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Journal articles on the topic 'Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 February 2023

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1

Hale, Frederick. "Norwegian Ecclesiastical Affiliation in Three Countries: a Challenge to Earlier Historiography." Religion and Theology 13, no. 3-4 (2006): 359–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430106779024680.

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AbstractHistorians like Oscar Handlin and Timothy L. Smith asserted that international migration, especially that of Europeans to North America, was a process which reinforced traditional religious loyalties. In harmony with this supposed verity, a venerable postulate in the tradition of Scandinavian-American scholarship was that most Norwegian immigrants in the New World (the overwhelming majority of whom had been at least nominal members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway) clung to their birthright religious legacy and affiliated with Lutheran churches after crossing the Atlantic (

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2

Root, Michael. "Ecumenism in a Time of Transition." Horizons 44, no. 2 (2017): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hor.2017.118.

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To assess the present state and future possibilities of personal and ecclesial ecumenism between Protestant and Catholic Christians is a difficult task. On the one hand, the diversity among Protestants is so great few generalities hold for all of them. The challenges involved in Catholic relations with the Church of England are quite different than those involved in relations with the Southern Baptist Convention, and different in yet other ways from those involved in relations with a Pentecostal church in South Africa. In a broad sense, one can think of a spectrum of Protestant churches, some

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Ziegler, William M., and Gary A. Goreham. "Formal Pastoral Counseling in Rural Northern Plains Churches." Journal of Pastoral Care 50, no. 4 (1996): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234099605000408.

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Reports the findings of a survey of 491 United Church of Christ, Southern Baptist Convention, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Roman Catholic rural clergy from seven Northern Plains states. Offers implications for seminary and post-seminary training, placement of clergy in churches, pastoral counseling in rural congregations, and contextualized theory and ministry.

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4

Duncan, Graham A. "Presbyterian spirituality in southern Africa." Scottish Journal of Theology 56, no. 4 (2003): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930603211200.

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Presbyterian spirituality in southern Africa has often been treated as non-existent, yet it is a vibrant reality which is at one and the same time catholic, evangelical and contextual. Founded in Christ alone, it holds the authority of scripture as normative and as the source of the unity of God's people, as can be seen in the way it derives from the marks of the church – the Word preached, the sacraments celebrated and discipline rightly exercised. It is relational and involves communing with God, others, oneself and the environment. While conscious of the early church tradition out of which

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Tunheim, Katherine A., and Mary Kay DuChene. "The Professional Journeys and Experiences in Leadership of Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Women Bishops." Advances in Developing Human Resources 18, no. 2 (2016): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422316641896.

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The Problem There are 70.5 million Lutherans in the world, with numbers increasing in Asia and Africa. Currently, only 14% of the Lutheran bishops are women, an increase from 10% in 2011. The role of bishop is a complex leadership position, requiring one to lead up to 150 churches and pastors in a geographical area. With more than 50% of the Lutheran church population comprised of women, their gender and voices are not being represented or heard at the highest levels of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). With one billion women projected to enter the workforce globally in the ne

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Buffel, O. "A JOURNEY OF THE PEOPLE OF BETHANY MARKED BY DISPOSSESSION, STRUGGLE FOR RETURN OF LAND AND CONTINUED IMPOVERISHMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LAND REFORM THAT HAS NOT YET REDUCED POVERTY." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 41, no. 2 (2015): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/102.

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This article investigates the history of the farm Bethany in the Free State (a province of South Africa), which was the first mission station of the Berlin Mission Society. It traces its history from the time when Adam Kok II allocated the farm to the Mission Society for the purpose of spreading the gospel to the indigenous people, and to its dispossession through the forced removals of 1939 and later in the 1960s. It argues that the history of the community is a journey from a community that was economically sustainable before the forced removal, to a journey of impoverishment caused by dispo

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Stoneman, Timothy H. B. "Preparing the Soil for Global Revival: Station HCJB's Radio Circle, 1949–59." Church History 76, no. 1 (2007): 114–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070010143x.

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The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a fundamental shift in the character of the Christian religion—namely, a massive expansion and shift of its center of gravity southward. During this period, Christianity experienced a transformation from a predominantly Western religion to a world religion largely defined by non-Western adherents in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. From 1970 to 2005, the size of the Southern Church increased two and a half times to over 1.25 billion members. By the early twenty-first century, 60 percent of all professing Christians lived in the global South an

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Lüdemann, Ernst-August. "THE MAKING OF A BISHOP: PERSONAL REFLECTIONS BY A COMPANION ALONG THE WAY." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 1 (2016): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/513.

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With this text a German missionary, originating from the Lutheran Hermannsburg Mission, describes his way of service in southern Africa through which he is getting ever closer to Dr Manas Buthelezi. From the outset of Lüdemann’s ministry in KwaZulu-Natal he got to know the young but already widely acclaimed theologian (Buthelezi) in the same diocese. The intensive involvement of Buthelezi in the Black Consciousness Movement gave Lüdemann a deeper insight into his own challenges in apartheid South Africa, and at the same time he understood the critical position in which he had to see himself as

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Ogundiwin, Babatunde A. "An 1853 Map of the Yoruba Country." Social Sciences and Missions 34, no. 3-4 (2021): 391–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-bja10029.

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Abstract This paper examines an 1853 map of Yorubaland that reflects the evangelisation discourse of the American Southern Baptist Convention. Starting from 1845, the SBC began an evangelical drive towards the ‘saving’ of Africans in West Africa as a form of self-compensation in their attempt to prove that they were not against ‘Black Africans’ in the United States. Yet there were geographical notions of distinguishing Africans to be converted but these views of the white Southern Baptist brethren were reframed owing to field experiences of the missionary-explorer in the early 1850s. Drawing o

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Wallsten, Kevin, and Tatishe M. Nteta. "For You Were Strangers in the Land of Egypt: Clergy, Religiosity, and Public Opinion toward Immigration Reform in the United States." Politics and Religion 9, no. 3 (2016): 566–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048316000444.

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AbstractRecently, a number of influential clergy leaders have declared their support for liberal immigration reforms. Do the pronouncements of religious leaders influence public opinion on immigration? Using data from a survey experiment embedded in the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we find that exposure to the arguments from high profile religious leaders can compel some individuals to reconsider their views on the immigration. To be more precise, we find that Methodists, Southern Baptists, and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America leaders successfully persuaded respondents

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11

Fischer, Moritz. "'The Spirit helps us in our weakness': Charismatization of Worldwide Christianity and the Quest for an Appropriate Pneumatology with Focus on the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 20, no. 1 (2011): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552511x554573.

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AbstractThe globally mushrooming Pentecostal-charismatic movement is a challenge, not only for the so-called mainline or historic churches, but also for the older traditional Pentecostal churches and also for the Mission Churches in the southern hemisphere who originate in the two former mentioned contributions in mission. Mostly these southern churches are independent in the meanwhile, but struggling for an authentic theological identity which is based in the scripture but is also able to respond to the questions of cultural and post-modern identity in the era of globalization. Focusing these

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Nogueira, Sandra Vidal. "A tradiçao luterana e comunitária nas escolas da IECLB: Aproximações com os ideais de democratização da educação." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 10, no. 15 (2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v10i15.356.

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O texto aborda a tradição luterana e comunitária nas escolas da Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB), destacando a Reforma Protestante para os ideais de democratização da educação. Parte-se do pressuposto que essas comunidades, cuja membresia é, por razões histórias, delineada a partir da etnia, têm contribuído sobremaneira para o incremento da educação, principalmente no Sul do Brasil. Entendida num sentido mais amplo, o conceito de educação que subjaz ao ideário luterano possibilita o domínio e a compreensão da “palavra” e a sua prática cria condições para “o livre liber

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Siiskonen, Harri, Anssi Taskinen, and Veijo Notkola. "Parish Registers: a Challenge for African Historical Demography." History in Africa 32 (2005): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2005.0024.

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On the worldwide scale Africa is the least-known continent demographically. Until the mid-twentieth century not even the size of the population was precisely known in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The major problems in African historical demography have either been the almost total lack of relevant sources or, if some have been available, they have been fragmentary and non-systematic. The reliability of the most commonly-used sources in African historical demography—population counts and early censuses—remained questionable until the 1960s. However, fairly far-reaching conclusions and esti

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Kozłowski, Janusz. "About the essense of the masurian Gromadkar movement." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 304, no. 2 (2019): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134839.

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After the Reformation Masurians as subjects of the rulers of the first evangelical state in the world became Lutherans. Over time, the inhabitants of the southern areas of Easy Prussia and the so- called Lithuania Minor felt the lack of the deepened spirituality, which they did not find in the evangelical church. Through the settled in Gąbin (Gumbinnen) exiled from the area of Salzburg pietist Evangelists in Masuria, “The six books on True Christianity” by John Arndt appeared. The book, after the Bible and the Small Catechism of Luther became the most popular among people of Masuria. The first

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Sholeye, Yusuf, and Amal Madibbo. "Religious Humanitarianism and the Evolution of Sudan People’s Liberation Army (1990-2005)." Political Crossroads 24, no. 1 (2020): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7459/pc/24.1.03.

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During the Cold War, military and economic tensions between the US and the Soviet Union shaped the process of war in conflict regions in different parts of the world. The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s reshaped the balance of power in global politics, as new actors appeared on the global scene and global foreign policy shifted to mediating and providing humanitarian assistance in conflict regions zones. Humanitarianism became the method of conflict resolution, which provided humanitarian organizations, especially the religious ones among them, with the opportunity to have more influenc

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16

Kgatle, Mookgo Solomon, and Mulalo Thilivhali Fiona Malema. "Pentecostalisation in the Devhula Lebowa Circuit of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa: towards church growth and ecumenism." Pharos Journal of Theology 104, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.10429.

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The growth of the Pentecostal movement is not only marked by the proliferation of the Pentecostal churches in Africa and the diaspora but also by the adaptation to the Pentecostalist practices particularly pneumatic experiences by mainline Christianity known as Pentecostalisation. Instead of completely joining the Pentecostal movement, some mainline churches adjust their practices to suit their congregants who are more pentecostalist and charismatically inclined. This article uses the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa, the Devhula Lebowa Circuit, Limpopo province in South Africa a

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Chisale, Sinenhlanhla S. "‘Deliver us from patriarchy’: A gendered perspective of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa and implications for pastoral care." Verbum et Ecclesia 41, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v41i1.2003.

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The church is a fertile ground for nurturing and protecting patriarchy. Within the Christian church, gender equality remains a theoretical notion, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (ELCSA) is no exception in this regard. Written from the perspective of African women’s theology, this article critically reflects on and interprets gender issues in ELCSA leadership structures by exploring the gender biases involved in the running of the church and the implications of these biases for gender questions about reformation and pastoral care in ELCSA congregations. Findings indicate

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Molobi, Victor MS. "The Scramble for Land between the Barokologadi Community and Hermannsburg Missionaries." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 46, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/7807.

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This article investigates the land claim of the Barokologadi of Melorane, with their long history of disadvantages in the land of their forefathers. The sources of such disadvantages are traceable way back to tribal wars (known as “difaqane”) in South Africa. At first, people were forced to retreat temporarily to a safer site when the wars were in progress. On their return, the Hermannsburg missionaries came to serve in Melorane, benefiting from the land provided by the Kgosi. Later the government of the time expropriated that land. What was the significance of this land? The experience of Mel

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Makofane, Karabo. "The African Initiated Churches as an embodiment of the moratorium debate: Lessons for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa Central Diocese." Missionalia 47, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/47-1-296.

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Lebaka, Morakeng E. K. "The value of traditional African religious music into liturgy: Lobethal Congregation." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 71, no. 3 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v71i3.2761.

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The purpose of this study was to discover whether the integration of traditional African religious music into Evangelical Lutheran liturgical church services, could effect a change in member attendance and/or participation. To achieve this, the study employed direct observation, video recordings and informal interviews. In addition, church records of attendance during Holy Communion once a month between 2008 and 2013 were accessed. The study was done at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Lobethal Congregation (Arkona Parish, Northern Diocese, Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province, South Af

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Walsh, Thomas. "Providing Staff Development in Teaching Strategies and English Language Conversation at North Pare Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania (ELCT) Dioceses Secondary Schools in Tanzania, Africa." African Journal of Teacher Education 2, no. 2 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v2i2.1688.

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The following report evaluates a seminar provided by Walsh through the Bethesda Lutheran Church Tanzanian ministry organization on teaching strategies and conversational English provided at Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania (ELCT) secondary schools in the Pare region of Tanzania, Africa. The staff development included training and support in the use of computer technology available at the schools, donated from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg, Germany. The staff development was a follow-up to earlier training sessions provided at the schools in 2006 and 2008. Description of

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Harold, Prof Dr Godfrey. "Compassionate Acts as Missional Theosis: A Call to the Evangelical Church of Southern Africa (ESCA)." Pharos Journal of Theology, no. 103(2) (August 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.103.208.

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The Church is God's agency to bring about well-being in the world (Harold, 2018a). This bringing out of well-being to humanity call for an understanding of justice and compassion through a missional reading of the Bible and its intersection with "actions" of the Evangelical Church in post-apartheid South Africa. The aim of this article is two-fold, the first, is to examine the praxis of the Evangelical Church and its relevance to the marginalised in South Africa critically, and the second, is to help the ECSA understand that a missional reading or a missional hermeneutic through theosis brings

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Duncan, Graham A. "The Bantu Presbyterian Church in South Africa and Ecumenism, 1940–1999." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 75, no. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i4.5289.

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From 1940, ecumenical developments in the Presbyterian/Congregational corpus in Southern Africa became more tortuous and complex, with an expansion of the number of denominations involved in union negotiations to include the Bantu Presbyterian Church of South Africa (BPCSA, from 1979 the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa, RPCSA), the Congregational Union of South Africa, later the United Congregational Church of South Africa, the Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa and the Tsonga Presbyterian Church (TPC, later the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of South Africa, EPCSA). The p

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Mashabela, Kenokeno. "The Agenda of Simon Sekone Maimela as Student Political Activist in the Black Consciousness Context at Umphumulo Lutheran Theological College." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, September 15, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/10571.

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In this article, the early days of Simon Sekone Maimela as a theological student at Umphumulo Lutheran Theological College are unpacked. He was one of the Lutheran theological students who actively established the Black Consciousness Movement at this college. He was also involved in the South African Student Organisation and other civil organisations. During his theological college days, it was not an easy task to establish this type of movement or to be involved in any civil organisation that was resisted by most White teaching staff and under apartheid in South Africa. Maimela connected his

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Dreyer, Willem A. "The Leuenberg Agreement and church unity: A possible matrix to cross ten seas with?" HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 65, no. 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v65i1.195.

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This article gives a short historical background to the debate between Lutherans and Calvinists on unity. It is important that this debate should also start in southern Africa. The focus is placed on the Leuenberg Agreement of 1973 as a possible model of unity not only between the Lutheran and Reformed churches in South Africa, but also between all Protestant churches which have historically been divided on the basis of tradition, language and race.

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Mashabela, Kenokeno, and Mokhele Madise. "A Threefold of Lutheran Theological Institutions in the Midst of Theological Education in South Africa: 1960–1993." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 48, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/10063.

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This article explores the undocumented history of theological institutions belonging to the Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (LCSA) which contributed to South African theological education. The establishment of these institutions was initially managed by the mission societies of the LCSA and later the regional leadership. This development created the necessity for centralised theological training since 1910. Due to the political landscape of South Africa, theological education was adversely affected. The LCSA looked at ways to sustain theological education and as a result of the church’s pas

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Kganyapa, Leonard Tsdiso, and Thias Selaelo Kgatla. "Becoming a missional church: The struggle of the Lesotho Evangelical Church in Southern Africa or Paris Evangelical Missionary Society in Meadowlands, Soweto." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 72, no. 4 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3777.

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The existence of the Lesotho Evangelical Church in Southern Africa (LECSA) and Paris Evangelical Missionary Society (PEMS) in the western areas of Johannesburg, South Western Township (Soweto) and, more poignantly, Meadowlands and their forced removal experience are succinctly captured. The struggle of the LECSA and PEMS Meadowlands Parish in becoming a missional ecclesia in a sea of missional challenges in her context is vividly spelt out. They, inter alia, include constitutional matters, language policy, finances, ministerial preparation, lay-ministry development, institutionalisation of min

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Reifler, Hans Ulrich, and Christof Sauer. "Fredrik Franson (1852—1908): Promoter of Mission in Southern Africa." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 45, no. 2 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/5785.

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Fredrik Franson (1852–1908), a dual citizen of Sweden and the USA and an international revival evangelist, is among the most significant mission founders and mobilisers of the Holiness Movement during the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Within 22 years he founded 15 faith missions, four free-church federations in Europe and North America and several independent churches in the USA, New Zealand and Australia. This article focuses on the episodes of his life relating to southern Africa, namely the sending of the first missionaries of the Free East Africa M

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Hobbs, Philippa. "‘Art is different from life’: Doctrine and agency in Thokozile Philda Majozi’s insights and imagery." Pharos Journal of Theology, no. 102 (1) (June 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.102.15.

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Established in apartheid South Africa, the tapestry-weaving venture at the Evangelical Lutheran Church Art and Craft Centre, Rorke’s Drift, was situated in a complex mission environment, on the junction between evangelised and unevangelised isiZulu-speaking communities. Although local women who worked at this centre in the 1960s and early 1970s were trained in creative strategies by Swedish artists, their lives were constrained by missionary strictures, inherited customs and apartheid laws. Little has been written on the tapestries made by these marginalised women, whose experiences were disco

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Aziz, Garth, Malan Nel, and Ronnie Davis. "The career youth pastor: A contemporary reflection." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 73, no. 2 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i2.3856.

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There has been an increase of discussion and focus on matters of theological significance in the area of youth ministry. An area that remains neglected concerns the professional youth worker in Southern Africa. This focus on professional youth work has gained a great amount of urgency from the office of the presidency of Southern Africa, who in collaboration with the Commonwealth desk have prioritised the focus on youth work in South Africa. Unfortunately, the focus on the professional youth worker, the career youth pastor, within the church in Southern Africa fails to receive a similar amount

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Mushayavanhu, David, and Graham A. Duncan. "The spiritual weakness of churches founded by Western missionaries: The cause of the rise of Africa Independent Churches in Zimbabwe with special reference to the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa." Verbum et Ecclesia 35, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v35i1.1254.

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The Presbytery of Zimbabwe (POZ) of the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa(UPCSA) has been affected by a drastic exodus of members to African Independent Churches,which is taking advantage of its spiritual weaknesses in its missional endeavour. The spiritual weaknesses which the people of the POZ experiences are a product of the evangelical mode of mission in Zimbabwean society and the failure by both foreign and local personnel tocontextualise the Good News. This article considers the possibility of correcting this stateof affairs. The central issue addressed is how to understand

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Hobbs, Philippa. "The blood-sucker bird: A woven narrative of exploitation and dependency." Image & Text, no. 34 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2617-3255/2020/n34a13.

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One of the most renowned tapestry ventures in South Africa is the Evangelical Lutheran Church Art and Craft Centre, Rorke's Drift, initiated in 1963. Less well-known is the subsequent centre started by its Swedish founders, Ulla and Peder Gowenius, in neighbouring Lesotho. Thabana li Mele, as this initiative was called, opened in 1968, and within two years, 200 villagers wove a range of textiles, including pictorial tapestries. However, this thriving operation would be short-lived, forced to close in 1970, by an ally of white South Africa, Lesotho's Leabua Jonathan regime. Apartheid-era writin

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Garaba, Francis, and Annalise Zarvedinos. "The Evangelical-Lutheran Church in South Africa: an introduction to its archival resources held at the Lutheran Theological Institute (LTI) Library, and the challenges facing this archive (Part One)." Missionalia 42, no. 1-2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/42-1-2-46.

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Garaba, Francis, and Annalise Zarvedinos. "The Evangelical-Lutheran Church in South Africa: an introduction to its archival resources held at the Lutheran Theological Institute (LTI) Library, and the challenges facing this archive (Part Two)." Missionalia 42, no. 1-2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/42-1-2-47.

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Mudyiwa, Misheck. "Light of Life Christian Group as a New Branch on Zimbabwe’s Ecumenical Tree." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 46, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/7653.

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This article examines the impact and implications of the Light of Life Christian Group’s new theology of the Inner Church (Inner Circle) in southern Africa. The new religious movement’s theology of the Inner Church shall be examined particularly in the light of Zimbabwe’s heavily polarised Christian landscape. The Light of Life Christian Group (LLCG) is a new religious movement in Zimbabwe that is composed largely of members from mainline churches such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Salvation Army, Methodist, Baptist and Lutheran, among others. Fundamentally, the movement clings resolutely t

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Shemeikka, Riikka. "Fertility in Namibia. Changes in fertility levels in North-Central Namibia 1960-2001, including an assessment of the impact of HIV." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 42 (January 1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.45279.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the development of fertility in North-Central Namibia, former Ovamboland, from 1960 to 2001. Special attention was given to the onset of fertility decline and to the impact of the HIV epidemic on fertility. An additional aim was to introduce parish registers as a source of data for fertility research in Africa. Data used consisted of parish registers from Evangelical Lutheran congregations, the 1991 and 2001 Population and Housing Censuses, the 1992 and 2000 Namibia Demographic and Health Surveys, and the HIV sentinel surveillances of 1992-2004. Both perio

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