717000123.
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An adjectival construction is evaluative if and only if it conveys that the property associated with the adjective exceeds a relevant threshold. The questions of which adjectival constructions are evaluative and why have formed the foundation for semantic theories of these constructions and of adjectives themselves (Klein 1980, von Stechow 1984), although it has been alleged that these theories are based on an incomplete picture of the phenomenon of evaluativity (Bierwisch 1989, Rett 2008a). We present the first experimental tests of the scope and nature of evaluativity across adjectival constructions and adjective types. These studies confirm that evaluativity is conditioned by adjective type (relative or absolute, Kennedy & McNally 2005) and is not restricted to the positive construction. However, they also show several new and surprising aspects of evaluativity: that it is perhaps better characterized as a gradable property than a binary one; that the ways in which relative and absolute adjectives differ in their evaluativity vary across construction; and that, contrary to standard intuitions, subjects are willing to attribute evaluativity to the subject position of comparative constructions likeSue is taller than Bill. We show that this last particularly surprising result reveals a lot about how subjects interpret contextually sensitive constructions, and we discuss its consequences for experimental studies and semantic theories of adjectival evaluativity as well as context-sensitive phenomena more generally.
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Antonova, Marina B. "The Cognitive Aspect of English Polysemantic Adjectives." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 1 (2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-1-15-29.
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This paper presents an analysis of the deep language factors that predetermine polysemy of English adjectives denoting moral and mental qualities of human beings. In line with a well-established point of view in cognitive linguistics, this study treats the semantics of a word as a two-level phenomenon possessing the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (internal) level. Given polysemy belongs to the external level, this study aims to reveal the internal language factor allowing for umbrella adjectives to develop meanings of moral and mental qualities. This is the first research that has analyzed English adjectives from this perspective; it is proposed to unearth the deep language foundation of polysemy by modeling the conceptual foundation of polysemantic adjectives, which is undertaken via analysis of their etymological data. The choice of the adjectives encoding moral and mental qualities is substantiated by the following reasons: first, these words name the major human characteristics, whose recognition and verbalization can be traced back to the Pre-Old English period; second, they denote abstract qualities unperceivable by senses but estimated due to their indirect manifestation in individuals’ judgments, conduct and activity; third, since these adjectives convey evaluation of the quality, they reflect cultural axiological standards. The findings show that the semantics of the English adjectives in question is governed by a certain set of conceptual metaphors. The commonality of the adjectives’ conceptual basis seems to be the internal language factor that accounts for polysemy, i.e. an ability for an adjective to comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrate that the unearthed concepts form oppositions, namely, LIFE - DEATH, MOTION - STILLNESS, FRIEND - FOE. The opposed concepts are endowed with the positive or negative value that appears to determine the evaluative meaning of the adjectives. Besides, the research has shown that, while participating in the formation of adjectival semantics, the concepts can demonstrate ambiguous value, which enables a concept to underlie both the positive and negative evaluative meanings of an adjective; therefore, an adjective may comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics that are opposite in their evaluation.
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Kanwit, Matthew, and Virginia Terán. "Ideas Buenas o Buenas Ideas: Phonological, Semantic, and Frequency Effects on Variable Adjective Ordering in Rioplatense Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040065.
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Although linguistic research has often focused on one domain (e.g., as influenced by generative prioritization of the Autonomy of Syntax), critical findings have been uncovered by exploring the interaction of multiple domains (e.g., the link between morphological status and lateralization of /ɾ/; the syntactic–pragmatic interface’s constraints on subject expression). The position of adjectives relative to the nouns they modify is a good test case in this discussion because multiple areas of the grammar are implicated, including syntax, phonology, and semantics. Moreover, research on this structure has yielded small cells, which prevented the use of statistical tests to convey the relative importance of multiple factors. Consequently, our study used a controlled, 24-item contextualized preference task to assess the roles of semantics (i.e., adjective class), phonology (i.e., noun–adjective syllable length differences), and lexical frequency on variable adjective ordering for 100 speakers of rioplatense Argentinean Spanish. Mixed-effects regression revealed that each factor was significant, with shorter, high-frequency, evaluative adjectives most favoring pre-position. Individual adjective analysis confirmed the greater effect of lexical frequency than semantic class, with additional corpora analyses further elucidating these trends. The study adds to the growing body of research on the role of factors across linguistic domains, while arguing for the importance of the relative frequency of adjective–noun collocations and complementing recent research on lexical effects.
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CORRIGAN, ROBERTA. "Conveying information about adjective meanings in spoken discourse." Journal of Child Language 35, no. 1 (2008): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008288.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined information about adjective meanings available in adults' spoken discourse in the original 27 CHILDES corpora of typically developing English-speaking children. In order to increase the probability that adjectives would be novel to children to whom they were addressed, only rare adjectives were examined (those that occurred ⩽5 times in the corpus, N=878). Contexts surrounding adjectives (±3 utterances on either side of the target) were scored for linguistic clues to meaning, including related language, compare/contrast and evaluative information. Linguistic contexts contained more information in adult–child conversations than in adult–adult conversations. There were differences among information categories. For example, explicit definitions were relatively rare compared to other types of information and were far less frequent than reported in structured laboratory situations. Findings highlight the importance of looking at adult input in situations where teaching word meaning is not an explicit goal.
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Al-Issawi, Juhaina Maen. "The Treatment of Adjectives in Tourism Websites: A Comparative Study of the Jordanian, European and Asian Official Tourism Websites." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 5 (2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i5.17513.
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This study aims at examining how the lexical choice of a given discourse is determined by different factors such as the type of the discourse, the content and the medium of the message, and the ideological perspectives of the tourism persuader. More specifically, the study focuses on selecting adjectives in the Jordanian tourism official websites compared to European and Asian counterparts. The finding of the study shows that adjective lexical selection, together with their collocational behavior plays a crucial role in the tourism promotional discourse. The lexical choice of adjectives is also semantically restricted in that only limited meanings of the adjectives in the discourse are used. Accordingly, the vocabulary of the Jordanian tourism websites is characterized by the co-presence of two main types of adjectives: the descriptive adjectives, describing details about the targeted destination; and evaluative adjectives, conveying positive attitudes.
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Van Goethem, Kristel, and Matthias Hüning. "From Noun to Evaluative Adjective: Conversion or Debonding? DutchTopand Its Equivalents in German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 27, no. 4 (2015): 366–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542715000112.
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In this study, we address the ways in which nouns can give rise to new adjectives in Dutch and German. More specifically, the focus is on words with an evaluative meaning that can be used in a wide range of morphological and syntactic constructions in recent (and informal) language. For example, the German nounHammer‘hammer’ can be used inHammervorstellung‘very good performance’ orhammer film‘fantastic film’. In the literature, two distinct hypotheses can be found to account for the adjectival uses of such evaluative nouns. The debonding hypothesis states that the intensifying bound morpheme has developed into a free morpheme. The conversion hypothesis suggests that the new adjectival uses are the result of a syntactic reanalysis of an N as an A that takes place in the predicative position. In our case study, we analyze the synchronic bound and free uses of Dutchtop, and we compare them with Germantopandspitze. We conclude that the emergence of the adjectival uses of these morphemes points toward an interaction between both processes involved, conversion and debonding.
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Maienborn, Claudia. "Revisiting Olga, the beautiful dancer: An intersective A-analysis." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 30 (March 2, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v30i0.4805.
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The paper presents a novel semantic account of the so-called "intersective/non-intersective" ambiguity of structures such as beautiful dancer. The proposal contrasts with Larson's (1998) famous N-analysis in taking the adjective as the ambiguity trigger and in unmasking the bracketing paradox perception of the non-intersective reading as a grammatical illusion. The adjective has no compositional access to the verbal root's event argument but is always linked to the referential argument of the noun. -er nominals are analyzed as a special kind of role noun (such as king, guest, judge). They introduce a social role r that manifests itself via the verbal root's e-argument. (However, neither r nor e are compositionally active.) An evaluative adjective such as beautiful introduces an underspecified trope variable, which calls for a pragmatic specification of the adjectival predicate's ultimate target. A general pragmatic parsimony condition ensures that referents introduced by linguistic material are chosen as best target candidates whenever possible. The -er nominal's social role r is an ideal choice in this respect. The linking of the adjective to the verbal root's e-argument is mediated via r and thus a secondary pragmatic effect. The proposal provides a unified analysis for modified -er nominals (beautiful dancer) and other instances of role- and event-related interpretations for adnominal modification such as, e.g., just king.
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Tonhauser, Judith, Marie-Catherine De Marneffe, and Judith Degen. "Evaluative adjective sentences: A question-based analysis of projection." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5, no. 1 (2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.701.
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Asanova, Zera. "Subjective-evaluative adjectives of general assessment of yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’." Филология: научные исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.12.34535.
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The goal of this research consists in the description of subjective-evaluative adjectives of general assessment of yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ on the material of Crimean Tatar language. The relevance of this research is defined by the need existing in Crimean Tatar Language for studying the evaluative function of an adjective. Theoretical framework of this research is comprised of the works of such scholars as O. Jespersen, A. A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, E. M. Volf, N. D. Arutyunov, etc. The research employs the methods of analysis, generalization, and classification. The acquired materials can be used in the practice of teaching Crimean Tatar language. The novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to examine the semantics of adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ with evaluative meaning. It is established that these adjectives can move from one lexical-semantic group to another, due to the fact that semantics of the word initially carries its figurative meaning. The adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ in Crimean Tatar language can be on the periphery of multiple lexical-semantic groups, which can be divided into two main groups: sensory perceived by a human characteristics of the inanimate object, and properties that describe the appearance, age, and socio-communicative traits of a human.
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Vepreva, Irina. "Axiological potential of adjective russ. ural’skiy." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (2018): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3124.
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The article presents the specifics of the contextual use of the relative adjective Ural in qualitative meaning on the material of federal and regional newspapers published in the Sverdlovsk region. The axiological potential of the ottoponymic adjective is determined by the essential attributes of space as the fundamental reality of human existence. The analyzed material has shown that the augment of qualitatively-evaluative connotations of the relative adjective occurs due to the guidance of the value meanings by the context represented as the set of the typical compatibility of the word, due to the reflexive discussion of everything connected with the Ural region. At the same time, the axial “small homeland” is the nuclear component of the axiosphere “Ural”, verbally expressed by our lexemes our, native, nearest. In addition, the expression of qualitative characteristics of the adjective Ural is associated with a mental predetermined evaluation of abstract concepts. Set expressions (for example, the Ural character) functioning in the speech, the explication of the graduation of the relative adjective in the speech help to actualize the value conceptions about the Urals and their inhabitants formed in the consciousness of the native speaker.
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Laguzova, Evgeniya N., and Elena N. Martynova. "Stable expressions with the color adjective orange in the Russian language of the 20th century." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 7, no. 4 (2021): 440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2021-4-440-447.
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The article presents a structural and semantic analysis of stable expressions of the 20th century with the adjective orange, many of which are based on metaphorical and associative-symbolic use of their constituent components. Among the ways of the author's transformation of such lexical units, the authors note the addition and replacement of significant parts of speech with other forms of the same word or synonyms, as well as a change in the location of the components of the expression in relation to each other, which not only does not destroy the idiom, but, on the contrary, intensifies its meaning. The evolution of the original meaning of expressions with the color adjective orange is shown, which is due to the change (expansion) of the circle of nouns combined with the adjective, the implication of evaluation, the formation of new synonymous links with metaphor. Particular attention is paid to stable expressions with political significance, the largest number of which began to appear since 2013 in connection with political events taking place in Ukraine, where orange was chosen for the symbols of the Ukrainian opposition. The development of negative connotations in the expression orange revolution is explained by the corresponding semantic potential of the adjective orange itself, for which semes with negative connotations are productive in speech. The expansion of the compatibility of the adjective orange in modern Russian has led to the emergence of new meanings for the adjectival. Using examples extracted from the newspaper subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, representing a collection of texts of printed newspapers and electronic agencies of the 2000s, it is shown that the use of stable expressions with the color adjective orange reflects the tendency characteristic of the development of the modern Russian language to expressivize the written text in connection with the formation of an evaluative statement capable of conveying the attitude of a journalist to social, cultural, political events. At the same time, the expressed social axiological assessment performs various functions in the text: from attracting attention and overcoming the standard to manipulating the consciousness of the mass reader.
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Kovtun, Oksana. "СЕМАНТИКО-ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ АКСІОЛОГІЧНОЇ ПОТУЖНОСТІ АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ПРИКМЕТНИКА: ПСИХОЛОГІЯ СПРИЙНЯТТЯ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЯК ІНОЗЕМНОЇ". Psycholinguistics in a Modern World 15 (25 грудня 2020): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/10.31470/2706-7904-2020-15-122-127.
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The study clarifies the semantic and pragmatic potential of the axiological power of the English adjective: the psychology of its perception in the process of learning English as a foreign language. The purpose of this scientific research is to demonstrate the axiological load and special semantic and pragmatic nature of the English adjective for the developing of understanding of the feasibility of using adjective forms in communicative activities of the students. As a result of the study, we come to the conclusion that the English adjective forms a qualitative layer of reality, which is considered to be the "fourth spatial dimension of the world", given the trends of globalization. The adjective has a kind of verbalization, pragmatic value and participates in the formation and development of linguistic consciousness, which is manifested in the conceptualization of axiology, represents a set of evaluative, qualitative, cultural and ideological characteristics that are reflected in the special interaction of different means of linguistic expression.
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Masini, Francesca, and M. Silvia Micheli. "The morphological expression of approximation: the emerging simil- construction in Italian." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (2020): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0176.
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This paper contributes to the study of evaluative morphology by investigating an emerging morphological construction in Italian within the framework of Construction Morphology. The schema in question, which contains the string simil- (related to the adjective simile ‘similar’) plus a nominal or adjectival base, is analyzed as a newly-created construction that conveys a number of closely-related senses (i.e., fakeness, imitation, resemblance, vagueness, and kin-categorization) revolving around the functional domain of approximation, which has received much less attention than other domains within evaluative morphology. Beside discussing the formal, semantic and usage properties of simil- expressions on the basis of corpus data, we propose a constructional network that accounts for their behavior. Finally, we discuss the nature of simil- as an affixoid and explore its relationship with other competing (morphological and, more marginally, analytic) strategies in Italian.
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Shilova, E. "THE EVALUATIVE ADJECTIVE СТРАННЫЙ IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE". Bulletin of the Moskow State Regional University, № 5 (2015): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-7278-2015-5-74-82.
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Peldová, Petra. "Fundamental evaluative adjective patterns in british broadsheet and tabloid newspaper discourse." ACC Journal 22, no. 3 (2016): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/004/2016-3-002.
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Trnavac, Radoslava, Debopam Das, and Maite Taboada. "Discourse relations and evaluation." Corpora 11, no. 2 (2016): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2016.0091.
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In this paper, we examine the role of discourse relations (relations between propositions) in the interpretation of evaluative or opinion words. Through a combination of Rhetorical Structure Theory (or RST; Mann and Thompson, 1988 ) and Appraisal Theory ( Martin and White, 2005 ), we analyse how different discourse relations modify the evaluative content of opinion words, and what impact the nucleus–satellite structure in RST has on the evaluation. We conduct a corpus study, examining and annotating over 3,000 evaluative words in fifty movie reviews in the SFU Review Corpus ( Taboada, 2008 ) with respect to five parameters: word category (noun, verb, adjective or adverb), prior polarity (positive, negative or neutral), RST structure (both nucleus–satellite status and relation type) and change of polarity as a result of being part of a discourse relation (Intensify, Downtone, Reversal or No Change). Results show that relations such as Concession, Elaboration, Evaluation, Evidence and Restatement most frequently intensify the polarity of opinion words, although the majority of evaluative words do not undergo changes in their polarity related to the type of relation that they are a part of. We also find that most opinion words (about 70 percent) are positioned in the nucleus, confirming a hypothesis based on the literature that nuclei are the most important units when extracting opinion automatically.
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Zhukovskaya, Larisa. "New phenomena in usage of the lexemes mentalitet and mental’nost’ in contemporary Russian speech." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 1 (2020): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6000.
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The article considers reflexes of non-standard language representations of the international lexemes mentalitet and mental’nost’ in contemporary Russian speech as indicator of communicative-discursive appropriation of corresponding foreign-culture concept “mentality”. The purpose is to study changes of conditions of lexemes’ standard attributive compatibility. The material of the study is contexts of usage of these words in Russian National Corpus and in the Internet-communication. The models of word-combinations “adjective + substantive” with attributed words mentalitet and mental’nost’ are analyzed. The findings are that extension of spheres of their application and opportunity of evaluative reception of their primordially non-evaluative conceptual content demonstrates continuing tendency to cultural appropriation of the foreign-culture concept “mentality” in contemporary Russian speech.
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Shatil, Nimrod. "The Nature and Diachrony of Hebrew Quality Pseudo-Partitives: Are They a Calque from the Contact Languages?" Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (2015): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340046.
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The article discusses the syntactic, semantic, prosodic, and sociolinguistic features of the contemporary Hebrew construction of the type ‘a beauty of a girl,’ in general N1of N2, known asquality pseudo-partitive(also asbinominal noun-phrase). In this construction, N1is a nominalized adjective and N2is the head. Semantically the syntagm is evaluative, either positively or negatively. The article examines the claim that the construction, first documented in 1928, emerged as an internally caused change, and concludes from the evidence that the construction was calqued from contact languages (English, French, German, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish).
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Bell, David Michael, and Theresa Moran. "Comparing the wine tasting notes of Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise: A stylistic analysis." Text & Talk 40, no. 2 (2020): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-2053.
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AbstractThis paper offers a stylistic analysis of the tasting notes (TNs) of wine writers Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise. We define linguistic style as those distinctive, consistent, and creative linguistic choices writers make beyond what is conventionally expected in a TN, which are only discernible by comparison to other wine reviewers. Using a corpus of Robinson’s and Theise’s TNs on German and Austrian wines 2012, we compare their TNs in terms of rhetorical and grammatical structure, use of descriptors, and other evaluative language. Robinson’s elliptical note-form style is characterized by adherence to canonical rhetorical structure, verbless clauses, extensive use of conventional metaphoric descriptors and limited use of object descriptors. Theise has an effusive, people-centered additive style characterized by non-conventional rhetorical structure, multiple phrase and clause and coordination, and extensive and exotic use of diverse object descriptors, personification, and intensifier + evaluative adjective phrases. We then connect their varying linguistic styles to their differing approaches to wine tasting.
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Rocklage, Matthew D., and Russell H. Fazio. "The Evaluative Lexicon: Adjective use as a means of assessing and distinguishing attitude valence, extremity, and emotionality." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 56 (January 2015): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.005.
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Antonova, Marina. "The Container Image Schema as the Conceptual Basis of English Adjectives’ Semantics." Journal of Language and Education 6, no. 1 (2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2020.9751.
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This paper focuses on the cognitive foundation of the semantics of English adjectives that denote mental and moral characteristics of human beings. Research into these adjectives seems a challenging task because they denote abstract qualities that cannot be perceived through vision, hearing, or touch; and here a question arises: How are abstract qualities interpreted in English encoded through adjectives? To answer it, this study follows the idea of two-level semantics, i.e. word semantics is treated as a two-level phenomenon that comprises the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (deep) one. This study is the first to address adjectival semantics from this perspective. Here a novel approach to revealing the cognitive foundation of adjectives is introduced: given that adjectives originated from old syncretic items and a word cognitive model forms at the moment of word creation, cognitive models underlying adjectives' semantics are unearthed via analysis of their etymological data. Our contribution is two-fold. First, the approach has revealed that the image schema CONTAINER guides semantics of an array of various adjectives independent of their morphemic structure or date of origin. The examples demonstrate that abstract human qualities are interpreted via the following container features: boundary, container substance, size, hardness/softness of a container shell, etc. The semantics of affixed or compound adjectives appear to stem from the integration of concepts represented by an affix and a root or two roots, respectively. Second, the findings show that the value given to every container feature appears to predetermine the evaluation conveyed by an adjective. Container features tend to possess ambivalent value, realizing the positive or negative one due to the interaction with a frame in which the CONTAINER is incorporated, therefore the same polysemantic adjective may develop both positive and negative meanings. To reveal the whole inventory of cognitive models that govern adjectival semantics in English, further research needs to be conducted.
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Shilova, E. "THE PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS OF EVALUATIVE PROPOSITIONS (ON THE BASIS OF THE COLLOCATION ANALYSIS OF THE ADJECTIVE СТРАННЫЙ)". Bulletin of the Moskow State Regional University, № 4 (2015): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-7278-2015-4-63-71.
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Li, Wenchao. "Direct Perception Expression in Japanese and Chinese." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 5 (2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i5.9994.
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<p>This paper tackles the adjective distribution in two different languages, Altaic language: Japanese and Sino-Tibetan language: Chinese. The findings bring us to the point that Japanese direct perception expression tolerates both open-scale and closed-scale adjectives. Chinese direct perception expression only licenses ‘totally open-scale adjectives’ and rule out ‘upper closed-scale adjectives’, ‘totally closed-scale adjectives’, ‘lower closed-scale adjectives’. The failure of Chinese closed-scale AP in direct perception expression lies in that the perception verb <em>jian </em>‘to see’ is subjective. Open-scale adjectival perception verb complements in German and Chinese may invite temporary predications only by the addition of syntactic context, thus enabling the German/Chinese perception verb <em>sehen</em>, <em>kanjian /</em><em>jian</em> to make a conceptualisation of the perceived event, offering an ‘evaluation’ or ‘interpretation’. </p>
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Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo de. "A Passiva em português como construção predicativa adjetival: evidência morfológica e implementação computacional em LFG/XLE (Passive as adjective predicative construction in portuguese: morphological evidence and implementation in LFG/XLE)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 13, no. 2 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v13i2.1300.
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Gramáticas tradicionais do português tratam a passiva como voz, incluindo-a no quadro da conjugação verbal. Neste artigo, discutimos os argumentos de Perini (2010) de que não há voz passiva em português e relacionamos essa proposta com a abordagem da POLFIE, uma gramática do polonês desenvolvida no quadro da LFG e implementada no sistema XLE. Conforme essa gramática, a passiva é uma construção predicativa adjetival. Apresentamos uma evidência adicional, de natureza morfológica, do estatuto adjetival do particípio passivo em português e implementamos essa análise na BrGram, uma gramática do português do Brasil nos moldes da POLFIE. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Voz Passiva. Gramática Léxico- Funcional. Linguística Computacional. Parsing Sintático. Sufixos Avaliativos.
 ABSTRACTTraditional grammars of Portuguese handle the passive construction as a voice phenomenon which is part of the verbal conjugation. In this paper, we discuss the claim by Perini (2010) that there is no passive voice in Portuguese. We compare this approach to the one of POLFIE. This is a computational grammar of Polish which was developed within the framework of LFG and implemented in XLE. In this grammar, the passive construction is an adjective predicative construction. We present additional morphological evidence on the adjectival status of the passive participle in Portuguese and implement this analysis in BrGram, a computational grammar of Brazilian Portuguese that is analogous to POLFIE. KEYWORDS: Passive Voice. Lexical-Functional Grammar. Computational Linguistics. Syntactic Parsing. Evaluative Suffixes.
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Knox, V. J., and W. L. Gekoski. "The Effect of Judgment Context on Assessments of Age Groups." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 8, no. 3 (1989): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800008874.
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ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that an exaggeration of the target age effect is obtained when the same respondents judge multiple age groups rather than only one age group. In the present study each of 1200 undergraduates rated a young, middle-aged, or old target on the 32 bipolar adjective pairs of the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD; Rosencranz & McNevin, 1969). An additional 200 undergraduates rated all three target age groups on the ASD. The ASD was scored in terms of the three dimensions reported by its authors. In the isolated judgment condition young targets were rated highest on the Instrumental-Ineffective and Personal Acceptability-Unacceptability dimensions followed, in both cases, by middle-aged and then by old targets; on the Autonomous-Dependent dimension, middle-aged targets were rated higher than both young and old targets. The hypothesized exaggeration of the target age effect in the comparative judgment condition was obtained for the descriptive dimensions (Instrumental-Ineffective and Autonomous-Dependent) but not for the evaluative dimension (Personal Acceptability-Unacceptability) of the ASD. Possible explanations for why judgment context might affect descriptive but not evaluative assessments of target age groups are discussed.
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Segrin, Chris. "Effects of Dysphoria and Loneliness on Social Perceptual Skills." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3_suppl (1993): 1315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1315.
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Numerous studies indicate that depression (or dysphoria) and loneliness are associated with deficits in social skills. The purpose of this study was to assess whether these deficits in social skills include social perceptual skills. 251 subjects observed four target persons. For each person they completed a measure of rejection, an evaluative adjective checklist, and a rating of social skills. Analyses indicated no relationship between scores on either dysphoria or loneliness and self-rated social perceptual skills. A multiple correspondence analysis indicated that dysphoric and lonely subjects were equally discriminating in their perceptions and evaluations of others relative to their nondistressed peers. In fact, loneliness and dysphoria were positively associated with some social perceptual skills. Subjects showed a strong preference to be accepting of those targets who they felt were socially skilled. Implications of these findings and suggestions for research are discussed.
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Weber, Jean Jacques. "From ‘bad’ to ‘worse’: pragmatic scales and the (de)construction of cultural models." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 14, no. 1 (2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947005048875.
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This article uses a cognitive-pragmatic approach to discourse which is informed by two basic concepts: cultural models and pragmatic scales. The data consist of an essay by a literary writer, Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place, as well as editorials and letters to the editor published in a Luxembourgish newspaper. The analysis reveals how the authors of the editorials and letters to the editor both rely upon and construct a particular cultural model about education in Luxembourg, and how the literary writer deconstructs her readers’ (at least potentially stereotypical) model of tourism. Rather than attempt to distinguish between different text genres on such a basis, the article focuses on cognitive aspects that are common to all discourse processing; in particular, it highlights the key role played by pragmatic scales in linking and structuring cultural models. The scales are invoked primarily by evaluative adjective forms such as bad, worse, etc., and they make possible a high degree of linguistic implicitness in the writers’ rhetorical and argumentative strategies. The article concludes that the consequent processes of moving information across evaluative scales and filling in missing values are characteristic of the way human beings think, and that they work together with other processes of reasoning (such as conceptual blending) to produce the full complexity, but also the potentially stereotyped nature, of human thinking.
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Cruschina, Silvio, and Eva-Maria Remberger. "Speaker-oriented syntax and root clause complementizers." Linguistic Variation 18, no. 2 (2018): 336–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16009.cru.
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Abstract The object of study of this paper is a Romance construction characterized by the presence of the complementizer in root clauses and by an evidential or epistemic meaning (i.e. C-constructions). In these structures, the complementizer is preceded by a functional element that morphologically coincides with an adjective or an adverb. From a morphosyntactic viewpoint, we show that these structures are monoclausal and that the epistemic or evidential item preceding the complementizer has undergone a process of grammaticalization becoming a functional element. As for their use and interpretation, we describe their primary semantic meaning, as well as their pragmatic extensions and functions, which involve subjectification and intersubjectivity. We finally propose a syntactic configuration that can account for C-constructions and their properties in the syntax representation. This configuration involves the assumption of a projection – in fact, a set of projections – above ForceP which encode speaker-oriented and pragmatic features (e.g. evaluative, evidential, epistemic values).
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Helwig, Andrew A., and Nanci Avitable. "School Children's Responses on a Semantic Differential over a 10-Year Span." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (2004): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.345-354.
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A semantic differential scale was administered to 208 school children when they were in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades. Their perceptions towards two concepts were measured, Education (going to school) and Work (having a job). Each semantic differential scale had 15 adjective pairs and reflected the three underlying factors of Evaluative, Potency, and Activity. Because the study was conducted for 10 years (ages seven to 18), the changing cognitive developmental stages of the children were expected to influence factor analytic and reliability results. Confirmatory factor analysis, which forced the data into three factors, did not clearly identify the expected three factors, although more items loaded on the three factors with age. An exploratory factor analysis identified a trend across grades from six to four factors over time. Reliability also improved across age groups. Caution should be exercised when using the semantic differential with young children in investigations of abstract concepts.
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Evans, Elliott. "Meta-Tatian." Indogermanische Forschungen 125, no. 1 (2020): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2020-007.
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AbstractIn addition to inflecting adjectives for case, number, and gender, the early Germanic languages inflect adjectives as either strong or weak. Scholarly consensus is lacking regarding what triggers this fourth inflectional category, i.e. why an adjective surfaces as either strong or weak. While the traditional school of thought held that weak adjectives surface with definite determiners, some recent scholarship has argued that a semantic force such as definiteness or classification is responsible. To evaluate the two positions, I compared attributive adjectives in the Old High German translation of Tatian’s Diatessaron with the corresponding passages in Gothic and Old English. The conclusion supports the traditional school of thought that determiners trigger weak adjectives and refutes the idea that semantics is primarily responsible for whether an adjective surfaces as strong or weak.
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Rosén, Anne‐Sofie. "The circle as a model for the interpersonal domain of Swedish trait terms." European Journal of Personality 6, no. 4 (1992): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410060404.
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Swedish interpersonal traits were assumed to have the structure demonstrated by Wiggins for the Interpersonal Adjective Scales in English. Positive and negative interpersonal trait terms were rated for accuracy when describing people. The ratings were used to construct 16 eight‐item scales which were ordered relative to two principal components and labelled A to P. The evaluative meaning of each scale item was rated by a second group. The ranks of the mean ratings for the scales followed expectations. The 16 scales were combined into eight scales PA, BC, DE, etc., to NO. From a new group of subjects (N = 159) self‐ratings were obtained. The correlations between the eight scales were used to obtain maximum‐likelihood estimates of population coefficients of a hypothetical circulant matrix. A circumplex model fitted the data well and the two equally large orthogonal components ordered the PA to NO variables within a circular semantic space. The model was interpreted as a structural representation of basic‐level categories for interpersonal attributes of personality in the natural language.
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Ezerinya, Svetlana A. "Reviews of Russian periodicals in “The Journal of the Ministry of National Education”: Evaluative adjectives in an official government publication." Media Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu22.2021.206.
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By the 1830s, the role of literature and journalism in shaping public opinion and promoting state ideology was growing in Russia. One of the first attempts of the government to take control of this process was the decision to publish The Journal of the Ministry of Education, with a mandatory review of domestic periodicals. The most important communicative purpose of the review of texts was to familiarize readers with the most important and well-meaning publications of Russian-language periodicals from the point of view of editorial reviewers. The inherent evaluative component of these texts is obvious, for the purpose of which all possible linguistic means allowed within the official publication were used, a significant role among which was assigned to evaluative adjectives and attributive collocations as the most capacious and concise characteristics of the described object. The objects of macro-evaluation through adjectives were peer-reviewed articles, their authors and periodicals on the whole; relevance, quality, educational value, accuracy and usefulness of the publications, their compliance with the official views, the author’s style, some individual facts of their content, etc. were subjectto adjectival micro-evaluation. In the journal’s reviews of Russian periodicals, there are approximately100 different-typed evaluative adjectives, including both adjectives of general evaluation (otlichnyi, otmennyi, prevoskhodnyi, khoroshii, etc.) and of a partial one. The mostcommonly used of all evaluative adjectives throughout the existence of reviews were the adjectives liubopytnyi ‘having cognitive value’ and zamechatel’nyi ‘worthy of attention’, which cover almost all sections in the reviews. By the 1860s, the style of writing media-reviews in the journal became well established. During this time, individual author’s words and attributive collocations almost go out of use and rows of homogeneous attributes become rare. Additionally, the range of evaluative adjectives involved is narrowed and impoverished, and they themselves get an exclusively neutral stylistic colour, which is specific to the official publication.
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Stratton, James M. "Tapping into German Adjective Variation: A Variationist Sociolinguistic Approach." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 34, no. 1 (2022): 63–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542721000088.
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Following the Labovian paradigm, the present study uses variationist quantitative methods to examine the linguistic and social factors influencing adjective choices in German. By focusing on adjectives of positive evaluation (such as cool ‘cool’, toll/geil ‘great’), an analysis of over 3,000 tokens reveals that the choice of using one adjective over a competing counterpart is structured systematically. This choice is heavily constrained by the social factor age, with gender also influencing variation to varying degrees. The syntactic position of the adjective also conditions use, with some adjectives favoring predicative position and others favoring attributive or stand-alone position. Comparisons across apparent time, as well as with previous research, indicate that the semantic field of positive evaluation is a perpetually changing locus of variation. By applying variationist methods to German data, the present study illustrates how German lexis can index social meaning, paving the way for future research on German lexical variation. More broadly speaking, this study also contributes to ongoing variationist sociolinguistic research on German language variation and change.*
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LANDAU, IDAN. "Saturation and reification in adjectival diathesis." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 2 (2009): 315–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709005714.
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The study of adjectival diathesis alternations lags behind the study of verbal diathesis and nominalization. This paper aims to diminish the gap by applying to the adjectival domain theoretical tools with proven success elsewhere. We focus on evaluative adjectives, which display a systematic alternation between a basic variant (John was rude) and a derived one (That was rude of John). The alternation brings about a cluster of syntactic and semantic changes – in the semantic type of the predicate, its valency and the mode of argument projection. We argue that the adjectival variants are related by the joint application of two operators: a lexicalsaturationoperator (also seen in verbal passive) and a syntacticreificationoperator (also seen in nominalization). The analysis straightforwardly extends to similar alternations with Subject- and Object-Experiencer adjectives (proud,irritating). Among its important implications are (i) lexical saturation is not restricted to external arguments (internal ones may also be saturated), and (ii) ‘referential’ (R) roles are not restricted to nominal predicates (adjectives may assign them as well).
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Salasoo, Tiiu. "Laste esimesed eestikeelsed omadussõnad." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 1, no. 1 (2010): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2010.1.1.04.
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Analysis of the recordings of three boys from the ages of 18 months until 4 years acquiring Estonian naturally in differing language environments indicated that Estonian adjectives increased relatively slowly and thus were less numerous in their recording lexicons than verbs and nouns. Adjectival rate of increase appeared to be relatively independent of a child’s macro-environment (as long as there is an Estonian-speaking carer to provide sufficient input), yet it seemed to be influenced by a child’s individual linguistic abilty. The boys started qualifying their nouns with adjectives by calling things beautiful, good and bad, small and big, old and new. Antonymous pairs of adjectives and evaluative adjectives appeared early in their speech. Adjectival commonality – defined in terms of the number of the same words used by several individuals – between individual boys, the Estonian boys and children learning English, as well as the Estonian boys and adults, indicated that the observed boys’ adjectives were representative of currently spoken Estonian, as well as possibly common in the early speech of all children.
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VARTIAINEN, TURO. "Subjectivity, indefiniteness and semantic change." English Language and Linguistics 17, no. 1 (2013): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000354.
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In this article I discuss article usage in NPs with subjective and objective adjectival premodifiers. The main topic of the article is the tendency of semantically subjective adjectives to be used in indefinite NPs. This correlation is independent of the frequency of the adjective, and the uneven article distribution becomes even more skewed when an overt indicator of subjectivity, such as very or much, is introduced to the NP. I explain this tendency in terms of accessibility: subjective modifiers provide the speaker with a way of expressing a personal evaluation of the referent, and this evaluation is typically new information in discourse. Consequently, subjective premodifiers strongly favour indefinite NPs. By contrast, objective modifiers often encode information that is typical of the referent or else accessible from context or through world knowledge. Because the information expressed by the modifier is accessible, the accessibility of the discourse referent itself determines article choice, and the distribution of articles is more even. I also show that the connection between subjectivity and indefiniteness may provide the linguist with a useful tool in semantic disambiguation and diachronic research. Case studies of two polysemous -ing participles, moving and glowing, show that when used as a nominal premodifier, the subjective sense of the word (e.g. moving, ‘emotionally touching’) strongly favours indefinite NPs over definite NPs. We will also see that when a participle (outstanding) or a noun (key) develops a subjective sense and undergoes category change to adjective, the new sense is particularly often used in indefinite constructions, and the semantic change and gradual adjectivisation of the word is mirrored in the gradual increase in the use of indefinite NPs.
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DELIN, J., S. SHAROFF, S. LILLFORD, and C. BARNES. "Linguistic support for concept selection decisions." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 21, no. 2 (2007): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060407070187.
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Affective engineering is being increasingly used to describe a systematic approach to the analysis of consumer reactions to candidate designs. It has evolved from Kansei engineering, which has reported improvements in products such as cars, electronics, and food. The method includes a semantic differential experiment rating candidate designs against bipolar adjectives (e.g., attractive–not attractive, traditional–not traditional). The results are statistically analyzed to identify correlations between design features and consumer reactions to inform future product developments. A number of key challenges emerge from this process. Clearly, suitable designs must be available to cover all design possibilities. However, it is also paramount that the best adjectives are used to reflect the judgments that participants might want to make. The current adjective selection process is unsystematic, and could potentially miss key concepts. Poor adjective choices can result in problems such as misinterpretation of an experimental question, clustering of results around a particular response, and participants' confusion from unfamiliar adjectives that can be difficult to consider in the required context (e.g., is this wristwatch “oppressive”?). This paper describes an artificial intelligence supported process that ensures adjectives with appropriate levels of precision and recall are developed and presented to participants (and thus addressing problems above) in an affective engineering study in the context of branded consumer goods. We illustrate our description of the entire concept expansion and reduction process by means of an industrial case study in which participants were asked to evaluate different designs of packaging for a laundry product. The paper concludes by describing the important advantages that can be gained by the new approach in comparison with previous approaches to the selection of consumer focused adjectives.
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Rean, A. A., and I. A. Konovalov. "Adolescent’s socio-cognitive representations (images) of different social groups." Social Psychology and Society 9, no. 2 (2018): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090205.
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The article is dedicated to the results of the study, which was aimed at the research of adolescent’s socio-cognitive representations (images) of social groups (parents, classmates, teachers, policemen, public officials). 7000 high-school students from different cities and villages of Russia took part at the research. Age: 14—18. Deviant adolescent’s socio-cognitive representations (images) are also studied. The sample of deviant adolescents — 127 participants. Method: «80 adjectives» (by A. Rean) technique was used. Сontingency table method was used for the evaluation of correlation between adjective choice preferences and the participant’s group. χ-square test was used for statistical significance evaluation. The major findings are: adolescents use mostly positive adjectives for description of parents, mostly negative descriptors for policemen and public offocials, both for classmates and teachers. Descriptor-choice preferences are found among different groups of participants.
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Larson, Richard K., and Franc Marušič. "On Indefinite Pronoun Structures with APs: Reply to Kishimoto." Linguistic Inquiry 35, no. 2 (2004): 268–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438904323019075.
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A number of authors have claimed that indefinite pronoun constructions like everything red are formed by raising a noun (thing) over a higher prenominal adjective (red). We examine phenomena in English and other languages which appear to show that adjectives participating in the indefinite pronoun construction do not correspond to prenominal forms, but to postnominal ones. We evaluate the challenges these results present for the N-raising account, showing that while some can be met, others apparently cannot. This outcome calls for a reexamination of postnominal position with indefinite pronouns.
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Suhanek, Mia, and Ivan Đurek. "Implementation of Bipolar Adjective Pairs in Analysis of Urban Acoustic Environments." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 28, no. 5 (2016): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v28i5.2089.
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Four different acoustic environments with different loudness levels and spectral distributions were recorded and reproduced to two groups of listeners - control group and experimental group. The questionnaire used in this research relies on the semantic differential method implemented by defining adjective pairs of opposite meaning where each pair describes a sound characteristic for a particular acoustic environment. In analyzing the results, psychological research methodology was used in order to determine statistically significant bipolar adjectives that can appropriately evaluate some given acoustic environment and thus serve as a starting point for a questionnaire and methodology standardization in soundscape research.
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Németh, Boglárka, and Anna Sőrés. "Evaluative morphology in the verbal domain." Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no. 1 (2018): 202–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00008.nem.
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Abstract So far, evaluative morphology has received less attention in the verbal domain than in the nominal and adjectival ones. This paper shows that – besides frequentative morphemes like -gAt and preverbs like tele- ‘full’, le- ‘down’, fel ‘up’, etc. – in Hungarian events can be evaluated by means of the verbalizer suffix -kVdik. This formation is unusual in evaluative morphology since it is a category-changing operation. The suffix -kVdik can be attached to adjectives and to nouns expressing a profession or an occupation. Depending on the speaker’s intention, the morphologically complex verb suffixed with -kVdik can attribute to the activity an evaluative, mostly pejorative meaning. The paper suggests that this phenomenon goes beyond evaluative morphology and can be better analyzed in terms of morphopragmatics.
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Stadthagen-González, Hans, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, C. Alejandro Párraga, and Markus F. Damian. "Testing alternative theoretical accounts of code-switching: Insights from comparative judgments of adjective–noun order." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (2017): 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917728390.
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Objectives: Spanish and English contrast in adjective–noun word order: for example, brown dress (English) vs. vestido marrón (‘dress brown’, Spanish). According to the Matrix Language model ( MLF) word order in code-switched sentences must be compatible with the word order of the matrix language, but working within the minimalist program (MP), Cantone and MacSwan arrived at the descriptive generalization that the position of the noun phrase relative to the adjective is determined by the adjective’s language. Our aim is to evaluate the predictions derived from these two models regarding adjective–noun order in Spanish–English code-switched sentences. Methodology: We contrasted the predictions from both models regarding the acceptability of code-switched sentences with different adjective–noun orders that were compatible with the MP, the MLF, both, or none. Acceptability was assessed in Experiment 1 with a 5-point Likert and in Experiment 2 with a 2-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Data and analysis: Data from both experiments were subjected to linear mixed model analyses. Results from the 2AFC task were also analyzed using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. Conclusions: We found an additive effect in which both the language of the verb and the language of the adjective determine word order. Originality: Both experiments examine adjective–noun word order in English–Spanish code-switched sentences. Experiment 2 represents a novel application of Thurstone’s law of comparative judgements to the study of linguistic acceptability which yielded clearer results than Likert scales. We found convincing evidence that neither the MLF nor the MP can fully account for the acceptability of adjective–noun switches. Implications: We suggest that advances in our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching will be achieved by combining the insights of the two frameworks instead of considering them in isolation, or by espousing a probabilistic model of code-switching.
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Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Katharina Pabst. "A Cool Comparison: Adjectives of Positive Evaluation in Toronto, Canada and York, England." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 1 (2020): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219881487.
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This paper examines variation and change in the adjectives used to express “highly positive evaluation” in the varieties of English spoken in Toronto, Canada, and York, England. Building on earlier work on another semantic field, “strangeness,” we analyze over 4800 tokens and thirty-four different types, as in “That’s great” and “She’s awesome.” Our results show both similarities and differences between these two semantic fields. While individual forms in both fields tend to be popular for a long time, many forms fall in and out of favor. In the case of adjectives of highly positive evaluation, the adjectival set is particularly rich. Distributional analysis and statistical modeling of constraints on the major forms and their underlying social and linguistic correlates reveals that these changes are not progressing in parallel across varieties of English. There are robust linguistic patterns that suggest a systemic underlying explanation. New additions to this field arise in predicative position and as stand-alones, and in a later stage extend to attributive position. Finally, consistent with earlier findings on adjectives and (intensifying) adverbs, there are notable links to social trends and popular culture, affirming the link between open class categories and their sociolinguistic embedding.
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McCarthy, Diana, and John Carroll. "Disambiguating Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives Using Automatically Acquired Selectional Preferences." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 4 (2003): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322753365.
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Selectional preferences have been used by word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems as one source of disambiguating information. We evaluate WSD using selectional preferences acquired for English adjective—noun, subject, and direct object grammatical relationships with respect to a standard test corpus. The selectional preferences are specific to verb or adjective classes, rather than individual word forms, so they can be used to disambiguate the co-occurring adjectives and verbs, rather than just the nominal argument heads. We also investigate use of the one-senseper-discourse heuristic to propagate a sense tag for a word to other occurrences of the same word within the current document in order to increase coverage. Although the preferences perform well in comparison with other unsupervised WSD systems on the same corpus, the results show that for many applications, further knowledge sources would be required to achieve an adequate level of accuracy and coverage. In addition to quantifying performance, we analyze the results to investigate the situations in which the selectional preferences achieve the best precision and in which the one-sense-per-discourse heuristic increases performance.
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Przybylska, Renata. "Słowa pochwały – o semantyce pewnych przymiotników oceniających." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 16 (December 29, 2021): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.16.13.
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The article concerns several dozen adjectives expressing a general positive assessment in Polish. The analysis aims to reveal the concepts that motivate the semantic development of the adjectives listed above from other, more specific meanings to the evaluation meaning. The author concludes that evaluative adjectives are motivated by concepts from several specific semantic circles, e.g. ‘large size’, ‘light’, ‘rarity’, ‘unreality’ etc.
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Weth, Constanze, Sonja Ugen, Michel Fayol, and Natalia Bîlici. "Spelling patterns of plural marking and learning trajectories in French taught as a foreign language." Written Language and Literacy 24, no. 1 (2021): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00048.wet.
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Abstract Although French plural spelling has been studied extensively, the complexity of factors affecting the learning of French plural spelling are not yet fully explained, namely on the level of adjectival and verbal plural. This study investigates spelling profiles of French plural markers of 228 multilingual grade 5 pupils with French taught as a foreign language. Three analyses on the learner performances of plural spelling in nouns, verbs and pre- and postnominal attributive adjectives were conducted (1) to detect the pupils’ spelling profiles of plural marking on the basis of the performances in the pretest, (2) to test the profiles against two psycholinguistic theories, and (3) to evaluate the impact of the training on each spelling profile in the posttest. The first analysis confirms the existing literature that pupils’ learning of French plural is not random but ordered and emphasizes the role of the position for adjectives (pre- or postnominal) on correct plural spelling. The second analysis reveals the theoretical difficulties of predicting spelling of adjectival and verbal plural. The third analysis shows that strong and poor spellers both benefit from a morphosyntactic training and provides transparency and traceability of the learning trajectories. Together, the descriptive analyses reveal clear patterns of intra-individual spelling profiles. They point to a need for further research in those areas that have empirically provided the most inconsistent results to date and that are not supported by the theories: verbs and adjectives.
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Orzechowska, Joanna. "Słownik psychologiczno-lingwistyczny "Zmysły, emocje i przymiotniki języka rosyjskiego" – nowe narzędzie w pracy tłumacza." Acta Neophilologica 2, no. XXII (2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.5596.
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This article presents a new type of dictionary – a linguistic-psychological dictionary reflecting structures of language, similar to dictionaries based on associations, but also reconstructing the mental and emotional states of an average user of the Russian language. It was compiled as a result of analyzing 15918 Russian adjectives from the perspective of their relationship with emotions originating in reference to various senses. The dictionary contains information on “the emotional load” of these adjectives, that is how pleasant or how unpleasant emotions a given adjective evokes. The analyzed lexemes were assessed by respondents on the scale of emotions: slightly (un)pleasant – moderately (un)pleasant – very (un)pleasant, which was marked with an appropriate number of pluses or minuses. It cannot be overestimated how useful such a dictionary and the information it contains are. Although it is believed that representatives of different cultures experience universal emotions, their quality and intensity hidden behind particular linguistic units can diverge between different cultural-linguistic communities. Emotions are conditioned socially, culturally, and historically; they play an important role in international communication. Thus when they are incompetently and mistakenly interpreted, this can disturb dialogue between various cultures and even lead to conflicts. In the article, considering equivalents cygarowy/сигарный, differences in the evaluation of these adjectives in Polish and Russian are presented, illustrating the need to look for emotionally adequate translation equivalents when rendering them.
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Paulsen, Geda. "Static and dynamic states: the case of Estonian stative colour expressions." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2012): 9–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2012.3.1.01.
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The aim of this study is to account for stative situations through the example of structurally different but semantically close colour expressions: the Estonian stative verbs derived from colour adjectives and colour adjectives appearing as the predicative. Stative verbs are assumed to be similar to copula constructions, with the aspectual distinction of temporary/permanent property. In this article, the stative colour expressions are analysed using the linguistic diagnostics developed for the determination of ontological properties of different types of states – the sc. Davidsonian and Kimian states (see e.g. Maienborn 2003). Analysis reveals that the copula construction with colour adjective as predicative is ambiguous, inclining to the Kimian states but also assigning properties characteristic to the Davidsonian states; the stative colour verbs, in turn, are true examples of Davidsonian states. In addition to the examination of the stative properties, the conceptual structure analysis of the colour expressions instantiating stative and dynamic states is given. The observer’s evaluation of the coloured object as a mental image is treated as part of the lexical information of the colour statives. Also, sentential and contextual phenomena of the colour statives are discussed.
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Shilikhina, Ksenia. "Metapragmatic Evaluation of Verbal Irony by Speakers of Russian and American English." Research in Language 10, no. 3 (2012): 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-011-0027-8.
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The paper discusses metapragmatic assessment of verbal irony by speakers of Russian and American English. The research combines ideas from metapragmatics, folk linguistics and corpus linguistics. Empirical data are drawn from the Russian National Corpus (RNC), the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Spontaneous evaluation of linguistic behavior is an important function of both explicit and implicit metapragmatic uses of language. Distributional adjectival patterns of the Russian word ирония and English irony are treated as implicit indicators of folk metapragmatic awareness. Connotations of the adjectives reflect our everyday linguistic practices and contribute to the vagueness of the notion and the definition of irony in scholarly theorizing.